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{{Short description|Historical region of Germany}}
{{Other uses|Palatinate (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the region of south-western Germany|the ] that existed from 1085 to 1803|Electoral Palatinate|other uses|Palatinate (disambiguation){{!}}Palatinate}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}
⚫ ]
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
⚫ The '''Palatinate''' ({{lang-de|die Pfalz}}, ]: ''Palz''), historically also '''Rhenish Palatinate''' ({{lang-de|Rheinpfalz}}), is a region in ]. It occupies more than a quarter of the German ] of ] (''Rheinland-Pfalz'') covering an area of {{convert|5451|km2|mi2}} with about 1.4 million inhabitants. Its ] is '''Palatine'''.
{{Infobox settlement
| name = The Palatinate<br />Rhenish Palatinate
| native_name = ''Die Pfalz''
| settlement_type = Historical region of ]
| image_flag = Pfalzfahne.svg
| image_shield = Wappen Rheinpfalz.svg
| image_map = Teilbereiche der Pfalz.png
| map_caption = Map of the modern ] with the Palatinate region highlighted and further subdivided into its sub-regions:<br/ >North Palatinate (green), Anterior Palatinate (yellow), South Palatinate (blue) and West Palatinate (red)
| population_demonym = ]<br />]<br />
}}
⚫ The '''Palatinate''' ({{langx|de|Pfalz}}; ]: ''Palz''), or the '''Rhenish Palatinate''' (''Rheinpfalz''), is a historical region of ]. The Palatinate occupies most of the ] quarter of the German ] of ] (''Rheinland-Pfalz''), covering an area of {{convert|2105|mi2|km2}} with about 1.4&nbsp;million inhabitants. Its residents are known as ] (''Pfälzer'').


==Geography== ==Geography==
] ]]]
⚫ ]]]
⚫ In the west, the Palatinate borders on ], historically also comprising the state's ] District. In the northwest, the ] mountain range forms the border with the ] region. The eastern border with ] and the ] region runs along the ] River, while the left bank with ] and ] as well as the ] basin around ] belong to the ] region. In the south, the German-] border separates the Palatinate from ].
⚫ ], a village in ]]]
⚫ The Palatinate borders ] in the west, historically also comprising the state's ] District. In the northwest, the ] mountain range forms the border with the ] region. The eastern border with ] and the ] region runs along the ] river, while the left bank, with ] and ] as well as the ] basin around ], belong to the ] region. In the south, the German-] border separates the Palatinate from ].


One third of the region is covered by the ] (''Pfälzerwald''), including the ] popular with hikers. It is Germany's largest contiguous forestal area with about {{convert|1771|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and part of the Franco-German ]. One-third of the region is covered by the ] (''Pfälzerwald''), including the ] popular with hikers. With about {{convert|1771|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, it is Germany's largest contiguous forested area, and is part of the Franco-German ].


The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. Its highest mountain is the ] with a height of {{convert|687|m|ft|abbr=on}}, situated in the ] near ]. Most of the major Palatinate towns (], ], ], ], ]) lie in the lower eastern part of the ] down to the Rhine River. Here the ] (''Deutsche Weinstraße'') passes through the renowned ].The Palatinate is one of the greatest wine producer regions in Germany and in the last two decades it became well known for a large number of prizewinning white and red wines of highest quality produced by a number of young, however fully-fledged, winemakers. The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. Its highest mountain is the ] with a height of {{convert|687|m|ft|abbr=on}}, situated in the ] near ]. Most of the major Palatinate towns (], ], ], ], ]) lie in the lower eastern part of the ] down to the River Rhine. Here the ] (''Deutsche Weinstraße'') passes through the
]. It is one of the greatest wine-producing regions in Germany, and in the last two decades has become well known for its prize-winning white and reds of highest quality produced by a number of talented young winemakers.
]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


Major rivers include the Upper Rhine tributaries ], ] and ], as well as ] and ] in the west. Major rivers include the Upper Rhine tributaries ], ] and ], as well as ] and ] in the west.
Line 20: Line 31:


===Subdivision=== ===Subdivision===
⚫ The Palatinate is divided into four non-administrative sub-regions, comprising the following rural ] and independent towns and cities:
]
⚫ The Palatinate is divided into four non-administrative sub-regions, comprising the following rural ] and independent cities:
*''']''' (''Nordpfalz''), i.e. the sparsely inhabited ], made up of *''']''' (''Nordpfalz''), i.e. the sparsely inhabited ], made up of
**] (KIB), including the small towns of ], ] and ] **] (KIB), including the small towns of ], ] and ]
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**] (DÜW) **] (DÜW)
**] (RP) **] (RP)
**and the cities of ] (FT), ] (LU), ] (NW) and ] (SP) **and the towns and cities of ] (FT), ] (LU), ] (NW) and ] (SP)
*''']''' (''Südpfalz''). *''']''' (''Südpfalz'').
**] (GER) **] (GER)
**] (SÜW) **] (SÜW)
** and the city of ] (LD) ** and the town of ] (LD)
*''']''' (''Westpfalz'') up to the western part of the ] *''']''' (''Westpfalz'') up to the western part of the ]
**] (KL) **] (KL)
**] (KUS) **] (KUS)
**] (PS) **] (PS)
**and the cities of ] (KL), ] (PS) and ] (ZW). **and the towns of ] (KL), ] (PS) and ] (ZW).


===Climate=== ===Climate===
Like most of Southwestern Germany, the Palatinate’s climate is either ] in areas below 300 meters or ] on higher ground. The average annual temperatures vary from around 11-14 degrees ] in the valleys and 8-10 degrees in the highlands. Wet air from the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds leads to precipitation in the ] ranges, while it warms up on its way further down to the Rhine Valley; giving the valleys a considerably drier climate than the surrounding ].
]]]
Like most of Europe, the Palatinate is part of the ] zone influenced by the ], with an average annual temperature of about 10 degrees ]. Wet air streaming from West and Southwest leads to precipitations in the ] ranges, while it warms up on its way further down to the Rhine Valley. Here the clemency of the weather permits the cultivating of ] and ], ]s, ], ], and even some ] species. The lower hilly regions are known for its extended ] forests, sometimes referred to as "German ]" in tourist advertising.


==History== ==History==
During the ] prior to ], it was also referred to as '''Rhenish Bavaria''' and '''Lower Palatinate''' (''Unterpfalz''),<ref name=geographicaldictionaryoftheworld>{{cite book |last1=Heilprin |first1=Angelo |last2=Heilprin |first2=Louis |last3=Raza |first3=Moonis |year=1906|title=Geographical Dictionary of the World|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=1392}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=8900|title=Rhenish Palatinate - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online|website=Catholic Online|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> which designated only the western part of the ] (''Kurfürstentum Pfalz''), as opposed to the ] (''Oberpfalz'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Palatinate |encyclopedia=] |date=August 20, 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palatinate |access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref>


The former ] region was conquered by the ] under Emperor ] about 12 BCE, whereafter it was part of the ] province. During the decay of the Empire, ] tribes settled here; their territory was conquered by ] under King ] about 496. From 511 onwards the area belonged to the eastern part of Frankish ], that—as ]—became part of ] according to the 843 ]. Formerly a ] region, this area was conquered by the ] under Emperor ] in about 12 BCE; thereafter,
it was part of the province of ]. During the decline of the Empire, ]c tribes settled here; their territory was conquered by ] under King ] about 496. From 511 onwards, the area belonged to the eastern part of Frankish ], which—as ]—became part of ] according to the 843 ].


===Holy Roman Empire=== ===Holy Roman Empire===
{{see|Palatines#Holy Roman Nationality}}
⚫ From the Middle Ages until 1792, the Palatinate was divided into a total of 45 secular and ecclesiastical ], some of which were very small. The largest and most important of these was the ] (''Kurpfalz''), a number of territories on both sides of the Rhine formerly held by the ] (''Pfalzgrafen'') of ]. In the late 12th century the Counts palatine had achieved the status of a ] (''Kurfürst''), i.e. one of the seven nobles with the privilege of electing the ], confirmed by the ]. In 1214 the Bavarian ] was ] with these estates, which they ruled until 1918, together with the collateral branch of ] from 1410, until the re-unification with Bavaria under Elector ] in 1777. The major ecclesiastical territory in the region was the ]. The ] of ] to preserve its status joined the Alsacien ] in 1521. Nevertheless, it was seized by ] after the ].
⚫ ]]]
⚫ From the Middle Ages until 1792, the Palatinate was divided into 45 secular and ecclesiastical ], some of which were very small. The largest and most important of these was the Electorate of the Palatinate (''Kurfürstentum Pfalz''), encompassing a number of ] territories on both sides of the Rhine formerly held by the ] (''Pfalzgrafen'') of ]. By the late 12th century, the Count palatine had achieved the status of a ] (''Kurfürst''), becoming one of the seven higher nobles with the privilege of electing the ], as confirmed by the ]. In 1214, the Bavarian ] was ] with these estates, which they ruled until 1918, together with the collateral branch of ] from 1410. Needing stronger protection, they lost control with the reunification with ] under Elector ] in 1777.


The major ecclesiastical territory in the region was the ]. The ] of ] joined the Alsatian ] in 1521 to preserve its status. Nevertheless, it was seized by ] after the ].
⚫ Other larger entities of the region were the ] and the ].<ref>Adalbert Heib: ''Beamtenverzeichniß und Statistik des Königlich Bayerischen Regierungs-Bezirkes der Pfalz'', Speyer, Kranzbühler, 1863, pp.&nbsp;58&nbsp;ff ()</ref> The Prince-Bishopric also had possessions on both sides of the Rhine. For centuries, Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria had had dynastic links through the ] family.

⚫ Other larger regional entities included the ] and the ].<ref>Adalbert Heib: ''Beamtenverzeichniß und Statistik des Königlich Bayerischen Regierungs-Bezirkes der Pfalz'', Speyer, Kranzbühler, 1863, pp.&nbsp;58&nbsp;ff ()</ref> The Prince-Bishopric held possessions on both sides of the Rhine. For centuries, the Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria maintained dynastic links because both were ruled by members of the Wittelsbach family.


===French rule=== ===French rule===
In 1794, the ], including the Palatinate, was occupied by ]. As a result of the ] (1797) the ] ] the region and introduced a new administrative system in 1798 with the establishment of departments. Basically, the area of the Palatinate became the ] laying the corner stone for today's regional idendity. Minor parts of today's region belonged to the neighbouring departements of ] and ]. The French further subdivided the department into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities and introduced their legal system (]) and the ]. In 1794, the ], including the Palatinate, was occupied by ]. As a result of the ] (1797), the ] ] the region. In 1798, the French introduced a new administrative system with the establishment of departments. The area of the Palatinate largely became the ], laying the cornerstone of its regional identity today. Minor parts of today's region were attached to the neighbouring departments of the ] and ]. The French further subdivided the department into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities, and introduced their legal system (]) and the ].


===Bavarian rule=== ===Bavarian rule===
] into the ], 1871]]
Following the defeat of ] at the ] in 1813 and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814, from 2 February 1814 the region was initially under the provisional authority of the General Government of the Middle Rhine, but, from 16 June that same year, it was placed under the administration of the ] ("k.k.") Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission (''k.&nbsp;k. östreichischen und k.&nbsp;bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission'').<ref name="gemeinschaftliche">F. W. A. Schlickeysen: ''Repertorium der Gesetze und Verordnungen für die königl. preußischen Rheinprovinzen'', Trier: Leistenschneider, 1830, pp.&nbsp;8&nbsp;ff. ()</ref> Following the defeat of ] at the ] in 1813 and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814, the region was, from 2 February 1814, initially under the provisional authority of the ''General Government of the Middle Rhine''. However, from 16 June of the same year, it was placed under the administration of the ''] ("k.k.") Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission'' (''k.&nbsp;k. östreichischen und k.&nbsp;bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission'').<ref name="gemeinschaftliche">F. W. A. Schlickeysen: ''Repertorium der Gesetze und Verordnungen für die königl. preußischen Rheinprovinzen'', Trier: Leistenschneider, 1830, pp.&nbsp;8&nbsp;ff. ()</ref>


In the main treaty agreed at the ] in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated that (''inter alia'') on the Left Bank of the Rhine the former departements of the Sarre and Mont Tonnerre, except where stated in the same treaty, were to go "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights under the overlordship of the Emperor of Austria (''Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich'').<ref>''Haupt-Vertrag des zu Wien versammelten Congresses der europäischen Mächte, Fürsten und freien Städte, nebst 17 besondern Verträgen'', Article 51, p.&nbsp;101 ()</ref> The joint Austro-Bavarian administration was initially retained, however. In the main treaty agreed at the ] in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated (''inter alia'') that on the Left Bank of the Rhine the former French ''départements'' of the Sarre and Mont-Tonnerre, except where set forth in the same treaty, were to fall "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights within the overlordship of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria (''Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich'').<ref>''Haupt-Vertrag des zu Wien versammelten Congresses der europäischen Mächte, Fürsten und freien Städte, nebst 17 besondern Verträgen'', Article 51, p.&nbsp;101 ()</ref> Initially, however, joint Austro-Bavarian administration was retained.


On 14 April 1816, a ] was signed between ] and ], in which the various territorial changes were agreed. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor ] ceded various regions to King ]. These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine:<ref name="staatsvetrag1816">Treaty of Munich dated 14 April 1816 in G. M. Kletke: ''Die Staats-Verträge des Königreichs Bayern ... von 1806 bis einschließlich 1858'', Regensburg, Pustet, 1860, p.&nbsp;310 ()</ref> On 14 April 1816, a ] was signed between ] and ] in which the various territorial changes were agreed on. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor ] ceded various regions to King ]. These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine:<ref name="staatsvetrag1816">Treaty of Munich dated 14 April 1816 in G. M. Kletke: ''Die Staats-Verträge des Königreichs Bayern ... von 1806 bis einschließlich 1858'', Regensburg, Pustet, 1860, p.&nbsp;310 ()</ref>


: ''In the Departement of Mont Tonnerre (Donnersberg):'' : ''In the Département of Mont-Tonnerre (Donnersberg):''
:# ''the districts of Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern and Speier; the latter with the exception of the cantons of Worms and Pfeddersheim;'' :# ''the districts of Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, and Speier; the latter with the exception of the cantons of Worms and Pfeddersheim;''
:# ''the canton of Kirchheim-Bolanden, in districts of Alzei.'' :# ''the canton of Kirchheim-Bolanden, in the district of Alzei.''
: ''In the Sarre Departement:'' : ''In the Département of the Sarre:''
:#<li value="3"> ''the cantons of Waldmohr, Blieskastel and Kusel, the latter with the exception of several villages on the road from St. Wendel to Baumholder, which were to be compensated, by another territorial transfer, with the agreement of the assembled plenipotentiaries of the allied powers at Frankfurt.'' :#<li value="3"> ''the cantons of Waldmohr, Blieskastel, and Kusel, the latter with the exception of several villages on the road from Sankt Wendel to Baumholder, for which there was to be compensation, by another territorial transfer, with the agreement of the assembled plenipotentiaries of the allied powers at Frankfurt.''</li>
: ''In the Departement of Bas Rhin'': : ''In the Département of the Bas Rhin'':
:#<li value="4"> ''the canton, town and fortress of Landau, the latter as a federal fortress in accordance with the regulations of 3 November 1815;'' :#<li value="4"> ''the canton, town, and fortress of Landau, the latter as a federal fortress in accordance with the regulations of 3 November 1815;''
:# ''the cantons of Bergzabern. Langenkandel and the whole part of the Departement of Bas Rhin on the left bank of the Lauter, which had been ceded in the ] of 20 November 1815''. :# ''the cantons of Bergzabern, Langenkandel, and the whole part of the Département of Bas Rhin on the left bank of the Lauter, which had been ceded in the ] of 20 November 1815''.</li>


The effective date for these changes was stated as 1 May 1816. These changes took effect on 1 May 1816.


In accordance with the prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region became one of 8 Bavarian districts (Kreise). As of 1808, ] had embarked on the administrative reorganization of its territory creating districts which, as in France, were named after their main rivers. Thus, the new district along the Rhine was given the name '''Rheinkreis''' (Rhine district) with ] as its capital. Of the former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the district into arrondissements, cantons, mayoralties and municipalities was basically retained. The Bavarian government also preserved the French legal system (Code Napoléon), giving the Palatinate a distinct legal status within the Bavarian kingdom. In accordance with the prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region became one of eight Bavarian districts (''Kreise''). From 1808, ] embarked on the administrative reorganisation of its territory, creating districts which, as in France, were named after the main local rivers. Thus, the new district along the Rhine was given the name '''Rheinkreis''' (i.e. the Rhine district), with ] as its capital. Of the former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the district into arrondissements, cantons, mayoralties, and municipalities was, in large measure, retained. The Bavarian government also preserved the French legal system (Code Napoléon), giving the Palatinate a distinct legal status within the Bavarian kingdom.
At the next lower level the 3 former French ]s were continued as “Kreisdirektion” (''Circle'', i.e. district ''direction'') Frankenthal, Kaiserslautern and Zweibrücken. The Kreisdirektion Landau was a new creation. In 1818, the cantons were mergen into 12 administrative districts called “Landkommissariat”. The names of these were changed into “Bezirksamt” in 1862 and finally into “Landkreis” (rural district) in 1939. At the next lower level, the three former French ]s were continued as ''Kreisdirektion'' ("Circle", i.e. district, "direction") of Frankenthal, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken. ] was, however, a new creation. In 1818, the cantons were merged into 12 administrative districts called ''Landkommissariat''. In 1862, these were designated individually as ''Bezirksamt''. In 1939, each one became a ''Landkreis'' (rural district).
As his first provincial governor, King ] selected the Privy Councillor (''Hofrat'') ], whose name is responsible for the popular Palatinate nickname for Bavarians, '']''. As his first provincial governor, King ] selected the Privy Councillor (''Hofrat'') ], whose name gave rise to the popular Palatine nickname for Bavarians, '']''.
In 1832, the Rheinkreis became the focal point of the liberal movements of the time when a big gathering, the ] took place near ] which is considered a milestone in German history. In 1832 the ''Rheinkreis'' became the focal point of liberal movements. The ], a large gathering near ], proved fertile ground for what came to be considered a milestone in German history.


In 1835, the romantic-minded King ] ordered the administrative districts of Bavaria to be named by historical allusions. So the Rheinkreis officially became the '''Pfalz''' (Palatinate). It should be noted here, that the historic Electorate of the Palatinate was on both sides of the Rhine with ] and ] as its capitals on the eastern side, while the new "Palatinate" that was established in 1815/16 was solely on the left bank of the Rhine, and included territories that had never been part of the historic Palatinate (e.g., territories of the former Bishopric of Speyer, the imperial city of Speyer or ], which had formerly belonged to the ] branch of ]). In order not to confuse the new Palatinate with the historic one (and with the ]), the name Rhenish Palatinate (''Rheinpfalz'') became common and is still used today, but never official. The term Rhenish Bavaria (''Rheinbayern'') never gained currency but can be found sometimes in older maps. In 1835, King ]'s ] outlook gave rise to the adoption of new, historically evocative names for the administrative districts of Bavaria. As such, the Rheinkreis officially became the ''Pfalz'' (Palatinate). The historic Electorate of the Palatinate had spanned both sides of the Rhine with ] and ] as its capitals on the eastern side, whereas the new "Palatinate" established in 1815–16 lay solely on the left bank of the Rhine. It included territories that had never been part of the historical Palatinate (e.g., territories of the former Bishopric of Speyer, the imperial city of Speyer or ], which had formerly belonged to the ] branch of ]). To avoid confusion of the new Palatinate and the former one (and with the ]), the name Rhenish Palatinate (''Rheinpfalz'') became common and is still used today, but was never made its official name. Another term, that of Rhenish Bavaria (''Rheinbayern''), though used occasionally, never gained great currency, but can, nonetheless, be found sometimes on older maps.


The royal family tried to symbolize the unity with Bavaria by erecting a royal palace in ] and by the restoration of ] under direct supervision of King Ludwig I himself. The new town of ] was named after the king. On the other hand, the Palatinate's representatives to the common Bavarian Parliament always prided themselves of their origin from a more progressive region and tried to expand the liberalism, which the French had introduced in the Palatinate, to the whole kingdom. The German historian Heiner Haan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html |title=Forschung - Universität Regensburg |publisher=Uni-regensburg.de |date= |accessdate=2012-09-09}}</ref> described the special status of the Palatinate within Bavaria as a relation of "Hauptstaat" (main state, i.e. Bavaria) and "Nebenstaat" (alongside state, i.e. the Palatinate). The Bavarian Royal Family tried to encourage Palatine unity with Bavaria by erecting a royal palace in ], and by restoring ] under the direct supervision of King Ludwig I. The new town of ] was named after the king. Despite these attempts, the Palatinate's representatives to the Bavarian Parliament always prided themselves on the claim that they came from a more progressive region. Indeed, they tried to promote their liberalism, which the French had introduced to the Palatinate, to the whole Bavarian kingdom. German historian Heiner Haan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html |title=Forschung - Universität Regensburg |publisher=Uni-regensburg.de |access-date=2012-09-09}}</ref> described the special status accorded the Palatinate within Bavaria as being one of a ''Hauptstaat'' (main state, i.e. Bavaria) with a ''Nebenstaat'' (adjacent state, i.e. the Palatinate).


In May/June 1849, after the failed ] and as part of the ] a separatist wanted the district to secede from Bavaria and establish a "Palatinate Republic". The uprising was suppressed by Prussian military intervention. The union with Bavaria persisted after it became part of the ] in 1871, and even after the Wittelsbach dynasty was deposed and Bavaria became a free state of the ] in 1918. In May/June 1849, after the failed ], and as part of the ], separatist elements wanted the district to secede from Bavaria and establish its own "]". A separatist uprising was suppressed by Prussian military intervention. The Palatinate's union with Bavaria persisted after it became part of the ] in 1871, and, indeed, after the Wittelsbach dynasty was deposed, and Bavaria became a free state of the ] in 1918.
⚫ In 1910, the town of Landau was declared independent from the Bezirksamt.


⚫ In 1910, the town of Landau was declared independent of the ''Bezirksamt''.
⚫ However, after ] French troops occupied the Palatinate under the terms of the ]. In 1920, the western Bezirksämter of ] and ] ('']'') were separated from the Bavarian Palatinate and became part of the newly established ], which according to peace treaty was governed by the ].That same year, 7 more towns were declared independent from the Bezirksämter: Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Frankenthal, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens and Zweibrücken. They have remained independent to this very day.


=== French occupation of the Palatinate ===
⚫ In 1919 and 1923, during the occupation, there were attempts at separating the Palatinate from Bavaria and the Empire supported by the French. On 1 June 1919, Eberhard Haaß, founder of the “Free Palatine Association” in 1918, proclaimed the “Palatine Republic” but failed to occupy the government building in Speyer.
⚫ After ], French troops occupied the Palatinate under the terms of the ]. In 1920, the western ''Bezirksämter'' of ] and ] ('']'') were separated from the Bavarian Palatinate, and became part of the newly established ], which, according to the peace treaty, was governed by the ]. That same year, seven more towns were declared independent of the ''Bezirksämter'': Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Frankenthal, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, and Zweibrücken. They remain separate to this day.
⚫ On 23 November 1923, ] proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the ]" in Speyer after having gained control of the towns of Kaiserslautern, Neustadt and Landau and after capitulation of the Palatine government. In the following days several more towns fell into the hands of his group. The Bavarian government reacted sharply. It organized a squad under the command of ] and on 9 January 1924 Heinz was assassinated while dining at the Wittelsbacher Hof in Speyer. On 12 February 1924, other leading members of the separatist movement were killed in a shooting in ]. By then, a treaty between Bavaria and the inter-allied commission of the Rhineland (the supreme council of the Allied occupation forces) of January 1924 recognised and reassured the Palatinate being a part of Bavaria and spelled the end of the separatist movement.


⚫ Between 1919 and 1923, during the occupation, there were French-backed attempts at separating the Palatinate from Bavaria and the Empire. On 1 June 1919, Eberhard Haaß, founder of the "Free Palatine Association" (1918), proclaimed the "Palatine Republic", but failed to occupy the government building in Speyer.
⚫ Under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945, the Palatinate officially remained part of Bavaria but else was totally reorganized. Under party rule it was joined with the Saarland to the ] with headquarters in ].

⚫ On 23 November 1923, ] proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the ]" at Speyer, after gaining control of the towns of Kaiserslautern, Neustadt, and Landau, and after the capitulation of the Palatine government. In the following days, several more towns fell into his group's hands. The Bavarian government reacted sharply. It organised a squad under the command of ]. On 9 January 1924, Heinz was assassinated while dining at the Wittelsbacher Hof in Speyer. Other leading members of the separatist movement were killed on 12 February, in a shooting in ]. By then, a treaty between Bavaria and the ] (the supreme council of the Allied occupation forces) of January 1924 recognised the status quo and guaranteed that the Palatinate would remain a part of Bavaria, thereby putting an end to separatist attempts.

⚫ Under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945, the Palatinate officially remained part of Bavaria, but was otherwise totally reorganised—it was merged with the Saarland into the ], with headquarters in ].


===Rhineland-Palatinate=== ===Rhineland-Palatinate===
⚫ {{main|Rhineland-Palatinate}}
The union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states after ] during the ] of Germany. Whereas proper Bavaria was part of the US occupation Zone, the Palatinate was occupied by French Forces. The French reorganised their occupation Zone by founding new states and in 1947, the Palatinate was combined with ] (''Rheinhessen''), the former parts of the ] left of the Rhine, and the southern part of the Prussian ] to form the German federal state of ]. The Palatinate formed the administrative district (Regierungsbezirk) Pfalz. The union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states during the ] of Germany after ]. While Bavaria itself was part of the U.S. occupation zone, the Palatinate was occupied by French forces. The French reorganised their occupation zone by founding new states, so that in 1947 the Palatinate was combined with ] (''Rheinhessen''), the former parts of the ] west of the Rhine, and the southern part of the Prussian ], to form the German federal state of ]. The Palatinate formed the administrative district (''Regierungsbezirk'') of the Pfalz.
This reorganization came with smaller lossess of former district territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of ]. As part of the 1969 administrative reform there were again some minor border changes in the north. The ] and the ] still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the Bavarian district ''Pfalz''. This reorganisation came with smaller losses of former district territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of ]. As part of the 1969 administrative reform, some minor border changes were made in the north. The ] and the ] still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the old Bavarian district.


Initially one of 5 districts in Rhineland-Palatinate, in 1968, the district of Pfalz was merged with the neighbouring district of ] to the district of ]. On 1 January 2000, all administrative districts of Rheinland-Pfalz were dissolved. The Pfalz was initially one of five districts in Rhineland-Palatinate; however, in 1968, the district was merged with the neighbouring district of ] to form the district of '']''. On 1 January 2000, all administrative districts of Rheinland-Pfalz were dissolved.


==Pennsylvania Dutch==
⚫ ]
{{See also|Pennsylvania Dutch}}
⚫ ]
] areas of the ]]]
⚫ Many ]men are descendants of ] immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brobst/chronicles/chap2.htm|title=Chapter Two – The History Of The German Immigration To America – The Brobst Chronicles|website=Homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> The ], spoken by the ], ], and ] in the United States, is derived primarily from the ] which many ] refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the years 1717 to 1732.<ref>Astrid von Schlachta: ''Gefahr oder Segen? Die Täufer in der politischen Kommunikation.'' Göttingen 2009, p. 427.</ref> The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, '']'', was founded 1996 in the village of ], which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as a cooperation project with ]). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association.


Many more Palatines emigrated in the course of the 19th century, and the great majority of them to North America, so that in the US temporarily "Palatine" was a common designation for ]s. Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811–1891), the father of ] who founded the ] in ], ], emigrated from ], Palatinate, to the United States in 1840.
==Emigration==
⚫ The ] language spoken by the Amish in the United States is derived primarily from the German dialect spoken in the Palatinate, which many Palatine refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the early decades of the 18th century. The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, ] is published bi-annually in the village Ober-Olm, which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (as a cooperation project with Kutztown University). In the same village, one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association.


==Cuisine== ==Cuisine==
{{main|Palatine cuisine}}
{{See also|Palatinate (wine region)}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2010}} {{Expand section|date=March 2010}}
⚫ ]
⚫ Arguably the most famous dish in Palatinate is the ], literally "sow's stomach", a dish that consists of a thick, crispy-fried casing (sow stomach) stuffed with a mixture of pork, potatoes, and seasonings. Other traditional meat dishes of the region include bratwurst, Palatinate liverwurst, a blood pudding sausage called ''grieweworscht'' ("griewe" are speck (bacon) cubes, so lit. "sausage with speck cubes"), ] or ] (Leberknödel: liver dumplings), and ''fleeschknepp'' (Fleischknödel: meat dumplings). ] is the typical side dish in all seasons, but especially in winter, as are mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Also eaten are ]s, which can be served with either sweet sauces or side dishes (such as wine, vanilla sauce or canned fruit such as plums, prunes, or pears) or with savory side dishes (such as potato soup, vegetable soup, goulash, or pepper pork).
⚫ ]


⚫ Arguably the most famous dish in Palatinate is the ], literally "sow's stomach", a dish that consists of a thick, crispy-fried casing (sow stomach) stuffed with a mixture of pork, potatoes, and seasonings. Other traditional meat dishes of the region include bratwurst, Palatinate liverwurst, a blood pudding sausage called ''grieweworscht'' ("griewe" are speck (bacon) cubes, so lit. "sausage with bacon bits"), ] (or ''lewwerknepp'', liver dumplings), and ''fleeschknepp'' (Fleischknödel: meat dumplings). ] is the typical side dish in all seasons, but especially in winter, as are mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Also eaten are ]s, which can be served with either sweet sauces or side dishes (such as wine, vanilla sauce, or canned fruit such as plums, prunes, or pears) or with savory side dishes (such as potato soup, vegetable soup, goulash, or pepper pork).
==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


== References == ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
* – ] article
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Ruled by counts of the ] dynasty from 1214 on (apart from almost 20 years of annexation by ] after 1795), the area was devastated during the ] (1618–1648) and by French invasion in 1689 during the ].

Historical ] of the Palatinate included:
*] (1398–1410)
*] (1596–1632)
*] (1617–1680)
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Latest revision as of 23:48, 17 November 2024

Historical region of Germany This article is about the region of south-western Germany. For the Holy Roman state that existed from 1085 to 1803, see Electoral Palatinate. For other uses, see Palatinate.

Historical region of Germany
The Palatinate
Rhenish Palatinate Die Pfalz
Historical region of Germany
Flag of The Palatinate Rhenish PalatinateFlagCoat of arms of The Palatinate Rhenish PalatinateCoat of arms
Map of the modern State of Rhineland-Palatinate with the Palatinate region highlighted and further subdivided into its sub-regions: North Palatinate (green), Anterior Palatinate (yellow), South Palatinate (blue) and West Palatinate (red)Map of the modern State of Rhineland-Palatinate with the Palatinate region highlighted and further subdivided into its sub-regions:
North Palatinate (green), Anterior Palatinate (yellow), South Palatinate (blue) and West Palatinate (red)
Demonym(s)Palatine
Pfälzer

The Palatinate (German: Pfalz; Palatine German: Palz), or the Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz), is a historical region of Germany. The Palatinate occupies most of the southern quarter of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), covering an area of 2,105 square miles (5,450 km) with about 1.4 million inhabitants. Its residents are known as Palatines (Pfälzer).

Geography

Vineyards near the German Wine Route
A typical vineyard landscape in the Palatinate Forest
Medieval frame houses in Ilbesheim, a village in South Palatinate

The Palatinate borders Saarland in the west, historically also comprising the state's Saarpfalz District. In the northwest, the Hunsrück mountain range forms the border with the Rhineland region. The eastern border with Hesse and the Baden region runs along the Upper Rhine river, while the left bank, with Mainz and Worms as well as the Selz basin around Alzey, belong to the Rhenish Hesse region. In the south, the German-French border separates the Palatinate from Alsace.

One-third of the region is covered by the Palatinate Forest (Pfälzerwald), including the Palatinate Forest Nature Park popular with hikers. With about 1,771 km (684 sq mi), it is Germany's largest contiguous forested area, and is part of the Franco-German Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. Its highest mountain is the Donnersberg with a height of 687 m (2,254 ft), situated in the North Palatine Uplands near Kirchheimbolanden. Most of the major Palatinate towns (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the lower eastern part of the Upper Rhine Plain down to the River Rhine. Here the German Wine Route (Deutsche Weinstraße) passes through the Palatinate wine region. It is one of the greatest wine-producing regions in Germany, and in the last two decades has become well known for its prize-winning white and reds of highest quality produced by a number of talented young winemakers.

Major rivers include the Upper Rhine tributaries Lauter, Queich and Speyerbach, as well as Schwarzbach and Glan in the west.

Historically the Electoral Palatinate and several other territories were part of the Palatinate, but today belong to other German territories.

Subdivision

The Palatinate is divided into four non-administrative sub-regions, comprising the following rural districts and independent towns and cities:

Climate

Like most of Southwestern Germany, the Palatinate’s climate is either humid subtropical in areas below 300 meters or oceanic on higher ground. The average annual temperatures vary from around 11-14 degrees Celsius in the valleys and 8-10 degrees in the highlands. Wet air from the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds leads to precipitation in the Mittelgebirge ranges, while it warms up on its way further down to the Rhine Valley; giving the valleys a considerably drier climate than the surrounding Palatine Forest.

History

During the Holy Roman Empire prior to World War II, it was also referred to as Rhenish Bavaria and Lower Palatinate (Unterpfalz), which designated only the western part of the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), as opposed to the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz).

Formerly a Celtic region, this area was conquered by the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus in about 12 BCE; thereafter, it was part of the province of Germania Superior. During the decline of the Empire, Alamannic tribes settled here; their territory was conquered by Francia under King Clovis I about 496. From 511 onwards, the area belonged to the eastern part of Frankish Austrasia, which—as Rhenish Franconia—became part of East Francia according to the 843 Treaty of Verdun.

Holy Roman Empire

Further information: Palatines § Holy Roman Nationality
The Palatine Lion

From the Middle Ages until 1792, the Palatinate was divided into 45 secular and ecclesiastical territories, some of which were very small. The largest and most important of these was the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), encompassing a number of Franconian territories on both sides of the Rhine formerly held by the Counts palatine (Pfalzgrafen) of Lotharingia. By the late 12th century, the Count palatine had achieved the status of a Prince-elector (Kurfürst), becoming one of the seven higher nobles with the privilege of electing the Emperor, as confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356. In 1214, the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach was enfeoffed with these estates, which they ruled until 1918, together with the collateral branch of Palatine Zweibrücken from 1410. Needing stronger protection, they lost control with the reunification with Bavaria under Elector Charles Theodore in 1777.

The major ecclesiastical territory in the region was the Bishopric of Speyer. The Imperial city of Landau joined the Alsatian Décapole in 1521 to preserve its status. Nevertheless, it was seized by France after the Thirty Years' War.

Other larger regional entities included the Duchy of Zweibrücken and the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer. The Prince-Bishopric held possessions on both sides of the Rhine. For centuries, the Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria maintained dynastic links because both were ruled by members of the Wittelsbach family.

French rule

In 1794, the Left Bank of the Rhine, including the Palatinate, was occupied by French revolutionary troops. As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the First French Republic annexed the region. In 1798, the French introduced a new administrative system with the establishment of departments. The area of the Palatinate largely became the Département of Mont Tonnerre, laying the cornerstone of its regional identity today. Minor parts of today's region were attached to the neighbouring departments of the Sarre and Bas-Rhin. The French further subdivided the department into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities, and introduced their legal system (Napoleonic Code) and the metric system.

Bavarian rule

The Rhenish Palatinate when it was unified as part of the Kingdom of Bavaria into the German Empire, 1871

Following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814, the region was, from 2 February 1814, initially under the provisional authority of the General Government of the Middle Rhine. However, from 16 June of the same year, it was placed under the administration of the Imperial-Royal ("k.k.") Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission (k. k. östreichischen und k. bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission).

In the main treaty agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated (inter alia) that on the Left Bank of the Rhine the former French départements of the Sarre and Mont-Tonnerre, except where set forth in the same treaty, were to fall "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights within the overlordship of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria (Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich). Initially, however, joint Austro-Bavarian administration was retained.

On 14 April 1816, a treaty was signed between Austria and Bavaria in which the various territorial changes were agreed on. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor Francis I of Austria ceded various regions to King Maximilian I of Bavaria. These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine:

In the Département of Mont-Tonnerre (Donnersberg):
  1. the districts of Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, and Speier; the latter with the exception of the cantons of Worms and Pfeddersheim;
  2. the canton of Kirchheim-Bolanden, in the district of Alzei.
In the Département of the Sarre:
  2. the cantons of Waldmohr, Blieskastel, and Kusel, the latter with the exception of several villages on the road from Sankt Wendel to Baumholder, for which there was to be compensation, by another territorial transfer, with the agreement of the assembled plenipotentiaries of the allied powers at Frankfurt.
In the Département of the Bas Rhin:
  2. the canton, town, and fortress of Landau, the latter as a federal fortress in accordance with the regulations of 3 November 1815;
  3. the cantons of Bergzabern, Langenkandel, and the whole part of the Département of Bas Rhin on the left bank of the Lauter, which had been ceded in the Paris Tractat of 20 November 1815.

These changes took effect on 1 May 1816.

In accordance with the prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region became one of eight Bavarian districts (Kreise). From 1808, Bavaria embarked on the administrative reorganisation of its territory, creating districts which, as in France, were named after the main local rivers. Thus, the new district along the Rhine was given the name Rheinkreis (i.e. the Rhine district), with Speyer as its capital. Of the former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the district into arrondissements, cantons, mayoralties, and municipalities was, in large measure, retained. The Bavarian government also preserved the French legal system (Code Napoléon), giving the Palatinate a distinct legal status within the Bavarian kingdom. At the next lower level, the three former French arrondissements were continued as Kreisdirektion ("Circle", i.e. district, "direction") of Frankenthal, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken. Kreisdirektion Landau was, however, a new creation. In 1818, the cantons were merged into 12 administrative districts called Landkommissariat. In 1862, these were designated individually as Bezirksamt. In 1939, each one became a Landkreis (rural district). As his first provincial governor, King Maximilian selected the Privy Councillor (Hofrat) Franz Xaver von Zwack, whose name gave rise to the popular Palatine nickname for Bavarians, Zwockel. In 1832 the Rheinkreis became the focal point of liberal movements. The Hambach Festival, a large gathering near Neustadt an der Weinstraße, proved fertile ground for what came to be considered a milestone in German history.

In 1835, King Ludwig I of Bavaria's romantic outlook gave rise to the adoption of new, historically evocative names for the administrative districts of Bavaria. As such, the Rheinkreis officially became the Pfalz (Palatinate). The historic Electorate of the Palatinate had spanned both sides of the Rhine with Heidelberg and Mannheim as its capitals on the eastern side, whereas the new "Palatinate" established in 1815–16 lay solely on the left bank of the Rhine. It included territories that had never been part of the historical Palatinate (e.g., territories of the former Bishopric of Speyer, the imperial city of Speyer or Kirchheimbolanden, which had formerly belonged to the Weilburg branch of Nassau). To avoid confusion of the new Palatinate and the former one (and with the Upper Palatinate), the name Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz) became common and is still used today, but was never made its official name. Another term, that of Rhenish Bavaria (Rheinbayern), though used occasionally, never gained great currency, but can, nonetheless, be found sometimes on older maps.

The Bavarian Royal Family tried to encourage Palatine unity with Bavaria by erecting a royal palace in Edenkoben, and by restoring Speyer Cathedral under the direct supervision of King Ludwig I. The new town of Ludwigshafen was named after the king. Despite these attempts, the Palatinate's representatives to the Bavarian Parliament always prided themselves on the claim that they came from a more progressive region. Indeed, they tried to promote their liberalism, which the French had introduced to the Palatinate, to the whole Bavarian kingdom. German historian Heiner Haan described the special status accorded the Palatinate within Bavaria as being one of a Hauptstaat (main state, i.e. Bavaria) with a Nebenstaat (adjacent state, i.e. the Palatinate).

In May/June 1849, after the failed revolution of 1848, and as part of the Imperial Constitution campaign, separatist elements wanted the district to secede from Bavaria and establish its own "Palatine Republic". A separatist uprising was suppressed by Prussian military intervention. The Palatinate's union with Bavaria persisted after it became part of the German Empire in 1871, and, indeed, after the Wittelsbach dynasty was deposed, and Bavaria became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918.

In 1910, the town of Landau was declared independent of the Bezirksamt.

French occupation of the Palatinate

After World War I, French troops occupied the Palatinate under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920, the western Bezirksämter of Sankt Ingbert and Homburg (Saarpfalz) were separated from the Bavarian Palatinate, and became part of the newly established Saarland, which, according to the peace treaty, was governed by the League of Nations. That same year, seven more towns were declared independent of the Bezirksämter: Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Frankenthal, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, and Zweibrücken. They remain separate to this day.

Between 1919 and 1923, during the occupation, there were French-backed attempts at separating the Palatinate from Bavaria and the Empire. On 1 June 1919, Eberhard Haaß, founder of the "Free Palatine Association" (1918), proclaimed the "Palatine Republic", but failed to occupy the government building in Speyer.

On 23 November 1923, Franz Josef Heinz proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic" at Speyer, after gaining control of the towns of Kaiserslautern, Neustadt, and Landau, and after the capitulation of the Palatine government. In the following days, several more towns fell into his group's hands. The Bavarian government reacted sharply. It organised a squad under the command of Edgar Julius Jung. On 9 January 1924, Heinz was assassinated while dining at the Wittelsbacher Hof in Speyer. Other leading members of the separatist movement were killed on 12 February, in a shooting in Pirmasens. By then, a treaty between Bavaria and the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (the supreme council of the Allied occupation forces) of January 1924 recognised the status quo and guaranteed that the Palatinate would remain a part of Bavaria, thereby putting an end to separatist attempts.

Under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945, the Palatinate officially remained part of Bavaria, but was otherwise totally reorganised—it was merged with the Saarland into the Gau Westmark, with headquarters in Saarbrücken.

Rhineland-Palatinate

Main article: Rhineland-Palatinate

The union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II. While Bavaria itself was part of the U.S. occupation zone, the Palatinate was occupied by French forces. The French reorganised their occupation zone by founding new states, so that in 1947 the Palatinate was combined with Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen), the former parts of the People's State of Hesse west of the Rhine, and the southern part of the Prussian Rhine Province, to form the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Palatinate formed the administrative district (Regierungsbezirk) of the Pfalz. This reorganisation came with smaller losses of former district territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of Sankt Wendel. As part of the 1969 administrative reform, some minor border changes were made in the north. The Diocese of Speyer and the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the old Bavarian district.

The Pfalz was initially one of five districts in Rhineland-Palatinate; however, in 1968, the district was merged with the neighbouring district of Rheinhessen to form the district of Rheinhessen-Pfalz. On 1 January 2000, all administrative districts of Rheinland-Pfalz were dissolved.

Pennsylvania Dutch

See also: Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch areas of the United States

Many Pennsylvania Dutchmen are descendants of Palatine immigrants. The Pennsylvania Dutch language, spoken by the Amish, Mennonites, and Fancy Dutch in the United States, is derived primarily from the Palatine German language which many Mennonite refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the years 1717 to 1732. The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe, was founded 1996 in the village of Ober-Olm, which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as a cooperation project with Kutztown University). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association.

Many more Palatines emigrated in the course of the 19th century, and the great majority of them to North America, so that in the US temporarily "Palatine" was a common designation for German Americans. Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811–1891), the father of Henry John Heinz who founded the H. J. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, emigrated from Kallstadt, Palatinate, to the United States in 1840.

Cuisine

Main article: Palatine cuisine
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010)
Fleeschknepp (meat dumplings) with horseradish sauce
Lewwerknepp (liver dumplings) with sauerkraut and garnishes

Arguably the most famous dish in Palatinate is the saumagen, literally "sow's stomach", a dish that consists of a thick, crispy-fried casing (sow stomach) stuffed with a mixture of pork, potatoes, and seasonings. Other traditional meat dishes of the region include bratwurst, Palatinate liverwurst, a blood pudding sausage called grieweworscht ("griewe" are speck (bacon) cubes, so lit. "sausage with bacon bits"), lewwerknedel (Leberknödel) (or lewwerknepp, liver dumplings), and fleeschknepp (Fleischknödel: meat dumplings). Sauerkraut is the typical side dish in all seasons, but especially in winter, as are mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Also eaten are dampfnudels, which can be served with either sweet sauces or side dishes (such as wine, vanilla sauce, or canned fruit such as plums, prunes, or pears) or with savory side dishes (such as potato soup, vegetable soup, goulash, or pepper pork).

References

  1. Heilprin, Angelo; Heilprin, Louis; Raza, Moonis (1906). Geographical Dictionary of the World. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1392.
  2. "Rhenish Palatinate - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  3. "Palatinate". Encyclopædia Britannica. August 20, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
  4. Adalbert Heib: Beamtenverzeichniß und Statistik des Königlich Bayerischen Regierungs-Bezirkes der Pfalz, Speyer, Kranzbühler, 1863, pp. 58 ff (Online)
  5. F. W. A. Schlickeysen: Repertorium der Gesetze und Verordnungen für die königl. preußischen Rheinprovinzen, Trier: Leistenschneider, 1830, pp. 8 ff. (Online)
  6. Haupt-Vertrag des zu Wien versammelten Congresses der europäischen Mächte, Fürsten und freien Städte, nebst 17 besondern Verträgen, Article 51, p. 101 (digitalised)
  7. Treaty of Munich dated 14 April 1816 in G. M. Kletke: Die Staats-Verträge des Königreichs Bayern ... von 1806 bis einschließlich 1858, Regensburg, Pustet, 1860, p. 310 (Online)
  8. "Forschung - Universität Regensburg". Uni-regensburg.de. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  9. "Chapter Two – The History Of The German Immigration To America – The Brobst Chronicles". Homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  10. Astrid von Schlachta: Gefahr oder Segen? Die Täufer in der politischen Kommunikation. Göttingen 2009, p. 427.

49°26′N 7°46′E / 49.433°N 7.767°E / 49.433; 7.767

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