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{{Short description|Anglican cleric, hymn-writer, and abolitionist (1725–1807)}}
{{other people2|John Newton}}
{{other people|John Newton}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}} {{Use British English|date=May 2013}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = John Newton
| honorific_prefix = ]
| name = John Newton <!-- No recorded middle name. See for example The Oxford Companion to English Literature, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, The Oxford Companion to Black British History -->
| image = JohnNewtonColour.jpg | image = JohnNewtonColour.jpg
| caption = Newton (contemporary portrait) | caption = Contemporary portrait of Newton
| occupation = British sailor and Anglican clergyman | occupation = British sailor, slaver, ] and prominent ]
| birth_date = 24 July 1725{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|4 August|1725|24 July}}{{sfn|Hatfield|1884}}
| birth_place = ], ], ],<br/>] | birth_place = ], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age| df =y|1807|12|21|1725|8|4}} | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1807|12|21|1725|8|4}}
| death_place = London, England, ] | death_place = ], England
| spouse = {{marriage|Mary Catlett|1750|1790|reason=d.}}
}} }}
'''John Newton''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|n|j|uː|t|ən}}; 24 July 1725{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} – 21 December 1807) was an English sailor, in the ] for a period, and later a captain of ]s. Newton believed Africans did not have souls. He became ordained as an evangelical ] cleric, served ] for two decades, and also wrote hymns, known for "]" and "]". '''John Newton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|t|ən}}; {{OldStyleDate|4 August|1725|24 July}} – 21 December 1807) was an English ] ] and slavery ]. He had previously been a captain of slave ships and an investor in the slave trade. He served as a sailor in the ] (after forced recruitment) and was himself enslaved for a time in West Africa. He is noted for being author of the hymns '']'' and '']''.


Newton started his career at sea at a young age, and worked on slave ships in the ] for several years. After experiencing a period of ] Newton eventually renounced his trade and became a prominent supporter of ], living to see Britain's abolition of the African slave trade in 1807. Newton went to sea at a young age and worked on slave ships in the ] for several years. In 1745, he himself became a slave of Princess Peye, a woman of the ] in what is now ].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Life of a Song: ''Amazing Grace'' |first=Ian |last=McCann |date= 18 July 2016 |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e31e9e0e-48e4-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e31e9e0e-48e4-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was rescued, returned to sea and the trade, becoming Captain of several slave ships. After retiring from active sea-faring, he continued to invest in the slave trade. Some years after experiencing a ], Newton later renounced his trade and became a prominent supporter of ]. Now an evangelical, he was ordained as a ] cleric and served as ] at ], for two decades and wrote hymns.

Newton lived to see the British Empire's ] in 1807, just months before his death.


==Early life== ==Early life==
John Newton was born in ], London, in 1725, the son of Elizabeth (née Scatliff) and John Newton Sr., a ] in the ] service. Elizabeth was the only daughter of Simon Scatliff, an instrument maker from London (the marriage register records her maiden name as Seatcliffe). Elizabeth was brought up as a ].{{sfn| Aitken |2007|loc=Sources and Biographical Notes}} She died of ] (then called consumption) in July 1732, about two weeks before John’s seventh birthday.{{sfn|Aitken|2007| pp = 29–30}} Newton spent two years at boarding school before going to live in ] in ], the home of his father's new wife.{{sfn |Lewis|1976|p= 51}} John Newton was born in ], London, in 1725, the son of John Newton the Elder, a ] in the ] service, and Elizabeth (née Scatliff). Elizabeth was the only daughter of Simon Scatliff, an instrument maker from London.{{efn|name=register}} Elizabeth was brought up as a ].{{sfn|Aitken|2007|loc=Sources and Biographical Notes}} She died of ] (then called consumption) in July 1732, about two weeks before her son's seventh birthday.{{sfn|Aitken|2007|pp=29–30}} Newton spent two years at a ], before going to live at ] in ], the home of his father's new wife.{{sfn |Lewis|1976|p= 51}}


At age eleven he first went to sea with his father. Newton sailed six voyages before his father retired in 1742. At that time, Newton’s father made plans for him to work at a ] ] in ]. Instead, Newton signed on with a merchant ship sailing to the ]. At age eleven he first went to sea with his father. Newton sailed six voyages before his father retired in 1742. At that time, Newton's father made plans for him to work at a ] ] in Jamaica. Instead, Newton signed on with a merchant ship sailing to the ].


===Impressment into naval service=== ===Impressment into naval service===
In 1743, while going to visit friends, Newton was captured and ] into the naval service by the ]. He became a ] aboard ]. At one point Newton tried to desert and was punished in front of the crew of 350. Stripped to the waist and tied to the grating, he received a flogging of eight dozen lashes and was reduced to the rank of a common ].{{sfn |Dunn|1994|p= 7}} In 1743, while going to visit friends, Newton was ] into the ]. He became a ] aboard ]. At one point Newton tried to desert and was punished in front of the crew. Stripped to the waist and tied to the grating, he received a ] and was reduced to the rank of a common ].{{sfn |Dunn|1994|p= 7}}


Following that disgrace and humiliation, Newton initially contemplated murdering the captain and committing suicide by throwing himself overboard.{{sfn|Dunn|1994 | p =8}} He recovered, both physically and mentally. Later, while ''Harwich'' was en route to ], he transferred to ''Pegasus'', a ] bound for ]. The ship carried goods to Africa and traded them for slaves to be shipped to the colonies in the Caribbean and North America. Following that disgrace and humiliation, Newton initially contemplated murdering the captain and committing suicide by throwing himself overboard.{{sfn|Dunn|1994 | p =8}} He recovered, both physically and mentally. Later, while ''Harwich'' was en route to India, he transferred to ''Pegasus'', a ] bound for ]. The ship carried goods to Africa and traded them for slaves to be shipped to the colonies in the Caribbean and North America.


===Enslavement and rescue=== ===Enslavement and rescue===
Newton did not get along with the crew of ''Pegasus''. They left him{{when|date=December 2015}} in West Africa with Amos Clowe, a slave dealer. Clowe took Newton to the coast and gave him to his wife, Princess Peye of the ]. She abused and mistreated Newton equally as much as she did her other slaves. Newton later recounted this period as the time he was "once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in West Africa."<ref>Memorial epitaph, St Mary Woolnoth Church, Lombard Street, London.</ref> Newton did not get along with the crew of ''Pegasus''. In 1745, they left him in West Africa with Amos Clowe, a slave dealer.{{sfn|Bennett|1894}} Clowe took Newton to the coast and gave him to his wife, Princess Peye of the ].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} According to Newton, she abused and mistreated him just as much as she did her other slaves. Newton later recounted this period as the time he was "once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in West Africa."{{efn|name=MemEpi}}


Early in 1748 he was rescued by a sea captain who had been asked by Newton's father to search for him, and returned to England on the merchant ship ''Greyhound'', which was carrying ] and dyer’s wood, now referred to as ].{{Citation needed |date=August 2015}} Early in 1748, he was rescued by a sea captain who had been asked by Newton's father to search for him, and returned to England on the merchant ship ''Greyhound'', which was carrying ] and dyer's wood, now referred to as ].{{sfn|Tackett|2017}}


==Spiritual conversion== ==Christian conversion==
], on a wintry day]]
During his 1748 voyage to England after his rescue, Newton had a spiritual conversion. The ship encountered a severe storm off the coast of ], ] and almost sank. Newton awoke in the middle of the night and, as the ship filled with water, called out to God. The cargo shifted and stopped up the hole, and the ship drifted to safety. Newton marked this experience as the beginning of his conversion to ] ].
In 1748, during his return voyage to England aboard the ship ''Greyhound'', Newton had a Christian conversion. He awoke to find the ship caught in a severe storm off the coast of ], Ireland and about to sink. In response, Newton began praying for God's mercy, after which the storm began to die down. After four weeks at sea, the ''Greyhound'' made it to port in ] (Ireland). This experience marked the beginning of his conversion to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Newton (1725 – 1807) |url=https://www.cowperandnewtonmuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/thoughtsuponafri00newt.pdf |website=Cowper and Newton Museum |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://en.wikisource.org/Thoughts_upon_the_African_Slave_Trade | title=Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade }}</ref>


He began to read the ] and other religious literature. By the time he reached Britain, he had accepted the doctrines of ]. The date was 10 March 1748,{{sfn|Morgan|p=79}} an anniversary he marked for the rest of his life. From that point on, he avoided profanity, gambling, and drinking. Although he continued to work in the slave trade, he had gained sympathy for the slaves during his time in Africa. He later said that his true conversion did not happen until some time later: "I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}} He began to read the ] and other Christian literature. By the time he reached Great Britain, he had accepted the doctrines of ]. The date was 21 March 1748,{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=19}} an anniversary he marked for the rest of his life. From that point on, he avoided profanity, gambling and drinking. Although he continued to work in the slave trade, he had gained sympathy for the slaves during his time in Africa. He later said that his true conversion did not happen until some time later: he wrote in 1764 "I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}}


== Slave trading == == Slave trading ==
Newton returned in 1748 to ], England, a major port for the ]. Partly due to the influence of his father’s friend Joseph Manesty, he obtained a position as ] aboard the slave ship ''Brownlow,'' bound for the ] via the coast of ]. Newton returned in 1748 to ], a major port for the ]. Partly due to the influence of his father's friend Joseph Manesty, he obtained a position as ] aboard the slave ship ''Brownlow,'' bound for the ] via the coast of Guinea. After his return to England in 1750, he made three voyages as captain of the slave ships ''Duke of Argyle'' (1750) and ''African'' (1752–53 and 1753–54). After suffering a severe stroke in 1754, he gave up seafaring, while continuing to invest in Manesty's slaving operations.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005 | p = 77}}

While in west Africa (1748–49), Newton acknowledged the inadequacy of his spiritual life. He became ill with a fever and professed his full belief in Christ, asking God to take control of his destiny. He later said that this was the first time he felt totally at peace with God.{{Citation needed |date=August 2015}}


After Newton moved to the ] as rector of ], he contributed to the work of the ], formed in 1787. During this time he wrote ''Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade''. In it he states, "So much light has been thrown upon the subject, by many able pens; and so many respectable persons have already engaged to use their utmost influence, for the suppression of a traffic, which contradicts the feelings of humanity; that it is hoped, this stain of our National character will soon be wiped out."{{sfn|Newton|1788}}
Newton did not however immediately renounce working in the slave trade. After his return to England in 1750, he made three voyages as captain of the slave ships ''Duke of Argyle'' (1750) and ''African'' (1752–53 and 1753–54). After suffering a severe stroke in 1754, he gave up seafaring and slave-trading activities. But he continued to invest in Manesty’s slaving operations.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005 | p = 77}}


==Marriage and family== ==Marriage and family==
In 1750 Newton married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Catlett, in ].<ref name=POR>{{Citation | title = St. Margaret's Church | year = 2014 | url = http://www.parishofrochester.org.uk/parish/our-churchs/st-margarets-church | accessdate = 14 August 2014}}</ref> On 12 February 1750, Newton married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Catlett, at ].{{sfn|Parish of Rochester|2014}}


Newton adopted his two orphaned nieces, Elizabeth and Eliza Catlett, children of one of his brothers-in-law and his wife.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Newton's niece Alys Newton later married Mehul, a prince from India.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Newton adopted his two orphaned nieces, Elizabeth Cunningham and Eliza Catlett, both from the Catlett side of the family.{{Sfn|Hindmarsh|2004}} Newton's niece Alys Newton later married Mehul, a prince from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preachershelp.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/berridgelife-and-works.pdf|title=The Works of John Berridge, A.M.|date=2019-02-05|website=Preachers Help|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>


==Anglican priest== ==Anglican priest==
]
In 1755 Newton was appointed as tide surveyor (a tax collector) of the ], again through the influence of Manesty. In his spare time, he studied ], ], and ], preparing for serious religious study. He became well known as an evangelical lay minister. In 1757, he applied to be ] as a priest in the ], but it was more than seven years before he was eventually accepted.
] in the City of London, where Newton was rector from 1779.]]
In 1755, Newton was appointed as tide surveyor (a tax collector) of the ], again through the influence of Manesty. In his spare time, he studied Greek, ], and ], preparing for serious religious study. He became well known as an evangelical lay minister. In 1757, he applied to be ] as a priest in the ], but it was more than seven years before he was eventually accepted.


During this period, he also applied to the ]s, ] and ]. He mailed applications directly to the ] and ] and the Archbishops of ] and ]. During this period, he also applied to the ] and ]. He mailed applications directly to the ] and ] and the Archbishops of ] and ].


Eventually, in 1764, he was introduced by ] to ], who was influential in recommending Newton to ], Bishop of Chester. Haweis suggested Newton for the living of ], ]. On 29 April 1764&nbsp;Newton received deacon's orders, and finally was ordained as a priest on 17 June. Eventually, in 1764, he was introduced by ] to ], who was influential in recommending Newton to ], Bishop of Chester. Haweis suggested Newton for the ] of ], ]. On 29 April 1764 Newton received deacon's orders, and finally was ordained as a priest on 17 June.


As curate of Olney, Newton was partly sponsored by ], a wealthy merchant and evangelical philanthropist. He supplemented Newton's stipend of £60 a year with £200 a year "for hospitality and to help the poor". Newton soon became well known for his pastoral care, as much as for his beliefs. His friendship with ] and evangelical clergy led to his being respected by Anglicans and ] alike. He spent sixteen years at Olney. His preaching was so popular that the congregation added a gallery to the church to accommodate the many persons who flocked to hear him. As curate of Olney, Newton was partly sponsored by ], a wealthy merchant and evangelical philanthropist. He supplemented Newton's stipend of £60 a year with £200 a year "for hospitality and to help the poor". Newton soon became well known for his pastoral care, as much as for his beliefs. His friendship with ] and evangelical clergy led to his being respected by Anglicans and ] alike. He spent sixteen years at Olney. His preaching was so popular that the congregation added a gallery to the church to accommodate the many persons who flocked to hear him.


Some five years later, in 1772, ] took up the curacy of the neighbouring parishes of ] and ]. Newton was instrumental in converting Scott from a cynical ‘career priest’ to a true believer, a conversion which Scott related in his spiritual autobiography ''The Force Of Truth'' (1779). Later Scott became a biblical commentator and co-founder of the ], Some five years later, in 1772, ] took up the curacy of the neighbouring parishes of ] and ]. Newton was instrumental in converting Scott from a cynical 'career priest' to a true believer, a conversion which Scott related in his spiritual autobiography ''The Force of Truth'' (1779). Later Scott became a biblical commentator and co-founder of the ].


In 1779 Newton was invited by John Thornton to become Rector of ], ], London, where he officiated until his death. The church had been built by ] in 1727 in the fashionable ]. Newton was one of only two evangelical Anglican priests in the capital, and he soon found himself gaining in popularity amongst the growing evangelical party. He was a strong supporter of evangelicalism in the Church of England. He remained a friend of Dissenters (such as Methodists and Baptists) as well as Anglicans. In 1779, Newton was invited by John Thornton to become Rector of ], ], London, where he officiated until his death. The church had been built by ] in 1727 in the fashionable ]. Newton was one of only two evangelical Anglican priests in the capital, and he soon found himself gaining in popularity amongst the growing evangelical party. He was a strong supporter of evangelicalism in the Church of England. He remained a friend of Dissenters (such as Methodists post-Wesley, and Baptists) as well as Anglicans.


Young churchmen and people struggling with faith sought his advice, including such well-known social figures as the writer and philanthropist ], and the young ], a Member of Parliament who had recently suffered a crisis of conscience and religious conversion while contemplating leaving politics. The younger man consulted with Newton, who encouraged Wilberforce to stay in Parliament and "serve God where he was".{{sfn|Pollock|1977|p=38}}{{sfn|Brown|2006|p=383}} Young churchmen and people struggling with faith sought his advice, including such well-known social figures as the writer and philanthropist ], and the young ], a ] (MP) who had recently suffered a crisis of conscience and religious conversion while contemplating leaving politics. The younger man consulted with Newton, who encouraged Wilberforce to stay in ] and "serve God where he was".{{sfn|Pollock|1977|p=38}}{{sfn|Brown|2006|p=383}}


In 1792, Newton was presented with the degree of ] by the ] (now Princeton University). In 1792, Newton was presented with the degree of ] by the ] (now Princeton University).


==Writer and hymnist==
==Abolitionist==
{{see also|Category:Hymns by John Newton}}
]
]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Bernard |year=1950 |title=John Newton: A Biography |publisher=William Heineman, Ltd |oclc=1542483}} (illustration between pages 222 and 223).</ref>]]
In 1788, 34&nbsp;years after he had retired from the slave trade, Newton broke a long silence on the subject with the publication of a forceful pamphlet ''Thoughts Upon the Slave Trade'', in which he described the horrific conditions of the slave ships during the ]. He apologized for "a confession, which&nbsp;... comes too late&nbsp;... It will always be a subject of humiliating reflection to me, that I was once an active instrument in a business at which my heart now shudders." He had copies sent to every MP, and the pamphlet sold so well that it swiftly required reprinting.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005|pp=130–132}}
In 1767, ], the poet, moved to Olney. He worshipped in Newton's church, and collaborated with the priest on a volume of hymns; it was published as '']'' in 1779. This work had a great influence on English hymnology. The volume included Newton's well-known hymns: "]", "]", and "Faith's Review and Expectation", which has come to be known by its opening phrase, "]".


] in the ]]]
Newton became an ally of ], leader of the Parliamentary campaign to abolish the African slave trade. He lived to see the British passage of the ], which enacted this event.
Many of Newton's (as well as Cowper's) hymns are preserved in the ''],'' a hymnal used in the American South during the ]. Hymns were scored according to the tonal scale for ]. Easily learnt and incorporating singers into four-part harmony, shape note music was widely used by evangelical preachers to reach new congregants.


In 1776, Newton contributed a preface to an annotated version of ]'s '']''.{{sfn|Newton|2018}}
Some modern writers have criticised Newton for continuing to participate in the slave trade after his religious conversion, but Christianity did not deter thousands of slaveholders in the colonies from owning other men, nor many others from profiting by the slave trade.


Newton also contributed to the ]. He wrote an autobiography entitled ''An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable And Interesting Particulars in the Life of ------ Communicated, in a Series of Letters, to the Reverend T. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle, And by him, at the request of friends, now made public'', which he published anonymously in 1764 with a Preface by Haweis. It was later described as "written in an easy style, distinguished by great natural shrewdness, and sanctified by the Lord God and prayer".{{sfn|Thomson|1884|loc=preface}}
Newton came to believe that during the first five of his nine years as a slave trader he had not been a Christian in the full sense of the term. In 1763 he wrote: "I was greatly deficient in many respects&nbsp;... I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}}


==Abolitionist==
==Writer and hymnist==
] ]
In 1788, 34 years after he had retired from the slave trade, Newton broke a long silence on the subject with the publication of a forceful pamphlet ''Thoughts Upon the Slave Trade'', in which he described the horrific conditions of the slave ships during the ]. He apologised for "a confession, which&nbsp;... comes too late&nbsp;... It will always be a subject of humiliating reflection to me, that I was once an active instrument in a business at which my heart now shudders." He had copies sent to every MP, and the pamphlet sold so well that it swiftly required reprinting.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005|pp=130–132}}
In 1767 ], the poet, moved to Olney. He worshipped in Newton's church, and collaborated with the priest on a volume of hymns; it was published as '']'' in 1779. This work had a great influence on English hymnology. The volume included Newton's well-known hymns: "]," "How Sweet the Name of Jesus Sounds!," "Let Us Love, and Sing, and Wonder," "Come, My Soul, Thy Suit Prepare," "Approach, My Soul, the Mercy-seat", and "Faith's Review and Expectation," which has come to be known by its opening phrase, "]".


Newton became an ally of William Wilberforce, leader of the Parliamentary campaign to abolish the African slave trade. He lived to see the British passage of the ], which enacted this event.
]]]
Many of Newton's (as well as Cowper's) hymns are preserved in the ''],'' a hymnal used in the American South during the ]. Hymns were scored according to the tonal scale for ]. Easily learned and incorporating singers into four-part harmony, shape note music was widely used by evangelical preachers to reach new congregants.


Newton came to believe that during the first five of his nine years as a slave trader he had not been a Christian in the full sense of the term. In 1763 he wrote: "I was greatly deficient in many respects&nbsp;... I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}}
Newton also contributed to the ]. He wrote an autobiography entitled
''An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable And Interesting Particulars in the Life of ------ Communicated, in a Series of Letters, to the Reverend T. Haweiss,'' which he published anonymously. It was later described as 'written in an easy style, distinguished by great natural shrewdness, and sanctified by the Lord God and prayer'.{{sfn|Thomson|1884|loc=preface}}


==Final years== ==Final years==
Newton's wife Mary Catlett died in 1790, after which he published ''Letters to a Wife'' (1793), in which he expressed his grief.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Plagued by ill health and failing eyesight, Newton died on 21 December 1807 in London. He was buried beside his wife in St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Both were reinterred at the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Olney in 1893.<ref>http://image1.findagrave.com/photos/2008/277/18255382_122315652356.jpg</ref> Newton's wife Mary Catlett died in 1790, after which he published ''Letters to a Wife'' (1793), in which he expressed his grief.{{sfn|Newton|1793}} Plagued by ill health and failing eyesight, Newton died on 21 December 1807 in London. He was buried beside his wife in St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Both were reinterred at the ] in 1893.<ref name="Tomb">{{NHLE|desc=Tomb of John and Mary Newton |num=1392852}}</ref>


==Commemoration== ==Commemoration==
], bearing his self-penned epitaph.]] ],<ref name="Tomb" /> bearing his self-penned epitaph.]]
], where Newton served as parish priest.]]


* When he was initially interred in London, a memorial plaque to Newton, containing his self-penned epitaph, was installed on the wall of ]. At the bottom of the plaque are the words: "The above Epitaph was written by the Deceased who directed it to be inscribed on a plain Marble Tablet. He died on Dec. the 21st, 1807. Aged 82 Years, and his mortal Remains are deposited in the Vault beneath this Church."{{sfn|Rouse|2014}}
* Newton is memorialized with his self-penned epitaph on his gravestone at Olney.
* Newton is memorialised with his self-penned epitaph on the side of his tomb at Olney: JOHN NEWTON. Clerk. Once an infidel and libertine a servant of slaves in Africa was by the rich mercy of our LORD and SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST preserved, restored, pardoned and appointed to preach the faith he had long laboured to destroy. Near 16 years as Curate of this parish and 28 years as Rector of St. Mary Woolnoth.<ref name="Tomb" />
* When he was initially interred in London, a memorial plaque to Newton, containing his self-penned epitaph, was installed on the wall of ]. At the bottom of the plaque are the words: "The above Epitaph was written by the Deceased who directed it to be inscribed on a plain Marble Tablet. He died on December the 21st December 1807. Aged 82 Years, and his Mortal Remains are deposited in the Vault beneath the Church."<ref>http://www.johnnewton.org/Groups/69918/The_John_Newton/archive/About_John_Newton/Newtons_death/Newtons_death.aspx</ref>
*The town of ] is named after him. To this day his former town of Olney provides philanthropy for the African town.<ref>http://olneynewtonlink.org.uk/</ref> *The town of ] in ] is named after him. To this day his former town of Olney provides philanthropy for the African town.{{sfn|Howe|2017}}
*In 1982, Newton was recognized for his influential hymns by the ] when he was inducted into the ].<ref>http://www.gmahalloffame.org/inductees-archive/#</ref> *In 1982, Newton was recognised for his influential hymns by the ] when he was inducted into the ].{{sfn|The Gospel Music Association|2015}}
*A memorial to him was erected in ] in ], ], in ] in 2013. Buncrana is located on the shores of ].


==Portrayals in media== ==Portrayals in media==


===Film=== ===Film===
* The film '']'' (2006) highlights Newton’s influence on ]. ] portrays Newton, ] is Wilberforce, and the film was directed by ]. The film portrays Newton as a penitent haunted by the ghosts of 20,000 slaves. * The film '']'' (2006) highlights Newton's influence on ]. ] portrays Newton, ] is Wilberforce, and the film was directed by ]. The film portrays Newton as a penitent haunted by the ghosts of 20,000 slaves.
* The Nigerian film '']'' (2006), the creation of Nigerian director/writer/producer Jeta Amata, provides an African perspective on the slave trade. Nigerian actors ], Mbong Odungide, and ] (brother of the director) portray Africans who are captured and taken away from their homeland by slave traders. Newton is played by ]. * The Nigerian film '']'' (2006), the creation of Nigerian director/writer/producer Jeta Amata, provides an African perspective on the slave trade. Nigerian actors ], Mbong Odungide, and ] (brother of the director) portray Africans who are captured and taken away from their homeland by slave traders. Newton is played by ].
* The 2014 film '']'' tells the story of an American slave (Samuel Woodward, played by ]) escaping to freedom via the ]. A parallel earlier story depicts John Newton (played by Bernhard Forcher) as the captain of a slave ship bound for America carrying Samuel's grandfather. Newton's conversion is explored as well. * The 2014 film '']'' tells the story of an American slave (Samuel Woodward, played by ]) escaping to freedom via the ]. A parallel earlier story depicts John Newton (played by Bernhard Forcher) as the captain of a slave ship bound for America carrying Samuel's grandfather. Newton's conversion is explored as well.
* The film '']'' (2017) depicts Newton's life including his early years and time as a slave himself.


===Stage productions=== ===Stage productions===
*''African Snow'' (2007), a play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind of John Newton. It was first produced at the ] as a co-production with ], transferring to the ] in London's West End and a National Tour. Newton was played by ] and ] by ].<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2007/apr/05/theatre</ref> *''African Snow'' (2007), a play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind of John Newton. It was first produced at the ] as a co-production with ], transferring to the ] in London's West End and a National Tour. Newton was played by ] and ] by Israel Oyelumade.{{sfn|Hickling|2007}}
*The musical ] is a dramatisation of Newton's life. The 2014 pre-Broadway and 2015 Broadway productions starred ] as Newton.<ref>http://www.chicago-theater.com/theaters/bank-of-america-theater/amazing-grace-cast-creative.php</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Amazing Grace''|url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/14118/Amazing-Grace| website=Playbill Vault|accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> *The musical ] is a dramatisation of Newton's life. The 2014 pre-Broadway and 2015 Broadway productions starred ] as Newton.<ref name=Theatreland />{{sfn|Ku|2017}}
<!-- Productions listed here must have citations giving evidence of notability, such as a review in a major newspaper or magazine. The production company's own website is not acceptable. See also WP:CS:EMBED -->


===Television=== ===Television===
*Newton is portrayed by actor ] in the British television miniseries, ''The Fight Against Slavery'' (1975). *Newton is portrayed by actor ] in the British television miniseries, ''The Fight Against Slavery'' (1975).<ref>{{Citation |title=The Fight Against Slavery (TV Mini Series 1975) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215412/fullcredits |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>


===Novels=== ===Novels===
*]' novel, '']'' (1993), includes nearly verbatim excerpts of Newton's logs from his ''Journal of a Slave Trader''.<ref>http://www.postcolonialweb.org/caribbean/phillips/mcinnis2.html</ref> *]' novel, '']'' (1993), includes nearly verbatim excerpts of Newton's logs from his ''Journal of a Slave Trader''.{{sfn|McInnis|2015}}
* In the chapter 'Blind, But Now I See' of the novel ] by ] (2016), an African-American whose favourite hymn is "Amazing Grace" visits Olney where a local churchman relates the facts of Newton's life to him. He is disturbed by Newton's involvement in the slave trade. Newton's life and circumstances, and the lyrics of "Amazing Grace" are described in detail.

==See also==
* The ] in Olney, Buckinghamshire


==References== ==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|2}}
{{notelist|refs=


{{efn|name=register|The marriage register records her maiden name as Seatcliff.}}
==Sources==

{{efn|name=MemEpi|Memorial epitaph, St Mary Woolnoth Church, Lombard Street, London.}}

}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Theatreland>{{Citation
| title = Why see Amazing Grace?
| date = 2014
| website = chicago-theatre.com
| url = http://www.chicago-theater.com/theaters/bank-of-america-theater/amazing-grace-cast-creative.php
| access-date = 6 May 2017
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125741/http://www.chicago-theater.com/theaters/bank-of-america-theater/amazing-grace-cast-creative.php
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Aitken | last = Aitken
| first = Jonathon | first = Jonathan
| author-link = Jonathan Aitken
| title = John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace | title = John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace
| publisher = Crossway Books | publisher = Crossway Books
| year = 2007 | year = 2007
| isbn = 978-1-58134-848-4 | isbn = 978-1-58134-848-4
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xqP_YmOAaxUC
}}
}}
* {{cite DNB * {{cite DNB
| mode=cs2
| wstitle = Newton, John (1725–1807)
| last=Bennett | last=Bennett
| first=H. L. | first=H. L.
| wstitle = Newton, John (1725-1807)
}}
| display = Newton, John (1725–1807)
| volume=40
}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Brown | last = Brown
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| isbn = 978-0-8078-5698-7 | isbn = 978-0-8078-5698-7
| oclc = 62290468 | oclc = 62290468
}}
* {{Citation
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| first1 = Kurt
| last2 = Ware
| first2 = Jim
| title = Finding GOD in the Story of AMAZING GRACE
| publisher = Tyndale
| year = 2007
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
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| first = John | first = John
| title = A Biography of John Newton | title = A Biography of John Newton
| url = http://www.newcreationlibrary.net/books/pdf/285_JohnNewton.pdf | url = https://www.newcreationlibrary.org.au/books/pdf/285_JohnNewton.pdf
| publisher = New Creation Teaching Ministry | publisher = New Creation Teaching Ministry
| year = 1994 | year = 1994
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| author = The Gospel Music Association
| first = Cassie
| title = Gospel Music Hall of Fame
| last = Foss
| year = 2015
| url = http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20130709/ARTICLES/130709635?p=1&tc=pg
| url = https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/inductees/inductees-archive/
| title = Faith-based film to shoot scenes in Southeastern N.C.
| access-date = 31 December 2023
| work = Wilmington Morning Star
| date = 9 July 2013 | archive-date = 18 September 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210918214943/https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/inductees/inductees-archive/
| accessdate = 14 August 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
}}
* {{Cite ODNB
* {{Citation
| last = Hindmarsh
| first = D. Bruce | last = Hatfield
| first = Edwin F.
| title = John Newton | title = John Newton
| year = 1884
}}
| work = The Poets of the Church: A Series of Biographical Sketches of Hymn-Writers
| publisher = Anson D.F. Randolph & Company
| url = http://www.wholesomewords.org/biography/bnewton5.html
| access-date = 4 May 2017
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Hickling
| first = Alfred
| title = African Snow
| date = 5 April 2007
| work = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2007/apr/05/theatre
| access-date = 6 May 2017
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |id=20062 |year=2004 |last1=Hindmarsh |first1=D. Bruce |title=Newton, John (1725–1807)}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Hochschild | last = Hochschild
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}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| editor-last = Howe
| editor-first = Janet
| title = Welcome to the Olney Newton Link
| date = 2017
| url = http://olneynewtonlink.org.uk/
| access-date = 6 May 2017
}}
* {{Citation
| editor-last = Ku
| editor-first = Andrew
| title = Amazing Grace
| date = 2017
| publisher = Playbill Inc
| url = http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/14118/Amazing-Grace
| website = Playbill Vault
| access-date = 6 May 2017
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Lewis
| first = Frank
| title = Essex and Suger | title = Essex and Suger
| first = Frank
| last = Lewis
| publisher = Philimore | publisher = Philimore
| year = 1976 | year = 1976
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| title = Then Sings My Soul | last = McInnis
| first = Robert J | first = Gilbert
| title = The Struggle of Postmodernism and Postcolonialism in Caryl Phillips's ''Crossing the River''
| date = 3 December 2015
| website = postcolonialweb.org
| url = http://www.postcolonialweb.org/caribbean/phillips/mcinnis2.html
| access-date = 6 May 2017
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Morgan | last = Morgan
| first = Robert J
| title = Then Sings My Soul
| publisher = Thomas Nelson Publishing | publisher = Thomas Nelson Publishing
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
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| last = Nemetz | first = John
| title = Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade
| url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/1132622-hector-replica-takes-centre-stage
| year = 1788
| title = Hector Replica Takes Centre Stage
| publisher = J. Buckland & J. Johnson
| work = Halifax Chronicle-Herald
| date = 31 May 2013 | place = London
| edition = ] transcription
| accessdate = 14 August 2014
| url = https://en.wikisource.org/Thoughts_upon_the_African_Slave_Trade
| access-date = 1 September 2021
}} (More legible (and machine-readable) transcription. For the facsimile edition at archive.org, see ].)
* {{Citation
| last = Newton
| first = John
| title = Preface to Pilgrim's Progress
| website = Banner of Truth
| date = 17 August 2018
| orig-year = 1776
| url = https://banneroftruth.org/us/resources/articles/2018/john-newtons-preface-to-pilgrims-progress-1776/
| access-date = 24 February 2019
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Newton
| first = John
| title = Letters to a wife, by the Author of Cardiphoni
| publisher = J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's Church-Yard
| year = 1793
| place = London
| via = Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale.
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
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| year = 2003 | year = 2003
}} }}
* {{Citation
| author = Parish of Rochester
| title = St. Margaret's Church
| year = 2014
| url = http://www.parishofrochester.org.uk/parish/our-churchs/st-margarets-church
| access-date = 14 August 2014
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140918210015/http://www.parishofrochester.org.uk/parish/our-churchs/st-margarets-church/
| archive-date = 18 September 2014
}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Pollock | last = Pollock
| first = John | first = John
| authorlink = John Pollock (author) | author-link = John Pollock (author)
| title = Wilberforce | title = Wilberforce
| year = 1977 | year = 1977
Line 221: Line 330:
| isbn = 978-0-09-460780-4 | isbn = 978-0-09-460780-4
| oclc = 3738175 | oclc = 3738175
| url-access = registration
}}
| url = https://archive.org/details/wilberforce0000unse
}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Rediker | editor-last = Rouse
| first = Marcus | editor-first = Marylynn
| title = The Slave Ship: A Human History | title = Newton's death
| publisher = Viking | date = 2 January 2014
| url = http://www.johnnewton.org/Groups/69918/The_John_Newton/archive/About_John_Newton/Newtons_death/Newtons_death.aspx
| year = 2007
| access-date = 5 May 2017
}}
| archive-date = 28 February 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240228134401/https://www.johnnewton.org/Groups/69918/The_John_Newton/archive/About_John_Newton/Newtons_death/Newtons_death.aspx
| url-status = dead
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* {{Citation
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| first = James
| title = John Newton (1725–1807)
| date = 2017
| website = The Paperless Hymnal
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| access-date = 4 May 2017
}}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
| last = Thomson | last = Thomson
Line 236: Line 360:
| place = London | place = London
| year = 1884 | year = 1884
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation
| last = Armstrong
| first = Chris
| title = The Amazingly Graced Life of John Newton
| date = 2004
| work = Christianity Today
| volume = 81
| url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2004/issue81/3.16.html?start=7
| access-date = 6 May 2017
| url-access = subscription
| ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Bruner
| first1 = Kurt
| last2 = Ware
| first2 = Jim
| title = Finding GOD in the Story of AMAZING GRACE
| publisher = Tyndale
| year = 2007
| ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Davidson
| first = Noel
| title = How Sweet the Sound: the Absorbing Story of John Newton and William Cowper
| publisher = Ambassador Publications
| place = Belfast
| year = 1997
| ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Foss
| first = Cassie
| title = Faith-based film to shoot scenes in Southeastern N.C.
| url = http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20130709/ARTICLES/130709635?p=1&tc=pg
| work = Wilmington Morning Star
| date = 9 July 2013
| access-date = 14 August 2014
| ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Nemetz
| first = Andrea
| title = Hector Replica Takes Centre Stage
| url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/1132622-hector-replica-takes-centre-stage
| work = Halifax Chronicle-Herald
| date = 31 May 2013
| access-date = 14 August 2014
| ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Newton
| first = John
| title = An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable and Interesting Particulars in the Life of John Newton. Communicated in a Series of Letters to the Rev. Mr. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle. And by him, at the request of friends, now made public
| date = 1764
| publisher = J. Johnson
| location = London
}}. Preface by Haweis
* {{Citation
| last = Rediker
| first = Marcus
| title = The Slave Ship: A Human History
| publisher = Viking
| year = 2007
| ref = none
}} }}
* {{Citation * {{Citation
Line 244: Line 439:
| place = New York | place = New York
| year = 2002 | year = 2002
| ref = none
}} }}
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
*
* Newton, John (1788). (Internet Archive with funding by Associates of the Boston Public Library ed.). London: J. Buckland & J. Johnson. Retrieved 24 May 2019. (Facsimile of original book at ]. For more legible (and machine-readable) transcription, see ].) <!-- Can't seem to use {{cite book}} here as it creates a duplicate Harvard reference Newton1788, even though it is outside a {{reflist}}/{{refend}} range??? -->
*
*
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208150932/http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/history/newton/iss_history_newton_intro.asp |date=8 February 2012 }}
* by John Newton (1788). ] Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection.
*
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Newton}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Newton}}
*
*
* {{Librivox author |id=8571}}


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, John}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, John}}
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Latest revision as of 15:32, 9 December 2024

Anglican cleric, hymn-writer, and abolitionist (1725–1807) For other people named John Newton, see John Newton (disambiguation).

The Reverend
John Newton
Contemporary portrait of Newton
Personal details
Born4 August [O.S. 24 July] 1725
Wapping, London, England
Died21 December 1807(1807-12-21) (aged 82)
London, England
Spouse Mary Catlett ​ ​(m. 1750; died 1790)​
OccupationBritish sailor, slaver, Anglican cleric and prominent slavery abolitionist

John Newton (/ˈnjuːtən/; 4 August [O.S. 24 July] 1725 – 21 December 1807) was an English evangelical Anglican cleric and slavery abolitionist. He had previously been a captain of slave ships and an investor in the slave trade. He served as a sailor in the Royal Navy (after forced recruitment) and was himself enslaved for a time in West Africa. He is noted for being author of the hymns Amazing Grace and Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken.

Newton went to sea at a young age and worked on slave ships in the slave trade for several years. In 1745, he himself became a slave of Princess Peye, a woman of the Sherbro people in what is now Sierra Leone. He was rescued, returned to sea and the trade, becoming Captain of several slave ships. After retiring from active sea-faring, he continued to invest in the slave trade. Some years after experiencing a conversion to Christianity, Newton later renounced his trade and became a prominent supporter of abolitionism. Now an evangelical, he was ordained as a Church of England cleric and served as parish priest at Olney, Buckinghamshire, for two decades and wrote hymns.

Newton lived to see the British Empire's abolition of the African slave trade in 1807, just months before his death.

Early life

John Newton was born in Wapping, London, in 1725, the son of John Newton the Elder, a shipmaster in the Mediterranean service, and Elizabeth (née Scatliff). Elizabeth was the only daughter of Simon Scatliff, an instrument maker from London. Elizabeth was brought up as a Nonconformist. She died of tuberculosis (then called consumption) in July 1732, about two weeks before her son's seventh birthday. Newton spent two years at a boarding school, before going to live at Aveley in Essex, the home of his father's new wife.

At age eleven he first went to sea with his father. Newton sailed six voyages before his father retired in 1742. At that time, Newton's father made plans for him to work at a sugarcane plantation in Jamaica. Instead, Newton signed on with a merchant ship sailing to the Mediterranean Sea.

Impressment into naval service

In 1743, while going to visit friends, Newton was pressed into the Royal Navy. He became a midshipman aboard HMS Harwich. At one point Newton tried to desert and was punished in front of the crew. Stripped to the waist and tied to the grating, he received a flogging and was reduced to the rank of a common seaman.

Following that disgrace and humiliation, Newton initially contemplated murdering the captain and committing suicide by throwing himself overboard. He recovered, both physically and mentally. Later, while Harwich was en route to India, he transferred to Pegasus, a slave ship bound for West Africa. The ship carried goods to Africa and traded them for slaves to be shipped to the colonies in the Caribbean and North America.

Enslavement and rescue

Newton did not get along with the crew of Pegasus. In 1745, they left him in West Africa with Amos Clowe, a slave dealer. Clowe took Newton to the coast and gave him to his wife, Princess Peye of the Sherbro people. According to Newton, she abused and mistreated him just as much as she did her other slaves. Newton later recounted this period as the time he was "once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in West Africa."

Early in 1748, he was rescued by a sea captain who had been asked by Newton's father to search for him, and returned to England on the merchant ship Greyhound, which was carrying beeswax and dyer's wood, now referred to as camwood.

Christian conversion

Statue of Newton in County Donegal, on a wintry day

In 1748, during his return voyage to England aboard the ship Greyhound, Newton had a Christian conversion. He awoke to find the ship caught in a severe storm off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland and about to sink. In response, Newton began praying for God's mercy, after which the storm began to die down. After four weeks at sea, the Greyhound made it to port in Lough Swilly (Ireland). This experience marked the beginning of his conversion to Christianity.

He began to read the Bible and other Christian literature. By the time he reached Great Britain, he had accepted the doctrines of evangelical Christianity. The date was 21 March 1748, an anniversary he marked for the rest of his life. From that point on, he avoided profanity, gambling and drinking. Although he continued to work in the slave trade, he had gained sympathy for the slaves during his time in Africa. He later said that his true conversion did not happen until some time later: he wrote in 1764 "I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."

Slave trading

Newton returned in 1748 to Liverpool, a major port for the Triangular Trade. Partly due to the influence of his father's friend Joseph Manesty, he obtained a position as first mate aboard the slave ship Brownlow, bound for the West Indies via the coast of Guinea. After his return to England in 1750, he made three voyages as captain of the slave ships Duke of Argyle (1750) and African (1752–53 and 1753–54). After suffering a severe stroke in 1754, he gave up seafaring, while continuing to invest in Manesty's slaving operations.

After Newton moved to the City of London as rector of St Mary Woolnoth Church, he contributed to the work of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, formed in 1787. During this time he wrote Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade. In it he states, "So much light has been thrown upon the subject, by many able pens; and so many respectable persons have already engaged to use their utmost influence, for the suppression of a traffic, which contradicts the feelings of humanity; that it is hoped, this stain of our National character will soon be wiped out."

Marriage and family

On 12 February 1750, Newton married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Catlett, at St. Margaret's Church, Rochester.

Newton adopted his two orphaned nieces, Elizabeth Cunningham and Eliza Catlett, both from the Catlett side of the family. Newton's niece Alys Newton later married Mehul, a prince from India.

Anglican priest

The parish church of St Peter and St Paul, Olney, where Newton became curate in 1764.
St Mary Woolnoth in the City of London, where Newton was rector from 1779.

In 1755, Newton was appointed as tide surveyor (a tax collector) of the Port of Liverpool, again through the influence of Manesty. In his spare time, he studied Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac, preparing for serious religious study. He became well known as an evangelical lay minister. In 1757, he applied to be ordained as a priest in the Church of England, but it was more than seven years before he was eventually accepted.

During this period, he also applied to the Independents and Presbyterians. He mailed applications directly to the Bishops of Chester and Lincoln and the Archbishops of Canterbury and York.

Eventually, in 1764, he was introduced by Thomas Haweis to The 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, who was influential in recommending Newton to William Markham, Bishop of Chester. Haweis suggested Newton for the living of Olney, Buckinghamshire. On 29 April 1764 Newton received deacon's orders, and finally was ordained as a priest on 17 June.

As curate of Olney, Newton was partly sponsored by John Thornton, a wealthy merchant and evangelical philanthropist. He supplemented Newton's stipend of £60 a year with £200 a year "for hospitality and to help the poor". Newton soon became well known for his pastoral care, as much as for his beliefs. His friendship with Dissenters and evangelical clergy led to his being respected by Anglicans and Nonconformists alike. He spent sixteen years at Olney. His preaching was so popular that the congregation added a gallery to the church to accommodate the many persons who flocked to hear him.

Some five years later, in 1772, Thomas Scott took up the curacy of the neighbouring parishes of Stoke Goldington and Weston Underwood. Newton was instrumental in converting Scott from a cynical 'career priest' to a true believer, a conversion which Scott related in his spiritual autobiography The Force of Truth (1779). Later Scott became a biblical commentator and co-founder of the Church Missionary Society.

In 1779, Newton was invited by John Thornton to become Rector of St Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street, London, where he officiated until his death. The church had been built by Nicholas Hawksmoor in 1727 in the fashionable Baroque style. Newton was one of only two evangelical Anglican priests in the capital, and he soon found himself gaining in popularity amongst the growing evangelical party. He was a strong supporter of evangelicalism in the Church of England. He remained a friend of Dissenters (such as Methodists post-Wesley, and Baptists) as well as Anglicans.

Young churchmen and people struggling with faith sought his advice, including such well-known social figures as the writer and philanthropist Hannah More, and the young William Wilberforce, a member of parliament (MP) who had recently suffered a crisis of conscience and religious conversion while contemplating leaving politics. The younger man consulted with Newton, who encouraged Wilberforce to stay in Parliament and "serve God where he was".

In 1792, Newton was presented with the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).

Writer and hymnist

See also: Category:Hymns by John Newton
The vicarage in Olney, where Newton wrote the hymn that would become "Amazing Grace".

In 1767, William Cowper, the poet, moved to Olney. He worshipped in Newton's church, and collaborated with the priest on a volume of hymns; it was published as Olney Hymns in 1779. This work had a great influence on English hymnology. The volume included Newton's well-known hymns: "Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken", "How Sweet the Name of Jesus Sounds!", and "Faith's Review and Expectation", which has come to be known by its opening phrase, "Amazing Grace".

Memorial plaque to Newton and his wife at St Mary Woolnoth in the City of London

Many of Newton's (as well as Cowper's) hymns are preserved in the Sacred Harp, a hymnal used in the American South during the Second Great Awakening. Hymns were scored according to the tonal scale for shape note singing. Easily learnt and incorporating singers into four-part harmony, shape note music was widely used by evangelical preachers to reach new congregants.

In 1776, Newton contributed a preface to an annotated version of John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.

Newton also contributed to the Cheap Repository Tracts. He wrote an autobiography entitled An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable And Interesting Particulars in the Life of ------ Communicated, in a Series of Letters, to the Reverend T. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle, And by him, at the request of friends, now made public, which he published anonymously in 1764 with a Preface by Haweis. It was later described as "written in an easy style, distinguished by great natural shrewdness, and sanctified by the Lord God and prayer".

Abolitionist

Painting of John Newton published in 1807

In 1788, 34 years after he had retired from the slave trade, Newton broke a long silence on the subject with the publication of a forceful pamphlet Thoughts Upon the Slave Trade, in which he described the horrific conditions of the slave ships during the Middle Passage. He apologised for "a confession, which ... comes too late ... It will always be a subject of humiliating reflection to me, that I was once an active instrument in a business at which my heart now shudders." He had copies sent to every MP, and the pamphlet sold so well that it swiftly required reprinting.

Newton became an ally of William Wilberforce, leader of the Parliamentary campaign to abolish the African slave trade. He lived to see the British passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, which enacted this event.

Newton came to believe that during the first five of his nine years as a slave trader he had not been a Christian in the full sense of the term. In 1763 he wrote: "I was greatly deficient in many respects ... I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."

Final years

Newton's wife Mary Catlett died in 1790, after which he published Letters to a Wife (1793), in which he expressed his grief. Plagued by ill health and failing eyesight, Newton died on 21 December 1807 in London. He was buried beside his wife in St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Both were reinterred at the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Olney in 1893.

Commemoration

Newton's tomb at Olney, Buckinghamshire, bearing his self-penned epitaph.
Stained-glass image of John Newton at St Peter and Paul Church in Olney, Buckinghamshire, where Newton served as parish priest.
  • When he was initially interred in London, a memorial plaque to Newton, containing his self-penned epitaph, was installed on the wall of St Mary Woolnoth. At the bottom of the plaque are the words: "The above Epitaph was written by the Deceased who directed it to be inscribed on a plain Marble Tablet. He died on Dec. the 21st, 1807. Aged 82 Years, and his mortal Remains are deposited in the Vault beneath this Church."
  • Newton is memorialised with his self-penned epitaph on the side of his tomb at Olney: JOHN NEWTON. Clerk. Once an infidel and libertine a servant of slaves in Africa was by the rich mercy of our LORD and SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST preserved, restored, pardoned and appointed to preach the faith he had long laboured to destroy. Near 16 years as Curate of this parish and 28 years as Rector of St. Mary Woolnoth.
  • The town of Newton in Sierra Leone is named after him. To this day his former town of Olney provides philanthropy for the African town.
  • In 1982, Newton was recognised for his influential hymns by the Gospel Music Association when he was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
  • A memorial to him was erected in Buncrana in Inishowen, County Donegal, in Ulster in 2013. Buncrana is located on the shores of Lough Swilly.

Portrayals in media

Film

  • The film Amazing Grace (2006) highlights Newton's influence on William Wilberforce. Albert Finney portrays Newton, Ioan Gruffudd is Wilberforce, and the film was directed by Michael Apted. The film portrays Newton as a penitent haunted by the ghosts of 20,000 slaves.
  • The Nigerian film The Amazing Grace (2006), the creation of Nigerian director/writer/producer Jeta Amata, provides an African perspective on the slave trade. Nigerian actors Joke Silva, Mbong Odungide, and Fred Amata (brother of the director) portray Africans who are captured and taken away from their homeland by slave traders. Newton is played by Nick Moran.
  • The 2014 film Freedom tells the story of an American slave (Samuel Woodward, played by Cuba Gooding, Jr.) escaping to freedom via the Underground Railroad. A parallel earlier story depicts John Newton (played by Bernhard Forcher) as the captain of a slave ship bound for America carrying Samuel's grandfather. Newton's conversion is explored as well.
  • The film Newton's Grace (2017) depicts Newton's life including his early years and time as a slave himself.

Stage productions

Television

  • Newton is portrayed by actor John Castle in the British television miniseries, The Fight Against Slavery (1975).

Novels

  • Caryl Phillips' novel, Crossing the River (1993), includes nearly verbatim excerpts of Newton's logs from his Journal of a Slave Trader.
  • In the chapter 'Blind, But Now I See' of the novel Jerusalem by Alan Moore (2016), an African-American whose favourite hymn is "Amazing Grace" visits Olney where a local churchman relates the facts of Newton's life to him. He is disturbed by Newton's involvement in the slave trade. Newton's life and circumstances, and the lyrics of "Amazing Grace" are described in detail.

See also

References

Notes

  1. The marriage register records her maiden name as Seatcliff.
  2. Memorial epitaph, St Mary Woolnoth Church, Lombard Street, London.

Citations

  1. Hatfield 1884.
  2. McCann, Ian (18 July 2016). "The Life of a Song: Amazing Grace". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  3. Aitken 2007, Sources and Biographical Notes.
  4. Aitken 2007, pp. 29–30.
  5. Lewis 1976, p. 51.
  6. Dunn 1994, p. 7.
  7. Dunn 1994, p. 8.
  8. Bennett 1894.
  9. Tackett 2017.
  10. "John Newton (1725 – 1807)" (PDF). Cowper and Newton Museum. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  11. Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade.
  12. Aitken 2007, p. 19.
  13. ^ Newton 2003, p. 84.
  14. Hochschild 2005, p. 77.
  15. Newton 1788.
  16. Parish of Rochester 2014.
  17. Hindmarsh 2004.
  18. "The Works of John Berridge, A.M." (PDF). Preachers Help. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  19. Pollock 1977, p. 38.
  20. Brown 2006, p. 383.
  21. Historic England. "The vicarage including attached coach-house, Church Street, Olney, Milton Keybes (1158059)". National Heritage List for England.
  22. Martin, Bernard (1950). John Newton: A Biography. William Heineman, Ltd. OCLC 1542483. (illustration between pages 222 and 223).
  23. Newton 2018.
  24. Thomson 1884, preface.
  25. Hochschild 2005, pp. 130–132.
  26. Newton 1793.
  27. ^ Historic England. "Tomb of John and Mary Newton (1392852)". National Heritage List for England.
  28. Rouse 2014.
  29. Howe 2017.
  30. The Gospel Music Association 2015.
  31. Hickling 2007.
  32. "Why see Amazing Grace?", chicago-theatre.com, 2014, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2017
  33. Ku 2017.
  34. The Fight Against Slavery (TV Mini Series 1975) - IMDb, retrieved 23 March 2024
  35. McInnis 2015.

Sources

Further reading

  • Armstrong, Chris (2004), "The Amazingly Graced Life of John Newton", Christianity Today, vol. 81, retrieved 6 May 2017
  • Bruner, Kurt; Ware, Jim (2007), Finding GOD in the Story of AMAZING GRACE, Tyndale
  • Davidson, Noel (1997), How Sweet the Sound: the Absorbing Story of John Newton and William Cowper, Belfast: Ambassador Publications
  • Foss, Cassie (9 July 2013), "Faith-based film to shoot scenes in Southeastern N.C.", Wilmington Morning Star, retrieved 14 August 2014
  • Nemetz, Andrea (31 May 2013), "Hector Replica Takes Centre Stage", Halifax Chronicle-Herald, retrieved 14 August 2014
  • Newton, John (1764), An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable and Interesting Particulars in the Life of John Newton. Communicated in a Series of Letters to the Rev. Mr. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle. And by him, at the request of friends, now made public, London: J. Johnson. Preface by Haweis
  • Rediker, Marcus (2007), The Slave Ship: A Human History, Viking
  • Turner, Steve (2002), Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song, New York: Ecco/HarperCollins

External links

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