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{{Short description|Baptism site in the Jordan River Valley, West Bank}}
{{Infobox ancient site {{Infobox ancient site
| name = Qasr el Yahud | name = Qasr al-Yahud
| native_name = قصر اليهود | native_name = قصر اليهود
| alternate_name = Al-Maghtas<ref name=OsloMaghtas>{{cite web |title= The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip |publisher=] |date= 28 September 1995 |quote= ... Palestinians shall have the right to religious pilgrimage to the '''Al-Maghtas''' under the Palestinian flag. Safe passage will be provided from the Jericho Area to '''Al-Maghtas''' for this purpose. (Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs. Article 32: Religious Sites. Point 5.) |url= https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/the-israeli-palestinian-interim-agreement-annex-iii |access-date= 25 November 2022}}</ref>
| alternate_name = Al-Maghtas
| image = File:PikiWiki Palestine 28702 Religion in Palestine.jpg | image = File:Baptism Site of Jesus Christ JO 5.JPG
| alt = | alt=
| caption = | caption=
| map_type = West Bank | map_type = West Bank
| map_alt = Map showing the West Bank | map_alt = Map showing the West Bank
| latitude =31.838333
| longitude =35.539167
| map_size = 220 | map_size = 220
| location = ], ] | location = ], ], ] (])
| region = | region=
| coordinates = | coordinates = {{coord|31.838333|35.539167|display=inline}}
| type = | grid_name = ]
| grid_position = 201/138
| part_of =
| type=
| length =
| part_of=
| width =
| area = | area=
| epochs=
| height =
| cultures=
| builder =
| event=
| material =
| excavations=
| built =
| archaeologists=
| abandoned =
| condition=
| epochs =
| ownership=
| cultures =
| public_access = Yes (see website)
| dependency_of =
| website = (Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud)<ref name=INPA>{{cite web |title= Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud |year= 2019 |publisher=] |url= https://en.parks.org.il/reserve-park/baptismal-site-on-the-jordan-river-qasr-al-yahud/ |access-date= 25 November 2022}}</ref>
| occupants =
| notes=
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| public_access =
| website =
| notes =
}} }}
'''Qasr el Yahud''' (]: {{rtl-lang|ar|قصر اليهود}}; also Kasser/Qasser al-Yahud/Yehud etc.; lit. "Castle of the Jews") is the official name of a ] site in the ].


It is the western part of the traditional site of the ] by ] ({{Bibleref2|Matthew 3:13-17}}), in Arabic ], a name which was historically used for the pilgrimage site on both sides of the river. It is also traditionally considered to be the place where the ] crossed the ],<ref name="Haaretz">{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/take-me-to-the-river-1.261478 |title=Take me to the river |publisher=Haaretz.com}}</ref> and ] ascended to heaven.<ref></ref> '''Qasr al-Yahud''' (]: {{lang|ar|قصر اليهود}}, lit. "The citadel of the Jews",<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref> ]: {{lang|he|קאסר אל יהוד}}), also known as '''Al-Maghtas''',<ref name=OsloMaghtas/> is the western section of the traditional site of the ] by ] on the ] ({{bibleverse|Matthew|3:13-17}}). It has also been traditionally identified with two episodes from the ], as one of the possible points through which the ] have crossed the Jordan river as they reached the ] ({{bibleverse|Joshua|3}}), and as the site where prophet ] ascended to heaven ({{bibleverse|2 Kings|2:1-14}}).<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite news |last= Ginat |first= Gitit |date=14 January 2010 |title= Take me to the river |url= https://www.haaretz.com/2010-01-14/ty-article/take-me-to-the-river/0000017f-e7e6-df2c-a1ff-fff791810000 |work= Haaretz |access-date= 1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2016 |title= Jesus's baptismal site, long sealed off, to be cleared of landmines |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/jesuss-baptismal-site-long-sealed-off-to-be-cleared-of-landmines |newspaper= The Times of Israel |access-date= 1 August 2017}}</ref> "Qasr al-Yahud" is actually an Arabic name given to the nearby Monastery of St John the Baptist, but is also being used for the ] section of the baptism site itself.<ref name=Noort>Noort (2004), p. 232.</ref>
]
Qasr el-Yahud is close to the ancient road and river ford connecting Jerusalem, via Jericho, to several ]ian biblical sites such as ], ] and the ]. It is located in the ], a little southeast from ] and is part of the ] of ].


The spot is located in ] of the West Bank<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lidman |first1=Melanie |title=Baptism by mire? In lower Jordan River, sewage mucks up Christian rite |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/baptism-by-mire-in-jordan-river-sewage-mucks-up-christian-rite/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=www.timesofisrael.com |date=18 June 2015}}</ref> and it sits directly across the ] (on Misplaced Pages as "]"; known officially in ] as "Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan"") and close to the ] city of ]. Since the ] in 1967, the baptism site has been under ], and the site and facilities are currently administered by the ] and the ] as part of a ], where ] ceremonies can be performed.
The baptism site and facilities are administered by the ] and the ] as part of an ].


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The Arabic name of the baptism site is ], an area stretching over both banks of the river. The Jordanian side uses the names ''Al-Maghtas'', ''Bethany beyond the Jordan'' and ''Baptism(al) Site'', while the western part is known as ''Qasr el-Yahud''. The nearby Greek Orthodox Monastery of St John the Baptist has a castle-like appearance (thus ''qasr'', "castle"), and tradition holds that the Israelites crossed the river at this spot (thus ''el-Yahud'', "of the Jews").<ref name="SWP">{{cite web|url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~240993~5512445:Composite--Map-of-Western-Palestine |title=Survey of Western Palestine, sheet 15 |publisher=] |accessdate=23 March 2015 }}<!-- cf. on same map nearby "Kusr Hajleh", the Greek Orthodox Monastery of ], now more commonly known as Deir Hajla --></ref><ref name="Patriarchate">{{cite web|url=http://www.jp-newsgate.net/en/2013/08/16/2854 |title=The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud |publisher=The Patriarchate of Jerusalem – Official News Gate |author= Theodosios Mitropoulos, architect |quote=The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud The perimeter walls, specifically their uppermost portion, terminate at battlements, which lend the monument the form of a Medieval castle. This is in all likelihood why its Arab name is Qasr el Yahud |accessdate=23 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Othmar Keel |author2=Max Küchler |author3=Christoph Uehlinger |year=1992 |title=Orte und Landschaften der Bibel, Volume 2 |location= |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=528 |isbn=9783525501672 |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=j3jsKqzuP5YC&pg=PA527&lpg=PA527&dq=Maghtas+Jericho&source=bl&ots=O334U35v8b&sig=huqikQFA1R6x8xYy5oBw6Kzx1-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8poQVa2pMZTvaoeVgpAM&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Maghtas&f=false |accessdate=23 March 2015 }}</ref> The Jordanian side uses the names ], ''Bethany beyond the Jordan'' and ''Baptism(al) Site'', while the western part is known as ''Qasr al-Yahud''. The nearby ] Monastery of St John the Baptist has a castle-like appearance (thus ''qasr'', "castle"), and tradition holds that the Israelites crossed the river at this spot (thus ''al-Yahud'', "of the Jews").<ref name=SWP>{{cite web |title= Survey of Western Palestine, sheet 15 |publisher=] |url= http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~240993~5512445:Composite--Map-of-Western-Palestine |access-date=23 March 2015}}<!-- cf. on same map nearby "Kusr Hajleh", the Greek Orthodox Monastery of ], now more commonly known as Deir Hajla --></ref><ref name=Patriarchate>{{cite web |url= http://www.jp-newsgate.net/en/2013/08/16/2854 |title= The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud |publisher= The Patriarchate of Jerusalem – Official News Gate |author= Theodosios Mitropoulos, architect |quote= The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud The perimeter walls, specifically their uppermost portion, terminate at battlements, which lend the monument the form of a Medieval castle. This is in all likelihood why its Arab name is ''Qasr al-Yahud'' |access-date= 23 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155600/http://www.jp-newsgate.net/en/2013/08/16/2854 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= Othmar Keel |author2= Max Küchler |author3= Christoph Uehlinger |year=1992 |title= Orte und Landschaften der Bibel, Volume 2 |publisher= Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=528 |isbn= 9783525501672 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j3jsKqzuP5YC&pg=PA527 |access-date=23 March 2015 }}</ref> The monastery is known in Arabic both as Deir Mr Yuhanna, lit. "Monastery of Saint John", and Qasr el-Yahud.<ref name=Noort/>

===Spelling===
It is variously spelled as Kasser or Qasser, al- or el-, Yahud or Yehud etc.

==Location==
''Qasr al-Yahud'' is located in the ], a little southeast from ], and is part of the ]<ref name=fox>{{cite news |title=In rivalry over Jesus' baptism site, UNESCO backs Jordan over West Bank, as debate goes on |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/in-rivalry-over-jesus-baptism-site-unesco-backs-jordan-over-west-bank-as-debate-goes-on/ |work=Fox News World |location=Al-Maghtas, Jordan |access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref> Since the ] in 1967, it has been under ], and the site and facilities are currently administered by the ] and the ] as part of a ].

==Significance==
{{main|Al-Maghtas}}
As part of the traditional site of the baptism of Jesus, it has been a pilgrimage site since late antiquity.

The 6th-century ] places Bethabara ("house of the ford", "place of crossing"), a name used by some versions of the New Testament, on the west bank of the Jordan (see ]).


==History== ==History==
===Antiquity===
]
''Qasr al-Yahud'' is close to the ancient road and river ford connecting Jerusalem, via Jericho, to several ] biblical sites such as ], ] and the ].<ref name=fox/>
The modern site reopened in 2011 after being closed since the 1967 ]. The restoration project was approved before the 2000 ] celebrations but was delayed due to the ] and flooding in the region in 2003.<ref name="Haaretz"/> It is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli Ministry of Tourism. Before the site was accessible, baptisms took place at ].

According to ] (writing c. 560 CE), Emperor ] had a ] constructed here.<ref>Procopius, 1888, p. : "in the monastery of St. John beside the Jordan, a cistern"</ref> In 1883 it was described as "still visible, in almost perfect condition".<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWPIII, p. </ref>

===Crusader period===
According to ] (c. 1172), the ] had built a castle next to the Greek monastery of St John and the Baptism site, of which no trace has been found.<ref name=Pringle>{{cite book | last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle |title= Templar Castles on the Road to the Jordan |page= 152 |editor-last= Barber |editor-first= M. |editor-link= Malcolm Barber |work= The Military Orders Volume I: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick |publisher= Routledge |year= 2017 |orig-year= 1994 |isbn= 9781351542593 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |access-date= 24 November 2021}}</ref> The Templars, together with the ], had the mission of protecting the pilgrims who came to the Holy Land in the time of the Crusader ], and this castle was part of a chain of Templar fortifications along the pilgrimage route down to the Jordan, which also included the castle of ] halfway between Jerusalem and the river, and the fortified top of ] above Jericho.<ref name=Pringle/>

===19th and 20th century===
]

The west side of the traditional baptism site became again a target for mass pilgrimage toward the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="The Jerusalem Post">{{cite news|last= Frantzman |first= Seth J. |title= Region's baptism sites a bridge completing the Holy Land pilgrimage|url= https://www.jpost.com/magazine/a-river-runs-through-it-411987|access-date=2022-06-18|newspaper= ] |date=2015-08-13}}</ref> Later in the 20th century, a large number of churches and monasteries were built between the old Greek Orthodox Monastery of St John the Baptist and the river, an area that became known as the "Land of the Monasteries". It comprised Catholic (]), ], ], ], ], ], and ] churches.<ref name=TheTimes>{{cite news |last= Anshel |first= Pfeffer |date= 11 April 2020 |title= Jesus's baptism site is cleared of Israeli mines |url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jesuss-baptism-site-is-cleared-of-israeli-mines-0mz367pcv |newspaper= The Times |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=ncronline>{{cite news |first= Melanie |last= Lidman |date=8 January 2019 |title= Effort removes thousands of landmines from site of Jesus' baptism |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/effort-removes-thousands-mines-site-jesus-baptism |access-date= 18 April 2020}}</ref>

===After 1967===
The site was closed in 1967 during the ].<ref name=fox/> The restoration project was approved before the 2000 ] celebrations but was delayed due to the ] and flooding in the region in 2003.<ref name=Haaretz/> In 2000, Pope ] held a private worship at the site.<ref name=Haaretz/>

===After 2011===
The modern site reopened in 2011.<ref name=Haaretz2>{{cite news |last= Levinson |first= Chaïm |date= July 25, 2011 |title= Jesus' baptismal site in Jordan Valley reopens to pilgrims |url= https://www.haaretz.com/2011-07-25/ty-article/jesus-baptismal-site-in-jordan-valley-reopens-to-pilgrims/0000017f-e5c8-d62c-a1ff-fdfb2da00000 |work= Haaretz |access-date= 1 August 2017}}</ref> ''Qasr al-Yahud'' is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli Ministry of Tourism. In 2019, the area near the site was demined by the ].<ref name="The Times Of Israel">{{cite news|last=Lidman|first=Melanie|title= 900 landmines detonated in Qasr al Yahud on the Jordan River|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/900-landmines-detonated-in-qasr-al-yahud-on-the-jordan-river/|access-date=2022-06-18|newspaper= The Times Of Israel |date= 2019-05-27}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Baptism at Kaser el yahud2015-7.jpg|Baptism at ''Qasr al-Yahud''
File:Jericho river baptism site.jpg|alt=Facilities at Qasr al-Yahud and Greek Orthodox church on the east bank, already in Jordan|Facilities at ''Qasr al-Yahud'' and Greek Orthodox church in Jordan, across the border
File:KasserAlYahud4.jpg|Greek Orthodox church on the Jordanian side
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
* ] / ] / ]
*]
*] * ]
* ]
*]
*] * ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}} (inscriptions and several graphitæ at, , ; general description, )
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionsam01gu|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 1|year=1874|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} (in 1870: pp. -)
*{{cite journal |author1= Marti, Karl |author2= Schick, C |author2-link= Conrad Schick |title= Mitteilungen von Bauart C. Schick in Jerusalem über die alten Lauren und Klöster in der Wüste Juda. |journal=] |volume= 3 |year= 1880 |pages= 1–43 |url= https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde03deut}} (Marti and Schick, 1880, p. )
*{{cite book |last= Noort |first= Ed |title= Βεθαβαρα Τò Του̑ Άγίου 'Ιωάννου Του̑ Βαπτίσματος Remarks About Storied Places at the Jordan, John the Baptist and the Madaba Mosaic Map |pages= 221–241 (see ) |editor-last= García Martínez |editor-first= Florentino |editor-link= Florentino García Martínez |editor-last2=Luttikhuizen |editor-first2= Gerard P. |editor2-link=Gerard Luttikhuizen |work= Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst |publisher=Brill |series= Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism |year= 2004 |isbn= 9789047402794 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VMtKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232 |access-date= 24 November 2021}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|author=Procopius|author-link=Procopius|year=1888|title=Of the buildings of Justinian|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534224 |publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=]}}
**Volume 2, p.
**Volume 3, 2nd appendix, p.
{{Refend}}


==External links==
{{Commons category|Kasser Al Yahud}}
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 18: ,
*


{{Authority control}}
{{coord|31|50|18|N|35|32|21|E|region:IL_type:landmark_source:kolossus-cswiki|display=title}}
{{Coord|31|50|18|N|35|32|21|E|region:IL_type:landmark_source:kolossus-cswiki|display=title}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
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]

Latest revision as of 03:32, 10 November 2024

Baptism site in the Jordan River Valley, West Bank
Qasr al-Yahud
قصر اليهود
Map showing the West BankMap showing the West BankShown within the West Bank
Alternative nameAl-Maghtas
LocationArea C, Jericho Governorate, West Bank (State of Palestine)
Coordinates31°50′18″N 35°32′21″E / 31.838333°N 35.539167°E / 31.838333; 35.539167
Palestine grid201/138
Site notes
Public accessYes (see website)
Website (Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud)

Qasr al-Yahud (Arabic: قصر اليهود, lit. "The citadel of the Jews", Hebrew: קאסר אל יהוד), also known as Al-Maghtas, is the western section of the traditional site of the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist on the Jordan River (Matthew 3:13–17). It has also been traditionally identified with two episodes from the Hebrew Bible, as one of the possible points through which the Israelites have crossed the Jordan river as they reached the Promised Land (Joshua 3), and as the site where prophet Elijah ascended to heaven (2 Kings 2:1–14). "Qasr al-Yahud" is actually an Arabic name given to the nearby Monastery of St John the Baptist, but is also being used for the West Bank section of the baptism site itself.

The spot is located in Area C of the West Bank and it sits directly across the eastern section (on Misplaced Pages as "Al-Maghtas"; known officially in Jordan as "Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan"") and close to the Palestinian city of Jericho. Since the Six-Day War in 1967, the baptism site has been under Israeli occupation, and the site and facilities are currently administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli Ministry of Tourism as part of a national park, where baptism ceremonies can be performed.

Etymology

The Jordanian side uses the names Al-Maghtas, Bethany beyond the Jordan and Baptism(al) Site, while the western part is known as Qasr al-Yahud. The nearby Greek Orthodox Monastery of St John the Baptist has a castle-like appearance (thus qasr, "castle"), and tradition holds that the Israelites crossed the river at this spot (thus al-Yahud, "of the Jews"). The monastery is known in Arabic both as Deir Mr Yuhanna, lit. "Monastery of Saint John", and Qasr el-Yahud.

Spelling

It is variously spelled as Kasser or Qasser, al- or el-, Yahud or Yehud etc.

Location

Qasr al-Yahud is located in the West Bank, a little southeast from Jericho, and is part of the Jericho Governorate Since the Six-Day War in 1967, it has been under Israeli occupation, and the site and facilities are currently administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli Ministry of Tourism as part of a national park.

Significance

Main article: Al-Maghtas

As part of the traditional site of the baptism of Jesus, it has been a pilgrimage site since late antiquity.

The 6th-century Madaba Map places Bethabara ("house of the ford", "place of crossing"), a name used by some versions of the New Testament, on the west bank of the Jordan (see Al-Maghtas#Bethabara).

History

Antiquity

Qasr al-Yahud is close to the ancient road and river ford connecting Jerusalem, via Jericho, to several Transjordanian biblical sites such as Madaba, Mount Nebo and the King's Highway.

According to Procopius (writing c. 560 CE), Emperor Justinian I had a cistern constructed here. In 1883 it was described as "still visible, in almost perfect condition".

Crusader period

According to Theoderic (c. 1172), the Templars had built a castle next to the Greek monastery of St John and the Baptism site, of which no trace has been found. The Templars, together with the Hospitallers, had the mission of protecting the pilgrims who came to the Holy Land in the time of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and this castle was part of a chain of Templar fortifications along the pilgrimage route down to the Jordan, which also included the castle of Maldoim halfway between Jerusalem and the river, and the fortified top of Mount Quarantana above Jericho.

19th and 20th century

Russian Orthodox women visiting "Al-Maghtas" (1913)

The west side of the traditional baptism site became again a target for mass pilgrimage toward the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Later in the 20th century, a large number of churches and monasteries were built between the old Greek Orthodox Monastery of St John the Baptist and the river, an area that became known as the "Land of the Monasteries". It comprised Catholic (Franciscan), Greek, Ethiopian Orthodox, Syriac, Russian, Romanian, and Coptic churches.

After 1967

The site was closed in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The restoration project was approved before the 2000 millennium celebrations but was delayed due to the Second Intifada and flooding in the region in 2003. In 2000, Pope John Paul II held a private worship at the site.

After 2011

The modern site reopened in 2011. Qasr al-Yahud is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli Ministry of Tourism. In 2019, the area near the site was demined by the HALO Trust.

  • Baptism at Qasr al-Yahud Baptism at Qasr al-Yahud
  • Facilities at Qasr al-Yahud and Greek Orthodox church on the east bank, already in Jordan Facilities at Qasr al-Yahud and Greek Orthodox church in Jordan, across the border
  • Greek Orthodox church on the Jordanian side Greek Orthodox church on the Jordanian side

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 September 1995. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ... Palestinians shall have the right to religious pilgrimage to the Al-Maghtas under the Palestinian flag. Safe passage will be provided from the Jericho Area to Al-Maghtas for this purpose. (Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs. Article 32: Religious Sites. Point 5.)
  2. "Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  3. Palmer, 1881, p. 346
  4. ^ Ginat, Gitit (14 January 2010). "Take me to the river". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  5. "Jesus's baptismal site, long sealed off, to be cleared of landmines". The Times of Israel. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  6. ^ Noort (2004), p. 232.
  7. Lidman, Melanie (18 June 2015). "Baptism by mire? In lower Jordan River, sewage mucks up Christian rite". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  8. "Survey of Western Palestine, sheet 15". Palestine Exploration Fund. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  9. Theodosios Mitropoulos, architect. "The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud". The Patriarchate of Jerusalem – Official News Gate. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015. The Holy Monastery of St John the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan River/Qasr-el-Yahud The perimeter walls, specifically their uppermost portion, terminate at battlements, which lend the monument the form of a Medieval castle. This is in all likelihood why its Arab name is Qasr al-Yahud
  10. Othmar Keel; Max Küchler; Christoph Uehlinger (1992). Orte und Landschaften der Bibel, Volume 2. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 528. ISBN 9783525501672. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  11. ^ "In rivalry over Jesus' baptism site, UNESCO backs Jordan over West Bank, as debate goes on". Fox News World. Al-Maghtas, Jordan. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  12. Procopius, 1888, p. 149: "in the monastery of St. John beside the Jordan, a cistern"
  13. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWPIII, p. 177
  14. ^ Pringle, D. (2017) . Barber, M. (ed.). Templar Castles on the Road to the Jordan. Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 9781351542593. Retrieved 24 November 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. Frantzman, Seth J. (2015-08-13). "Region's baptism sites a bridge completing the Holy Land pilgrimage". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  16. Anshel, Pfeffer (11 April 2020). "Jesus's baptism site is cleared of Israeli mines". The Times. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  17. Lidman, Melanie (8 January 2019). "Effort removes thousands of landmines from site of Jesus' baptism". Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  18. Levinson, Chaïm (July 25, 2011). "Jesus' baptismal site in Jordan Valley reopens to pilgrims". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  19. Lidman, Melanie (2019-05-27). "900 landmines detonated in Qasr al Yahud on the Jordan River". The Times Of Israel. Retrieved 2022-06-18.

Bibliography

External links

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