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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Hizma
| name = Hizma
|image=Hizme02.jpg
| translit_lang1 = Arabic
|caption=Hizma
| translit_lang1_type = ]
|arname=حزما
| translit_lang1_info = حزما
|meaning= The bundle<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
| translit_lang1_type1= ]
|founded=
| translit_lang1_info1= Hizme (official)
|type=munc
| type = ]
|typefrom=
| image_skyline = Hizme02.jpg
|altOffSp=Hizme
| image_caption = Hizma
|altUnoSp=
| pushpin_map = Palestine
|governorate=jl
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Hizma within ]
|latd=31|latm=50|lats=06|latNS=N
| image_map=
|longd=35|longm=15|longs=43|longEW=E
| map_caption=
|palgrid=175/138
| coordinates = {{coord|31|50|06|N|35|15|43|E|region:PS|display=inline, title}}
|population=5,700
| grid_name = ]
|popyear=2006
| grid_position = 175/138
|area=4,563
| subdivision_type = State
|areakm=4.6
| subdivision_name = ]
|mayor=
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date=
| government_footnotes= <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| government_type = ]
| leader_title=
| leader_name=
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes=
| area_total_km2 = 4.6
| area_total_dunam = 4563
| elevation_footnotes=
| elevation_m=
| elevation_min_m=
| elevation_max_m=
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=] (PCBS) |publisher=] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total = 7118
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_note=
| population_density_km2= auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1 = "The bundle"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
| website=
| footnotes=
}} }}


'''Hizma''' ({{lang-ar|<big>حزما</big>}}; {{lang-he-n|חיזמה}}) is a ] town in the ], seven kilometer from Jerusalem's ]. The town, located in ], borders the Israeli settlements ], ] located in ] and the settlements ] and ]. A small eastern neighbourhood of Hizma is called Hizmah.<ref></ref> Since 1967, Hizma is occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the ] in the west, controversially built after a wave of suicide bombings from the occupied West Bank.<ref></ref> As of 2007, Hizma had a population of about 5650 residents.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/> Hizma is cut off from the West Bank by a chain of ] in the east.{{cite-needed|date=September 2016}} '''Hizma''' ({{langx|ar|حزما}}) is a ] town in the ], seven kilometers from Jerusalem's ]. The town, mostly located in ], borders four Israeli settlements, ] and ] (both officially considered part of ]), ] and ].

Hizma is identified with the biblical town of ''Azmaveth'' of the ] tribe of ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Negev" /> Archaeological findings confirm a ] presence during ] times, marked by a thriving stoneware industry, and the discovery of a ] housing ] inscribed in the ].<ref name="Adler" /><ref name="Amit" /> ] period ceramics were also found at the site.<ref name=":1" /> Throughout ], ], and ] rule, Hizma was a small village inhabited by ].

Since 1967, Hizma has been occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the ] in the west and from the West Bank by ] in the east. As of 2017, Hizma had a population of about 7,118 residents.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" />


==History== ==History==
===Iron Age===
] and others identified Hizma with the biblical town of Azmawt of the ] of ].<ref>Albright (1922/3), pp. 156–157.</ref> However, ] more recently questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.<ref>Gibson (1983), p. 176</ref> Towards the end of the ], there was an industry here making fine stoneware from the local limestone.<ref name=Gibson>Gibson (1983), ''passim''.</ref> Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.<ref name=Gibson/> Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.<ref name=Gibson/>
In the 1920s, ] suggested that Hizma was identical with the biblical town of (Beth) Azmaveth of the ] ] (see {{bibleverse|Ezra 2:24; Neh. 7:28, 12:29|multi=yes}}).<ref>Albright, 1922/3, pp. 156–157</ref><ref name=Negev>{{cite book |editor-last= Negev |editor-first= Avraham |editor-link= Avraham Negev |editor-last2= Gibson |editor-first2= Shimon |editor-link2= Shimon Gibson |title= Hizma |page= 231 |work= Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |year= 2001 |location= New York and London |publisher= Continuum |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>


], after surveying the village in 1981,<ref name="Negev" /> questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.<ref>Gibson, 1983, p. 176</ref> However, another survey conducted two years later by Uri Dinur yielded ] pottery.<ref name="Negev" />
===Ottoman era===
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the ] with the rest of ], and in the 1596 ] it appeared as ''Hamza'', located in the '']'' of Jerusalem in the '']'' of the ]. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 ].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N</ref>


Dinur and Feig found sherds from Iron Age II, ] and ]. Based on the findings, ] asserts that Hizma can be positively identified with Azmaveth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1081371337 |title=Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles |publisher=] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-88414-307-9 |pages=39 |oclc=1081371337 |author-link=Israel Finkelstein}}</ref>
In 1832, ] found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the ]" to escape conscription.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. -112</ref> In 1863 ] found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some ]s also looked ancient.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. -75</ref>


===Roman period===
An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref>
] made of ] (a type of soft limestone) are typical for and unique to Jewish sites from the time between the second half of the first century BCE and the ] (132–135 CE), frequently found in ], ], ] and the ], with Hizma being one of the few identified quarrying and production sites.<ref name=Adler>{{cite journal |last= Adler |first= Yonatan |title= Jewish Purity Practices in Roman Judea: The Evidence of Archaeology |journal=] |publisher=] |volume= V |number= 2 |year= 2017 |url= https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2017/02/jewish-purity-practices-roman-judea-evidence-archaeology/ |access-date= 13 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=Amit>{{cite book |last1= Amit |first1= David |last2= Seligman |first2= Jon |last3= Zilberbod |first3= Irina |title= Stone Vessel Production Caves on the Eastern Slope of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem |chapter= 20 |pages= 320–342 |editor1= Yorke M. Rowan |editor2= Jennie R. Ebeling |work= New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts |publisher=] |location= London |series= Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-1-84553-044-0 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285711595 |access-date= 13 December 2021}}</ref> Towards the end of the ], there was an industry in Hizma producing fine stoneware from the local limestone.<ref name=Gibson>Gibson, 1983, ''passim''.</ref> Products included vases and bowls turned on a ], and mugs carved by hand.<ref name=Gibson/> Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.<ref name=Gibson/>
In 1883, the ]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a ] to the west."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. </ref>


A burial cave from the first centuries BCE and CE was found in Hizmeh in 1931. Six ossuaries were present, two of which had inscriptions, which bear the names ''Hoshea'' and ''Mariam'' in ] and ] using the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feissel |first=Denis |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840438627 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1 1/1: Jerusalem, Part 1: 1-704 |publisher=De Gruyter |others=Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Marfa Heimbach, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav |date=23 December 2010 |isbn=978-3-11-174100-0 |location=Berlin |pages=462–463 |oclc=840438627}}</ref> In 1983, an ancient Jewish ossuary said to be from Hizma appeared in the Jerusalem antiquities market and was acquired by the ]. This ossuary is inscribed in Aramaic, indicating it belonged to "Yehoḥanah, Granddaughter of the ] Theophillus". Josephus, the historian, references a high priest of the same name, appointed by ] in the brief period before he was informed of ]' death, approximately around 37 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barag |first1=Dan |last2=Flusser |first2=David |date=1986 |title=The Ossuary of Yehoḥanah Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophilus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926007 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=36 |issue=1/2 |pages=39–44 |jstor=27926007 |issn=0021-2059}}</ref>
===British Mandate era===
In the ], conducted by the ], Hizma had a population of 515<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. </ref> increasing slightly in the ] to 521 in 91 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. </ref>


=== Byzantine period ===
In 1945 the population of Hizma was 750, all Muslims,<ref name=1945p24>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> and the total land area was 10,438 ]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref>
Ceramics from the ] have also been found at Hizma.<ref name=":1">Dauphin, 1998, pp. 891–2</ref>


===1948-1967=== ===Ottoman period===
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the ] with the rest of ], and in the 1596 ] it appeared as ''Hamza'', located in the '']'' of Jerusalem in the '']'' of the ]. The population was 28 households, all ] according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 ].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119</ref>{{efn|Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N}}
In the wake of the ], and after the ], Hizma came under ].


In 1838, ] found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the ]" to escape ].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. -112</ref>
===1967-present===
He further noted it as a Muslim village, located in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. </ref>
Since the ] in 1967, Hizma has been under Israeli occupation.
]


In 1863 ] found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some ]s also looked ancient.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. -75</ref>
In the 1970s 19% of the village's total area was used to establish the settlements of Neve Ya'akov, Pisgat Ze'ev and Pisgat Amir, which are considered illegal by the international community. Under the ], about 9% of the village area was assigned as ]; administered by both the PA and Israel, and the remaining 91% became Area C, administered by Israel.


An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. he also noted it in the '']'' district</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. , also noted 51 houses</ref>
There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" />
In 1883, the ]'s ] (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a ] to the west."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. </ref>
==== West Bank barrier ====

The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, An Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem, Israel's self-declared and unrecognized capital, must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma>. Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem, August 2012. On </ref>
In 1896 the population of Hizma was estimated to be about 192 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref>

===British Mandate===
In the ], conducted by the ], Hizma had a population of 515 Muslims,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, ], p. </ref> increasing slightly in the ] to 521 Muslims in 91 inhabited houses.<ref name=Census1931>Mills, 1932, p. </ref>

In the ] the population of Hizma was 750 Muslims,<ref name=1945p24>''Village Statistics'', Government of Palestine. 1945, p. </ref>
and the total land area was 10,438&nbsp;]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>''Village Statistics'', Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> Of this, 200&nbsp;dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,<ref>''Village Statistics'', Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 45&nbsp;dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>''Village Statistics'', Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref>

===Jordanian period (1948-1967)===
In the wake of the ], and after the ], Hizma came under ].

In 1961, the population of ''Hizme'' was 1,134.<ref>''First Census'', Government of Jordan. 1964, p. </ref>

===Israeli occupation (since 1967)===
Since the ] in 1967, Hizma has been under ]. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109, 5 of whom were ] from the previous war.<ref name=67census>{{cite web |last= Perlmann |first= Joel |title= The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |publisher=] |date= November 2011 – February 2012 |url= http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |access-date= 24 June 2016}}</ref>
]

In the 1970-1980s 19% of the village's total area were ] by Israel in order to establish three ] which are considered illegal by the international community:
*1544 dunams of land were taken for ],<ref name=ARIJ>, ARIJ, August 2012</ref>
*385 dunams of land were taken for ],<ref name=ARIJ/>
*89 dunams of land were taken for ].<ref name=ARIJ/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/20180315_main_entrance_to_hizma_blocked_for_2_months|title=Israeli military reopens main entrance to Hizma after choking the Palestinian village for 2 months|website=B'Tselem|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

After the ], about 9% of the village area was classified as ], while the remaining 91% became ].<ref name=ARIJ/>

There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75&nbsp;meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.<ref name=ARIJ/>

====West Bank barrier====
The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, an Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.<ref name=ARIJ/>
Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits. Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

====Israeli administration==== ====Israeli administration====
Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrn.org/img/violation/Continuing%20Demolitions%20in%20Hebron.doc|title=Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.<ref name=ARIJ/><ref>{{Cite web |title= Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack |url= http://hlrn.org/img/violation/Continuing%20Demolitions%20in%20Hebron.doc}}</ref>


The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of ].<ref></ref> The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of ].<ref></ref>

==Economy== ==Economy==
In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on ], and 7% worked in the trade sector. In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on ], and 7% worked in the trade sector.


Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/> Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112&nbsp;dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233&nbsp;dunums.<ref name=ARIJ/>


{{wide image|Hizme.jpg|800px|Panorama of Hizma}} {{wide image|Hizme.jpg|800px|Panorama of Hizma}}


== References == ==People from Hizma==
* ]
{{reflist|25em}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|25em}}


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{Commons category|Hizme|Hizma}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Excavations And Results At Tell El-Fûl (Gibeah Of Saul)
{{refbegin}}
| last = Albright | first = W.F.
*{{cite book | last1 = Albright | first1 = W. F. | chapter = Excavations And Results At Tell El-Fûl (Gibeah Of Saul) | title = American Schools of Oriental Research, Annual | issue = 4 | year = 1922–1923 }}
| author-link = William F. Albright
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
| year = 1922–1923
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=Herbert H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}}
| title = American Schools of Oriental Research, Annual
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}} (pp.&nbsp;891–2)
| issue = 4
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
}}
*{{cite journal| first1 = Shimon | last1 = Gibson | title = The Stone Vessel Industry at Ḥizma | journal = ] | volume = 33 | number = 3/4 | year = 1983 | pages = 176–188 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925895 }}
*{{cite book| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
| editor-last = Barron | editor-first = J.B.
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
| year = 1923
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
| publisher = Government of Palestine
*{{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://ia800304.us.archive.org/18/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
| url = https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=Eli|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book| title = The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
*{{cite journal | author = Socin, A. | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
| last1 = Conder | first1 = C.R.
*{{cite journal|last=Toledano |first=E. |title=The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population |journal =Archivum Ottomanicum|volume=9|pages=279–319 |date=1984}}
| last2 = Kitchener | first2 = H.H.
| author1-link = Claude Reignier Conder
| author2-link = Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
| year = 1883
| volume = 3
| publisher = ] | location = London
| url = https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft
}}
*{{cite book| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations
| last = Dauphin | first = C.
| author-link= Claudine Dauphin
| year = 1998
| volume = III: Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726
| language = French
| publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ
| isbn = 0-860549-05-4
}}
*{{cite book| title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population
| year = 1964
| publisher = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics
| url = http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Stone Vessel Industry at Ḥizma
| last = Gibson | first = S.
| author-link = Shimon Gibson
| journal = ]
| year = 1983 | volume = 33 | number = 3/4 | pages = 176–188
| jstor = 27925895
}}
*{{cite book| title = Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
| last = Guérin | first = V.
| author-link = Victor Guérin
| year = 1869
| volume = 1: Judee, pt. 3
| language = French
| publisher = L'Imprimerie Nationale | location = Paris
| url = https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog
}}
*{{cite book| title = Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine
| last = Hadawi | first = S.
| author-link = Sami Hadawi
| year = 1970
| publisher = Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center
| url = http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)
| last = Hartmann | first = M.
| author-link = Martin Hartmann
| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
| year = 1883 | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ
}}
*{{cite book| title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
| last1 = Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.
|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|first2=K.
| last2=Abdulfattah
|author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah
| year = 1977
| publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ
| isbn = 3-920405-41-2
}}
*{{cite book| title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas
| editor-last = Mills | editor-first = E.
| year = 1932
| publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem
| url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
| last = Palmer | first = E.H.
| author-link = Edward Henry Palmer
| year = 1881
| publisher = ]
| url = https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft
}}
*{{cite book| title = Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
| last1 = Robinson | first1 = E.
| last2 = Smith | first2 = E.
| author1-link = Edward Robinson (scholar)
| author2-link = Eli Smith
| year = 1841
| volume = 2
| publisher = ] | location = Boston
| url = https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog
}}
*{{cite book| title = Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
| last1 = Robinson | first1 = E.
| last2 = Smith | first2 = E.
| author1-link = Edward Robinson (scholar)
| author2-link = Eli Smith
| year = 1841
| volume = 3
| publisher = ] | location = Boston
| url = https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem
| last = Schick | first = C.
| author-link = Conrad Schick
| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
| year = 1896 | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127
| url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem
| last = Socin | first = A.
| author-link = Albert Socin
| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
| year = 1879 | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163
| url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population
| last = Toledano | first = E.
| author-link = Ehud R. Toledano
| journal = Archivum Ottomanicum
| year = 1984 | volume = 9 | pages = 279–319
| url = http://alkindi.ideo-cairo.org/manifestation/61348
}}
*{{cite book| title = Village Statistics, April, 1945
| year = 1945
| publisher = Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics
| url = http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390
}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


== External links == ==External links==
* *
* , Welcome to Palestine
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: ,
* - by ]
*
* , ], ]
*. Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem, August 2012.
* Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: ,
*
* , ] (ARIJ), August 2012.
* , ARIJ
* , ARIJ
* , ARIJ

{{Jerusalem Governorate}} {{Jerusalem Governorate}}
{{Authority control}}


]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 08:57, 28 October 2024

Municipality type C in Jerusalem, State of Palestine
Hizma
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicحزما
 • LatinHizme (official)
HizmaHizma
Hizma is located in State of PalestineHizmaHizmaLocation of Hizma within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°50′06″N 35°15′43″E / 31.83500°N 35.26194°E / 31.83500; 35.26194
Palestine grid175/138
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJerusalem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
Area
 • Total4,563 dunams (4.6 km or 1.8 sq mi)
Population
 • Total7,118
 • Density1,500/km (4,000/sq mi)
Name meaning"The bundle"

Hizma (Arabic: حزما) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate, seven kilometers from Jerusalem's Old City. The town, mostly located in Area C of the West Bank, borders four Israeli settlements, Neve Yaakov and Pisgat Ze'ev (both officially considered part of Jerusalem), Geva Binyamin and Almon.

Hizma is identified with the biblical town of Azmaveth of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin. Archaeological findings confirm a Jewish presence during Roman times, marked by a thriving stoneware industry, and the discovery of a burial cave housing ossuaries inscribed in the Hebrew alphabet. Byzantine period ceramics were also found at the site. Throughout Ottoman, British, and Jordanian rule, Hizma was a small village inhabited by Muslims.

Since 1967, Hizma has been occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the Israeli West Bank barrier in the west and from the West Bank by settlements in the east. As of 2017, Hizma had a population of about 7,118 residents.

History

Iron Age

In the 1920s, Albright suggested that Hizma was identical with the biblical town of (Beth) Azmaveth of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin (see Ezra 2:24; Neh. 7:28, 12:29).

Gibson, after surveying the village in 1981, questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period. However, another survey conducted two years later by Uri Dinur yielded Iron Age II pottery.

Dinur and Feig found sherds from Iron Age II, Persian and Hellenistic period. Based on the findings, Finkelstein asserts that Hizma can be positively identified with Azmaveth.

Roman period

Stone vessels made of chalkstone (a type of soft limestone) are typical for and unique to Jewish sites from the time between the second half of the first century BCE and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), frequently found in Judea, Transjordan, Galilee and the Golan, with Hizma being one of the few identified quarrying and production sites. Towards the end of the Roman period, there was an industry in Hizma producing fine stoneware from the local limestone. Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand. Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.

A burial cave from the first centuries BCE and CE was found in Hizmeh in 1931. Six ossuaries were present, two of which had inscriptions, which bear the names Hoshea and Mariam in Hebrew and Aramaic using the Jewish script. In 1983, an ancient Jewish ossuary said to be from Hizma appeared in the Jerusalem antiquities market and was acquired by the Department of Antiquities. This ossuary is inscribed in Aramaic, indicating it belonged to "Yehoḥanah, Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophillus". Josephus, the historian, references a high priest of the same name, appointed by Vitellius in the brief period before he was informed of Tiberius' death, approximately around 37 AD.

Byzantine period

Ceramics from the Byzantine period have also been found at Hizma.

Ottoman period

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Hamza, located in the Nahiye of Jerusalem in the Sanjak of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 akçe.

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the Jordan" to escape conscription. He further noted it as a Muslim village, located in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.

In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some cisterns also looked ancient.

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men. In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a well to the west."

In 1896 the population of Hizma was estimated to be about 192 persons.

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hizma had a population of 515 Muslims, increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 521 Muslims in 91 inhabited houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population of Hizma was 750 Muslims, and the total land area was 10,438 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals, while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Jordanian period (1948-1967)

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Hizma came under Jordania rule.

In 1961, the population of Hizme was 1,134.

Israeli occupation (since 1967)

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Hizma has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109, 5 of whom were refugees from the previous war.

Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right

In the 1970-1980s 19% of the village's total area were expropriated by Israel in order to establish three Israeli settlements which are considered illegal by the international community:

After the 1995 accords, about 9% of the village area was classified as Area B, while the remaining 91% became Area C.

There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.

West Bank barrier

The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, an Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain. Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

Israeli administration

Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.

The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of collective punishment.

Economy

In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on agriculture, and 7% worked in the trade sector.

Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.

Panorama of Hizma

People from Hizma

Notes

  1. Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N

Citations

  1. ^ Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p. 295
  3. ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2018). Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. SBL Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-88414-307-9. OCLC 1081371337.
  4. ^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). Hizma. New York and London: Continuum. p. 231. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Adler, Yonatan (2017). "Jewish Purity Practices in Roman Judea: The Evidence of Archaeology". ANE Today. V (2). American Society of Overseas Research. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  6. ^ Amit, David; Seligman, Jon; Zilberbod, Irina (2008). "20". In Yorke M. Rowan; Jennie R. Ebeling (eds.). Stone Vessel Production Caves on the Eastern Slope of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem. Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology. London: Equinox. pp. 320–342 . ISBN 978-1-84553-044-0. Retrieved 13 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Dauphin, 1998, pp. 891–2
  8. Albright, 1922/3, pp. 156–157
  9. Gibson, 1983, p. 176
  10. ^ Gibson, 1983, passim.
  11. Feissel, Denis (23 December 2010). Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1 1/1: Jerusalem, Part 1: 1-704. Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Marfa Heimbach, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 462–463. ISBN 978-3-11-174100-0. OCLC 840438627.
  12. Barag, Dan; Flusser, David (1986). "The Ossuary of Yehoḥanah Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophilus". Israel Exploration Journal. 36 (1/2): 39–44. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27926007.
  13. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119
  14. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 111-112
  15. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 122
  16. Guérin, 1869, pp. 74-75
  17. Socin, 1879, p. 155 he also noted it in the dschebel el-kuds district
  18. Hartmann, 1883, p. 127, also noted 51 houses
  19. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. 9
  20. Schick, 1896, p. 121
  21. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  22. Mills, 1932, p. 39
  23. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945, p. 24
  24. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  25. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  26. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  27. First Census, Government of Jordan. 1964, p. 23
  28. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  29. ^ Hizma Village Profile, ARIJ, August 2012
  30. "Israeli military reopens main entrance to Hizma after choking the Palestinian village for 2 months". B'Tselem. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  31. "Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack".
  32. Btselem: Siege on Hizma

Bibliography

External links

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SubdistrictJerusalem J1 (Territories of East Jerusalem unilaterally annexed by Israel in its Jerusalem Municipality)Jerusalem Governorate
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