Misplaced Pages

Kathiawari horse: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 07:11, 30 November 2016 editMontanabw (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers105,500 edits Reverted to revision 718002554 by Montanabw (talk): Restore complete change of article to last "clean version". (TW)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 04:49, 1 November 2024 edit undoMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);Tag: AWB 
(110 intermediate revisions by 39 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Indian breed of horse}}
<!-- Begin Infobox horse. The text of the article should go AFTER this section. See: -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
<!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/Template talk:Infobox horse -->
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
<!-- for full explanation of the syntax used in this template. -->
{{Infobox horse {{Infobox horse breed
|name= Kathiawari | name = {{ubl|Kathiawari|કાઠીયાવાડી}}
| image = Kathiawari 2.jpg
|image=
| image_size =
|image_caption=
| image_alt =
|features =
| image_caption =
|country= India
| image2 =
|altname=Kathi, Cutchi, Kutchi<ref name=Hendricks>Hendricks, pp. 250-252</ref>
| image_size2 =
|group1=
| image_alt2 =
|std1=
| image_caption2 =
| features = unusual in-curved ears
| altname = {{ubl|Kathiawadi{{r|ihsi2}}|{{nobreak|{{langx|gu|કાઠીયાવાડી}}}}|Kathi{{r|dad}}|Cutchi{{r|dad}}|Kutchi{{r|dad}}}}
| country = India
| distribution = ] peninsula
| standard = {{nobreak|}}
| use = {{ubl|]|]|]|]}}
| colour = {{ubl|]|]|]|]}}
| height = {{right|139–159 cm{{r|agr|page=53}}}}
| male_height = average: 149 cm{{r|agri}}
| female_height = average: 147 cm{{r|agri}}
| weight =
| male_weight = 325 kg{{r|dad}}
| female_weight = 275 kg{{r|dad}}
| status = {{nobreak|] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|page=61}}}}
| note =
}} }}


]
The '''Kathiawari''' is a ] of ] from ], originating in the ] peninsula. Closely related to the ], and resembling both that breed and the ] from which they descend, the Kathiawari was originally bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. They are found in all ] except for ], and are commonly ] with ]. Breeding diminished after ], and today there are very few Kathiawaris left in existence. Originally used as war horses and cavalry mounts, they are currently used as mounted police horses and for the sport of ]. The ] and annual shows are organized by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association.
]


The '''Kathiawari''' or '''Kathiawadi''' is an Indian ] of ]. It originates in the ] peninsula of ] in western India, and is associated with the ] people of that area. It was originally bred as a desert ] for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the ] horses of ]; both breeds have been influenced by imported ] horses.{{r|cabi|page=479}} It is found in all ] except for ], and is most commonly ]. In the past it was used as a war horse and cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for ];{{r|agri}} it may be used as a ] and for the sport of ]. A ] is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.
==Breed characteristics==
]
The best quality Kathiawaris are under {{hands|15}}; horses over this height often appear coarse and deviate from the desired breed type. The breed is found in all ], except for ]. ] is the color seen most often, followed by ], ] and finally ]. Many dun horses exhibit ], which shows a possible connection to the ].<ref name=Edwards/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friendsofmarwari.org.uk/pages/page4.html|title=Breed Standards|publisher=Friends of Marwari/Kathiawari UK|accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref> ] do exist, but are extremely rare. The breed has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high.<ref name=Hendricks/> Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, ] is an inherent characteristic of the breed.<ref name=Edwards/> One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse.<ref name=Hendricks/> At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics.<ref name=Edwards/> Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual ], the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral ], called the ''revaal''.<ref name=Edwards>Edwards, pp. 160-161</ref> They are known as high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horses.<ref name=Hendricks/>


== History ==
They are quite similar to the ], another breed from India,<ref>Bongianni, Entry 122</ref> having much of the same history and physical features. The main difference between the Kathiawari and the Marwari is their original geographic origin&nbsp;– Kathiawaris are from the ] peninsula while Marwaris are mainly from the ] region. Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari, and are slightly taller in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horseindian.com/indianhorse.htm|title=About Indian Horses|publisher=Indigenous Horse Society of India|accessdate=September 1, 2009}}</ref> The Kathiawari also resembles the ], which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.<ref name=Edwards/>


The origins of the Kathiawari are unknown. There were indigenous horses on the western coast of India before the arrival in the early sixteenth century of the ] invaders who later established the ].{{r|edwards|page=160}} During the Mughal period, and later under the ], Arab horses were imported to India and crossed with native stock, creating the ancestors of the modern Kathiawari breed. There may also have been some ] influence.{{r|edwards|page=196}}
==History==
Although the earliest origins of the breed remain unknown, horses inhabited the western coast of India well before the ] of 1536 to 1857. Beginning during the Mughal reign, and continuing during the ], Arabian horses were imported to India and crossed with the native stock, creating the ancestors of the modern Kathiawari breed.<ref name=Edwards/> The Kathiawari may have also been influenced by the ].<ref>Edwards, p. 196</ref> Traditionally, noble households specialized in their own strain of horses, naming their lines of horses after a ]; 28 of these lines still exist.<ref name=Edwards/> These noble houses selectively bred horses that could withstand extreme temperatures and minimal rations, carry a man with weapons and armor for long periods in rough terrain, and still be swift and nimble. They bred for wiry, sleek horses that were ideal for war, and Kathiawaris were noted for their loyalty and bravery in battle, often defending their riders even when wounded themselves. This breeding was maintained until India's ].<ref name=Hendricks/>


The horses were ] as a desert ] for use over long distances, in rough terrain, and on minimal rations. They were wiry, sleek, agile and fast, and could carry an armed man for long periods. According to tradition, they were loyal and brave in battle, often defending their riders even when wounded themselves.{{cn|date=January 2021}} Some noble families bred their own line or strain, twenty-eight{{r|edwards2|page=117}} or thirty-six{{r|cabi|page=479}} of which still exist.<ref name=edwards/>
Although still mainly bred in the Kathiawar peninsula, it is also found in the ] and ] states. The Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association maintains the ].<ref name=Edwards/> The Gujarat government maintains ]s in eleven different locations; one in ] holds both ]s and ]s and is tasked with preserving the breed, while the other ten hold Kathiawari stallions that are used for improving the local stock of other or mixed breeds. As of 2007, only about 50 Kathiawaris were held by private breeders. Today, the ] region is renowned for its Kathiawari horses, often producing the most beautiful horses of the breed.<ref name=Hendricks/> In early 2010, the UK-based Friends of Marwari/Kathiawari Horse asked for donations of used ]. These would be given to owners of horses, including Kathiawaris, in India in place of home-made bits, which often have sharp edges that can injure the horse.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15829|title=Used Snaffle Bits Requested by UK Group|journal=The Horse|registration=yes|accessdate=February 19, 2010|author=The Horse Staff|date=February 15, 2010}}</ref>


The Kathiawari is bred mainly in the Kathiawar peninsula, but is found also in ] and ]. A ], the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, keeps the ].<ref name=edwards/> The ] maintains a conservation herd at ], and has a number of ]s standing at ] in other parts of the state.{{r|edwards2|page=117}} The ] is also involved in conservation efforts.{{r|cabi|page=479}} In 2007 no more than fifty Kathiawaris were in private hands.<ref name=hendricks/>
==Uses==
In the early 1800s, the Kathiawari was used by the ] and British cavalries, and was considered superior to other breeds in this capacity.<ref name=Edwards/> The use by the cavalry was maintained until the end of World War I,<ref name=Hendricks/> but they are used little by the Indian army in modern times, despite being a native breed. Many Indian mounted police units make use of the Kathiawari.<ref>Edwards, p. 159</ref> The Kathiawari is also used extensively for the sport of ]. Annual breed shows are hosted by the breed registry.<ref name=Edwards/>


A ] was drawn up in 2008.{{r|cabi|page=479}} In 2010 the Gujarati government commissioned ] to research the options for recovery of the Kathiawari breed, and also the extent to which it is related to the ].{{r|cabi|page=479}}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}


In 2007 the ] of the Kathiawari was listed as "not at risk" by the ].{{r|barb|page=61}} No breed numbers have been reported to ] since 1997, when there were about 7500.{{r|dad}}
==References==
* {{cite book |author= Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) |title= Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher= Simon & Schuster, Inc. |edition=|location=New York, NY |year=1988|isbn=0-671-66068-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title= The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher= Dorling Kindersley |edition=1st American|location=New York, NY |year=1994|isbn=1-56458-614-6}}
* {{cite book|year=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3884-8}}


== Characteristics ==
==External links==

*
The average height at the ] is {{convert|147|cm|hands|abbr=in|1}}.{{r|ncre}} Height should not be more than about {{convert|152|cm|hands|abbr=on|0}}; taller horses may seem coarse.{{r|edwards|page=161}} It may be any ] but black;{{r|cabi|page=479}} ] is the most common colour, followed by ], ] and ]. Dun horses may have ], a ] and ] on the legs.<ref name=edwards/> ] patterns can occur.{{r|cabi|page=479}} The Kathiawari has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high.<ref name=hendricks/> Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, ] is an inherent characteristic of the breed.<ref name=edwards/> One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse.<ref name=hendricks/> At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics.<ref name=edwards/> Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual ], the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral ], called the ''revaal''{{which lang?|date=March 2021}}.{{r|edwards|page=161}} It is a high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horse.<ref name=hendricks/>
*

The Kathiawari is closely related to the Marwari breed from the ] ] of ], which borders with northern Gujarat.{{r|agri}} ] analysis groups the two breeds, while the other four Indian horse breeds – the ], the ], the ] and the ] – form a distinct and separate group.{{r|gupta}} The Kathiawari and the Marwari are also ] similar; in particular, they have the same unusual in-curved ears. The Kathiawari is not as tall as the Marwari, and has a smaller ];{{r|agr|page=53}} it is most commonly chestnut, while the Marwari is usually black.{{r|agri|page=71}} Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari.<ref name=ihsi/> The Kathiawari also resembles the Arab horse, which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.<ref name=edwards/>

== Use ==

In the past, the Kathiawari was considered a good ] mount. It was used by ] cavalry, and later – until the end of the ] – by the ].{{r|edwards|page=161|hendricks|page2=252}} In modern times it is used as a ] or as a ]. Some are used by Indian police forces, sometimes for ], to which the Kathiawari is well suited.{{r|edwards|page=161}} In 1995, annual breed shows were hosted by the ].{{r|edwards|page=161}}

== References ==

{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=agr>A.K. Gupta, S.N. Tandon, Y. Pal, A. Bhardwaj, M. Chauhan (2012). . ''Animal Genetic Resources'' (50): 49–58.{{doi|10.1017/S2078633612000094}}</ref>

<ref name=agri>R.K. Pundir, R.K. Vijh, R.N. Shukla, A.S. Vyas, B. K. Bhavsar, A. E. Nivsarkar (1997). . ''Animal Genetic Resources Information'' '''21''': 71–80. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). , annex to . Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2016.</ref>

<ref name=edwards>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse''. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. {{ISBN|0751301159}}.</ref>

<ref name=edwards2>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (2016). ''The Horse Encyclopedia''. New York, New York: DK Publishing. {{ISBN|9781465451439}}.</ref>

<ref name=gupta>A.K. Gupta, Mamta Chauhan, Anuradha Bhardwaj, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, Yash Pal, S.N. Tandon, R.K. Vijh (2014). . ''Livestock Science'' '''163''' (May 2014): 1–11. {{doi|10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.028}} {{subscription required}}.</ref>

<ref name=hendricks>Bonnie Hendricks (2007). ''International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. {{isbn|9780806138848}}, pages 250–252.</ref>

<ref name=ihsi>. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.</ref>

<ref name=ihsi2>. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.</ref>

<ref name=ncre>. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: National Research Centre on Equines. Archived 22 November 2015.</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==

* Mamta Chauhan, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Santosh Dhillon (2011). . ''Molecular Biology Reports'' '''38''' (5): 3505–3511. {{doi|10.1007/s11033-010-0461-z}} {{subscription required}}


{{Horse breeds of India |state=expanded}} {{Horse breeds of India |state=expanded}}
{{Equine|state=collapsed}}


{{Good article}} {{Good article}}

Latest revision as of 04:49, 1 November 2024

Indian breed of horse

  • Kathiawari
  • કાઠીયાવાડી
Conservation statusFAO (2007): not at risk
Other names
  • Kathiawadi
  • Gujarati: કાઠીયાવાડી
  • Kathi
  • Cutchi
  • Kutchi
Country of originIndia
DistributionKathiawar peninsula
StandardIndigenous Horse Society of India
Use
Traits
Weight
  • Male: 325 kg
  • Female: 275 kg
Height
  • 139–159 cm
  • Male: average: 149 cm
  • Female: average: 147 cm
Colour
Distinguishing featuresunusual in-curved ears
Stallion

The Kathiawari or Kathiawadi is an Indian breed of horse. It originates in the Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat in western India, and is associated with the Kathi people of that area. It was originally bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the Marwari horses of Rajasthan; both breeds have been influenced by imported Arab horses. It is found in all colours except for black, and is most commonly chestnut. In the past it was used as a war horse and cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for sports; it may be used as a police horse and for the sport of tent-pegging. A stud-book is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.

History

The origins of the Kathiawari are unknown. There were indigenous horses on the western coast of India before the arrival in the early sixteenth century of the Turco-Mongol invaders who later established the Mughal Empire. During the Mughal period, and later under the British Raj, Arab horses were imported to India and crossed with native stock, creating the ancestors of the modern Kathiawari breed. There may also have been some Mongolian influence.

The horses were bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances, in rough terrain, and on minimal rations. They were wiry, sleek, agile and fast, and could carry an armed man for long periods. According to tradition, they were loyal and brave in battle, often defending their riders even when wounded themselves. Some noble families bred their own line or strain, twenty-eight or thirty-six of which still exist.

The Kathiawari is bred mainly in the Kathiawar peninsula, but is found also in Maharashtra and Rajasthan. A breed society, the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, keeps the stud-book. The government of Gujarat maintains a conservation herd at Junagadh, and has a number of stallions standing at stud in other parts of the state. The Indigenous Horse Society of India is also involved in conservation efforts. In 2007 no more than fifty Kathiawaris were in private hands.

A breed standard was drawn up in 2008. In 2010 the Gujarati government commissioned Saurashtra University to research the options for recovery of the Kathiawari breed, and also the extent to which it is related to the Marwari.

In 2007 the conservation status of the Kathiawari was listed as "not at risk" by the FAO. No breed numbers have been reported to DAD-IS since 1997, when there were about 7500.

Characteristics

The average height at the withers is 147 cm (14.2 hands). Height should not be more than about 152 cm (15 h); taller horses may seem coarse. It may be any colour but black; Chestnut is the most common colour, followed by bay, grey and dun. Dun horses may have primitive markings, a dorsal stripe and zebra stripes on the legs. Skewbald patterns can occur. The Kathiawari has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high. Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, soundness is an inherent characteristic of the breed. One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse. At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics. Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual gaits, the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral pace, called the revaal. It is a high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horse.

The Kathiawari is closely related to the Marwari breed from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, which borders with northern Gujarat. Genetic diversity analysis groups the two breeds, while the other four Indian horse breeds – the Bhutia, the Manipuri, the Spiti and the Zaniskari – form a distinct and separate group. The Kathiawari and the Marwari are also phenotypically similar; in particular, they have the same unusual in-curved ears. The Kathiawari is not as tall as the Marwari, and has a smaller thoracic circumference; it is most commonly chestnut, while the Marwari is usually black. Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari. The Kathiawari also resembles the Arab horse, which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.

Use

In the past, the Kathiawari was considered a good cavalry mount. It was used by Maratha cavalry, and later – until the end of the First World War – by the Indian Army. In modern times it is used as a riding horse or as a harness horse. Some are used by Indian police forces, sometimes for tent-pegging, to which the Kathiawari is well suited. In 1995, annual breed shows were hosted by the breed association.

References

  1. ^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
  2. Breed Standards of Kathiawadi Horse. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.
  3. ^ Kathiawari/India. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2016.
  4. ^ A.K. Gupta, S.N. Tandon, Y. Pal, A. Bhardwaj, M. Chauhan (2012). Phenotypic characterization of Indian equine breeds: a comparative study. Animal Genetic Resources (50): 49–58.doi:10.1017/S2078633612000094
  5. ^ R.K. Pundir, R.K. Vijh, R.N. Shukla, A.S. Vyas, B. K. Bhavsar, A. E. Nivsarkar (1997). Characterisation of Indian Kathiawari horses. Animal Genetic Resources Information 21: 71–80. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  6. ^ Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
  7. ^ Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751301159.
  8. ^ Elwyn Hartley Edwards (2016). The Horse Encyclopedia. New York, New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 9781465451439.
  9. ^ Bonnie Hendricks (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806138848, pages 250–252.
  10. Equines in India: Horses: Kathiawari Horse. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: National Research Centre on Equines. Archived 22 November 2015.
  11. A.K. Gupta, Mamta Chauhan, Anuradha Bhardwaj, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, Yash Pal, S.N. Tandon, R.K. Vijh (2014). Comparative genetic diversity analysis among six Indian breeds and English Thoroughbred horses. Livestock Science 163 (May 2014): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.028 (subscription required).
  12. About Indian Horses. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.

Further reading

Horse breeds and types of India
These are the horse breeds and types considered in India to be wholly or partly of Indian origin.
Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Indian.
List of horse breeds

Categories: