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Bodoland Territorial Region
Autonomous Administrative Region
Seal
Motto(s): "Truth Alone Triumphs" Slogan: "For Peace and Development"
Bodoland Territorial Region Within India
Coordinates: 26°42′N 91°05′E / 26.700°N 91.083°E / 26.700; 91.083
Country	India
State	Assam
Established	February 9, 2003; 21 years ago (2003-02-09)
Capital	Kokrajhar
Districts	5
Government
• Type	Autonomous Administrative Region
• Body	Bodoland Territorial Council
• Chief Executive	Pramod Boro
• Deputy Chief Executive	Gobinda Basumatary
• Speaker	Katiram Boro
Area
• Total	8,970 km (3,460 sq mi)
Population
• Total	3,155,359
• Density	350/km (910/sq mi)
Languages
• Official	Bodo, English
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
Website	bodoland.gov.in

The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) is an autonomous division in Assam, India, and a proposed state in Northeast India. It is made up of five districts on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River below the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council which came into existence under the terms of a peace agreement signed in February 2003 and its autonomy was further extended by an agreement signed in January 2020. The region covers an area of over nine thousand square kilometres and is predominantly inhabited by the Bodo people and other indigenous communities of Assam.

Etymology of Bodoland

The Plains Tribes Council of Assam had demanded, since its inception in 1967, for a separate union territory for the Boro and other plain tribes to be called Udayachal. With the failure of PTCA, the All Bodo Students' Union launched the Bodo Movement in 1987 with the demand for a separate state to be called Bodoland, ending with the Bodo Accord of 1993 with the formation of Bodoland Autonomous Council. Bodoland is named after Bodo, an alternative spelling of the Boro people who live primarily in the Dooars regions of Goalpara and Kamrup districts.

History

Originally a part of Bhutan, this region came under the control of Koch king Vishwa Singha in the early 16th century. Around 1562, the successor king Nara Narayan determined that the Meches and Koches peoples north of the newly constructed Gohain Kamal Ali could follow their indigenous customs whereas peoples to its south had to follow Hindu Brahmanical rites. After the split of the Koch kingdom and subsequent collapse of the eastern Koch Hajo due to the Mughals and during the period of Ahom-Mughal conflicts in early 17th century the Bhutan kingdom pushed south and took control of the region down to the Gohain Kamal Ali. Following the Battle of Itakhuli in 1681 the Ahom kingdom consolidated their rule up to the Manas river in the west and the region north of the Gohain Kamal Ali, divided into different Duars, fell into its possession. The Ahoms soon faced trouble from the Bhutanese, in the form of incursions, raids, and violent opposition, beginning about 1688, to tax collection by the Ahoms. Eventually these clashes came to an end with a written agreement.

Duars between Sankosh river and Manas River were collectively known as the Eastern Duars, those between Manas River and Barnadi River were collectively known as Kamrup Duars, and those between Barnadi River and Dhansiri River were collectively known as Darrang Duars. The duars to the west of Goalpara were called Western Duars.

The Duars in the Goalpara region (which was outside the Ahom kingdom) were under Bhutan's control, but the administration of the Duars to east were shared between Bhutan or Tibet and the Ahom kingdom under different mechanisms. The Duars in the Kamrup region followed the posa system in which the Bhutanese were given possession of the duars in lieu of an annual payment; and those in the Darrang region were alternately controlled by the Bhutanese and the Ahoms in an annual cycle. The Bhutanese control over these regions were via local authorities, not ethnic Bhutanese, who were appointed by Bhutanese provincial governors called Ponlops

After the British took control of Ahom kingdom in 1826, they maintained the Ahom-Bhutan arrangement for a while but the payments made in kind and the shared administration were something the colonial administration was unwilling to maintain and annexed the Kamrup and Darrang Duars in 1841 and the Kariapar Duar in 1844; and following the Duar War in 1865 took complete possession of the Duars and removed Bhutanese interest from the Goalpara and Western Duars for good. The duars associated with the historical regions of Goalpara, Kamrup, and Darrang were then added to these districts.

Demand for statehood

Along with the other parts of Northeast India, regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession.

The region is also the gateway to the North Eastern Region of India, where one of the main students organization, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P), National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction, People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations and its supporters are demanding from the Government of India that a separate state (within the Indian Union) be created comprising the seven districts of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa, Udalguri, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji of Assam which have a significant Bodo population. On the other hand, it is also claimed as a sovereign state (complete independence from India) by the separatist insurgent group NDFB.

1993 and 2003 peace agreements

Following an agreement in 1993, Bodoland became an autonomous administrative unit constituted under the Sixth Schedule area of the Constitution of India covering an area of 8,795 km administered by the Bodoland Autonomous Council.

Following a further peace agreement, the Bodoland Territorial Council was formed in 2003, with a mission to accomplish development in the area of economic, education, preservation of land right, linguistic aspiration, socio-culture and ethnic identity of Bodos and above all to speed up the infrastructure development of communities in the Bodoland area. The actual functioning of the council was started on 7 December 2003 by constituting the 12 members of the Council provisionally.

After the Council Election on 13 May 2005 and subsequent bye-election in November 2005, the 40-member Legislative Council has been formed to look after the development works in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts. The remaining six members are nominated by the Governor of Assam from the unrepresented Communities. Thus there are altogether 46 members of the council, representing all communities of BTC Area known as Member of Council Legislative Assembly (MCLA).

2020 peace agreement and the formation of the Bodoland Territorial Region

A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the Government of India and the Government of Assam on one side and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), the All Bodo Students’ Union and United Bodo People's Organisation on the other. Under the terms of this agreement, a Bodoland Territorial Region was formed with enhanced executive and legislative powers. The Bodoland Territorial Council will have competency over almost all areas defined by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and its membership will be increased to 60. The boundary of BTR will be redrawn to make Boro speakers majority within the region. This will be done by forming new districts and the boundary of the region will be adjusted to include contiguous Bodo inhabited areas from neighbouring districts and exclude the non-Bodo inhabited territories which are currently under the jurisdiction of the BTC. On 26 January 2023, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma have decided to include 60 more villages which have at least 80% Bodo population in the Bodoland Territorial Region, in order to make Bodo-speakers a slight majority.

Bodoland will also have the right to autonomously be represented at national level sports and cultural events such as the National Games of India and the Khelo India Youth Games. The agreement also makes the Bodo language with Devnagri script an associate official language of Assam.

Government and politics

Bodoland Territorial Council

The region is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) which was established according to the Memorandum of Settlement of 10 February 2003. BTC came into existence immediately after the surrender of Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF). The BLTF laid down their weapons on 6 December 2003 under the leadership of Hagrama Mohilary and Shri Hagrama Mohilary was sworn in as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) on 7 December 2003.

The BTC has 46 members (30 seats reserved for scheduled Tribes, 5 seats for non-scheduled tribes and 5 open seats) and 6 seats of which are nominated by Governor of Assam from unrepresented communities. The council appoints a cabinet of 14 executive members each looking after a specific area of control.

Districts

The Bodoland region is made up of five districts which are further subdivided into 10 Civil Subdivisions and 40 Development Blocks.

The area and population of these districts has been estimated as follows:

Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of the region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine. In January 2022, Tamulpur district was created by separating the Tamulpur sub-division from Baksa district.

The proposed new districts created from districts currently within the Bodoland region are

• Gossaigaon district, from Kokrajhar district
• Bhergaon district, from Udalguri district

The proposed new districts created from districts currently outside the Bodoland region are

• Mainaosri district, from Sonitpur district
• Holongi district, from Biswanath district and Lakhimpur district

Geography

The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and is in the Northwestern part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38'' E Longitude.

Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests full of flora and fauna.

Economy

The economy is largely agricultural based and is lagging behind in urbanization and development. The region is industrially backward with most of its population depending on agriculture for livelihood. Most of the industries like oil, gas and major industries of the state are located in upper Assam.

Tourism

Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. Manas National Park is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events.

Manas National Park

Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of the dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for Elephant, Rhino, Tiger, Gaur, Wild Buffalo, Deer, Wild Hogs, and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like Pygmy Hog, Golden Langur & Bengal Florican. It is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI), Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, International Rhino Foundation, and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Gethsemane Man-made Forest

Situated in Udalguri's Bhairabkunda, it is a forest-grown entirely by local JFMC of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam. Spread across more than 6 km, the forest contains more than 1.4 million plus trees of over 35 varieties. A number of animals, birds and reptiles can also be spotted in the area. Visitors can trek through the trail in the forest and stay the night in their guest house.

Trekking of Baukungri Hill

Baukungri hill trekking is an adventurous event held annually in Kokrajhar, Bodoland Territorial Council. It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April.

Demographics

Religions in Bodoland (2011)

Population

Bodos constitute the largest Tribal group in the region numbering around 1.2 million (31.5%) followed by Bangla-speaking Miya people, who form the largest minority group as per 2011 Census. The population of BTC area as per 2011 Census report is 3.2 million out which the ST population is around 38% of which only 3% of the total population live in urban areas. The average density of the population in BTC is 326 per Sq.K.m. compared to 340 per Sq.K.m. of Assam. Amongst the ST/SC population Bodos, and others Indigenous tribes like Rabha, Sarania-Kachari, Modahi-Kachari and less quantity of Assamese speaking SC caste Kaibarta, Hira, Bania are inhabiting in this area. The other ethnic groups like Kamatapuri speaking Koch-Rajbanshi, Nath-Jogi, Kalita, Sutradhar are inhabiting in large part of BTC. Adivasi communities including Santhal, Oraon etc. are also available in sizeable numbers. Moreover, other general communities like ethnic Assamese Muslim like Garia, Maria and Deshi(Uzani) and large number of Bengali speaking Miya Muslim and Bengali Hindu people, Gorkha and few numbers of Hindi speaking people are also found in the Council area.

Transportation

Culture

The Bodos have a distinct culture from the rest of the world, ranging from dance and music to festivals and attires.

Sports

Football is popular in the region with clubs like Bodoland FC, competing in Durand Cup; and United Chirang Duar FC playing in the fourth tier of Indian football, I-League 3. Many clubs from the region also participate in the state football league.

See also

• Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council
• Bodo people
• Bodo culture
• Bodo language
• Bodo Sahitya Sabha
• 2012 Assam violence
• Hill tribes of Northeast India
• North Eastern Council

References

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External links

• Bodoland Territorial Council
• Profile from the Government of Assam
• Bodoland Tourism

Links to related articles

v t e Autonomous administrative divisions of India 6th Schedule areas (Constitution of India) Assam Bodoland Karbi Anglong North Cachar Hills Meghalaya Garo Hills Jaintia Hills Khasi Hills Mizoram Chakma Lai Mara Tripura Tripura Tribal Areas Non-6th Schedule areas (State legislation) Assam Bodo Kachari Deori Kamatapur Matak Mising Moran Rabha Hasong Sonowal Kachari Thengal Kachari Tiwa Ladakh Kargil Leh Manipur Chandel Churachandpur Sadar Hills Senapati Tamenglong Ukhrul West Bengal Gorkhaland v t e Proposed states and union territories of India Central India Baghelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh) Bundelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh) Gondwana (Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha) Mahakoshal (Madhya Pradesh) Malwa (Madhya Pradesh) Vindhya Pradesh (Madhya Pradesh) East India Bhojpur (Bihar/Uttar Pradesh) Gorkhaland (West Bengal) Kamtapur (West Bengal) Kosal (Odisha) Mithila (Bihar) Rarhbhumi (Odisha) North India Awadh Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh) Braj Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh) Delhi Harit Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh) Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) Panun Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) Purvanchal (Uttar Pradesh) Northeast India Bodoland (Assam) Dimaraji (Assam/Nagaland) Garoland (Meghalaya) Karbi Anglong (Assam) Tipraland (Tripura) South India Karu Nadu (Karnataka) Kalyana-Karnataka (Karnataka) Kodagu (Karnataka) Kongu Nadu (Tamil Nadu) Karaikal (Puducherry) Malabar (Kerala) Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh) Tulu Nadu (Karnataka/Kerala) West India Khandesh (Maharashtra) Konkan (Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra) Kutch (Gujarat) Marathwada (Maharashtra) Maru Pradesh (Rajasthan) Saurashtra (Gujarat) Vidarbha (Maharashtra) Current states and union territories of India v t e Hill tribes of Northeast India Mizoram Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Mara Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar) Nagaland Garo Bodo-Kachari Kuki Mikir (Karbi) Naga Meghalaya Bodo-Kachari Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Koch Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Raba, Rava Synteng (Pnar) Arunachal Pradesh Abor (Galo) Aka (Hruso) Apatani Dafla (Nyishi) Galong Khowa (Bugun) Mishmi (inc. Miju Mishmi) Momba (inc. Chugpa, Lishipa, Takpa) Naga tribes (inc. Nocte, Tangsa, Tutsa, Wancho) Sherdukpen Singpho (Jingpo) Tai peoples (inc. Khampti, Khamyang, Phake) Adi (inc. Bori, Padam) Deori Khamba Lisu Memba Miji Mikir (Karbi) Minyong Mishing (Miri) Nga Puroik Zekhring Manipur Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Gangte Hmar Inpui Koirao (Thangal) Koireng Kom Lamkang Liangmai Mao Maram Maring Mizo (Lushai) tribes Monsang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Rongmei Simte Suhte (Paite) Tangkhul Thadou Vaiphei Zeme Zou Tripura Bhil Bhutia Chaimal Chakma Garoo Halam Jamatia Khasia Kuki Lepcha Lushai (Mizo) Mag Munda, Kaur Noatia Riang Santal Tripuri Uchoi Assam Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar) Sikkim Bhutia (including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, Kagatey, Sherpa, Tibetan, Tromopa, Yolmo) Lepcha Kuki tribes including: Biate Changsan Chongloi Doungel Gamalhou Gangte Guite Hanneng Haokip, Haupit Haolai Hengna Hongsung Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol Jongbe Khawchung Khawathlang, Khothalong Khelma Kholhou Kipgen Kuki Lengthang Lhangum Lhoujem Lhouvun Lupheng Mangjel Misao Riang Sairhem Selnam Singson Sitlhou Sukte Thado Thangngeu Uibuh Vaiphei Naga tribes including: Anāl Angami Ao Chang Chakhesang Chirr Chiru Chothe Inpui Kharam Khiamniungan Konyak Lainong Lamkang Liangmai Lotha Makury Mao Maram Maring Monsang Moyon Nocte Para Pochury Phom Poumai Rengma Rongmei Sangtam Sumi Tangkhul Tangsa Tarao Thangal Tikhir Tutsa Wancho Yimkhiung Zeme See also List of Scheduled Tribes in India v t e State of Assam Capital: Dispur State symbols Song: O Mur Apunar Desh Animal: Indian rhinoceros Bird: White-winged duck Flower: Foxtail Orchids (Kopouful) Tree: Dipterocarpus retusus (Hollong) Topics Etymology Biodiversity Brahmaputra Valley Cuisine Culture Economy Education Institutions of higher education Physical geography Politics Tourism Assam tea Assam silk Assam Rifles Assam Regiment History Kamarupa Chutia Kingdom Kamata Kingdom Ahom kingdom Kachari Kingdom Colonial Assam Assam Province (1912 – 1947) Legislative Assembly (Since 1937) Assam Mail Assam Accord Golaghat Convention Assam History Timeline Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Human rights Commission Police Political Party Districts and divisions North Assam Biswanath Darrang Sonitpur Udalguri Lower Assam Baksa Barpeta Bongaigaon Chirang Dhubri Kokrajhar Kamrup Kamrup Metro Goalpara Nalbari South Salmara Mankachar Central Assam Dima Hasao Hojai Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong (West) Morigaon Nagaon Upper Assam Charaideo Dibrugarh Dhemaji Golaghat Jorhat Lakhimpur Majuli Sivasagar Tinsukia Barak Valley Cachar Hailakandi Karimganj Geography Upper-Assam (East Assam) Lower-Assam (West Assam) Barak Valley (South Assam) Brahmaputra River Majuli Mora Dhansiri River Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Halflong (The Hill station of Assam) Culture Assamese language Assamese alphabet Jolpan Traditional crafts Bihu Folk dances of Assam Bagurumba Bihu dance Ekasarana Dharma Borgeet Satra Sattriya Dance Saraai Gamosa Textiles and dresses (Muga and Eri) Arts, literature, music and cinema Cinema Assamese literature Assamese poetry List of poets List of Assamese writers Pen Names List of Assamese Periodicals The Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846) The Hemkosh The Assam Tribune Assam Rhetorical Congress Buranji Kirtan Ghoxa Dasham Naam Ghosa Saptakanda Ramayana Jonaki Music of Assam Goalpariya Lokgeet Tokari Geet Dihanaam Hiranaam Dhol Gogona Pepa Cinema Joymati, first Assamese motion picture Guwahati Theatre Festival People History Assamese people Ahom Brahmin Kalita Koch Chutia Tribes of Assam Bodo Deori Dimasa Karbi Mising List of people from Assam Notable surnames Barua (and its variations) Bhuiyan Borah Bharali Borbarua Borgohain Borpatrogohain Borphukan Burhagohain Chakraborty Choudhury (and its variations) Das Deka Dutta Gayen Gogoi Gohain Goswami Hazarika Kalita Majumdar Saikia Sarma Chutia Sutradhar Urban areas Barpeta Bongaigaon Dhubri Dibrugarh Diphu Goalpara Golaghat Guwahati Jorhat Karimganj Nagaon North Lakhimpur Sivasagar Silchar Tezpur Tinsukia Fairs and Festivals Hindu Temples History

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