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{{Short description|Building or site where iron is smelted}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2013}} {{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
].]] ].]]
]]] ]]]


An '''ironworks''' or '''iron works''' is a building or site where ] is ] and where heavy iron and ] products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ''ironworks'' is ''ironworks''. An '''ironworks''' or '''iron works''' is an ] where ] is ] and where heavy iron and ] products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ''ironworks'' is ''ironworks''.


Ironworks succeed ] when ]s replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of ]s or a ] with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the ], ] became widespread, and the appellation ] replaced ironworks. Ironworks succeeded ] when ]s replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of ]s or a ] with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the ], ] became widespread, and the appellation ] replaced ironworks.


The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term '''siderurgy''' is also occasionally used. This is derived from the ] words ''sideros'' - iron and ''ergon'' or ''ergos'' - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an ] of a term used in ], ], and other ]. The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term '''siderurgy''' is also occasionally used. This is derived from the ] words ''sideros'' - iron and ''ergon'' or ''ergos'' - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an ] of a term used in ], ], and other ].

<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
Historically, it is common that a community was built around the ironworks where the people living there were dependent on the ironworks to provide jobs and housing. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roos |first=Annie |date=2021 |title=Reproducing gender - The spatial context of gender in entrepreneurship |url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/21268/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=pub.epsilon.slu.se |language=en}}</ref> As the ironworks closed down (or was industrialised) these villages quite often went into decline and experienced negative economic growth. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Annie |last2=Gaddefors |first2=Johan |date=2022-04-07 |title=In the wake of the ironworks - entrepreneurship and the spatial connections to empowerment and emancipation |journal=The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation |language=en |pages=146575032210898 |doi=10.1177/14657503221089802 |s2cid=248043339 |issn=1465-7503|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->


==Varieties of ironworks== ==Varieties of ironworks==


===Primary ironmaking=== ===Primary ironmaking===
{{Main|History of Ferrous Metallurgy}} {{Main|Ferrous metallurgy}}
] ]
].]] ].]]
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Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ironmaking: History and Archaeology of the British Iron Industry | publisher=History Press | author=Hayman, Richard | year=2005}}</ref> Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following: Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ironmaking: History and Archaeology of the British Iron Industry | publisher=History Press | author=Hayman, Richard | year=2005}}</ref> Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following:

*]s — which made ] (or sometimes finished ] goods) from ]; *]s — which made ] (or sometimes finished ] goods) from ];
*] — where ] was produced from ] by direct reduction; *] — where ] was produced from ] by direct reduction;
* ] smelting — Employs a ]/iron ] that can survive a {{convert|2850|F|C}} to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.<ref>{{cite web|author=9 May 2013 |url=http://whyfiles.org/2013/a-new-iron-age/ |title=A new iron age? |publisher=The Why Files |date=2013-05-09 |accessdate=2014-02-06}}</ref> * ] smelting — Employs a ]/iron ] that can survive a {{convert|2850|F|C}} to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whyfiles.org/2013/a-new-iron-age/ |title=A new iron age? |publisher=The Why Files |date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>
*]s — which fined ] to produce ], using ] as ] in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth); *]s — which fined ] to produce ], using ] as ] in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth);
*] — where ] was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods; *] — where ] was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods;
*] forges with melting fineries using the first process in which ] was made from ] with mineral ] or ], without the use of ]; *] forges with melting fineries using the first process in which ] was made from ] with mineral ] or ], without the use of ];
*]s — a later process for the same purpose, again with ] as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed ] and then to be drawn out into ] in a ]s. *]s — a later process for the same purpose, again with ] as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed ] and then to be drawn out into ] in a ].


===Modern steelmaking=== ===Modern steelmaking===
{{Main|Steel mill|Steelmaking}} {{Main|Steel mill|Steelmaking}}
], ]]]
From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce ] using one of the following:<ref>{{cite book | title=Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice | publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |author1=Ghosh, Ahindra |author2=Chatterjee, Amit | year=2008}}</ref> From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce ] using one of the following:<ref>{{cite book | title=Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice | publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |author1=Ghosh, Ahindra |author2=Chatterjee, Amit | year=2008}}</ref>


* The Bessemer process in a ], improved by the ]; * The Bessemer process in a ], improved by the ];
* The Siemens-Martin process in an ]; * The Siemens-Martin process in an ];
* ], introduced in 1907; * ], introduced in 1907;
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===Further processing=== ===Further processing===
After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following: After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following:
*A ] - which cut a flat bar into rod iron suitable for making into ]s. *A ] - which cut a flat bar into rod iron suitable for making into ]s.
*A ] works - where rolling mills made sheets of iron (later of ]), which were coated with ]. *A ] works - where rolling mills made sheets of iron (later of ]), which were coated with ].
*A ] with a ], a lighter hammer with a rapid stroke rate, enabling the production of thinner iron, suitable for the manufacture of ], other ], and so on. *A ] with a ], a lighter hammer with a rapid stroke rate, enabling the production of thinner iron, suitable for the manufacture of ], other ], and so on.
*A cementation furnace might be used to convert the ] (if it was pure enough) into ] by the ], either as an end in itself or as the raw material for ]. *A cementation furnace might be used to convert the ] (if it was pure enough) into ] by the ], either as an end in itself or as the raw material for ].


===Manufacture=== ===Manufacture===
Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including
*Manufacturing by ] or more specialist kind of smith. *Manufacturing by ] or more specialist kind of smith.
*It might be used in ]. *It might be used in ].
In the context of the iron industry, the term ''manufacture'' is best reserved for this final stage. In the context of the iron industry, the term ''manufacture'' is best reserved for this final stage.
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==Notable ironworks== ==Notable ironworks==
] ("city of ironworks"), ]]] ] ("city of ironworks"), ]]]
{{Main|List of steel producers}}
The notable ironworks of the world are described here by country. See above for the largest producers and the notable ironworks in the alphabetical order.


===Great Britain=== ===Africa===
====South Africa====
{{see also|List of ironworks in Wales}}
* Cape Town Iron and Steel Works in ], ]
* ] Heritage Site. ] (Blaenafon) South Wales
* ]], circa 1877. ]]
* ], ]
* ] at ], ], south ]
* ] also at ]
* ], a shipbuilding firm on the ], on the ], ], ]
* ], a shipbuilding firm at ] on the ], ]
* ] at Bradford and other places


===Americas===
===United States of America===
====United States====
* ] in ] * ] in ]
* ] in ] * ] in ]
Line 75: Line 77:
* ] in ] * ] in ]
* ] at ] * ] at ]
*]
**], near ], ]
**], near ], ]
**], near ], ]
**], near ], ]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-12-20/us-steel-layoffs-trump-michigan|title=U.S. Steel to cut 1,545 Michigan jobs as weakness overwhelms Trump's protection|last=Deaux|first=Joe|date=2019-12-20|newspaper=]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>
**] (], etc.), near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* ] in Pennsylvania and other places * ] in Pennsylvania and other places


===Czech Republic=== ===Asia===
====China====
*], ] & ], ]
* ], in various locations, for example:
** ], ]
** ], ], ]
** ], ], ]
** Zhanjiang Iron & Steel, ], ]
*], ], ]
*], ]

====India====
*] of ] (SAIL)
*] of ] in ], ]
*] of ] in ], ]

====Japan====
The largest Japanese steel companies' main works are as follows:
*]
**] (from former Kawasaki Steel), ], of ]
**] (from former NKK), ], of JFE Eastern Works
**] (from former NKK), ], of ]
**] (from former Kawasaki Steel), ], ], of JFE Western Works
*]
**], ]
*]
**] (], of former Nippon Steel), ]
**], of former Nippon Steel), ]
**] (], of former Nippon Steel), ] (near ])
**] (], of former Nippon Steel), ]
**] (of former Nippon Steel), ]
**] (], of former Sumitomo Metal), ]
**] (], of former Sumitomo Metal), ]

====Korea====
*]
**], south coast
**], east coast
*]
**] Steelworks, west coast

====Vietnam====
*] of ] in ]

===Europe===
====Czech Republic====
* ] in ], ] * ] in ], ]


===Germany=== ====Germany====
* ] Heritage Site * ] Heritage Site


===Spain=== ====Great Britain====
{{See also|List of ironworks in Wales}}
* ] Heritage Site. ] (Blaenafon) South Wales
* Coalbrookdale Ironworks, Coalbrookdale
* ] at ], ], South ]
* ] also at ]
* ], a shipbuilding firm on the ], on the ], ], ]
* ], a shipbuilding firm at ] on the ], ]
* ] at Bradford and other places

====Italy====
* Cogne acciai speciali, Aosta (example of a mountain steel meel)
* Ferreira di Servola, Trieste (operating since 1896)
* Acciaieria di Piombino
* ] di Cornigliano, Genova
* Acciai speciali Termi, now ] Terni
* Acciaieria di Bagnoli, Napoli
* Acciaieria di Taranto (biggest Integrated steel mill in Europe)

====Sweden====
* Lummelunda Järnbruk
* Österbybruk
* ], ], ]
* Storbrohyttan Gjuteri
* Pershyttan
* Galtström Ironworks
* Forsbacka Ironworks km
* Kengis Forge
* Trångfors Forge
* Motjärnshyttan
* Gysinge Ironworks

====Russia====
*], ], Chelyabinsk Oblast
*], Magnitogorsk, ]
*], ], ]
*Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant (of TMK), ], ]
*], ], ]
*], ], ]
*] (of ]), ], ]
*Volzhsky Pipe Plant (of ]), ]

====Spain====
* ] in ] * ] in ]
* ] facilities in ] and ], formerly ] * ] facilities in ] and ], formerly ]
Line 93: Line 188:


==References== ==References==
{{Commons category|Ironworks}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Ironworks}}
{{Iron and steel production}} {{Iron and steel production}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 04:38, 6 October 2023

Building or site where iron is smelted For other uses, see Ironworks (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Ironworks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Iron Rolling Mill (Eisenwalzwerk), 1870s, by Adolph Menzel.
Casting at an iron foundry: From Fra Burmeister og Wain's Iron Foundry, 1885 by Peder Severin Krøyer

An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ironworks is ironworks.

Ironworks succeeded bloomeries when blast furnaces replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of puddling furnaces or a foundry with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the Bessemer process, converters became widespread, and the appellation steelworks replaced ironworks.

The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term siderurgy is also occasionally used. This is derived from the Greek words sideros - iron and ergon or ergos - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an anglicisation of a term used in French, Spanish, and other Romance languages.

Historically, it is common that a community was built around the ironworks where the people living there were dependent on the ironworks to provide jobs and housing. As the ironworks closed down (or was industrialised) these villages quite often went into decline and experienced negative economic growth.

Varieties of ironworks

Primary ironmaking

Main article: Ferrous metallurgy
A South Wales iron mill in 1798
Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works.
Toronto rolling mills

Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes. Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following:

  • Blast furnaces — which made pig iron (or sometimes finished cast iron goods) from iron ore;
  • Bloomeries — where bar iron was produced from iron ore by direct reduction;
  • Electrolytic smelting — Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.
  • Finery forges — which fined pig iron to produce bar iron, using charcoal as fuel in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth);
  • Foundries — where pig iron was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods;
  • Potting and stamping forges with melting fineries using the first process in which bar iron was made from pig iron with mineral coal or coke, without the use of charcoal;
  • Puddling furnaces — a later process for the same purpose, again with coke as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed shingling and then to be drawn out into bar iron in a rolling mill.

Modern steelmaking

Main articles: Steel mill and Steelmaking
The ironworks of Dalsbruk in Kimitoön, Finland

From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce mild steel using one of the following:

The mills operating converters of any type are better called steelworks, ironworks referring to former processes, like puddling.

Further processing

After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following:

Manufacture

Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including

In the context of the iron industry, the term manufacture is best reserved for this final stage.

Notable ironworks

Coat of arms of Eisenhüttenstadt ("city of ironworks"), Germany
Main article: List of steel producers

The notable ironworks of the world are described here by country. See above for the largest producers and the notable ironworks in the alphabetical order.

Africa

South Africa

Americas

United States

Asia

China

India

Japan

The largest Japanese steel companies' main works are as follows:

Korea

Vietnam

Europe

Czech Republic

Germany

Great Britain

See also: List of ironworks in Wales

Italy

  • Cogne acciai speciali, Aosta (example of a mountain steel meel)
  • Ferreira di Servola, Trieste (operating since 1896)
  • Acciaieria di Piombino
  • Società Italiana Acciaierie Cornigliano di Cornigliano, Genova
  • Acciai speciali Termi, now ThyssenKrupp Terni
  • Acciaieria di Bagnoli, Napoli
  • Acciaieria di Taranto (biggest Integrated steel mill in Europe)

Sweden

Russia

Spain

Historical

References

  1. Roos, Annie (2021). "Reproducing gender - The spatial context of gender in entrepreneurship". pub.epsilon.slu.se. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  2. Roos, Annie; Gaddefors, Johan (2022-04-07). "In the wake of the ironworks - entrepreneurship and the spatial connections to empowerment and emancipation". The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation: 146575032210898. doi:10.1177/14657503221089802. ISSN 1465-7503. S2CID 248043339.
  3. Hayman, Richard (2005). Ironmaking: History and Archaeology of the British Iron Industry. History Press.
  4. "A new iron age?". The Why Files. 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
  5. Ghosh, Ahindra; Chatterjee, Amit (2008). Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall of India.
  6. Deaux, Joe (2019-12-20). "U.S. Steel to cut 1,545 Michigan jobs as weakness overwhelms Trump's protection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
Iron and steel production
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