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{{short description|Physical phenomena resembling a cross shape}}
{{lead too short|date=September 2010}}
{{For|the fictional resurrection device/parasite|Hyperion Cantos}}
{{Wiktionary}}
'''Cruciform''' is a term for physical manifestations resembling a common ] or ]. The label can be extended to architectural shapes, biology, art, and design.
{{For|the resurrection device/parasite in the Hyperion Cantos|Hyperion Cantos}}

'''Cruciform''' means having the shape of a ] or ].


== Cruciform architectural plan == == Cruciform architectural plan ==
]]] ]]]
]]]
{{main article|Cathedral diagram|Cathedral architecture of Western Europe}} {{main|Cathedral diagram|Cathedral architecture of Western Europe}}
] churches are commonly described as having a cruciform architecture. In ], ] and other ] forms of ] this is likely to mean a ] plan, a ], with arms of equal length or, later, a ] plan. ] churches are commonly described as having a cruciform architecture. In ], ] and other ] forms of ] this is likely to mean a ] plan, a ], with arms of equal length or, later, a ] plan.


In the Western churches, a cruciform architecture usually, though not exclusively, means a church built with the layout developed in ]. This layout comprises the following: In the Western churches, a cruciform architecture usually, though not exclusively, means a church built with the layout developed in ]. This layout comprises:


*An east end, containing an ] and often with an elaborate, decorated window, through which light will shine in the early part of the day. *An east end, containing an ] and often with an elaborate, decorated window, through which light will shine in the early part of the day.
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In churches that are not oriented with the altar at the geographical east end, it is usual to refer to the altar end as "liturgical east" and so forth. In churches that are not oriented with the altar at the geographical east end, it is usual to refer to the altar end as "liturgical east" and so forth.


Methodist ] also have a cruciform shape.<ref name="LanierHerman1997">{{cite book|last1=Lanier|first1=Gabrielle M.|last2=Herman|first2=Bernard L.|title=Everyday Architecture of the Mid-Atlantic: Looking at Buildings and Landscapes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwM9TO1bWIMC&pg=PA275|access-date=1 July 2018|date=19 June 1997|publisher=JHU Press|language=en|isbn=9780801853258|page=275}}</ref>
Another example of ancient cruciform architecture<ref>{{cite book|last=Jerome|first=Murphy-O'Connor|title=The Holy Land: an Oxford archaeological guide from earliest times to 170|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA; 4 edition (June 25, 1998)|isbn=0-19-288013-6|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSuErBFmykQC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=cruciform+herod%27s+temple#v=onepage&q=cruciform%20herod%27s%20temple&f=false}}</ref> can be found in Herod's temple, the ].


== Cruciform DNA == == Cruciform DNA ==
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| width1 = 180 | width1 = 180
| image1 = Humfrey Wanley by Thomas Hill, 1711.jpg | image1 = Humfrey Wanley by Thomas Hill, 1711.jpg
| caption1 = librarian ] holding a cruciform Anglo-Saxon manuscript | caption1 = Librarian ] holding a facsimile copy of a cruciform Greek manuscript (])
}}
| width2 = 150
{{main|Cruciform DNA}}
| image2 = Tchaikovsky cross-motive 0001.png
DNA can undergo transitions to form a cruciform shape, including a structure called a ]. This structure is important for the critical biological processes of DNA recombination and repair mutations that occur in the cell.
| caption2 = ]'s "Cross"-], associated with the ], himself, and ], first appearing in mm.1-2 of his '']''<ref name="Jackson">Jackson, Timothy (1999). ''Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)'', p.51. ISBN 0-521-64676-6.</ref> {{audio|Tchaikovsky cross-motive 0001.mid|Play}}. Tchaikovsky associated the cross-motif with "star-cross'd lovers", such as in '']''.<ref name="Jackson"/>}}
{{main article|Holliday junction}}
DNA can undergo transitions to form a cruciform shape, otherwise known as a ]. This structure is important for the critical biological processes of DNA recombination and repair mutations that occur in the cell.


== Cruciform joint == == Cruciform joint ==
{{main article|Cruciform joint}} {{main|Cruciform joint}}
A cruciform joint is a specific joint in which 4 spaces are created by the welding of 3 plates of metal at right angles. A cruciform joint is a specific joint in which four spaces are created by the welding of three plates of metal at right angles.


== Cruciform manuscript == == Cruciform manuscript ==
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== Cruciform melody == == Cruciform melody ==
<!-- This section is linked from ], ], and ] --> <!-- This section is linked from ], ], and ] -->
In music, a ] of four pitches where a straight line drawn between the outer pair bisects a straight line drawn between the inner pair, thus forming a cross (as in the red lines in the example to the right). In its simplest form, the cruciform melody is a ], where the melody ascends or descends by ], skips below or above the first pitch, then returns to the first pitch by step. Often representative of the Christian cross, such melodies are cruciform in their retrogrades or inversions. ], whose last name may be represented in tones through a ] known as the ] that is a cruciform melody, employed the device extensively. The subject of the ] from '']'' Book I is cruciform. See also: ]. In music, a ] of four pitches where a straight line drawn between the outer pair bisects a straight line drawn between the inner pair, thus forming a cross. In its simplest form, the cruciform melody is a ], where the melody ascends or descends by ], skips below or above the first pitch, then returns to the first pitch by step. Often representative of the Christian cross, such melodies are cruciform in their retrogrades or inversions. ], whose last name may be represented in tones through a ] known as the ] that is a cruciform melody, employed the device extensively. The subject of the ] from '']'' Book I is cruciform. See also: ].

== Cruciform tail ==
{{main|Cruciform tail}}
] with cruciform tail]]
Some airplanes use a ''cruciform'' tail design, wherein the horizontal ] is positioned midway up the vertical stabilizer, forming a cruciform shape when viewed from the front or rear. Some examples are the ], the ] and the ].

The cruciform tail gives the benefit of clearing the aerodynamics of the tail away from the wake of the engine, while not requiring the same amount of strengthening of the vertical tail section in comparison with a T-tail design.


== Cruciform sword ==<!--This section is linked from ]--> == Cruciform sword ==<!--This section is linked from ]-->
], 15th or 16th century]] ], 15th or 16th century]]
The plain sword used by ]s, distinctive due to the flat bar used as a ]. The overall shape of the sword when held point down is that of a cross. The plain sword used by ]s, distinctive due to the flat bar used as a ]. The overall shape of the sword when held point down is that of a cross.


It is believed this shape was encouraged by the church to remind Knights of their religion.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} It was however very popular due to the protection it offered to the hand and certain attacks that rely on the cross to trap the blade of the enemy. See ]. It was very popular due to the protection it offered to the hand and certain attacks that rely on the cross to trap the blade of the enemy. See ].

== Cruciform tail ==
] with cruciform tail]]
{{main article|Cruciform tail}}
Some airplanes use a ''cruciform'' tail design, wherein the horizontal ] is positioned midway up the vertical stabilizer, forming a cruciform shape when viewed from the front or rear. Some examples are the ],the ] and the ].

The cruciform tail gives the benefit of clearing the aerodynamics of the tail away from the wake of the engine, while not requiring the same amount of strengthening of the vertical tail section in comparison with a T-tail design.


== Cruciform web design == == Cruciform web design ==
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== Cruciform product design== == Cruciform product design==
In addition to common cross-shaped products, such as key chains and magnets, certain designers have gone so far as to create cruciform devices and accessories. For example, the mass-produced cruciform MP3 player "Saint B", or the "iBelieve", an accessory that converts the original iPod Shuffle into a cross shape designed by Scott Wilson in 2005. The cruciform MP3 players often come preloaded with audio files of the New Testament, but are mainly purchased for users to pridefully display their faith.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorman|first=Carma R.|date=2009|title=Religion on Demand: Faith-based Design|url=|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=1|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> In addition to common cross-shaped products, such as key chains and magnets, certain designers have gone so far as to create cruciform devices and accessories. For example, the mass-produced cruciform MP3 player "Saint B", or the "iBelieve", an accessory that converts the original iPod Shuffle into a cross shape designed by Scott Wilson in 2005. The cruciform MP3 players often come preloaded with audio files of the New Testament, but are mainly purchased for users to proudly display their faith.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorman|first=Carma R.|date=2009|title=Religion on Demand: Faith-based Design|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=1|pages=9–22|doi=10.2752/175470709787375715|s2cid=143513427}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]


==Sources== ==References==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Cruciform buildings}} {{Commons category|Cruciform buildings}}
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 10:56, 18 December 2024

Physical phenomena resembling a cross shape For the fictional resurrection device/parasite, see Hyperion Cantos.

Cruciform is a term for physical manifestations resembling a common cross or Christian cross. The label can be extended to architectural shapes, biology, art, and design.

Cruciform architectural plan

Etchmiadzin cathedral
Peterborough Cathedral
Main articles: Cathedral diagram and Cathedral architecture of Western Europe

Christian churches are commonly described as having a cruciform architecture. In Early Christian, Byzantine and other Eastern Orthodox forms of church architecture this is likely to mean a tetraconch plan, a Greek cross, with arms of equal length or, later, a cross-in-square plan.

In the Western churches, a cruciform architecture usually, though not exclusively, means a church built with the layout developed in Gothic architecture. This layout comprises:

  • An east end, containing an altar and often with an elaborate, decorated window, through which light will shine in the early part of the day.
  • A west end, which sometimes contains a baptismal font, being a large decorated bowl, in which water can be firstly, blessed (dedicated to the use and purposes of God) and then used for baptism.
  • North and south transepts, being "arms" of the cross and often containing rooms for gathering, small side chapels, or in many cases other necessities such as an organ and toilets.
  • The crossing, which in later designs often was under a tower or dome.

In churches that are not oriented with the altar at the geographical east end, it is usual to refer to the altar end as "liturgical east" and so forth.

Methodist tabernacles also have a cruciform shape.

Cruciform DNA

Holliday JunctionCruciform jointLibrarian Humfrey Wanley holding a facsimile copy of a cruciform Greek manuscript (Lectionary 150) Main article: Cruciform DNA

DNA can undergo transitions to form a cruciform shape, including a structure called a Holliday junction. This structure is important for the critical biological processes of DNA recombination and repair mutations that occur in the cell.

Cruciform joint

Main article: Cruciform joint

A cruciform joint is a specific joint in which four spaces are created by the welding of three plates of metal at right angles.

Cruciform manuscript

A cruciform manuscript was a form of Anglo-Saxon / Insular manuscript written with the words in a block shaped like a cross.

Cruciform melody

In music, a melody of four pitches where a straight line drawn between the outer pair bisects a straight line drawn between the inner pair, thus forming a cross. In its simplest form, the cruciform melody is a changing tone, where the melody ascends or descends by step, skips below or above the first pitch, then returns to the first pitch by step. Often representative of the Christian cross, such melodies are cruciform in their retrogrades or inversions. Johann Sebastian Bach, whose last name may be represented in tones through a musical cryptogram known as the BACH motif that is a cruciform melody, employed the device extensively. The subject of the fugue in c-sharp minor from The Well-Tempered Clavier Book I is cruciform. See also: Cross motif.

Cruciform tail

Main article: Cruciform tail
Jetstream 31 with cruciform tail

Some airplanes use a cruciform tail design, wherein the horizontal stabilizer is positioned midway up the vertical stabilizer, forming a cruciform shape when viewed from the front or rear. Some examples are the F-9 Cougar, the F-10 Skyknight and the Sud Aviation Caravelle.

The cruciform tail gives the benefit of clearing the aerodynamics of the tail away from the wake of the engine, while not requiring the same amount of strengthening of the vertical tail section in comparison with a T-tail design.

Cruciform sword

Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century

The plain sword used by knights, distinctive due to the flat bar used as a guard. The overall shape of the sword when held point down is that of a cross.

It was very popular due to the protection it offered to the hand and certain attacks that rely on the cross to trap the blade of the enemy. See Sword.

Cruciform web design

Cruciform web designs use a cross-shaped web page that expands to fill the width and height of the web browser window. There are a number of different approaches to implementing them.

Cruciform product design

In addition to common cross-shaped products, such as key chains and magnets, certain designers have gone so far as to create cruciform devices and accessories. For example, the mass-produced cruciform MP3 player "Saint B", or the "iBelieve", an accessory that converts the original iPod Shuffle into a cross shape designed by Scott Wilson in 2005. The cruciform MP3 players often come preloaded with audio files of the New Testament, but are mainly purchased for users to proudly display their faith.

See also

References

  1. Lanier, Gabrielle M.; Herman, Bernard L. (19 June 1997). Everyday Architecture of the Mid-Atlantic: Looking at Buildings and Landscapes. JHU Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780801853258. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  2. Gorman, Carma R. (2009). "Religion on Demand: Faith-based Design". Design and Culture. 1 (1): 9–22. doi:10.2752/175470709787375715. S2CID 143513427.
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