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{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
]
'''Santa Catalina Island''', often called simply '''Catalina Island''', is a rocky ] off the coast of the ] of ]. {{Short description|Channel Island off the coast of California}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Santa Catalina Island
| image_name = Santa Catalina Island (California) by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-30.jpg
| image_caption = Santa Catalina Island satellite image
| image_size =
| pushpin_map = Los Angeles#USA California
| pushpin_label = Santa Catalina Island
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption = Santa Catalina Island
| coordinates = {{coord|33|23|N|118|25|W|region:US-CA_scale:250000|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| nickname =
| location = Pacific Ocean
| archipelago = ]
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_sqmi = 74.98
| highest_mount = ]
| elevation_ft = 2097
| country = United States
| country_admin_divisions_title = State
| country_admin_divisions = California
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = ]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = ]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_capital_city =
| country_largest_city = ]
| country_largest_city_population = 3,460
| country_leader_title =
| country_leader_name =
| population = 4,096
| population_as_of = 2010
| density_sqmi = 55
| ethnic_groups =
| additional_info =
|other_names={{plainlist|
* Catalina Island
* Catalina
}}}}


'''Santa Catalina Island''' (Spanish: ''Isla Santa Catalina''; often shortened to '''Catalina Island''' or '''Catalina''', and also known as '''Pimu'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marsa |first=Linda |date=Winter 2023 |title=Reinterpreting an Ancient Island |url=https://issuu.com/americanarchaeologymagazine/docs/aam-win-2013/s/12950568 |journal=American Archaeology Magazine |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |access-date=August 19, 2024 |via=Issuu}}</ref> as the traditional name of the Indigenous people of the Tongva Tribe) is a rocky island, part of the ], off the coast of ] in the ]. The island covers an area of about 75 square miles (194 square kilometers). It features a diverse and rugged landscape, including rolling hills, canyons, coastal cliffs, and sandy beaches. The island's highest peak is ], rising to an elevation of 2,097 feet (639 meters). The island is 22&nbsp;mi (35&nbsp;km) long and 8&nbsp;mi (13&nbsp;km) across at its largest width. The island is situated in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 29&nbsp;mi (47&nbsp;km) south-southwest of ]. Politically, Catalina Island is part of ] in District 4. Most of the island's land is ] and is thus governed by the county.
The 74.98 mi²/47,986 acre (194.19 km²) island is located about 22 miles (35 km) south-southwest of ]. The total population as of the ] was 3,696 persons, with almost 85 percent living in its only city of ] (pop. 3,127). The island has an overall population density of 19.03/km² (49.29/mi²). Most of the island is owned by the ].

Catalina was originally inhabited and used by many different Southern California Tribes. The first ] to arrive on the island claimed it for the ]. Over the years, territorial claims to the island transferred ownership to Mexico and then to the United States of America. The island was used for otter hunting and gold-digging, before successfully being developed into a tourist destination in the 1920s. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the ].

{{citation needed span|date=August 2024|In 2022, Santa Catalina Island's population was 4,201 people, with a 51.44 percent to 48.56 percent ratio of male to female residents}}, 90 percent of whom live in the island's only incorporated city, ]. The second center of population is the unincorporated village of ] at the island's ]. Development also occurs at the smaller settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers.

Today, the popular tourist destination can be reached via ferry services from mainland California, with the most common departure point being the city of Long Beach.<ref name="otte" /> The island also has an airport, the ] in the Sky, which is located on a hilltop and offers scenic views of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airport in the Sky |url=https://www.lovecatalina.com/things-to-do/historic-landmarks/airport-in-the-sky/}}</ref>

Catalina Island is known for its diverse ecosystems, which include ], ], ]s, ]s, and coastal marine environments. It is also home to various native and introduced species, both on land and in the surrounding waters. Unique species include the ] and the Catalina two striped garter snake.<ref name="Catalina Island Conservancy" /> The city of ], located on the island's eastern side, is the primary population center and serves as the hub for tourism. Visitors can explore Avalon's streets, visit museums, dine in restaurants, and enjoy various water-based activities such as snorkeling, scuba diving, and boat tours. The island offers opportunities for hiking, biking, camping, and wildlife watching. Catalina Island enjoys a ], characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The climate makes it an attractive destination year-round, although the summer months tend to be the busiest. Throughout the year, Catalina Island hosts a variety of events and activities, including the Catalina Wine Mixer, the Catalina Island JazzTrax Festival, and many more cultural and outdoor events. A tourist-drawing area, Catalina is heavily reliant economically on revenue from its annual visitors.<ref name="Sahagun" />


==History== ==History==
{{main|History of Santa Catalina Island (California)}}
]'' are plank boats still constructed by the ] to travel from the mainland to the Santa Catalina Island, similar to the ] '']'' (pictured).<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Traditional Boat Building Helps Native Community Hone Ecological Knowledge |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-nature/traditional-boat-building-helps-native-community-hone-ecological-knowledge |access-date=December 28, 2022 |website=KCET |language=en}}</ref>]]
Archeological evidence of human settlement dates back to 7000 BC. Prior to the modern era, the island was inhabited by the ], who, had the villages, ] (]) and ] (]), regularly traveled back and forth to Catalina for trade. The ] had settlements all over the island, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay.<ref name="otte">{{cite web | last1= Otte |first1 = Stacey |last2 = Pedersen |first2 = Jeannine | year = 2004 | url = http://www.catalinamuseum.org/history.html | work = A Catalina Island History in Brief | publisher = Catalina Island Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203042637/http://www.catalinamuseum.org/history.html |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |title = Catalina Island History |access-date=March 17, 2013}}</ref> They were renowned for their mining, working and the trade of ] which was found in great quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in great demand and was traded along the California coast. The island was valued for its natural resources, but was also respected by the Tongva as an important "ceremonial center" with connections to the village of '']'', located in present-day ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-tongva-map/|title=Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past|last1=Greene|first1=Sean|last2=Curwen|first2=Thomas|date=May 9, 2019|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 19, 2019|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228031020/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-tongva-map/|url-status=live}}</ref>


]]]
Prior to the modern era the island was inhabited by people of the ] tribe, who also lived in the area of ], had villages near present day ] and ], and who regularly traveled back and forth to Catalina for trade. The Tongva called the island ''Pimu'' or ''Pimungna''.
During ], the first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer ], who sailed to the ] in the name of the ]. On October 7, 1542, he claimed the island for Spain and named it “''San Salvador”'' after his ship. Although his interactions with Catalina Island are not well-documented, his main achievement was in mapping and exploring the coastline, which helped lay the foundation for future European expeditions and settlements in California.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Patricia |last2=Rhein |first2=Bob |last3=Roberts |first3=Jerry |title=Catalina A to Z: A Glossary Guide to California's Island Jewel |year=2014 |publisher=] |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=978-1614239789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66Z2CQAAQBAJ&q=san+salvador |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002308/https://books.google.com/books?id=66Z2CQAAQBAJ&q=san+salvador |url-status=live }}</ref> Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, ], arrived at the island on the eve of ]'s day (November 24) of 1602. Vizcaino renamed the island in the saint's honor.<ref name=otte /> The colonization of California by the Spanish greatly contributed to the decline of the Pimugnans because of ] by the Spanish from Europe. By the 1830s, the island's entire native population had been forced to the mainland on the ] or to work as ranch hands for the many private land owners.<ref name=otte />


In the late 18th century, the ] ]s considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea due to the island's rugged terrain, small population size, and lack of fresh water. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, the Europeans were forbidden to trade with colonies. However, this policy was short lasted as the island lacked the ships to enforce this prohibition; also, much of the colonies wanted to trade with other European powers. During the period stretching from the late 18th to early 19th centuries, Russian hunters from the ], particularly the ], visited Catalina Island as part of their fur trading expeditions. They were primarily interested in harvesting sea otters for their valuable fur, which led to the decimation of the local sea otter population. The hunting by the Russian-American caused a profound ecological impact on the marine life around Catalina Island by depleting a keystone species.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
The first European to ever set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer ], sailing for Spain. This happened on ], ]. He claimed the island for Spain and christened it ''San Salvador''. Another Spanish explorer, ], rediscovered the island on the eve of ]'s day (]) in ]. He renamed it ''Santa Catalina''.


With its numerous hidden coves and relatively low population, the island has been considered a potentially attractive location for pirates and smugglers, much like other coastal areas. While there are historical indications that such activities may have occurred at various times, concrete documented accounts of piracy or significant smuggling operations on the island are limited.<ref name="otte" /> During the 1850s and 1860s, Catalina Island witnessed a minor gold rush, as part of the larger California Gold Rush of that era. Gold miners arrived on the island in search of valuable minerals. However, their scale and success was nothing to be compared to the more prosperous gold rush locations in California. The historical evidence regarding substantial gold deposits on the island remains inconclusive.<ref>Baker, Gayle. ''Catalina Island'', HarborTown Histories, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, p. 7, {{ISBN|0-9710984-0-9}} (print), {{ISBN|978-0-9879038-0-8}} (on-line)</ref>
] around 1910, before the construction of the Casino]]
During the following 300 years, the island served as home or base of operation for all sorts of visitors, from ]n ] hunters to Spanish smugglers to Chinese pirates. ] ]s tried to build a mission there, but failed due to the lack of fresh water on the island. The native population was mostly wiped out during ]. Catalina Island experienced a brief period of ] in ], but no gold was found, and ultimately those early mining attempts were abandoned. By the end of 19th century, the island was almost uninhabited except for a few ] herders. At that time, its location just 20 miles from ]&mdash;the city that had reached the population of 50,000 in ] and was undergoing the period of enormous growth&mdash;was a major factor that contributed to the development of the island into a vacation destination.


In 1846, ] Governor ] made a ] of the Island of Santa Catalina to Thomas M. Robbins, as Rancho Santa Catalina. Robbins established a small ranch on the island, but sold it in 1850 to ]. A claim was filed with the ] in 1853,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb109nb422&chunk.id=c01-1.3.6.4&brand=oac |title=United States. District Court (California : Southern District) Land Case 368 SD |publisher=Content.cdlib.org |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714042733/https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb109nb422&chunk.id=c01-1.3.6.4&brand=oac |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1867, the grant was officially ] to ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slc.ca.gov/Misc_Pages/Historical/Surveyors_General/reports/Willey_1884_1886.pdf |title=Surveyor General Report for 1884–1886 Willey|access-date=October 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320000647/http://www.slc.ca.gov/Misc_Pages/Historical/Surveyors_General/reports/Willey_1884_1886.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2013 }}</ref> Covarrubias, in turn, sold the island to Albert Packard of Santa Barbara in 1853. By 1864, the entirety of Catalina Island was under the ownership of ], whose estate maintained control over the island for the following approximately 25 years.<ref name="Williamson">{{cite journal| last = Williamson| first = M. Burton| title = History of Santa Catalina Island| journal = The Historical Society of Southern California| pages = 14–31| publisher = George Rice & Sons| location = Los Angeles| date = December 7, 1903| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qcE1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30| access-date = November 20, 2020| archive-date = September 15, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002309/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcE1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30| url-status = live}}</ref>
The sons of ] bought the island in ] from the estate of ] and established the Santa Catalina Island Company to develop it as a resort. Their efforts were set back on ], ] when a fire burned half of Avalon's buildings, including six hotels and several clubs. ] also hampered tourism, and the Banning brothers were forced to sell the island.


]
] bought Catalina Island in ] and devoted himself to preserving and promoting it. In ] he sold lots for building in the town of Avalon. The tourism industry was encouraged by the construction of a beautiful ] dance hall, called the ''Casino'', in ]. Its upstairs dance floor has a capacity of over 6,000 dancers, and sits above the glamourous ], which seats 1,150. While the theater shows movies almost exclusively, it has the capabilities to host theatrical productions as well. The Casino's name derives from a more traditional ] definition of ''casino'', meaning ''social gathering place''; the building has never served as a ] establishment.
]
By the end of the 19th century, the island was almost uninhabited except for a few cattle herders. The first owner to try to develop Avalon into a resort destination was ], a real estate speculator from ]. Shatto purchased the island for $200,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|0.2|1887|r=1}} million in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) from the Lick estate at the height of the real estate ] in ] in 1887.<ref name=Gelt>Jessica Gelt, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002313/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-07-tm-adayin01-story.html |date=September 15, 2022 }}, ''Los Angeles Times'', January 7, 2007</ref> Shatto created the settlement that would become ], and can be credited with building the town's first hotel, the original Hotel Metropole, and pier.<ref name=Gelt/> Despite Shatto's efforts, he defaulted on his loan after only a few years and the island went back to the Lick estate.<ref name=otte /> The sons of ] bought the island in 1891 from the estate of ]. The Banning brothers fulfilled Shatto's dream of making Avalon a resort community with the construction of numerous tourist facilities. On November 29, 1915, a fire burned half of Avalon's buildings, including six hotels and several clubs. In the face of huge debt related to the fire and the subsequent decline in tourism due to ], the Banning brothers were forced to sell the island in shares in 1919. On May 10, 1912 ] flew a homemade seaplane in to Avalon, setting ] for distance and time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-775 |title=californiahistoricallandmarks.com CHL No.775, Glenn L. Martin flight to Catalina Island |access-date=September 15, 2019 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202934/https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-775 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1917 the Meteor Company purchased the Chinese ] ''Ning Po'', the oldest pirate ship afloat, built in 1753, and towed her to the Isthmus of Catalina Island for use as a tourist attraction and restaurant, until destroyed there by fire in 1938.<ref>Grey, Zane. (2000) p. 152. ''Tales of Swordfish and Tuna.'' The Derrydale Press. Lanham and New York.</ref><ref>Islapedia, Ning po-October 9, 2022; On line</ref>


] as it appeared in 2007]]
From ] through ] pottery and tile were made on the island, and these items are now collectible. The ], also owned by Wrigley, used the island for the team's ] from ca. 1920-1950, absent the war years of 1942-45.
One of the main investors to purchase shares from the Bannings was ] magnate ] In 1919, Wrigley bought out nearly every share-holder until he owned controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company. Wrigley invested millions in needed infrastructure and attractions to the island, including the construction of the ] which opened on May 29, 1929.<ref name=otte /> Wrigley also sought to bring publicity to the island through events and spectacles. Starting in 1921, the ], also owned by Wrigley, used the island for the team's ]. The Cubs continued to use the island for spring training until 1951, except during the war years of 1942 to 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chicago Cubs spring training & clubhouse|url=http://www.ecatalina.com/history-catalina-cubs.html|publisher=eCatalina.com|access-date=March 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512153658/http://www.ecatalina.com/history-catalina-cubs.html|archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Following the death of Wrigley, Jr. in 1932, control of the Santa Catalina Island Company passed down to his son, ], who continued his father's work improving the infrastructure of the island.<ref name=otte />


During ], the island was closed to tourists and used for military training facilities.<ref name="CatalinaWWI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecatalina.com/article_ww2.cfm |title=Catalina Island Life During WWII, by Jeannine Pedersen, Curator of Collections, Catalina Island Museum |publisher=Ecatalina.com |access-date=October 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516233805/http://www.ecatalina.com/article_ww2.cfm |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}</ref> Catalina's steamships were expropriated for use as troop transports and a number of military camps were established. The U.S. Maritime Service set up a training facility in Avalon, the Coast Guard had training at Two Harbors, the ] maintained a radar station in the interior, the ] did training at Toyon Bay, and the Navy did underwater demolition training at Emerald Bay.<ref name=otte/><ref>{{cite web|title=About Emerald Bay|url=http://www.campemeraldbay.org/emerald-bay/about|publisher=Camp Emerald Bay|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=May 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528110342/http://www.campemeraldbay.org/emerald-bay/about|url-status=live}}</ref>
During ], the island was closed to tourists and used as a military training facility.


] ]]]
In 1972, the ], a group of Latino activists, Chicanos and Mexican residents ], invoking the ], which has no mention of the islands. On February 15, 1975, Philip Wrigley deeded {{convert|42,135|acres|0|abbr=off}} of the island from the Santa Catalina Island Company to the ] that he had helped to establish in 1972. This gave the Conservancy control of nearly 90 percent of the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=news&p=faqs|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=March 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310071843/http://catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=news&p=faqs|url-status=live}}</ref> The balance of the Santa Catalina Island Company that was not deeded to the Conservancy maintains control of much of its resort properties and operations on the island.<ref name=SCICo>{{cite web| title = About Us| publisher = Santa Catalina Island Company| url = http://www.visitcatalinaisland.com/island-company| access-date = August 29, 2009| archive-date = January 12, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140112053106/http://www.visitcatalinaisland.com/island-company| url-status = live}}</ref>
Catalina's airport, the ] (AVX), was completed in ]. The 3,250-foot (990-meter) runway sits on a mountaintop, 1,602 feet (488 meters) above sea level. Up until the time of the airport's construction, the only air service to the island was provided by ]s.


Actress ] drowned in the waters near the settlement of Two Harbors over the Thanksgiving holiday weekend in 1981 in what was ruled an accidental death.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saperstein|first=Pat|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/natalie-wood-death-robert-wagner-lapd-1202687677/|title=Natalie Wood Death: 'We're Closer to Understanding What Happened,' Say Investigators|work=Variety|date=February 5, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803075252/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/natalie-wood-death-robert-wagner-lapd-1202687677/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wood and her husband, ], were vacationing aboard their motor yacht, ''Splendour,'' along with their guest, ], and ''Splendour''{{'s}} captain, Dennis Davern. As a result of statements by Davern, and other factors, Wood's death certificate was altered to indicate the cause was "drowning and other undetermined factors"<ref name="GdianAP082212">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/22/natalie-wood-death-certificate-changed|title=Natalie Wood's death certificate changed to reflect new uncertainty|work=The Guardian|agency=Associated Press|date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 3, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803085132/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/22/natalie-wood-death-certificate-changed|url-status=live}}</ref>
In ], ] deeded the Wrigley shares in the Santa Catalina Island Company to the Catalina Island Conservancy that he had helped create. The Conservancy now stewards 88 percent of the island. The mission of the Catalina Island Conservancy is to be a responsible steward of its lands through a balance of conservation, education and recreation.


In May 2007, the ] was a large wildfire in the island. Largely due to the assistance of 200 Los Angeles County fire fighters transported by U.S. Marine Corps helicopters and U.S. Navy hovercraft, only a few structures were destroyed, though {{convert|4,750|acres|0|abbr=off}} of wildland were burned.<ref name=Sahagun>Sahagun, L. and S. Quinones. 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002314/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-may-11-me-catalina11-story.html |date=September 15, 2022 }}. ''].'' May 11.</ref> In May 2011, another wildfire started near the Isthmus Yacht Club and was fought by 120 firefighters transported by barge from Los Angeles. It was extinguished the next day after burning {{convert|117|acres|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/05/firefighters-contain-catalina-brush-fire.html|title=Firefighters contain Catalina brush fire|last=Lopez|first=Robert|date=May 3, 2011|work=]|access-date=May 4, 2011|archive-date=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508014217/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/05/firefighters-contain-catalina-brush-fire.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/05/catalina-fire-threatens-yacht-club-100-firefighter-sent-to-island-by-barge.html|title=Catalina fire threatens yacht club; 100 firefighters sent to island by barge|last=Blankstein|first=Andrew|date=May 2, 2011|work=]|access-date=May 4, 2011|archive-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505081211/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/05/catalina-fire-threatens-yacht-club-100-firefighter-sent-to-island-by-barge.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Known shipwrecks in the waters off the island include the '']'' ({{coor d|33.462770|N|118.491925|W}}), which was sunk July 30, 1990 near Ship Rock.
<br clear="all">


==Geology== ==Geology==
]
According to ], "Catalina...is a geographic anomaly. Unlike California's other seven Channel Islands, it didn't break away from the mainland, but was formed by the upward heave of tectonic plates."<ref>Reynolds, Gretchen, "Catalina Cool," ''Sunset'', Sept. 2006, pp. 32-38.</ref>
Catalina Island is a part of the Channel Islands of California, which are a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California. These islands are often referred to as the Channel Islands archipelago. They are not part of the mainland but are remnants of an ancient mountain range. Catalina is primarily composed of two distinct rock units: ] from the Early ] (95 to 109 million years ago), and ] ] and intrusive ]s. The geological makeup of Catalina Island is primarily igneous and metamorphic rock. The island is composed of a variety of rock types, including basalt, schist, granite, and limestone. These rocks originated from volcanic eruptions, magma intrusions, and sedimentary deposits over millions of years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The island is rich in ], to the extent that some beaches on the seaward side have silvery-grey sand.<ref name="Rowland">{{cite journal |last=Rowland |first=Stephan M. |title=Geology of Santa Catalina Island |journal=California Geology |date=1984 |url=http://www.grossmont.edu/garyjacobson/Geology%20164/Catalina/CatalinaGeology.pdf |access-date=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029180944/http://www.grossmont.edu/garyjacobson/Geology%20164/Catalina/CatalinaGeology.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}</ref> These deposits provide insights into the island's history, as they contain fossils of ancient marine life. The island is situated along the boundary of two tectonic plates: the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. This boundary is marked by the San Andreas Fault and the East Pacific Rise. The islands in this region have been shaped by tectonic uplift and volcanic activity. This means that the Santa Catalina Island land-mass was never directly connected to mainland California. Other geologic factors that contributed to the island topography include further geologic uplift and subsidence, tectonic plate movement, sedimentation, metamorphic activity, weathering, and erosion. The island's landscape is characterized by rugged terrain, including steep cliffs, canyons, and rolling hills. There are also geologic features such as sea caves and marine terraces along the coastline.<ref name="Catalina Island Conservancy">{{cite web|title=Catalina Ecology|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_ecology|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=March 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310082654/http://catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_ecology|url-status=live}}</ref>

Catalina Island has been a site of interest for geologists and researchers studying island geology, as well as the processes of island formation, uplift, and erosion. The island's geology has also contributed to the understanding of tectonic plate interactions in the region. One of the most notable geological features on Catalina Island is the "''Catalina Schist.''" This metamorphic rock is unique to the island and has been studied for its geologic significance. It is believed to be one of the oldest rocks on the island. The geology of Catalina Island is also important for conservation efforts. The Catalina Island Conservancy plays a role in protecting and managing the island's natural resources, including its geological formations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millspaugh, Nuttall |first=Charles, Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4sLAQAAIAAJ&dq=santa+catalina+island&pg=PA6 |title=The Geology of Santa Catalina Island. Publisher. |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |year=1923 |edition=5th}}</ref>

===Climate===
Santa Catalina Island has a ] (] ''Csb'') with very mild winters. The ] maintains cooperative weather records at the Santa Catalina airport. The average January temperatures are a maximum of {{convert|58.4|°F}} and a minimum of {{convert|47.6|°F}}. Average July temperatures are a maximum of {{convert|78.1|°F}} and a minimum of {{convert|60.0|°F}}. There are an average of 12.5 days with highs of {{convert|90|°F}} or higher and an average of 0.3 days with lows of {{convert|32|°F}} or lower. The record high temperature was {{convert|105|°F}} on July 6, 2018, and the record low temperature was {{convert|29|°F}} on January 11, 1949. Coastal high fog is common during summer, but usually burns off by the afternoon.

Average annual precipitation at the airport is {{convert|13.73|in|cm}}; the highest mountain peaks get up to {{convert|17|in|cm}} per year. There are an average of 45 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1952 with {{convert|21.74|in|cm}} and the driest year was 1964 with {{convert|5.53|in|cm}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|7.81|in|cm}} in January 1952. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|2.95|in|cm}} on December 5, 1966. Snowfall is a rarity on the island, averaging only {{convert|0.4|in|cm}} a year at the airport, but {{convert|4.0|in|cm}} fell in 1949, including {{convert|3.0|in|cm}} in January.<ref name=climate>{{cite web | author=WRCC | title=Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather | url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7910 | publisher=Desert Research Institute | access-date=September 27, 2015 | archive-date=October 29, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192644/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7910 | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Santa Catalina WB Airport, California (1981–2010, extremes 1948–present)
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 85
|Feb record high F = 87
|Mar record high F = 90
|Apr record high F = 92
|May record high F = 96
|Jun record high F = 101
|Jul record high F = 100
|Aug record high F = 103
|Sep record high F = 104
|Oct record high F = 98
|Nov record high F = 89
|Dec record high F = 81
|year record high F = 104
|Jan high F = 60.4
|Feb high F = 60.2
|Mar high F = 61.2
|Apr high F = 62.5
|May high F = 65.6
|Jun high F = 69.1
|Jul high F = 75.4
|Aug high F = 77.6
|Sep high F = 75.4
|Oct high F = 71.7
|Nov high F = 64.8
|Dec high F = 59.3
|year high F = 67.0
|Jan mean F = 55.0
|Feb mean F = 54.2
|Mar mean F = 54.9
|Apr mean F = 55.7
|May mean F = 58.9
|Jun mean F = 61.7
|Jul mean F = 67.4
|Aug mean F = 69.7
|Sep mean F = 68.5
|Oct mean F = 64.7
|Nov mean F = 58.9
|Dec mean F = 53.9
|year mean F = 60.3
|Jan low F = 49.5
|Feb low F = 48.2
|Mar low F = 48.5
|Apr low F = 48.9
|May low F = 52.1
|Jun low F = 54.3
|Jul low F = 59.5
|Aug low F = 61.7
|Sep low F = 61.5
|Oct low F = 57.7
|Nov low F = 53.0
|Dec low F = 48.6
|year low F = 53.7
|Jan record low F = 29
|Feb record low F = 32
|Mar record low F = 36
|Apr record low F = 39
|May record low F = 43
|Jun record low F = 45
|Jul record low F = 49
|Aug record low F = 50
|Sep record low F = 48
|Oct record low F = 41
|Nov record low F = 37
|Dec record low F = 34
|year record low F = 29
|precipitation color = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.83
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.06
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.05
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.71
|May precipitation inch = 0.21
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.22
|Jul precipitation inch = 0.06
|Aug precipitation inch = 0.05
|Sep precipitation inch = 0.21
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.64
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.23
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.46
|year precipitation inch=
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NCDC>{{cite web
| url = http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lox
| title = NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = ]
| access-date = September 27, 2015
| archive-date = July 11, 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032124/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lox
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=NOAAtxt>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00023191.normals.txt
| title = CA Avalon Catalina AP
| publisher = ]
| access-date = September 27, 2015
| archive-date = September 15, 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002320/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00023191.normals.txt
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=November 2012
}}

=== El Niño ===
El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. Conducted in the vicinity of Santa Catalina Island, a well-established research project was derived to investigate how El Niño events influence the local hydrography and the growth dynamics of giant kelp populations in the area. Data collection involved the measurement of sea surface temperatures, kelp biomass, and other pertinent environmental variables during both El Niño events and non-El Niño periods.<ref name="Robertson-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson, Zimmerman |first=Deborah, Richard |date=1985 |title=ffects of El Niño on local hydrography and growth of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, at Santa Catalina Island, California1 |url=https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.1985.30.6.1298 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography|volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=1298–1302 |doi=10.4319/lo.1985.30.6.1298 |bibcode=1985LimOc..30.1298Z }}</ref> It was concluded that this temperature rise has had diverse effects on the local hydrography, including shifts in water circulation patterns, heightened nutrient availability, and alterations in light penetration.<ref name="Robertson-1985" />

''Macrocystis pyrifera'', a species of giant kelp, is a pivotal component of the underwater ecosystem of Catalina Island. The study discerned both positive and negative effects of El Niño events on giant kelp The ''Positive Effects'' were that El Niño caused an increase in nutrient levels, resulting from shifts in ocean currents, which, in turn, benefited kelp growth in certain areas. The ''Negative Effects'' were the warm waters accompanying El Niño which can have detrimental consequences for kelp as the warm water disrupts the normal nutrient-rich upweling, a process vital for kelp growth.<ref name="Robertson-1985" />


==Wildlife== ==Wildlife==
Since Catalina Island was never connected to mainland California, it originally lacked any terrestrial life. Any plants or animals that arrived on the island had to make their way across miles of open ocean. The original species to come to the island arrived by chance by blowing over on the wind, drifting or swimming over the ocean, or flown over by wing. Starting with the Native Americans, animals and plants have also been introduced by humans, both intentionally and accidentally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalina Ecology|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_ecology|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 10, 2013|archive-date=March 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310082654/http://catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_ecology|url-status=live}}</ref>
]

Catalina is home to at least fifty ] species and subspecies that occur naturally on the island and nowhere else in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Endemic Species|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=endemic_species|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 10, 2013|archive-date=February 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228120453/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=endemic_species|url-status=live}}</ref> This limited distribution of a species may result from the extinction of the original population on the mainland combined with its continued survival on the island where there may be fewer threats to its continued existence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare and Endangered Plants|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=rare_and_endangered_plants|access-date=March 10, 2013|archive-date=February 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228120548/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=rare_and_endangered_plants|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Flora=== ===Flora===
], one of the island's endemic plants]]
About 400 species of native plants grow on the island, six of which are endemic and can be found only on Catalina Island. These plants are: Catalina manzanita (''Arctostaphylos catalinae''); Catalina mahogany (''Cercocarpus traskiae''); Catalina dudleya (''Dudleya hassei''); St. Catherine’s lace (''Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum''); Santa Catalina bedstraw (''Galium catalinense ssp. catalinense''); Santa Catalina Island ironwood (''Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. floribundus'')
These plants may be seen at the Island's ].


The most common native plant communities of Catalina Island are ], ], island oak-ironwood woodland, and grassland. These ecosystems are integral to the island's biodiversity and have adapted to its Mediterranean climate and conditions.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
===Fauna===
In the waters surrounding the island, there are also lots of fish like ], ], ] and many more.


Catalina Island is home to approximately 400 species of native plants, each playing a vital role in the island's ecosystem. Among these species, six are considered endemic, meaning they are found only on Catalina Island and nowhere else in the world.<ref>Lili Singer, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209021806/http://www.latimes.com/features/printedition/home/la-hm-catalinaside10aug10,1,587879.story |date=December 9, 2008 }}, ''Los Angeles Times'', August 10, 2006.</ref> These endemics include the ] (''Arctostaphylos catalinae''); ] (''Cercocarpus traskiae''); ] (''Dudleya hassei''); ] (''Eriogonum giganteum'' var. ''giganteum''); ] (''Galium catalinense'' ssp. ''catalinense''); and ] (''Lyonothamnus floribundus'' ssp. ''floribundus''). Additionally, there's a disjunctive population of ] var. macrocarpa that is unique to Santa Catalina Island.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, (2008) ''Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)'', GlobalTwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg {{cite web|url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid%3D84109%26lang%3Dus |title=Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) |website=GlobalTwitcher.com |access-date=August 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719220426/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=84109&lang=us |archive-date=July 19, 2009 }}</ref> The ] on the island provide an opportunity for visitors to appreciate and learn about these endemic and native plant species. The gardens emphasize the importance of preserving and showcasing the island's exceptional flora.<ref name="lat03">{{citation|title=A Catalina Oasis Offers the Mortal and the Vital: Rare plant life is nurtured alongside a memorial to the head of the Wrigley empire|newspaper=]|date=June 14, 2003|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jun-14-me-outthere14-story.html|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025050741/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/14/local/me-outthere14}}</ref>
The Island is home to the ], an endangered ] species. In 1999 all but 100 out of 1,300 fox on Catalina Island were wiped out due to a virulent strain of ]. Following a successful recovery program which included captive breeding, distemper vaccinations and population monitoring, the Catalina fox community has been restored to more than 400 individuals&mdash;a number deemed by the Conservancy scientists to be a self-sufficient population. However, mysterious, usually fatal ear tumors continue to plague the Catalina fox. Three Catalina Island Conservancy wildlife biologists continue to monitor the population through pit tagging, trapping and inspection.


In addition to native and endemic species, Catalina Island has been impacted by introduced species, which were introduced by human activities. Some of these introduced species, like eucalyptus trees, have become common on the island and can sometimes outcompete native flora. Conservation efforts, led by organizations such as the Catalina Island Conservancy, aim to manage and control invasive species to protect the native ecosystem. Catalina Island has also been a focal point for botanical research, attracting botanists and researchers who study the island's unique plant species. These studies contribute to our understanding of plant adaptation, island ecology, and conservation.<ref name="Thorne-1967">{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Robert |date=1967 |title=A Flora of Santa Catalina Island, California. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. |url=https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1752&context=aliso}}</ref>
A herd of ] roam, supposedly first imported in ] for the ] version of ]'s ] "The Vanishing American." Over the decades, the bison herd grew to as many as 600 individuals. Bison were routinely removed and sent to the mainland to auction. Recently however, another solution was implemented. The Conservancy initiated a scientific study that determined that a herd of between 150 and 200 would be good for the bison, and ecologically sound for the Island. In 2004, the Conservancy partnered with the ] of Mission Indians, the ] (thought to be Catalina's original inhabitants some 4,000 years ago), and the ] tribe on the ] in ]. A hundred bison were relocated "home" to the Great Plains. The Conservancy plans to pursue a similar plan when the bison population exceeds 200 individuals. Although the bison are not native to the Island, they comprise an important role in the cultural fabric of Catalina. Therefore the Conservancy has no plans to remove all the animals from the Island.


==Tourism and attractions== === Fauna ===
]]]
About a million tourists visit the island every year; Catalina is serviced by ] and the "Airport in the Sky." Ferries depart from ] in ] and ], while they depart from ] in ], ], and ]. The trip takes approximately an hour and costs $40-60 round trip. Helicopter service is also available from Long Beach or San Pedro.
The island is home to five native land mammals: the ], the ''Spermophilus beecheyi nesioticus'' subspecies of ], the ] (''Reithrodontomys megalotis catalinae''), the ] (''Peromyscus maniculatus catalinae''), and the ] (''Sorex ornatus''). Only one ornate shrew was ever found, from a now-developed spring area above Avalon. Shrews are difficult to capture and may survive in wetter areas of the island.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schoenherr | first = Allan | author2 = C. Robert Feldmeth | author3 = Michael J. Emerson | title = ] | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2003 | page = | isbn = 0-520-21197-9 }}</ref>


]
Most of the island is controlled by the ], a private nonprofit organization. The mission of the Catalina Island Conservancy is to be a responsible steward of its lands through a balance of conservation, education and recreation. Through its ongoing efforts, the Conservancy protects the magnificent natural and cultural heritage of Santa Catalina Island, stewarding approximately 42,000 acres of land (88 percent of the island), 50 miles of rugged shoreline, an airport, and more than 200 miles of roads.


The ] ] is a notable insect on the island. The ] (''Crotalus oreganus helleri'') is also present on the island. This species should not be confused for the ], found on Santa Catalina Island, Mexico.<ref name=animals>{{cite web|title=Animal Species|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=animal_species|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=February 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228095423/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=animal_species|url-status=live}}</ref>
Under an agreement with ], the Conservancy has granted an ] to allow day hiking and mountain biking, but visitors must first obtain a permit at the Conservancy's office (on which they declare the parts of the island they intend to visit). Hiking permits are free, whereas bicycle permits are available for a fee (], $60 per person annual, $20 per person good for 2 consecutive days, helmets and mountain bikes with knobby tires required).
]
The use of ]s on the island is restricted; there is limit on the number of registered ]s, which translates into a 10-year-long wait list to bring a car to the island. Most residents move around via ]. Tourists can hire a taxi from Catalina Transportation Services. ]s are also a popular mode of transportation. There are a number of bicycle and golf cart rental agencies on the island. Only the city of Avalon is open to the public without restrictions.


The ] consists of American ] maintained and monitored by the Catalina Island Conservancy. In the 1920s to 1930s, several bison were brought onto Catalina Island for a movie.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Watson|first=Jim|title=Mysterious Island: Buffalo riddle solved?|url=https://thecatalinaislander.com/mysterious-island-buffalo-riddle-solved/amp/|url-status=live|access-date=November 12, 2021|work=The Catalina Islander|archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112205313/https://thecatalinaislander.com/mysterious-island-buffalo-riddle-solved/amp/}}</ref> The bison are popular with the tourists and buildings have painted images of bison and bison weather vanes. Over the decades, the bison herd grew to as many as 600. The population numbered approximately 150 in 2009. Then, as of 2025, due to birth control programs the herd is no longer reproducing, and in about 20 to 40 years, the american bison will dissapear from catalina island forever.<ref name="latimesbisonpill">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-catalina-bison20-2009nov20,0,1351086.story|title=Catalina bison going on birth control |first=Louis |last=Sahagun |date=November 20, 2009 |work=] |access-date=November 20, 2009|archive-date=November 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123071454/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-catalina-bison20-2009nov20,0,1351086.story|url-status=live}}</ref>
The only major road into the backcountry is Stage Road.


Other non-native animals currently living on the island include the ], ], ], ], ], and a herd of 12 ] from India that currently live at the lower end of the cottonwood canyon near the island's airport. Mule deer were introduced to the island in the 1920s and 30s, and currently have a population density roughly 10 times that of California generally.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thecatalinaislander.com/conservancy-is-counting-catalinas-mule-deer/|title=Conservancy is counting Catalina's mule deer |work= The Catalina Islander|date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922222331/https://thecatalinaislander.com/conservancy-is-counting-catalinas-mule-deer/|url-status=live}}</ref> The island was also previously home to populations of cattle, ], ], and sheep, but these animals are no longer present.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-native animals|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=non_native_animals|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=February 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228095436/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=non_native_animals|url-status=live}}</ref>
]s tour the ]s and ]s of the area, and ] and ] are popular in the clear water. The area is famous for the schools of ] and the bright orange ] which teem in local waters. Bus tours are given of the interior.


According to the Catalina Island Conservancy, there are 37 resident bird species on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_resident_bird_list|title=Catalina Island Conservancy |work=catalinaconservancy.org |access-date=October 14, 2015 |archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819220405/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=catalina_resident_bird_list|url-status=live}}</ref> Considerably more marine, pelagic, and migrating birds frequent the island, and 127 species have been reported to the Cornell University eBird database from 10 different eBird hotspots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/hotspots|title=Explore Hotspots - eBird|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=August 28, 2019|archive-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913184138/https://ebird.org/hotspots|url-status=live}}</ref> There are several live camera feeds showing bald eagle nests on the island; nests are active February–July.
While tourists rarely have an opportunity to surf, two beaches on the "backside" of Catalina offer good waves: Shark Harbor and Ben Weston Beach.


In the waters surrounding the island, there are schools of fish like ], ], ]s, ], ], ]s, ], and many more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avalon Underwater Park & Kelp Forest Creatures|url=http://frankosmaps.com/avalon-underwater-park-kelp-forest-creatures|publisher=Franko's Maps|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=March 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327224124/http://frankosmaps.com/avalon-underwater-park-kelp-forest-creatures|url-status=live}}</ref> ]s are also occasionally found or caught off the coast of Catalina, though usually around seal rookeries and not around inhabited areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Great white shark caught off Catalina|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UJ1eAAAAIBAJ&dq=great%20white%20shark%20catalina%20island&pg=1415%2C2953480 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |newspaper=St. Joseph News-Press |date=April 17, 1980|agency=Associated Press|location=San Pedro, CA |page=2A |archive-date=September 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002316/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UJ1eAAAAIBAJ&dq=great%20white%20shark%20catalina%20island&pg=1415%2C2953480|url-status=live}}</ref>
] is the second, and much smaller, resort village on the island. Located at the ] of the island, north of Avalon, it is the primary landing spot for those who wish to tour the western half of the island. It is accessible by boat from ] and by bus or boat from Avalon.
Common marine mammals around Catalina include ]s and ]s.<ref name=animals />


The ], a type of hybrid parrot, was first bred at ] in 1940 and is named after Santa Catalina Island.<ref name="lindholm">{{cite web |last1=Lindholm III |first1=Joseph H. |title=An Historical Review of Parrots Bred in Zoos in the USA |url=http://www.avisoc.co.uk/articles/V105N4%20AN%20HISTORICAL%20REVIEW%20OF%20PARROTS%20BRED%20IN%20ZOOS%20%20IN%20THE%20USA.htm |publisher=The Avicultural Society |access-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024220453/http://www.avisoc.co.uk/articles/V105N4%20AN%20HISTORICAL%20REVIEW%20OF%20PARROTS%20BRED%20IN%20ZOOS%20%20IN%20THE%20USA.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
], host of the ], holds the Catalina Island Jazztrax Festival there each year.


==Camps== ===Conservation ===
Most of the island is managed by the ], a private nonprofit organization. The mission of the Catalina Island Conservancy is to be a steward of its lands through a balance of conservation, education and recreation. The Conservancy protects the natural and cultural heritage of Santa Catalina Island, stewarding approximately {{convert|42000|acre|km2}} of land (88 percent of the island), {{convert|50|mi|0|abbr=on}} of shoreline, an airport, and more than {{convert|200|mi|-1|abbr=on}} of roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Conservancy|url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=about&p=about_cic|publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy|access-date=March 10, 2013|archive-date=March 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310082638/http://catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=about&p=about_cic|url-status=live}}</ref>
Two ] councils in ] have camps north of Two Harbors: ], operated by the '''San Gabriel Valley Council''', located two coves north of Two Harbors at Cherry Cove; and ], operated by the '''Western Los Angeles County Council''', further up the coast.
] (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) sitting on trail]]
One of the Conservancy's key goals is the conservation of the island fox, an endangered endemic species. In 1999, all but 100 out of 1,300 foxes on Catalina Island were wiped out because of a virulent strain of ]. Following a successful recovery program which included captive breeding, distemper vaccinations and population monitoring, the Catalina fox community has been restored to more than 1570 in 2018.<ref>Rich Zanelli and Frank Starkey, , ''Los Angeles Times'', December 26, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/userfiles/files/2018%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Individual%20pgs.pdf |title=2018 Annual Report |website=] |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611005121/https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/userfiles/files/2018%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Individual%20pgs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, mysterious, usually fatal ear tumors continue to plague the Catalina fox. Three Catalina Island Conservancy wildlife biologists continue to monitor the population through pit tagging, trapping and inspection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recovery of the Catalina Island Fox |url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=recovery_of_the_catalina_island_fox |publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy |access-date=March 16, 2013 |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923105633/http://catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=recovery_of_the_catalina_island_fox |url-status=live }}</ref> The conservancy group vaccinates around 300 foxes every year and monitors 50 unvaccinated foxes via radio collar to watch for signs of new disease outbreaks.<ref name="NWF 2019">{{Cite web|title=The Little Fox that Could|url=https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2019/June-July/Conservation/Island-Fox|access-date=November 14, 2021|website=National Wildlife Federation|language=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106125803/https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2019/June-July/Conservation/Island-Fox|url-status=live}}</ref> The current leading cause of death among Island Foxes is road strikes; to combat this, the Conservancy installed new signage about Island Foxes. The Conservancy also introduced wild-life proof trash cans to protect foxes from human garbage, informs boaters about the possibility and danger of wildlife stowaways, and asks dog owners to keep their animals leashed.{{r|NWF 2019}}


The Institute for Wildlife Studies, a separate conservation organization, has worked to restore ]s to the island on Conservancy land since the late 1970s. Bald eagles had been common on the island until the 1960s, when it is believed that the effects of ] off the coast of Southern California made it impossible for eagles to successfully hatch their young. The reintroduction of the bald eagle to the island may also edge out an invasive ] population that threatens the native island fox.<ref>{{cite web |title=Birds Overview |url=http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=birds_overview |publisher=Catalina Island Conservancy |access-date=March 16, 2013 |archive-date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313042345/http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=birds_overview |url-status=live }}</ref>
The island contains a ] summer camp named Camp Fox, operated by YMCA of Glendale, which holds several summer coed youth camps, a summer girl's camp, as well as a Christian leadership conference in spring. There is also ], a camp operated by ], located at Gallagher's Cove.
{{Further|Arrow Point to Lion Head Point State Marine Conservation Area}}
{{Further|Cat Harbor State Marine Conservation Area}}


=== Grazing and fire management ===
There is also a co-ed camp at Howlands Landing named Catalina Island Camps which has been there since the 1920's.
Grazing practices on Santa Catalina Island have a historical legacy dating back to the late 19th century when ranching operations were established. During this period, livestock, primarily sheep and cattle, were introduced to the island, marking the beginning of a substantial human impact on its ecology.<ref name="Rowland" />


The introduction of herbivores for grazing had significant ecological consequences for the island. Overgrazing by these introduced animals led to the removal of native vegetation and substantially altered the composition of plant communities. As a result, this overgrazing caused notable changes in the island's ecosystem dynamics, influencing both its flora and fauna.<ref name="Thorne-1967" />
Guided Discoveries also runs several camps on Catalina Island providing hands on opportunities to learn marine science and environmental studies to school groups and community groups during school year and summer sea camps during the summer.

]
The ecological effects of grazing practices raised legitimate concerns about habitat degradation and the decline of native plant species on Santa Catalina Island. Conservationists and environmentalists responded by considering management strategies to address the negative impacts of grazing and to protect the island's unique flora. This prompted the implementation of conservation efforts to manage and mitigate the ecological consequences of livestock grazing, with the goal of preserving the island's natural heritage.<ref name="Minnich-1982">{{Cite web |last=Minnich |first=R. A |date=1982 |title=Grazing, Fire, and the Management of Vegetation on Santa Catalina Island, California. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58. |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr058/psw_gtr058_6a_minnich.pdf}}</ref>

Fire is an intrinsic element of the Mediterranean climate in Southern California, and it has played a crucial role in shaping the region's ecosystems over time. Historically, fires occurred infrequently but were a natural part of the landscape. Native plant species have adapted to these fire cycles, and their life histories often depend on periodic burning for regeneration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority offers a comprehensive history of the island |url=https://www.lovecatalina.com/island-info/about-catalina-island/history/}}</ref>

In the 20th century, a shift occurred towards extensive fire suppression efforts. These efforts, while well-intentioned to safeguard property and human life, resulted in the accumulation of vegetation, leading to an increased risk of catastrophic wildfires. The suppression of fire disrupted the natural fire regimes that had shaped the region for millennia and had unintended ecological consequences, including changes in plant composition and fuel load.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Contemporary fire management on the island strives to strike a balance between the ecological role of fire and the necessity of protecting human structures and lives. This involves a more nuanced approach that recognizes the importance of fire in maintaining healthy ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalina Island Conservancy |url=https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/}}</ref> Controlled burns, also known as prescribed fires, are one technique employed to reduce the risk of severe wildfires. These managed fires are intentionally set under controlled conditions to reduce excess vegetation and restore natural fire regimes. Other strategies, such as fuel reduction efforts and public education, are also integral to fire management on Santa Catalina Island. The goal is to protect both human communities and the island's ecological integrity while respecting the historical role of fire in shaping its landscapes.<ref name="Minnich-1982" />

==Tourism==
]
]
Over one million people travel to Catalina Island every year,<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Passenger Counts|url=https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/catalinaislandccvb/50f8509707cf4b15b84edde625e8456d_575854ce-a356-4dc6-9aee-bcb0716e4b8a.pdf|publisher=Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority|access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-date=September 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922220939/https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/catalinaislandccvb/50f8509707cf4b15b84edde625e8456d_575854ce-a356-4dc6-9aee-bcb0716e4b8a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> accounting for $166.7 million in annual direct spending on the Island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary Economic & Fiscal Impacts of 2016 Catalina Island Visitors|url=https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/catalinaislandccvb/CI_Visitors_2016_Econ_Impact_Summary_1_df44b9d4-f091-43ec-a0c5-2e50f9503d95.pdf|publisher=Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority|access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-date=September 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922221429/https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/catalinaislandccvb/CI_Visitors_2016_Econ_Impact_Summary_1_df44b9d4-f091-43ec-a0c5-2e50f9503d95.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Avalon is the island's largest population center and offers ] tours of the ]s and ]s of the area, and ] and ] are popular in the clear water. Lover's Cove, to the east of Avalon, and Descanso Beach, to the west of the Casino, are popular places to dive. At Casino Point is the Avalon Underwater Dive Park, which was the first non-profit underwater park in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.catalinasnorkelscuba.com/underwater-dive-park.php|title= Avalon Underwater Dive Park|access-date= June 3, 2013|archive-date= September 6, 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130906183213/http://www.catalinasnorkelscuba.com/underwater-dive-park.php|url-status= live}}</ref> The area ] and the bright orange ] are attractions.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} ] is also offered. Jeep and bus tours are given of the interior, which is a conservation area managed by the Catalina Island Conservancy. The Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority operates the official island visitor center on the Green Pleasure Pier and provides visitor services<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lovecatalina.com/|title=The Official Catalina Island Website|work=lovecatalina.com|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=February 6, 2004|archive-url=https://www.lovecatalina.com/members/about-love-catalina/|url-status=live}}</ref> assists tourists with any information on how to get to Catalina Island.]
], the smaller of the island's two population centers, in 2015|left]]

] is the second, and much smaller, resort village on the island.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bellini|first=Luciana|date=December 10, 2018|title=The idyllic Californian island you might confuse with the Med|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/california/articles/santa-catalina-california-island/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/california/articles/santa-catalina-california-island/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=July 12, 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Located at the ] of the island, northwest of Avalon, it is the primary landing spot for those who wish to tour the western half of the island. It is accessible by boat from ] and by bus or boat from Avalon. While tourists rarely have an opportunity to ], two beaches on the back side of Catalina offer good waves: Shark Harbor and Ben Weston Beach. There are also two camps, Catalina Island Camps and Camp Emerald Bay, on the northeastern end of the island that offer summer camps for children and Boy Scouts.

The Catalina Island Museum, formerly located in the historic ] but since 2016 in a standalone building,<ref name="bensoua">{{cite news|last1=Bensoua|first1=Joe|title=Island of Space|newspaper=]|date=June 19, 2016|page=Travel 4}}</ref> is also an attraction as it is the keeper of the island's cultural heritage with collections numbering over 100,000 items and including over 8,000 years of Native American history, over 10,000 photographs and images, a large collection of Catalina-made ] and ]s, ship models, and much more. The museum features dynamic exhibits on this history, an art gallery, special exhibitions traveling from around the world, and a unique Museum Store. Programs include First Fridays at the Museum, an annual tour of the historic ], a Holiday Symphony Concert, book signings, gallery talks, an annual ] benefit and more. From 1927 until 1937, pottery and tiles were made on the island at the ], and these items are now highly sought-after collectibles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalinacollectors.org/blog/articles/carole_coates.html |title='Setting the Scene', excerpt from ''Catalina Island Pottery & Tile: Island Treasures'' |author=Carole Coates |publisher=Catalinacollectors.org |date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142133/http://catalinacollectors.org/blog/articles/carole_coates.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{Panorama
|image = File:Santa Catalina Island California Panorama.jpg
|height = 230
|alt =
|caption = Catalina panorama, taken from a sail boat; Avalon is to the far left, Two Harbors to the mid-right.
}}


==Education== ==Education==
]Children in Avalon attend schools in the ]. There were two schools on Catalina Island. Two Harbors was served by a ] house, but it closed down in 2014; students must now travel to Avalon for all grades K–12.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Harbors School|url=http://www.lbschools.net/Schools/school_finder_results.cfm?schoolID=106|publisher=Long Beach Unified School District|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=January 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123120607/http://lbschools.net/Schools/school_finder_results.cfm?schoolID=106|url-status=live}}</ref> Avalon schools are housed on one main campus that includes Avalon Elementary School, Avalon Middle School and Avalon High School.<ref>{{cite web | title = Avalon Schools Home Page | publisher = Avalon Schools | year = 2009 | url = http://lbavalon.schoolloop.com/ | access-date = September 4, 2009 | archive-date = August 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090825183949/http://lbavalon.schoolloop.com/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Thousands of school-age youths travel from the ] to study at the ] every year.<ref>{{citation |newspaper=] |title=Rites of Passage Signal End of Fifth Grade |date=April 9, 1995 |first=Fred |last=Alvarez |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-09-me-52551-story.html |access-date=March 17, 2013 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105090242/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-09/local/me-52551_1_lincoln-school-students }}</ref>

There is also a branch of the ] system in downtown Avalon, adjacent to the Sheriff's office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avalon Library|url=http://www.colapublib.org/libs/avalon/index.php|publisher=County of Los Angeles Public Library|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110062944/http://www.colapublib.org/libs/avalon/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The USC Wrigley Marine Science Center houses research and teaching facilities at Big Fisherman's Cove, near Two Harbors, for the ]. Maintained by the ] and named for ], it consists of a {{convert|30000|sqft|m2|-3|adj=on}} laboratory building, dormitory housing, cafeteria, a ],<ref name=divingHBO>{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=R.J. |title=Initial analysis of diving accidents treated at the Catalina Hyperbaric Chamber (1985–1988). |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=M.A. |journal=Advances in Underwater Science...88. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Eighth Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. |publisher=] |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9462 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128170633/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/9462 }}</ref> and a large waterfront staging area complete with dock, pier, helipad, and diving lockers. The facility was expanded with a donation from the ] family in 1995.<ref name=WrigleyName>{{cite web |author=<!-- not specified --> |title=Santa Catalina Island – General Information FAQ 5. What is the Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies? |publisher=County of Los Angeles Public Library |url=http://www.colapublib.org/history/catalina/faq.html#t3q5 |access-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321093155/http://www.colapublib.org/history/catalina/faq.html#t3q5 |archive-date=March 21, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute is open for public visits as part of its "Saturdays at the Lab"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dornsife.usc.edu/wrigley/saturdays/|title=USC Wrigley Institute {{!}} Saturdays at the Lab|website=dornsife.usc.edu|language=en|access-date=December 14, 2018|archive-date=December 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073803/https://dornsife.usc.edu/wrigley/saturdays/|url-status=live}}</ref> program.

==Sports==

Catalina is the starting point for the Catalina Channel swim, the second jewel in the ], along with the ], and ]. In 1927, a 17-year-old Canadian swimmer, ], became the first person to complete a crossing from Catalina Island to the mainland of California in a time of 15:44.30. Since then, over 500 men and women have completed the 20.1 mile swim from Doctor's Cove on Catalina to the mainland near Point Vicente Lighthouse and Rancho Palos Verdes.<ref>{{cite web| title = Swim Successes – Swim Catalina| url = https://swimcatalina.org/swim-successes/| access-date = January 24, 2020| archive-date = January 24, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200124231701/https://swimcatalina.org/swim-successes/| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
], also known as the Airport-in-the-Sky]]
]
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
Catalina is serviced by passenger ] operated by ], Catalina Classic Cruises, and ]. Ferries depart from ] and ] in ] as well as ] and ] in ]. The ferry crossing takes just over an hour.<ref>{{cite web| title = Directions to Ferry Terminal| url = https://www.lovecatalina.com/island-info/plan-your-visit/getting-here/passenger-ferry/| access-date = February 15, 2024}}</ref>

Helicopter service is also available from Long Beach or San Pedro.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://iexhelicopters.com/catalina/ |title=Helicopter Rides to Catalina Island from LA, OC & more |publisher= IEX |date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 }}</ref>

Catalina has also been an active port of call for many cruise lines since the 1990s, with ], ], and ] making the port a regular stop on Baja cruises. The ships anchor about 1,000 feet off Avalon Harbor. Passengers disembark through shore boat tendering services.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The island is also home to the ] (FAA Identifier: AVX), also known as Airport-in-the-Sky. The airport terminal was built in 1946 through the efforts of Dick Probert. The runway was built by Philip Wrigley in 1941, who leveled two adjacent hilltops and filled the canyon between them. It was called Buffalo Springs Airport, and was not opened for public use until 1946. By the 2000s the 3,000' (900m) runway was in serious disrepair, and arrangements were made in 2018 to have the ] replace it with a concrete runway.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.usni.org/2019/01/02/marines-flex-expeditionary-construction-skills-rebuilding-airport-sky#more-40070 |title=The runway is being rebuilt by the United States Marine Corps in early 2019. |date=January 2, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103053746/https://news.usni.org/2019/01/02/marines-flex-expeditionary-construction-skills-rebuilding-airport-sky#more-40070 |url-status=live }}</ref> The work was performed in January 2019, and the airport was returned to service on May 3.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2019/may/07/grand-reopening-of-airport-in-the-sky |title=Grand Reopening of Airport In The Sky |access-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511073021/http://aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2019/may/07/grand-reopening-of-airport-in-the-sky |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport is located {{convert|7|mi|km}} northwest of Avalon. The runway is {{convert|1602|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalina Airport|publisher=Airnav.com|date=December 15, 2011|url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/KAVX|access-date=January 18, 2012|archive-date=January 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109062818/http://www.airnav.com/airport/KAVX|url-status=live}}</ref> Until the time of the airport's construction, the only scheduled passenger air service to the island was provided by ]s and ]s at the Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base (FAA Identifier: L11).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base|publisher=Airnav.com|date=July 16, 2020|url=https://www.airnav.com/airport/L11|access-date=August 5, 2020|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625142615/https://www.airnav.com/airport/L11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PilotAge|publisher=Pilotage.com|date=November 23, 2011|url=http://airports.pilotage.com/avx/|access-date=January 18, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121071712/http://airports.pilotage.com/avx/|archive-date=January 21, 2012}}</ref>

The use of motor vehicles on the island is restricted; there is a limit on the number of full-sized vehicles, which translates into a 25-year-long wait list to bring a private car to the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lovecatalina.com/island-info/plan-your-visit/getting-around/|title=Getting Around Catalina|publisher=Love Catalina Island|access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> Most residents use ]s or mini cars for transportation. Because of these restrictions, there is no vehicle ferry service. Tourists can hire a taxi from Catalina Transportation Services. Bicycles are also a popular mode of transportation. There are a number of bicycle and golf cart rental agencies on the island. Only the city of Avalon is open to the public without restrictions. The only major road into the back country is Stage Road. Under an agreement with Los Angeles County, the Conservancy has granted an ] to allow day hiking and mountain biking, but visitors must first obtain a permit at the Conservancy's office (on which they declare the parts of the island they intend to visit). Hiking permits are free, whereas bicycle permits are available for a fee.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===Communication===
Catalina's isolation offered good opportunities to experiment with new communication technologies throughout its history. The first of these communication innovations was the use of pigeons by Catalina's gold prospectors. Homing pigeons delivered messages to the mainland in 45 minutes, compared to 10 days to deliver mail from Isthmus to Wilmington by regular post in 1864. Even today, Avalon Post Office does not match the airmail service enjoyed by the miners. Pigeons were used to deliver messages for Catalina residents until 1899.<ref>Baker, Gayle, pp. 27–28.</ref> By 1902, the first commercial wireless telegraph station was built in Avalon where the Chimes Tower now stands.

On July 16, 1920, the world's first commercial wireless radiotelephone toll circuit was opened to the public between San Pedro and Avalon.<ref>"Telephone Almanac 1941" New York: American Telegraph & Telegraph Co. (1941) p. 17</ref> Designed by and installed under the direction of ]/] engineer Lewis M. Clement (1892–1979), the system drew other engineers from all over the world to study it.<ref>"Lewis Mason Clement – Board of Directors, 1945", New York: Institute of Radio Engineers (Since 1962: IEEE). ''Proceedings of the I.R.E.'' Vol 33, #11, p. 734 November 1945</ref><ref>Offenhauser, W.H., Cooper, Bruce C. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920175716/http://centpacrr.com/LMClement/index.html |date=September 20, 2016 }}. Minneapolis, MN: Radio Club of America. ''Proceedings of the Radio Club of America'' Vol. 53, # 2, October 1979</ref> The Avalon telephone directory in 1920 listed 52 subscribers serviced by a manual switchboard. People stood for hours to use this new technology, the only drawback of which was that all conversations could be monitored by anyone listening to their radio. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. solved that problem with the installation of two submarine cables running {{convert|23 |miles}} from Avalon to San Pedro in 1923. Another communication first touched Catalina when the world's first commercial microwave telephone system was installed in 1946. Although microwave telephones had been used for wartime applications, this was the first peacetime use of this technology.<ref>Baker, Gayle, pp. 47–48</ref>

Catalina's isolation also left the island as the last ] in the US ] to operate entirely using manual ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qLU_urEYVE| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/7qLU_urEYVE| archive-date=November 7, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Good-Bye, Central|publisher=AT&T Archives|date=c. 1977|access-date=June 29, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Catalina Island exchange was converted to dial in 1978. The island shares area code 310 and overlay area code 424 with parts of Ventura and Los Angeles County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/Telco/generalInfo/Area%2BCodes/310%2BArea%2BCodes.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411013520/http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/Telco/generalInfo/Area%2BCodes/310%2BArea%2BCodes.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2009|title=California Public Utilities Commission website archive}}</ref>

===Emergency services===
]The ] (LASD) operates the Avalon Station serving Santa Catalina Island.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217130740/http://www.lasd.org/stations/for3/avalon/index.html|date=February 17, 2010}}. ]. Retrieved on January 21, 2010.</ref>

Fire Protection is provided by the Avalon Fire Department inside city limits, and by the ] in other areas of the island. Two county fire stations are located on Catalina Island: Station #55 is located just outside Avalon in Avalon Canyon and on-call firefighters staff Station #155 in Two Harbors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hometown Fire Stations |url=http://fire.lacounty.gov/HometownFireStations/HometownFireStations.asp|publisher=County of Los Angeles Fire Department|access-date=March 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913190430/http://fire.lacounty.gov/HometownFireStations/HometownFireStations.asp|archive-date=September 13, 2007}}</ref>


Paramedic and lifeguard services are provided by the County Fire Department's Lifeguard Division, also known as Baywatch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker Cline|first=Sherri|title=Catalina Island's Baywatch|url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/Lifeguards/FieldOpsCatalinaParamedics.asp|publisher=County of Los Angeles Lifeguard Division|access-date=March 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523003652/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/Lifeguards/FieldOpsCatalinaParamedics.asp|archive-date=May 23, 2012}}</ref> Catalina Island Medical Center, located in Avalon, is the island's only hospital/medical center. It operates around the clock. Baywatch operates Baywatch Rescue/Lifeguard Boats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fire.lacounty.gov/portfolio/rescue-boat-section/ |title=La County Rescue Boats |access-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204015535/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/portfolio/rescue-boat-section/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.code2high.com/lifeguard_avalon.htm |title=Lifeguard Avalon |access-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330043250/http://www.code2high.com/lifeguard_avalon.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Children in Avalon attend schools in the ].


===Utilities===
There is one ] school on Catalina Island: Avalon Elementary School, Avalon Middle School and Avalon High School are all one big ] school on one campus. About 800 students attend Avalon schools each year. Thousands of school-age youths travel from the ] to study at the ] every year.
For decades the water was supplied primarily by a reservoir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Hayley |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Saltwater toilets, desperate wildlife: Water-starved Catalina Island battles against drought |url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-08-05/as-drought-grips-catalina-desalination-keeps-crisis-at-bay |access-date=August 5, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805142048/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-08-05/as-drought-grips-catalina-desalination-keeps-crisis-at-bay |url-status=live }}</ref> Forty percent of drinking water on the island is provided by a desalination plant that opened in Avalon in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Jaysha |date=June 15, 2022 |title=Southern California Edison turns ocean water into 40% of Catalina Island's drinking water |url=https://abc7.com/amp/catalina-island-drought-water-conservancy/11963003/ |access-date=June 16, 2022 |work=ABC 7 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616125549/https://abc7.com/amp/catalina-island-drought-water-conservancy/11963003/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


Avalon's sewer system was identified by researchers as the cause of ocean pollution in 2011. Many of the city's century-old clay and metal pipes had deteriorated to the point where they had vanished, allowing human sewage to enter into the bay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-avalon-water-20110710,0,5071530.story|title=Avalon's dirty little secret|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Tony|last=Barboza|date=July 10, 2011|access-date=July 10, 2011|archive-date=July 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711183450/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-avalon-water-20110710,0,5071530.story|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2000 to 2013, 11 out of 13 annual reports released by the Natural Resources Defense Council listed Avalon as one of the 10 most chronically polluted beaches in the nation for failing state health tests as much as 73% of the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/health/la-me-0630-beach-closures-20110630,0,1537127.story|title=Top 10 "Repeat Offender" beaches with chronic pollution problems|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Tony|last=Barboza|date=June 30, 2011|access-date=July 10, 2011|archive-date=July 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714105016/http://www.latimes.com/health/la-me-0630-beach-closures-20110630,0,1537127.story|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2012, a ] order was issued against the city for illegally discharging polluted water into the bay. The city invested $5.7 million on sewer main improvements and inspection and tracking systems. The 2014 report showed that water quality had improved, and Avalon Beach was removed from the list of the most polluted beaches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barboza|first1=Tony|title=Drought has upside: record-low rainfall means cleaner beach water|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-adv-beach-report-20140523-story.html|access-date=February 28, 2016|agency=Los Angeles Times|date=May 22, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170410/http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-adv-beach-report-20140523-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2013-2014 Annual Beach Report Card|url=http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB.pdf|website=Heal the Bay|access-date=February 28, 2016|archive-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022600/https://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The ] research and teaching facilities at Two Harbors, maintained by the ] and named for ], consist of a 30,000 square-foot laboratory building, dormitory housing, cafeteria, a ], and a large waterfront staging area complete with dock, pier, helipad, and diving lockers. The facility was made possible by a generous donation from the ] family.


== Pop culture and trivia == ==In popular culture==
In ], ], as a young radio announcer for ] in ], traveled to Catalina to cover the Cubs during ]. While there, he took a ] and was offered an acting role.


===Film and television===
In the early ] during ], ], as a young, married woman, briefly lived in Avalon with her first husband, ], a lieutenant in the Merchant Marine, who was stationed on the island. Monroe often was a babysitter for neighborhood children.
{{See also|List of films and TV series set in Santa Catalina Island, California}}
In its heyday in the 1930s, due to its proximity to Hollywood, Catalina Island was a favored getaway destination for Hollywood stars such as ]. The island also served as a filming location for dozens of movies.<ref>{{cite web | title = Filming Catalina: Hollywood's Exotic Back Lot | url = http://www.ecatalina.com/history-catalina-hollywood.html | publisher = Catalina Island Museum | access-date = April 19, 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120518005504/http://www.ecatalina.com/history-catalina-hollywood.html | archive-date = May 18, 2012 }}</ref>


The 2008 movie '']'' features a so-called Catalina Wine Mixer event. While the scene in the movie was filmed at the ] in ], the real island can be seen offshore in the background.<ref>{{cite web | title = Step Brothers Filming Locations | url = http://www.seeing-stars.com/Locations/StepBrothers.shtml | publisher = Seeing Stars | access-date = November 1, 2016 | archive-date = May 5, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120505004220/http://www.seeing-stars.com/Locations/StepBrothers.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref> The movie inspired a real-life Catalina Wine Mixer, hosted by the Catalina Island Company every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitcatalinaisland.com/island-info/catalina-wine-mixer|title=Catalina Wine Mixer|publisher=Catalina Island Company|access-date=November 1, 2016|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054636/https://www.visitcatalinaisland.com/island-info/catalina-wine-mixer|url-status=live}}</ref>
On ], ], actor ] was born at Avalon on Santa Catalina Island. His father, Ed Harrison, operated a glass-bottom boat sightseeing service on the island. Harrison went on to star in many stage, screen and television productions, including ''Logan's Run'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. In 1980, Harrison and a partner founded an entertainment production company, the Catalina Production Group Ltd., named after his island birthplace.


=== Video games ===
In ], the ] recorded the hit song "26 Miles (Santa Catalina)"; the song reached the #2 position on the U.S. popular music charts.
The island is mentioned in the 2020 action-adventure game '']'', and the ] building features as the backdrop of the loading screen after the game is completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=The Last of Us Part II Post Credits Scene That Everyone Missed (Spoilers) |url=https://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2020/06/30/the-last-of-us-part-ii-post-credits-scene/ |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=PlayStation LifeStyle |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602160841/https://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2020/06/30/the-last-of-us-part-ii-post-credits-scene/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Music ===
The ] ] '']'', starring ] and ], was filmed on Catalina Island.
In 1920, the song "Avalon", which directly references the town of Avalon on the island, was popularized by ].<ref name="JazzStandards Avalon">{{cite web |title=Avalon (1920) |last=Tyle |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Tyle |publisher=JazzStandards.com |url=http://www.jazzstandards.com/compositions-1/avalon.htm |access-date=August 19, 2009 |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806045954/http://www.jazzstandards.com/compositions-1/avalon.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 1958, ] released the song "]", which reached number two on the ] and number six on the ].
The ] teen comedy film '']'', starring ], was filmed on Catalina Island. This movie was later featured in episode 204 of '']''.


The 1982 ] album '']'' references a fishing trip to the island in a song named "Catalina".
Several scenes from the ] film '']'', starring ] and ], were filmed on Catalina, including one showing the Casino.


In 1982, ] mentioned Avalon in the song "Southern Cross".
In Dan Brown's popular novel "Deception Point" There is a reference to sailing off the coast of Catalina.


In 2004's '']'', ] mention Catalina by name twice, once in the album's titular track, and again in the song "Oxygen & the Mellow Stuff".
Actress ] ] off the coast of Catalina in ] while on a boating trip with husband ] and actor ].


In 2014, ] referenced Catalina and nearby areas of the Los Angeles metro area in the song "Catalina Fight Song".
Catalina Island is briefly mentioned in the ] movie '']'' as the place where Roger (]) would like to fish with his new boat.


In 2015, comedians ] and ] released a track entitled "Catalina Breeze" as part of a mockumentary series on a fictional 1970's ] band The Blue Jean Committee.
The ] film '']'' featured an oft-referenced vacation to Catalina Island as a subject in the failing relationship between ] and Dolores.


=== Computing ===
In ] ] released the album ''Milo Goes to College'', featuring a song called "Catalina."
Apple's desktop operating system, ], announced on June 3, 2019, at WWDC, is named after this region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techspot.com/news/80349-apple-unveils-macos-catalina-cross-platform-apps-wwdc.html | title=Apple unveils macOS Catalina and cross-platform apps at WWDC | date=June 3, 2019 | access-date=June 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205230727/https://www.techspot.com/news/80349-apple-unveils-macos-catalina-cross-platform-apps-wwdc.html | url-status=live }}</ref>


==Notable people==
In ], actor ] was fatally shot by his wife ], who committed suicide several hours after the murder. The couple's ashes were scattered in Emerald Bay off the coast of Santa Catalina Island as specified in Hartman's will.
* ], musician.
* Author ] built a home in Avalon, which serves as the Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel. Closed in 2011 for remodeling, it reopened in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title= Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel |url=https://www.zanegreyhotel.com/ |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Zane Grey Pueblo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2017/05/06/western-author-zane-grey-left-his-mark-on-catalina/|title=Western author Zane Grey left his mark on Catalina {{!}} South Bay History|website=blogs.dailybreeze.com|access-date=August 28, 2019|archive-date=May 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064034/http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2017/05/06/western-author-zane-grey-left-his-mark-on-catalina/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ], actor, was born in Catalina Island.
* ] lived with her first husband, James Dougherty, in the town of Avalon for several months in 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibit shows little-known life of Marilyn Monroe on Catalina Island |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 25, 2011 |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-apr-25-la-me-marilyn-catalina-20110425-story.html |access-date=April 25, 2011 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170209/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/25/local/la-me-marilyn-catalina-20110425 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== See also ==
In ], the hit TV show '']'' was filmed on the island.
* ]
* ]
* {{Portal-inline|Greater Los Angeles}}
* {{Portal-inline|Islands}}


==References == ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>
*


== External links == ==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=Catalina| commons=Category:Santa Catalina Island, California | b=no | n=no| q=no | s=no| v=no| voy = Catalina Island | species=no | d=no | display=Catalina Island}}
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* {{OSM relation|6169475}}
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* *
* , ]
*
{{Geographic location
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* | Centre = Santa Catalina Island
| North = ] <br/> ]
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| Northeast = ]
| East = ]
| Southeast = Pacific Ocean
| Northwest = ]
| South = ]
| Southwest = Pacific Ocean
| West = ] <br/> ]
| image =
}}
{{8islands}} {{8islands}}
{{Greater Los Angeles Area}}
{{coor title dms|33|22|30|N|118|25|56|W|type:isle}}


{{authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 22:08, 12 January 2025

Channel Island off the coast of California

Santa Catalina Island
Santa Catalina Island satellite image
Santa Catalina Island is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan areaSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina IslandShow map of the Los Angeles metropolitan areaSanta Catalina Island is located in CaliforniaSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina Island (California)Show map of California
Other names
  • Catalina Island
  • Catalina
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates33°23′N 118°25′W / 33.383°N 118.417°W / 33.383; -118.417
ArchipelagoChannel Islands of California
Area74.98 sq mi (194.2 km)
Highest elevation2,097 ft (639.2 m)
Highest pointMount Orizaba
Administration
United States
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
Largest settlementAvalon (pop. 3,460)
Demographics
Population4,096 (2010)
Pop. density55/sq mi (21.2/km)

Santa Catalina Island (Spanish: Isla Santa Catalina; often shortened to Catalina Island or Catalina, and also known as Pimu as the traditional name of the Indigenous people of the Tongva Tribe) is a rocky island, part of the Channel Islands, off the coast of Southern California in the Gulf of Santa Catalina. The island covers an area of about 75 square miles (194 square kilometers). It features a diverse and rugged landscape, including rolling hills, canyons, coastal cliffs, and sandy beaches. The island's highest peak is Mount Orizaba, rising to an elevation of 2,097 feet (639 meters). The island is 22 mi (35 km) long and 8 mi (13 km) across at its largest width. The island is situated in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 29 mi (47 km) south-southwest of Long Beach, California. Politically, Catalina Island is part of Los Angeles County in District 4. Most of the island's land is unincorporated and is thus governed by the county.

Catalina was originally inhabited and used by many different Southern California Tribes. The first European colonists to arrive on the island claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Over the years, territorial claims to the island transferred ownership to Mexico and then to the United States of America. The island was used for otter hunting and gold-digging, before successfully being developed into a tourist destination in the 1920s. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the Catalina Island Conservancy.

In 2022, Santa Catalina Island's population was 4,201 people, with a 51.44 percent to 48.56 percent ratio of male to female residents, 90 percent of whom live in the island's only incorporated city, Avalon. The second center of population is the unincorporated village of Two Harbors at the island's isthmus. Development also occurs at the smaller settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers.

Today, the popular tourist destination can be reached via ferry services from mainland California, with the most common departure point being the city of Long Beach. The island also has an airport, the Catalina Airport in the Sky, which is located on a hilltop and offers scenic views of the island.

Catalina Island is known for its diverse ecosystems, which include coastal scrub, chaparral, oak woodlands, grasslands, and coastal marine environments. It is also home to various native and introduced species, both on land and in the surrounding waters. Unique species include the island fox and the Catalina two striped garter snake. The city of Avalon, California, located on the island's eastern side, is the primary population center and serves as the hub for tourism. Visitors can explore Avalon's streets, visit museums, dine in restaurants, and enjoy various water-based activities such as snorkeling, scuba diving, and boat tours. The island offers opportunities for hiking, biking, camping, and wildlife watching. Catalina Island enjoys a Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The climate makes it an attractive destination year-round, although the summer months tend to be the busiest. Throughout the year, Catalina Island hosts a variety of events and activities, including the Catalina Wine Mixer, the Catalina Island JazzTrax Festival, and many more cultural and outdoor events. A tourist-drawing area, Catalina is heavily reliant economically on revenue from its annual visitors.

History

Main article: History of Santa Catalina Island (California)
Ti'at are plank boats still constructed by the Tongva to travel from the mainland to the Santa Catalina Island, similar to the Chumash tomol (pictured).

Archeological evidence of human settlement dates back to 7000 BC. Prior to the modern era, the island was inhabited by the Tongva, who, had the villages, Chowigna (San Pedro) and Guashna (Playa del Rey), regularly traveled back and forth to Catalina for trade. The Tongva had settlements all over the island, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay. They were renowned for their mining, working and the trade of soapstone which was found in great quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in great demand and was traded along the California coast. The island was valued for its natural resources, but was also respected by the Tongva as an important "ceremonial center" with connections to the village of Povuu'nga, located in present-day Long Beach.

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

During European colonization, the first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sailed to the west coast in the name of the Spanish crown. On October 7, 1542, he claimed the island for Spain and named it “San Salvador” after his ship. Although his interactions with Catalina Island are not well-documented, his main achievement was in mapping and exploring the coastline, which helped lay the foundation for future European expeditions and settlements in California. Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, arrived at the island on the eve of Saint Catherine's day (November 24) of 1602. Vizcaino renamed the island in the saint's honor. The colonization of California by the Spanish greatly contributed to the decline of the Pimugnans because of diseases brought by the Spanish from Europe. By the 1830s, the island's entire native population had been forced to the mainland on the Spanish missions or to work as ranch hands for the many private land owners.

In the late 18th century, the Franciscan friars considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea due to the island's rugged terrain, small population size, and lack of fresh water. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, the Europeans were forbidden to trade with colonies. However, this policy was short lasted as the island lacked the ships to enforce this prohibition; also, much of the colonies wanted to trade with other European powers. During the period stretching from the late 18th to early 19th centuries, Russian hunters from the Aleutian Islands, particularly the Russian-American Company, visited Catalina Island as part of their fur trading expeditions. They were primarily interested in harvesting sea otters for their valuable fur, which led to the decimation of the local sea otter population. The hunting by the Russian-American caused a profound ecological impact on the marine life around Catalina Island by depleting a keystone species.

With its numerous hidden coves and relatively low population, the island has been considered a potentially attractive location for pirates and smugglers, much like other coastal areas. While there are historical indications that such activities may have occurred at various times, concrete documented accounts of piracy or significant smuggling operations on the island are limited. During the 1850s and 1860s, Catalina Island witnessed a minor gold rush, as part of the larger California Gold Rush of that era. Gold miners arrived on the island in search of valuable minerals. However, their scale and success was nothing to be compared to the more prosperous gold rush locations in California. The historical evidence regarding substantial gold deposits on the island remains inconclusive.

In 1846, Californio Governor Pío Pico made a Mexican land grant of the Island of Santa Catalina to Thomas M. Robbins, as Rancho Santa Catalina. Robbins established a small ranch on the island, but sold it in 1850 to José María Covarrubias. A claim was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853, and in 1867, the grant was officially patented to José María Covarrubias. Covarrubias, in turn, sold the island to Albert Packard of Santa Barbara in 1853. By 1864, the entirety of Catalina Island was under the ownership of James Lick, whose estate maintained control over the island for the following approximately 25 years.

Tourists enjoying the waters off Catalina in 1889
Hotel Metropole in 1901

By the end of the 19th century, the island was almost uninhabited except for a few cattle herders. The first owner to try to develop Avalon into a resort destination was George Shatto, a real estate speculator from Grand Rapids, Michigan. Shatto purchased the island for $200,000 (equivalent to $5.9 million in 2023) from the Lick estate at the height of the real estate boom in Southern California in 1887. Shatto created the settlement that would become Avalon, and can be credited with building the town's first hotel, the original Hotel Metropole, and pier. Despite Shatto's efforts, he defaulted on his loan after only a few years and the island went back to the Lick estate. The sons of Phineas Banning bought the island in 1891 from the estate of James Lick. The Banning brothers fulfilled Shatto's dream of making Avalon a resort community with the construction of numerous tourist facilities. On November 29, 1915, a fire burned half of Avalon's buildings, including six hotels and several clubs. In the face of huge debt related to the fire and the subsequent decline in tourism due to World War I, the Banning brothers were forced to sell the island in shares in 1919. On May 10, 1912 Glenn L. Martin flew a homemade seaplane in to Avalon, setting records for distance and time. In 1917 the Meteor Company purchased the Chinese pirate ship Ning Po, the oldest pirate ship afloat, built in 1753, and towed her to the Isthmus of Catalina Island for use as a tourist attraction and restaurant, until destroyed there by fire in 1938.

The Catalina Casino as it appeared in 2007

One of the main investors to purchase shares from the Bannings was chewing-gum magnate William Wrigley, Jr. In 1919, Wrigley bought out nearly every share-holder until he owned controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company. Wrigley invested millions in needed infrastructure and attractions to the island, including the construction of the Catalina Casino which opened on May 29, 1929. Wrigley also sought to bring publicity to the island through events and spectacles. Starting in 1921, the Chicago Cubs, also owned by Wrigley, used the island for the team's spring training. The Cubs continued to use the island for spring training until 1951, except during the war years of 1942 to 1945. Following the death of Wrigley, Jr. in 1932, control of the Santa Catalina Island Company passed down to his son, Philip K. Wrigley, who continued his father's work improving the infrastructure of the island.

During World War II, the island was closed to tourists and used for military training facilities. Catalina's steamships were expropriated for use as troop transports and a number of military camps were established. The U.S. Maritime Service set up a training facility in Avalon, the Coast Guard had training at Two Harbors, the Army Signal Corps maintained a radar station in the interior, the Office of Strategic Services did training at Toyon Bay, and the Navy did underwater demolition training at Emerald Bay.

The Catalina Island interior is owned and maintained by the Catalina Island Conservancy

In 1972, the Brown Berets, a group of Latino activists, Chicanos and Mexican residents occupied Santa Catalina Island in 1972, invoking the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which has no mention of the islands. On February 15, 1975, Philip Wrigley deeded 42,135 acres (17,051 hectares) of the island from the Santa Catalina Island Company to the Catalina Island Conservancy that he had helped to establish in 1972. This gave the Conservancy control of nearly 90 percent of the island. The balance of the Santa Catalina Island Company that was not deeded to the Conservancy maintains control of much of its resort properties and operations on the island.

Actress Natalie Wood drowned in the waters near the settlement of Two Harbors over the Thanksgiving holiday weekend in 1981 in what was ruled an accidental death. Wood and her husband, Robert Wagner, were vacationing aboard their motor yacht, Splendour, along with their guest, Christopher Walken, and Splendour's captain, Dennis Davern. As a result of statements by Davern, and other factors, Wood's death certificate was altered to indicate the cause was "drowning and other undetermined factors"

In May 2007, the Island Fire was a large wildfire in the island. Largely due to the assistance of 200 Los Angeles County fire fighters transported by U.S. Marine Corps helicopters and U.S. Navy hovercraft, only a few structures were destroyed, though 4,750 acres (1,922 hectares) of wildland were burned. In May 2011, another wildfire started near the Isthmus Yacht Club and was fought by 120 firefighters transported by barge from Los Angeles. It was extinguished the next day after burning 117 acres (47 ha).

Geology

Silhouette of Catalina Island at sunset, as seen from the mainland

Catalina Island is a part of the Channel Islands of California, which are a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California. These islands are often referred to as the Channel Islands archipelago. They are not part of the mainland but are remnants of an ancient mountain range. Catalina is primarily composed of two distinct rock units: Catalina Schist from the Early Cretaceous (95 to 109 million years ago), and Miocene volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks. The geological makeup of Catalina Island is primarily igneous and metamorphic rock. The island is composed of a variety of rock types, including basalt, schist, granite, and limestone. These rocks originated from volcanic eruptions, magma intrusions, and sedimentary deposits over millions of years.

The island is rich in quartz, to the extent that some beaches on the seaward side have silvery-grey sand. These deposits provide insights into the island's history, as they contain fossils of ancient marine life. The island is situated along the boundary of two tectonic plates: the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. This boundary is marked by the San Andreas Fault and the East Pacific Rise. The islands in this region have been shaped by tectonic uplift and volcanic activity. This means that the Santa Catalina Island land-mass was never directly connected to mainland California. Other geologic factors that contributed to the island topography include further geologic uplift and subsidence, tectonic plate movement, sedimentation, metamorphic activity, weathering, and erosion. The island's landscape is characterized by rugged terrain, including steep cliffs, canyons, and rolling hills. There are also geologic features such as sea caves and marine terraces along the coastline.

Catalina Island has been a site of interest for geologists and researchers studying island geology, as well as the processes of island formation, uplift, and erosion. The island's geology has also contributed to the understanding of tectonic plate interactions in the region. One of the most notable geological features on Catalina Island is the "Catalina Schist." This metamorphic rock is unique to the island and has been studied for its geologic significance. It is believed to be one of the oldest rocks on the island. The geology of Catalina Island is also important for conservation efforts. The Catalina Island Conservancy plays a role in protecting and managing the island's natural resources, including its geological formations.

Climate

Santa Catalina Island has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) with very mild winters. The National Weather Service maintains cooperative weather records at the Santa Catalina airport. The average January temperatures are a maximum of 58.4 °F (14.7 °C) and a minimum of 47.6 °F (8.7 °C). Average July temperatures are a maximum of 78.1 °F (25.6 °C) and a minimum of 60.0 °F (15.6 °C). There are an average of 12.5 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 0.3 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record high temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 6, 2018, and the record low temperature was 29 °F (−2 °C) on January 11, 1949. Coastal high fog is common during summer, but usually burns off by the afternoon.

Average annual precipitation at the airport is 13.73 inches (34.9 cm); the highest mountain peaks get up to 17 inches (43 cm) per year. There are an average of 45 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1952 with 21.74 inches (55.2 cm) and the driest year was 1964 with 5.53 inches (14.0 cm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.81 inches (19.8 cm) in January 1952. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 2.95 inches (7.5 cm) on December 5, 1966. Snowfall is a rarity on the island, averaging only 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) a year at the airport, but 4.0 inches (10 cm) fell in 1949, including 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) in January.

Climate data for Santa Catalina WB Airport, California (1981–2010, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 85
(29)
87
(31)
90
(32)
92
(33)
96
(36)
101
(38)
100
(38)
103
(39)
104
(40)
98
(37)
89
(32)
81
(27)
104
(40)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8)
60.2
(15.7)
61.2
(16.2)
62.5
(16.9)
65.6
(18.7)
69.1
(20.6)
75.4
(24.1)
77.6
(25.3)
75.4
(24.1)
71.7
(22.1)
64.8
(18.2)
59.3
(15.2)
67.0
(19.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 55.0
(12.8)
54.2
(12.3)
54.9
(12.7)
55.7
(13.2)
58.9
(14.9)
61.7
(16.5)
67.4
(19.7)
69.7
(20.9)
68.5
(20.3)
64.7
(18.2)
58.9
(14.9)
53.9
(12.2)
60.3
(15.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 49.5
(9.7)
48.2
(9.0)
48.5
(9.2)
48.9
(9.4)
52.1
(11.2)
54.3
(12.4)
59.5
(15.3)
61.7
(16.5)
61.5
(16.4)
57.7
(14.3)
53.0
(11.7)
48.6
(9.2)
53.7
(12.1)
Record low °F (°C) 29
(−2)
32
(0)
36
(2)
39
(4)
43
(6)
45
(7)
49
(9)
50
(10)
48
(9)
41
(5)
37
(3)
34
(1)
29
(−2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.83
(72)
3.06
(78)
2.05
(52)
0.71
(18)
0.21
(5.3)
0.22
(5.6)
0.06
(1.5)
0.05
(1.3)
0.21
(5.3)
0.64
(16)
1.23
(31)
2.46
(62)
13.73
(348)
Source: NOAA

El Niño

El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. Conducted in the vicinity of Santa Catalina Island, a well-established research project was derived to investigate how El Niño events influence the local hydrography and the growth dynamics of giant kelp populations in the area. Data collection involved the measurement of sea surface temperatures, kelp biomass, and other pertinent environmental variables during both El Niño events and non-El Niño periods. It was concluded that this temperature rise has had diverse effects on the local hydrography, including shifts in water circulation patterns, heightened nutrient availability, and alterations in light penetration.

Macrocystis pyrifera, a species of giant kelp, is a pivotal component of the underwater ecosystem of Catalina Island. The study discerned both positive and negative effects of El Niño events on giant kelp The Positive Effects were that El Niño caused an increase in nutrient levels, resulting from shifts in ocean currents, which, in turn, benefited kelp growth in certain areas. The Negative Effects were the warm waters accompanying El Niño which can have detrimental consequences for kelp as the warm water disrupts the normal nutrient-rich upweling, a process vital for kelp growth.

Wildlife

Since Catalina Island was never connected to mainland California, it originally lacked any terrestrial life. Any plants or animals that arrived on the island had to make their way across miles of open ocean. The original species to come to the island arrived by chance by blowing over on the wind, drifting or swimming over the ocean, or flown over by wing. Starting with the Native Americans, animals and plants have also been introduced by humans, both intentionally and accidentally.

Catalina is home to at least fifty endemic species and subspecies that occur naturally on the island and nowhere else in the world. This limited distribution of a species may result from the extinction of the original population on the mainland combined with its continued survival on the island where there may be fewer threats to its continued existence.

Flora

Catalina manzanita, one of the island's endemic plants

The most common native plant communities of Catalina Island are chaparral, coastal sage scrub, island oak-ironwood woodland, and grassland. These ecosystems are integral to the island's biodiversity and have adapted to its Mediterranean climate and conditions.

Catalina Island is home to approximately 400 species of native plants, each playing a vital role in the island's ecosystem. Among these species, six are considered endemic, meaning they are found only on Catalina Island and nowhere else in the world. These endemics include the Catalina manzanita (Arctostaphylos catalinae); Catalina mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae); Catalina dudleya (Dudleya hassei); St. Catherine's lace (Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum); Santa Catalina bedstraw (Galium catalinense ssp. catalinense); and Santa Catalina Island ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. floribundus). Additionally, there's a disjunctive population of toyon var. macrocarpa that is unique to Santa Catalina Island. The Wrigley Memorial & Botanical Gardens on the island provide an opportunity for visitors to appreciate and learn about these endemic and native plant species. The gardens emphasize the importance of preserving and showcasing the island's exceptional flora.

In addition to native and endemic species, Catalina Island has been impacted by introduced species, which were introduced by human activities. Some of these introduced species, like eucalyptus trees, have become common on the island and can sometimes outcompete native flora. Conservation efforts, led by organizations such as the Catalina Island Conservancy, aim to manage and control invasive species to protect the native ecosystem. Catalina Island has also been a focal point for botanical research, attracting botanists and researchers who study the island's unique plant species. These studies contribute to our understanding of plant adaptation, island ecology, and conservation.

Fauna

Bison on Catalina Island

The island is home to five native land mammals: the island fox, the Spermophilus beecheyi nesioticus subspecies of California ground squirrel, the Santa Catalina Island harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis catalinae), the Santa Catalina Island deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus catalinae), and the ornate shrew (Sorex ornatus). Only one ornate shrew was ever found, from a now-developed spring area above Avalon. Shrews are difficult to capture and may survive in wetter areas of the island.

One of the approximately 100 bison in Catalina Island

The Catalina orangetip butterfly is a notable insect on the island. The Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) is also present on the island. This species should not be confused for the Santa Catalina rattlesnake, found on Santa Catalina Island, Mexico.

The Catalina Island bison herd consists of American Plains Bison maintained and monitored by the Catalina Island Conservancy. In the 1920s to 1930s, several bison were brought onto Catalina Island for a movie. The bison are popular with the tourists and buildings have painted images of bison and bison weather vanes. Over the decades, the bison herd grew to as many as 600. The population numbered approximately 150 in 2009. Then, as of 2025, due to birth control programs the herd is no longer reproducing, and in about 20 to 40 years, the american bison will dissapear from catalina island forever.

Other non-native animals currently living on the island include the bullfrog, feral cat, California mule deer, Norway rat, European starling, and a herd of 12 Blackbuck from India that currently live at the lower end of the cottonwood canyon near the island's airport. Mule deer were introduced to the island in the 1920s and 30s, and currently have a population density roughly 10 times that of California generally. The island was also previously home to populations of cattle, feral goat, feral pig, and sheep, but these animals are no longer present.

According to the Catalina Island Conservancy, there are 37 resident bird species on the island. Considerably more marine, pelagic, and migrating birds frequent the island, and 127 species have been reported to the Cornell University eBird database from 10 different eBird hotspots. There are several live camera feeds showing bald eagle nests on the island; nests are active February–July.

In the waters surrounding the island, there are schools of fish like Garibaldi, California sheephead, leopard sharks, white seabass, yellowtail, bat rays, giant sea bass, and many more. Great white sharks are also occasionally found or caught off the coast of Catalina, though usually around seal rookeries and not around inhabited areas. Common marine mammals around Catalina include California sea lions and harbor seals.

The Catalina macaw, a type of hybrid parrot, was first bred at Catalina Bird Park in 1940 and is named after Santa Catalina Island.

Conservation

Most of the island is managed by the Catalina Island Conservancy, a private nonprofit organization. The mission of the Catalina Island Conservancy is to be a steward of its lands through a balance of conservation, education and recreation. The Conservancy protects the natural and cultural heritage of Santa Catalina Island, stewarding approximately 42,000 acres (170 km) of land (88 percent of the island), 50 mi (80 km) of shoreline, an airport, and more than 200 mi (320 km) of roads.

Catalina Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) sitting on trail

One of the Conservancy's key goals is the conservation of the island fox, an endangered endemic species. In 1999, all but 100 out of 1,300 foxes on Catalina Island were wiped out because of a virulent strain of canine distemper. Following a successful recovery program which included captive breeding, distemper vaccinations and population monitoring, the Catalina fox community has been restored to more than 1570 in 2018. However, mysterious, usually fatal ear tumors continue to plague the Catalina fox. Three Catalina Island Conservancy wildlife biologists continue to monitor the population through pit tagging, trapping and inspection. The conservancy group vaccinates around 300 foxes every year and monitors 50 unvaccinated foxes via radio collar to watch for signs of new disease outbreaks. The current leading cause of death among Island Foxes is road strikes; to combat this, the Conservancy installed new signage about Island Foxes. The Conservancy also introduced wild-life proof trash cans to protect foxes from human garbage, informs boaters about the possibility and danger of wildlife stowaways, and asks dog owners to keep their animals leashed.

The Institute for Wildlife Studies, a separate conservation organization, has worked to restore bald eagles to the island on Conservancy land since the late 1970s. Bald eagles had been common on the island until the 1960s, when it is believed that the effects of dumping the pesticide DDT off the coast of Southern California made it impossible for eagles to successfully hatch their young. The reintroduction of the bald eagle to the island may also edge out an invasive golden eagle population that threatens the native island fox.

Further information: Arrow Point to Lion Head Point State Marine Conservation Area Further information: Cat Harbor State Marine Conservation Area

Grazing and fire management

Grazing practices on Santa Catalina Island have a historical legacy dating back to the late 19th century when ranching operations were established. During this period, livestock, primarily sheep and cattle, were introduced to the island, marking the beginning of a substantial human impact on its ecology.

The introduction of herbivores for grazing had significant ecological consequences for the island. Overgrazing by these introduced animals led to the removal of native vegetation and substantially altered the composition of plant communities. As a result, this overgrazing caused notable changes in the island's ecosystem dynamics, influencing both its flora and fauna.

The ecological effects of grazing practices raised legitimate concerns about habitat degradation and the decline of native plant species on Santa Catalina Island. Conservationists and environmentalists responded by considering management strategies to address the negative impacts of grazing and to protect the island's unique flora. This prompted the implementation of conservation efforts to manage and mitigate the ecological consequences of livestock grazing, with the goal of preserving the island's natural heritage.

Fire is an intrinsic element of the Mediterranean climate in Southern California, and it has played a crucial role in shaping the region's ecosystems over time. Historically, fires occurred infrequently but were a natural part of the landscape. Native plant species have adapted to these fire cycles, and their life histories often depend on periodic burning for regeneration.

In the 20th century, a shift occurred towards extensive fire suppression efforts. These efforts, while well-intentioned to safeguard property and human life, resulted in the accumulation of vegetation, leading to an increased risk of catastrophic wildfires. The suppression of fire disrupted the natural fire regimes that had shaped the region for millennia and had unintended ecological consequences, including changes in plant composition and fuel load.

Contemporary fire management on the island strives to strike a balance between the ecological role of fire and the necessity of protecting human structures and lives. This involves a more nuanced approach that recognizes the importance of fire in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Controlled burns, also known as prescribed fires, are one technique employed to reduce the risk of severe wildfires. These managed fires are intentionally set under controlled conditions to reduce excess vegetation and restore natural fire regimes. Other strategies, such as fuel reduction efforts and public education, are also integral to fire management on Santa Catalina Island. The goal is to protect both human communities and the island's ecological integrity while respecting the historical role of fire in shaping its landscapes.

Tourism

Avalon beach in summertime
Fish catch at Santa Catalina Island, 1905. (CHS-1604) More than 100 fish caught off island on wooden racks. Part of sign reads "Boats for let."

Over one million people travel to Catalina Island every year, accounting for $166.7 million in annual direct spending on the Island.

Avalon is the island's largest population center and offers glass-bottom boat tours of the reefs and shipwrecks of the area, and scuba diving and snorkeling are popular in the clear water. Lover's Cove, to the east of Avalon, and Descanso Beach, to the west of the Casino, are popular places to dive. At Casino Point is the Avalon Underwater Dive Park, which was the first non-profit underwater park in the United States. The area flying fish and the bright orange Garibaldi are attractions. Parasailing is also offered. Jeep and bus tours are given of the interior, which is a conservation area managed by the Catalina Island Conservancy. The Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority operates the official island visitor center on the Green Pleasure Pier and provides visitor services assists tourists with any information on how to get to Catalina Island.

Avalon in March 2015
Two Harbors, the smaller of the island's two population centers, in 2015

Two Harbors is the second, and much smaller, resort village on the island. Located at the isthmus of the island, northwest of Avalon, it is the primary landing spot for those who wish to tour the western half of the island. It is accessible by boat from San Pedro and by bus or boat from Avalon. While tourists rarely have an opportunity to surf, two beaches on the back side of Catalina offer good waves: Shark Harbor and Ben Weston Beach. There are also two camps, Catalina Island Camps and Camp Emerald Bay, on the northeastern end of the island that offer summer camps for children and Boy Scouts.

The Catalina Island Museum, formerly located in the historic Catalina Casino but since 2016 in a standalone building, is also an attraction as it is the keeper of the island's cultural heritage with collections numbering over 100,000 items and including over 8,000 years of Native American history, over 10,000 photographs and images, a large collection of Catalina-made pottery and tiles, ship models, and much more. The museum features dynamic exhibits on this history, an art gallery, special exhibitions traveling from around the world, and a unique Museum Store. Programs include First Fridays at the Museum, an annual tour of the historic Tuna Club, a Holiday Symphony Concert, book signings, gallery talks, an annual silent film benefit and more. From 1927 until 1937, pottery and tiles were made on the island at the Catalina Clay Products Company, and these items are now highly sought-after collectibles.

Catalina panorama, taken from a sail boat; Avalon is to the far left, Two Harbors to the mid-right.

Education

Sunrise view of the Wrigley Institute lab and Big Fisherman's Cove

Children in Avalon attend schools in the Long Beach Unified School District. There were two schools on Catalina Island. Two Harbors was served by a one-room school house, but it closed down in 2014; students must now travel to Avalon for all grades K–12. Avalon schools are housed on one main campus that includes Avalon Elementary School, Avalon Middle School and Avalon High School. Thousands of school-age youths travel from the mainland to study at the Catalina Island Marine Institute every year.

There is also a branch of the County of Los Angeles Public Library system in downtown Avalon, adjacent to the Sheriff's office.

The USC Wrigley Marine Science Center houses research and teaching facilities at Big Fisherman's Cove, near Two Harbors, for the USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies. Maintained by the University of Southern California and named for Philip K. Wrigley, it consists of a 30,000-square-foot (3,000 m) laboratory building, dormitory housing, cafeteria, a hyperbaric chamber, and a large waterfront staging area complete with dock, pier, helipad, and diving lockers. The facility was expanded with a donation from the Wrigley family in 1995. The institute is open for public visits as part of its "Saturdays at the Lab" program.

Sports

Catalina is the starting point for the Catalina Channel swim, the second jewel in the Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming, along with the English Channel, and Manhattan Island. In 1927, a 17-year-old Canadian swimmer, George Young, became the first person to complete a crossing from Catalina Island to the mainland of California in a time of 15:44.30. Since then, over 500 men and women have completed the 20.1 mile swim from Doctor's Cove on Catalina to the mainland near Point Vicente Lighthouse and Rancho Palos Verdes.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Catalina Airport, also known as the Airport-in-the-Sky
Little Harbor on the backside of Catalina
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Catalina is serviced by passenger ferries operated by Catalina Express, Catalina Classic Cruises, and Catalina Flyer. Ferries depart from Long Beach and San Pedro in Los Angeles County as well as Dana Point and Newport Beach in Orange County. The ferry crossing takes just over an hour.

Helicopter service is also available from Long Beach or San Pedro.

Catalina has also been an active port of call for many cruise lines since the 1990s, with Royal Caribbean, Princess Cruises, and Carnival Cruise Lines making the port a regular stop on Baja cruises. The ships anchor about 1,000 feet off Avalon Harbor. Passengers disembark through shore boat tendering services.

The island is also home to the Catalina Airport (FAA Identifier: AVX), also known as Airport-in-the-Sky. The airport terminal was built in 1946 through the efforts of Dick Probert. The runway was built by Philip Wrigley in 1941, who leveled two adjacent hilltops and filled the canyon between them. It was called Buffalo Springs Airport, and was not opened for public use until 1946. By the 2000s the 3,000' (900m) runway was in serious disrepair, and arrangements were made in 2018 to have the Marines replace it with a concrete runway. The work was performed in January 2019, and the airport was returned to service on May 3. The airport is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Avalon. The runway is 1,602 feet (488 m) above sea level. Until the time of the airport's construction, the only scheduled passenger air service to the island was provided by seaplanes and helicopters at the Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base (FAA Identifier: L11).

The use of motor vehicles on the island is restricted; there is a limit on the number of full-sized vehicles, which translates into a 25-year-long wait list to bring a private car to the island. Most residents use golf carts or mini cars for transportation. Because of these restrictions, there is no vehicle ferry service. Tourists can hire a taxi from Catalina Transportation Services. Bicycles are also a popular mode of transportation. There are a number of bicycle and golf cart rental agencies on the island. Only the city of Avalon is open to the public without restrictions. The only major road into the back country is Stage Road. Under an agreement with Los Angeles County, the Conservancy has granted an easement to allow day hiking and mountain biking, but visitors must first obtain a permit at the Conservancy's office (on which they declare the parts of the island they intend to visit). Hiking permits are free, whereas bicycle permits are available for a fee.

Communication

Catalina's isolation offered good opportunities to experiment with new communication technologies throughout its history. The first of these communication innovations was the use of pigeons by Catalina's gold prospectors. Homing pigeons delivered messages to the mainland in 45 minutes, compared to 10 days to deliver mail from Isthmus to Wilmington by regular post in 1864. Even today, Avalon Post Office does not match the airmail service enjoyed by the miners. Pigeons were used to deliver messages for Catalina residents until 1899. By 1902, the first commercial wireless telegraph station was built in Avalon where the Chimes Tower now stands.

On July 16, 1920, the world's first commercial wireless radiotelephone toll circuit was opened to the public between San Pedro and Avalon. Designed by and installed under the direction of Western Electric Company/Bell Labs engineer Lewis M. Clement (1892–1979), the system drew other engineers from all over the world to study it. The Avalon telephone directory in 1920 listed 52 subscribers serviced by a manual switchboard. People stood for hours to use this new technology, the only drawback of which was that all conversations could be monitored by anyone listening to their radio. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. solved that problem with the installation of two submarine cables running 23 miles (37 km) from Avalon to San Pedro in 1923. Another communication first touched Catalina when the world's first commercial microwave telephone system was installed in 1946. Although microwave telephones had been used for wartime applications, this was the first peacetime use of this technology.

Catalina's isolation also left the island as the last central office in the US Bell System to operate entirely using manual switchboard operators. The Catalina Island exchange was converted to dial in 1978. The island shares area code 310 and overlay area code 424 with parts of Ventura and Los Angeles County.

Emergency services

Fire Department vehicle driving off landing craft with firefighters standing in foreground
SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, Calif. (May 11, 2007) - Navy Assault Craft Unit (ACU) 5 assists Los Angeles County Fire Department in unloading their equipment from a Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC). The 4,000-acre wildfire forced evacuations.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Avalon Station serving Santa Catalina Island.

Fire Protection is provided by the Avalon Fire Department inside city limits, and by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in other areas of the island. Two county fire stations are located on Catalina Island: Station #55 is located just outside Avalon in Avalon Canyon and on-call firefighters staff Station #155 in Two Harbors.

Paramedic and lifeguard services are provided by the County Fire Department's Lifeguard Division, also known as Baywatch. Catalina Island Medical Center, located in Avalon, is the island's only hospital/medical center. It operates around the clock. Baywatch operates Baywatch Rescue/Lifeguard Boats.

Utilities

For decades the water was supplied primarily by a reservoir. Forty percent of drinking water on the island is provided by a desalination plant that opened in Avalon in 2016.

Avalon's sewer system was identified by researchers as the cause of ocean pollution in 2011. Many of the city's century-old clay and metal pipes had deteriorated to the point where they had vanished, allowing human sewage to enter into the bay. From 2000 to 2013, 11 out of 13 annual reports released by the Natural Resources Defense Council listed Avalon as one of the 10 most chronically polluted beaches in the nation for failing state health tests as much as 73% of the time. In February 2012, a cease and desist order was issued against the city for illegally discharging polluted water into the bay. The city invested $5.7 million on sewer main improvements and inspection and tracking systems. The 2014 report showed that water quality had improved, and Avalon Beach was removed from the list of the most polluted beaches.

In popular culture

Film and television

See also: List of films and TV series set in Santa Catalina Island, California

In its heyday in the 1930s, due to its proximity to Hollywood, Catalina Island was a favored getaway destination for Hollywood stars such as Clark Gable. The island also served as a filming location for dozens of movies.

The 2008 movie Step Brothers features a so-called Catalina Wine Mixer event. While the scene in the movie was filmed at the Trump National Golf Club in Rancho Palos Verdes, the real island can be seen offshore in the background. The movie inspired a real-life Catalina Wine Mixer, hosted by the Catalina Island Company every year.

Video games

The island is mentioned in the 2020 action-adventure game The Last of Us Part II, and the Catalina Casino building features as the backdrop of the loading screen after the game is completed.

Music

In 1920, the song "Avalon", which directly references the town of Avalon on the island, was popularized by Al Jolson.

In 1958, The Four Preps released the song "26 Miles (Santa Catalina)", which reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Billboard R&B chart.

The 1982 Descendents album Milo Goes to College references a fishing trip to the island in a song named "Catalina".

In 1982, Crosby, Stills & Nash mentioned Avalon in the song "Southern Cross".

In 2004's Mountain Rock, Dear Nora mention Catalina by name twice, once in the album's titular track, and again in the song "Oxygen & the Mellow Stuff".

In 2014, Joyce Manor referenced Catalina and nearby areas of the Los Angeles metro area in the song "Catalina Fight Song".

In 2015, comedians Fred Armisen and Bill Hader released a track entitled "Catalina Breeze" as part of a mockumentary series on a fictional 1970's soft rock band The Blue Jean Committee.

Computing

Apple's desktop operating system, macOS Catalina, announced on June 3, 2019, at WWDC, is named after this region.

Notable people

  • Spencer Davis, musician.
  • Author Zane Grey built a home in Avalon, which serves as the Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel. Closed in 2011 for remodeling, it reopened in 2019
  • Gregory Harrison, actor, was born in Catalina Island.
  • Marilyn Monroe lived with her first husband, James Dougherty, in the town of Avalon for several months in 1943.

See also

References

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