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{{short description|Encyclopedia on Canada}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2009}}
]
{{Italic title}}
'''''The Canadian Encyclopedia''''' (abbreviated as TCE) is a fact-checked and peer-reviewed source of information on ] available in ] and ]. Available for free online since 2001, it was originally published in 1985, with subsequent print editions in 1988 and 1999.


{{Primary sources|date=May 2021}}
Used by more than 10 million people a year, ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' includes over 19,600 entries in each language on numerous subjects including history, popular culture, events, people, places, politics, arts, Indigenous peoples, sports and science. In addition to entries, 3,000 of which were absorbed from the ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'' in 2003, ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' has interactive timelines, education guides, organized collections and over 15,000 multimedia items. The resource is continually updated and has more than 5,000 accredited authors.


{{Infobox publication
==History==
| title = The Canadian Encyclopedia
'''Background'''
| logo = The Canadian Encyclopedia logo.svg
| image_file = Canadiaencycl.jpg
| image_caption = First edition, print (1985)
| editor_title = Editor in chief
| editor = {{plainlist|
*] (1985–2013)
*Bronwyn Graves (2013–)
}}
| editor_title2 = Managing editor
| editor2 = Eli Yarhi
| category = ] and ]
| format = {{plainlist|
*Print (1985–95)
*] (1995–2001)
*Online (1999–)
}}
| publisher = {{plainlist|
*] (1985–1991)
*Anthony Wilson-Smith (2012–)
}}
| company = ]
| country = Canada
| language = English and French
| website = ,
}}


'''''The Canadian Encyclopedia''''' ('''TCE'''; {{langx|fr|L'Encyclopédie canadienne}}) is the national ] of ], published online by the Toronto-based historical organization ], with the support of the federal ].
Canada had been without a national ] since the 1957 ''Encyclopedia Canadiana''. When looking through the Canadian entries in existing encyclopedias such as Random House, ] ] found blatant errors ]] and omissions. In response, in the late-1970s he launched a project to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia with support from ] ], who saw the project as a way to commemorate Alberta’s 75th anniversary in 1980.</sup>]] 


Available for free online in both ] and ], ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' includes more than 19,500 articles in both languages<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/knowledge-experts/the-canadian-encyclopedia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085911/https://corporate.britannica.com/knowledge-experts/the-canadian-encyclopedia/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> on numerous subjects including history, popular culture, events, people, places, politics, arts, ], sports and science.
'''Original Publication'''


The website also provides access to the '''''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada''''', the '''''Canadian Encyclopedia Junior Edition''''', '']'' magazine articles, and ''Timelines of Canadian History''.
''The Canadian Encyclopedia was'' accurately described by Hurtig as “the biggest publishing project in Canadian history,” and was hailed by one reviewer as “the intellectual equivalent of the building of the ].”


{{As of|2013}}, over 700,000 volumes of the print version of ''TCE'' have been sold and over 6 million people visit ''TCE''<nowiki/>'s website yearly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-28|title=Two Canadians who changed the world|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/two-canadians-who-changed-the-world/article10517362/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160455/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/two-canadians-who-changed-the-world/article10517362/|archive-date=2017-02-11|access-date=2021-07-01|website=]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-27 |title=James Marsh, Editor-in-Chief of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Retires |url=https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/james-marsh-editor-chief-canadian-encyclopedia-retires |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182209/https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/james-marsh-editor-chief-canadian-encyclopedia-retires |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=]}}</ref>
Encoded in a ] precursor of HTML, it was the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design, and print it. </sup>]] The Editor-in-Chief, ], recruited more than 2,500 contributors, including such Canadian luminaries as ], ] and ]. An additional 500 people were enlisted in its editing, fact-checking, proofreading and publication.


== History ==
Marsh and his editorial team made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher and backed by at least three other sources. Each entry was reviewed by three outside readers, and the encyclopedia as a whole was then proofread by an independent source.</sup>]] 


=== Background ===
'''Print Editions'''
While attempts had been made to compile encyclopedic material on aspects of Canada, ''Canada: An Encyclopaedia of the Country'' (1898–1900), edited by J. Castell Hopkins, was the first attempt to produce an encyclopedic work entirely on the subject of Canada. This was followed by ]'s ''The Encyclopedia of Canada'' (Macmillan, 1935–37), which was then sold to an American publisher, the ], providing the core of ]' '']'' (1957).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Brief History of The Canadian Encyclopedia « James H Marsh|url=http://www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/brief-history-of-the-canadian-encyclopedia/|access-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529165703/http://www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/brief-history-of-the-canadian-encyclopedia/|archive-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>


More common, however, were encyclopedic works focused on particular qualities of Canada. For instance, in 1911, ] and L.J. Burpee compiled the ''Index and Dictionary of Canadian History'' as a companion to the ''Makers of Canada'' series; Doughty and ] edited the 23-volume ''Canada and Its Provinces'' (1913–17); ]'s ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian History and Literature'' was published in 1967; the comprehensive ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'' was published in 1981 and revised in 1992; and a new ''Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature'', edited by ], was published in 1983.<ref name=":03" />
The first edition, containing three million words and 1,800 visual aids in 14,000 entries, was published in three volumes in 1985 (ISBN 0-88830-269-X). It was available for $125 per set and was an immediate Canadian bestseller. The initial print run of 154,000 sold out within six months and was increased by more than 300,000 copies to meet demand.


=== Creating ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' ===
A revised and expanded edition, in four volumes with 1,700 new entries, 647 more pages and over 500,000 more words than the first edition, was released in 1988 (ISBN 0-8883 0-326-2).
By the 1970s, Canada had been without a national ] since Robbins' 1957 work, which by that time was terribly outdated.


With this in mind, Edmonton-based ] and publisher ] was left unimpressed with the lack of Canadian reference works as well as with the various omissions and blatant errors (e.g., ] was described as a ] rather than ]) found in existing encyclopedias with Canadian entries. In response, Hurtig launched a project in the 1970s to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia.<ref name=":03" />
In September 1990, Hurtig published the five-volume ''Junior Encyclopedia of Canada'' (ISBN 0-88830-334-3), the first encyclopedia for young Canadians. It contained some 4,000 articles, 3,000 illustrations and 2,000 photographs in 1,960 pages.


In 1978, around the Province of Alberta's 75th anniversary, Hurtig approached the ] with the idea of supporting Hurtig's idea of an encyclopedia as Alberta's "gift to Canada", which gained the support of ] ]. On 15 November 1979, the ] announced that the provincial government would ] the development costs of the encyclopedia with CA$3.4 million and would donate a further $600,000 towards the delivery of a free copy to every school and library in Canada. (This was done on the condition that no other funding would be able to obscure the gesture of the Alberta Government.)<ref name=":03" />
'''Purchase by McClelland & Stewart'''


Taking on this publishing ']', Hurtig would spend the next few years raising funds from banks for printing and marketing. The concern of a French-language edition was put aside with a guarantee by Hurtig that the rights would be donated free to a publisher in Quebec.<ref name=":03" />
Hurtig sold his publishing company to ] in May 1991 and with it the encyclopedia.</sup>]] In 1995, McClelland & Stewart published the first digital ] edition (ISBN 0-7710-2041-4) and followed that in 1999 with the ''Year 2000 Edition'', which was published in a single volume of 2,640 pages. Later that year, publishing house Stanké released a single-volume French edition.


Hurtig held a nationwide search for an editor-in-chief, including with an advertisement in the '']''. Soon after, ] was hired as editor-in-chief in 1980.<ref name=":03" /> Marsh recruited more than 3,000 authors to write for the encyclopedia. They made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher, utilized three sources, and had every article read by three outside readers. Then, the entire encyclopedia was proofread by an independent source.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news|author=Kennedy, Paul|date=June 28, 2012|title=Citizen Mel, Parts 1 & 2|work=]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/citizen-mel-part-1-2-1.2920524|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> Over 3,000 people contributed to the content and accuracy of the encyclopedia's entries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=James|first=H. Marsh|date=2009-03-30|title=Encyclopedia|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/encyclopedia|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>
'''Online'''


In 1981, the ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'' was published.<ref name=":0" />
In 2000, ], noted philanthropist and chair of McClelland & Stewart, donated ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' to the non-profit Historica Foundation of Canada (now ]), of which he was a founding member. Historica published the ''Encyclopedia'' online in 2001. In 2003, it acquired the ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'' and absorbed its 3,000 entries.


=== First editions ===
Historica Canada launched a revitalized version of the ''Encyclopedia'' website in 2013. The ''Encyclopedia''’s growing collection contains more than 19,600 bilingual, fact-checked articles by over 5,000 authors, as well numerous historical timelines, education guides, organized collections, and articles from ] magazine.
]By May 1984, Hurtig Publishers had received over 105,000 in pre-sale orders for the first edition of ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'',<ref name=":03" /> which was finally published in 1985 ({{ISBN|0-88830-269-X}}). Carrying nearly 3 million words within three separate volumes, it featured over 2,500 contributors and included more than 9,000 articles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about |access-date=2021-01-16 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> Costing $125 per set, this first edition sold out within days of publication and became a Canadian bestseller; nearly 150,000 sets sold in six months.<ref name=":0" />


Two years later, ] of Montreal published the first French edition of the encyclopedia, ''Encyclopédie canadienne'', in three volumes.<ref name=":03" /><ref>Sabourin, Diane. March 20, 2012. "". ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Canada (last updated December 14, 2013).</ref>
==See also==

A revised and expanded edition of ''TCE'' was released in 1988 ({{ISBN|0-88830-326-2}}), selling out just as the first. This edition would add a fourth volume and around 500,000 new words.<ref name=":03" /> Encoded in a ] precursor of ], this edition would be the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design, and print it.<ref name="cbc.ca" />

=== 1990s ===
In September 1990, Hurtig published '''''The'' ''Junior Encyclopedia of Canada''''' ({{ISBN|0-88830-334-3}}), illustrated with over 3000 photos, drawings, and maps.<ref name=":1" /> This five-volume encyclopedia was funded by the federal ] and a grant from the CRB Foundation of Montreal.<ref name=":03" /> It would be the first encyclopedia for young Canadians.<ref name=":1" />

In May 1991, Hurtig sold his publishing company to ] (M&S), and the encyclopedia along with it.<ref name="ce">{{cite news|title=Mel Hurtig|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mel-hurtig/}}</ref> Soon, a vice president at M&S would be the first to usher in the first real electronic version of the encyclopedia in 1995: '''''The Canadian Encyclopedia Plus''''', published as a digital ] ({{ISBN|0-7710-2041-4}}), with searching capability, ] to related articles, and multimedia.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":0" /> This digital format would also eventually incorporate the '']'' and '']'' with the text of ''TCE'', as well as incorporating the '']''.<ref name=":03" />

The first edition of the encyclopedia on CD-ROM was released in 1993; the second, in 1995.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tuominen|first=Liisa|date=December 17, 1995|title=Canadian Encyclopedia gets it right the second time around on CD-ROM|page=29|work=]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88396271/canadian-encyclopedia-gets-it-right-the/|via=]}}</ref>

The 1998–99 ''Canadian Encyclopedia on CD-ROM'' came in three separate versions:
# an updated World Edition with a new interactive quiz called ''Canucklehead''
# a new Student Edition with the updated and revised text of the ''Junior Encyclopedia of Canada''
# a Deluxe version, which included all the material on “World” and 5 additional disks

''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' was able to become fully bilingual through a grant from ], which helped to complete the project of translating the over-4-million pieces of text into French. By 2000, the electronic encyclopedia included a fourth version: "National".<ref name=":03" />

In 1999, McClelland & Stewart published the year-2000 edition, incorporating all four previous volumes in a single book ({{ISBN|0-77102-099-6}}), followed by Stanké's French edition the next year. Also in 1999, ], the Chair of McClelland & Stewart, transferred the ownership of the encyclopedia to the ].<ref name=":0" /> Later that year, the Historica Foundation made a full version of ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' available online.<ref name=":0" />

=== Online ===
Launching in Edmonton in October 2001, the real online version of ''TCE'' was programmed by ] in Edmonton and its interface designed by 7th Floor Media in Vancouver.<ref name=":03" /> In 2002/2003, an online version of the ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'', including around 3,000 articles and 500 illustrations, was incorporated into ''TCE''.<ref name=":1" />

On March 31, 2013, Marsh stepped down as editor-in-chief of ''TCE'' in retirement.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The enhanced interactive format that ''TCE'' currently uses online was first released in October 2013.<ref name=":1" /> Today, ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' is available entirely online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Online|website=]|location=Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario|url=https://library.wlu.ca/research/resources/canadian-encyclopedia-online|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> The ''TCE''<nowiki/>'s current editor-in-chief is Bronwyn Graves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bronwyn Graves|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/author/Bronwyn-Graves|access-date=2021-07-01|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

== Organization ==
As the President and CEO of ] since 2012, Anthony Wilson-Smith is also the publisher of the encyclopedia. As of 2021, the encyclopedia has 5,040 authors.<ref name=":1" />

''TCE'' is funded by ] as well as the federal ]. Its partners include the ], Musée des grands Québécois, the ], and ].<ref name=":1" />

''TCE'' claims to be "non-partisan and apolitical" and that they are "not affiliated with any government or political party".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Help|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about/faq|access-date=2021-04-18|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canada}}
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}


==External links== == External links ==
* * {{in lang|en}}
* {{in lang|fr}}
* 1st edition on the ]: , , .
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Marsh |editor-first1=James Harley |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&pg=PP1 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5 |edition=2nd|publisher=]|location= Toronto}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Encyclopedia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Encyclopedia}}
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Latest revision as of 23:05, 3 December 2024

Encyclopedia on Canada
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "The Canadian Encyclopedia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Canadian Encyclopedia
First edition, print (1985)
Editor in chief
Managing editorEli Yarhi
CategoriesCanadian history and Canadiana
Format
  • Print (1985–95)
  • CD-ROM (1995–2001)
  • Online (1999–)
Publisher
CompanyHistorica Canada
CountryCanada
LanguageEnglish and French
WebsiteEnglish, français

The Canadian Encyclopedia (TCE; French: L'Encyclopédie canadienne) is the national encyclopedia of Canada, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization Historica Canada, with the support of the federal Department of Canadian Heritage.

Available for free online in both English and French, The Canadian Encyclopedia includes more than 19,500 articles in both languages on numerous subjects including history, popular culture, events, people, places, politics, arts, First Nations, sports and science.

The website also provides access to the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, the Canadian Encyclopedia Junior Edition, Maclean's magazine articles, and Timelines of Canadian History.

As of 2013, over 700,000 volumes of the print version of TCE have been sold and over 6 million people visit TCE's website yearly.

History

Background

While attempts had been made to compile encyclopedic material on aspects of Canada, Canada: An Encyclopaedia of the Country (1898–1900), edited by J. Castell Hopkins, was the first attempt to produce an encyclopedic work entirely on the subject of Canada. This was followed by W. Stewart Wallace's The Encyclopedia of Canada (Macmillan, 1935–37), which was then sold to an American publisher, the Grolier Society, providing the core of John Everett Robbins' Encyclopedia Canadiana (1957).

More common, however, were encyclopedic works focused on particular qualities of Canada. For instance, in 1911, Arthur Doughty and L.J. Burpee compiled the Index and Dictionary of Canadian History as a companion to the Makers of Canada series; Doughty and Adam Shortt edited the 23-volume Canada and Its Provinces (1913–17); Norah Story's The Oxford Companion to Canadian History and Literature was published in 1967; the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Music in Canada was published in 1981 and revised in 1992; and a new Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, edited by William Toye, was published in 1983.

Creating The Canadian Encyclopedia

By the 1970s, Canada had been without a national encyclopedia since Robbins' 1957 work, which by that time was terribly outdated.

With this in mind, Edmonton-based Canadian nationalist and publisher Mel Hurtig was left unimpressed with the lack of Canadian reference works as well as with the various omissions and blatant errors (e.g., Brian Mulroney was described as a Liberal rather than Conservative) found in existing encyclopedias with Canadian entries. In response, Hurtig launched a project in the 1970s to create a wholly new Canadian encyclopedia.

In 1978, around the Province of Alberta's 75th anniversary, Hurtig approached the Alberta government with the idea of supporting Hurtig's idea of an encyclopedia as Alberta's "gift to Canada", which gained the support of Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed. On 15 November 1979, the Alberta Legislature announced that the provincial government would underwrite the development costs of the encyclopedia with CA$3.4 million and would donate a further $600,000 towards the delivery of a free copy to every school and library in Canada. (This was done on the condition that no other funding would be able to obscure the gesture of the Alberta Government.)

Taking on this publishing 'megaproject', Hurtig would spend the next few years raising funds from banks for printing and marketing. The concern of a French-language edition was put aside with a guarantee by Hurtig that the rights would be donated free to a publisher in Quebec.

Hurtig held a nationwide search for an editor-in-chief, including with an advertisement in the Globe and Mail. Soon after, James Harley Marsh was hired as editor-in-chief in 1980. Marsh recruited more than 3,000 authors to write for the encyclopedia. They made index cards for every fact in the encyclopedia, signed off by the researcher, utilized three sources, and had every article read by three outside readers. Then, the entire encyclopedia was proofread by an independent source. Over 3,000 people contributed to the content and accuracy of the encyclopedia's entries.

In 1981, the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada was published.

First editions

Printed edition 1985, cover

By May 1984, Hurtig Publishers had received over 105,000 in pre-sale orders for the first edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia, which was finally published in 1985 (ISBN 0-88830-269-X). Carrying nearly 3 million words within three separate volumes, it featured over 2,500 contributors and included more than 9,000 articles. Costing $125 per set, this first edition sold out within days of publication and became a Canadian bestseller; nearly 150,000 sets sold in six months.

Two years later, Alain Stanké of Montreal published the first French edition of the encyclopedia, Encyclopédie canadienne, in three volumes.

A revised and expanded edition of TCE was released in 1988 (ISBN 0-88830-326-2), selling out just as the first. This edition would add a fourth volume and around 500,000 new words. Encoded in a markup language precursor of HTML, this edition would be the first encyclopedia in the world to use a computer to help compile, typeset, design, and print it.

1990s

In September 1990, Hurtig published The Junior Encyclopedia of Canada (ISBN 0-88830-334-3), illustrated with over 3000 photos, drawings, and maps. This five-volume encyclopedia was funded by the federal Department of Communications and a grant from the CRB Foundation of Montreal. It would be the first encyclopedia for young Canadians.

In May 1991, Hurtig sold his publishing company to McClelland & Stewart (M&S), and the encyclopedia along with it. Soon, a vice president at M&S would be the first to usher in the first real electronic version of the encyclopedia in 1995: The Canadian Encyclopedia Plus, published as a digital CD-ROM (ISBN 0-7710-2041-4), with searching capability, hot links to related articles, and multimedia. This digital format would also eventually incorporate the Gage Canadian Dictionary and Roget's Thesaurus with the text of TCE, as well as incorporating the Columbia Encyclopedia.

The first edition of the encyclopedia on CD-ROM was released in 1993; the second, in 1995.

The 1998–99 Canadian Encyclopedia on CD-ROM came in three separate versions:

  1. an updated World Edition with a new interactive quiz called Canucklehead
  2. a new Student Edition with the updated and revised text of the Junior Encyclopedia of Canada
  3. a Deluxe version, which included all the material on “World” and 5 additional disks

The Canadian Encyclopedia was able to become fully bilingual through a grant from Heritage Canada, which helped to complete the project of translating the over-4-million pieces of text into French. By 2000, the electronic encyclopedia included a fourth version: "National".

In 1999, McClelland & Stewart published the year-2000 edition, incorporating all four previous volumes in a single book (ISBN 0-77102-099-6), followed by Stanké's French edition the next year. Also in 1999, Avie Bennett, the Chair of McClelland & Stewart, transferred the ownership of the encyclopedia to the Historica Foundation. Later that year, the Historica Foundation made a full version of The Canadian Encyclopedia available online.

Online

Launching in Edmonton in October 2001, the real online version of TCE was programmed by NetCentrics in Edmonton and its interface designed by 7th Floor Media in Vancouver. In 2002/2003, an online version of the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, including around 3,000 articles and 500 illustrations, was incorporated into TCE.

On March 31, 2013, Marsh stepped down as editor-in-chief of TCE in retirement.

The enhanced interactive format that TCE currently uses online was first released in October 2013. Today, The Canadian Encyclopedia is available entirely online. The TCE's current editor-in-chief is Bronwyn Graves.

Organization

As the President and CEO of Historica Canada since 2012, Anthony Wilson-Smith is also the publisher of the encyclopedia. As of 2021, the encyclopedia has 5,040 authors.

TCE is funded by SOCAN as well as the federal Department of Canadian Heritage. Its partners include the Canadian Children's Book Centre, Musée des grands Québécois, the Robert McLaughlin Gallery, and Maclean's.

TCE claims to be "non-partisan and apolitical" and that they are "not affiliated with any government or political party".

See also

References

  1. "The Canadian Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  2. ^ "About". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  3. ^ "Two Canadians who changed the world". The Globe and Mail. 2013-03-28. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  4. ^ "James Marsh, Editor-in-Chief of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Retires". Historica Canada. 2013-03-27. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  5. ^ "Brief History of The Canadian Encyclopedia « James H Marsh". 2020-05-29. Archived from the original on 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  6. ^ Kennedy, Paul (June 28, 2012). "Citizen Mel, Parts 1 & 2". Ideas. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  7. ^ James, H. Marsh (2009-03-30). "Encyclopedia". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
  8. Sabourin, Diane. March 20, 2012. "Alain Stanké". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada (last updated December 14, 2013).
  9. "Mel Hurtig". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  10. Tuominen, Liisa (December 17, 1995). "Canadian Encyclopedia gets it right the second time around on CD-ROM". The Ottawa Citizen. p. 29 – via newspapers.com.
  11. "Canadian Encyclopedia Online". Wilfrid Laurier University. Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  12. "Bronwyn Graves". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  13. "Help". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-04-18.

External links

Categories: