Misplaced Pages

Azmi Bishara: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 23:16, 12 July 2017 view sourceInternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs)Bots, Pending changes reviewers5,388,153 edits Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.4)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 02:16, 12 January 2025 view source GreenC bot (talk | contribs)Bots2,571,126 edits Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per Category:All articles with dead external links 
(121 intermediate revisions by 54 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Palestinian-Israeli politician; founder of the Balad Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Arabic|topic=bio}}
{{COI|date=February 2017}} {{COI|date=February 2017}}
{{format|date=February 2017}} {{format|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox member of the Knesset
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
|image= Azmi Bishara, 2013.JPG
{{Infobox officeholder
|caption = Azmi Bishara in 2013.
|image=Azmi Bishara (00370528).jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|7|22|df=y}} |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|7|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = ], ] |birth_place = ], Israel
|death_date = |death_date =
|suboffice1 = ]
|Knesset(s) = ], ], ], ]
|office1=Faction represented in the ] |subterm1 = 1996–2007
|party1 = ]
|partyyears1 = 1996–2007
}} }}
'''Azmi Bishara''' ({{lang-ar|عزمي بشارة}} {{Audio|Ar-Azmi Bishara.oga|listen}}, {{lang-he-n|עַזְמִי בִשַארָה}} {{Audio|AzmiBisharaHe.ogg|listen}}, born 22 July 1956, ]) is an Arab public intellectual, political philosopher and author. Bishara, a ] from the Upper Galilee, is presently the General Director of the ]<ref name="Doha">{{cite web|url=http://english.dohainstitute.org/Home/Summary?entityID=e0b3a0a1-5f37-48ca-8ac8-7748d50281da&resourceId=30b41d88-33e1-4462-a337-60f93966e30d|title=Executive Board|website=English.dohainstitute.org|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> and the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies.<ref name="Doha Institute for Graduate Studies">, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies website; accessed 28 December 2016.</ref>


'''Azmi Bishara''' ({{langx|ar|عزمي بشارة}} {{Audio|Ar-Azmi Bishara.oga|listen}} born 22 July 1956) is an ] public intellectual, political philosopher and author.<ref>{{cite web | last=Stork | first=Joe| title=An Interview with Azmi Bishara | website=MERIP | date=January 19, 1994 | url=https://merip.org/1994/01/an-interview-with-azmi-bishara/ | access-date=November 30, 2023}}</ref> He is presently the General Director of the ] and the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies.<ref name="Doha">{{cite web|url=http://english.dohainstitute.org/Home/Summary?entityID=e0b3a0a1-5f37-48ca-8ac8-7748d50281da&resourceId=30b41d88-33e1-4462-a337-60f93966e30d|title=Executive Board|website=English.dohainstitute.org|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606234339/http://english.dohainstitute.org/Home/Summary?entityID=e0b3a0a1-5f37-48ca-8ac8-7748d50281da&resourceId=30b41d88-33e1-4462-a337-60f93966e30d|archive-date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=https://www.dohainstitute.edu.qa/en/About/Pages/Board-of-Trustees.aspx |website=Doha Institute for Graduate Studies |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
Previously, he was a member of the ] legislature, the ]. Bishara won election as a member of the ], a group which represents the interests of the ], and of which he was a founder.<ref name="KP">{{cite web| url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?ID=29|title=Knesset Members: Azmi Bishara|publisher=State of Israel|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref>


Born in ], ], his political activity began when he founded the National Committee for Arab High School Students in 1974. He later established the Arab Students Union when at university. In 1995 he formed the ] party and was elected to the ] on its list in ]. He was subsequently re-elected in ], ] and ]. However, after visiting ] and ] in the aftermath of the ], Bishara became the subject of a criminal investigation for acts of alleged treason and espionage and was suspected of supplying targeting information to ]. He fled Israel,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL02588730 |title=Israel accuses Israeli-Arab ex-lawmaker of treason |work=Reuters |date=2 May 2007 |first=Ori |last=Lewis |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=data>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4818672 |title=Ex-MK Bishara Suspected of Treason, Passing Data to Hezbollah |work=Ha'aretz |date=2 May 2007 |first1=Jonathan |last1=Lis |first2=Shahar |last2=Ilan |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Guardian1"/> denying the allegations and refusing to return, claiming he would not receive a fair trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel moves to revoke citizenship of Palestinian thinker Azmi Bishara|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/7/31/israel-moves-to-revoke-palestinian-thinker-azmi-bisharas-citizenship|access-date=8 July 2024|work=The New Arab |date=31 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-former-mk-azmi-bishara-wary-of-return-1.5360128 |title=Former MK Azmi Bishara Wants to Return to Israel, but Fears Unfair Trial |work=Ha'aretz |date=10 May 2015 |first=Jack |last=Khoury |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
Following visits to ] and ] in the wake of the ], Bishara became the subject of an Israeli criminal investigation, for money laundering, contact with a foreign agent, delivery of information to the enemy and, most seriously, assistance to the enemy during war. Bishara was subsequently stripped of his parliamentary immunity; he fled Israel and has not returned since.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rory McCarthy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/24/israel|title=In a rare interview, Israeli MP Azmi Bishara talks to Rory McCarthy|newspaper=]|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref>


Bishara has since established himself in ] at the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies as an academic and researcher. He also helped establish the ] media conglomerate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/qatar_recalibration.pdf|title=Qatar and the Recalibration of Power in the Gulf|first=Lina|last=Khatib|author-link=Lina Khatib|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=8 July 2024 |date=2014 |page=12}}</ref> In 2017 he announced his retirement from direct political work at the beginning of 2017 with the aim of dedicating all his time to "writing and intellectual production".<ref name="Retr">{{cite web|trans-title=And in Another Novel: Azmi Bishara recounts his political and intellectual career|url=https://www.arab48.com/%D8%AF.-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/2017/03/04/-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89--%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-|work=Arab48.com|date=4 March 2017|language=ar|access-date=8 July 2024 |script-title=ar:"وفي رواية أخرى": عزمي بشارة يروي سيرته السياسية والفكرية }}</ref>
Bishara has since established himself in Qatar, where, in addition to his academic and research endeavors, he is a public intellectual active in the pan-Arab sphere. He also continues to write, as well as to issue new editions of some of his earlier works, including a 2012 re-publication of one of his most well-known Arabic books, ''On Civil Society''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/107/56676/Books/Arab/New-Release-Sixth-edition-of-Azmi-Bishara%E2%80%99s-Civil-.aspx|title=New Release|website=English.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
Bishara helped to establish the ] (The New Arab) media conglomerate, which includes a newspaper with online and print editions and an online-only English version, as well as a television station,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/qatar_recalibration.pdf|format=PDF|title=QATAR AND THE RECALIBRATION OF POWER IN THE GULF|author=Lina Khatib|website=Carnegieendowment.org|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> which launched in 2014.
Bishara was born in ] into a ] family. His mother was a school teacher and his father a health inspector and ]ist with connections to the Communist ] party; his siblings include ] (now a political commentator) and Rawia Bishara (a chef, cookbook writer and restaurateur).<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman|first=Vered |url= http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/.premium-1.591684 |title=An exquisite taste of Palestine, from far-away Brooklyn |website=Haaretz|date=20 May 2014 |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> According to '']'', the family's history goes back hundreds of years to a village north of Nazareth.<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/24/israel |title=Wanted, for crimes against the state |first=Rory |last=McCarthy |work=The Guardian |date=23 July 2007 |location=London, UK |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>


His political activism started at his ] high school, where in 1974, at the age of 18, he established the "National Committee of the Arab High School Students".<ref name="enc">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Bishara, Azmi (1956– )|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bishara-azmi-1956|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> Bishara stated that he established the organisation because "the general national feeling among Arab students of the need to struggle against racist practices".<ref name="Retr"/>
==Life==
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2017}}

===Early life and education===
Bishara was born in ] into a ] family, where his mother was a school teacher and his father a health inspector and ]ist with connections to the ]. Azmi Bishara siblings include political commentator ] and noted chef, cookbook author and restaurateur Rawia Bishara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balintyesterday |first=Benjamin |url= http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/.premium-1.591684 |title=An exquisite taste of Palestine, from far-away Brooklyn - Modern Manna |website=Haaretz.com |date=20 May 2014 |accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> According to '']'', the family's history goes back hundreds of years to a village north of Nazareth.<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/24/israel |title=Wanted for crimes against the state |author=Rory McCarthy |work=The Guardian |date=24 July 2007 |location=London, UK}}</ref> Bishara attended Nazareth Baptist school, where he established the first National Committee of Arab High School Students, becoming its chairman in 1974.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

He studied at ] and at the ],<ref name="Guardian1"/> where in 1976 he founded and headed the Arab Student Union. In the same year, he was instrumental in setting up the Arab Student Committees and Campus Lands Defense Committee against the occupation of the ].<ref name="JPost">{{cite news|url=http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/Elections99/candidates/bishara2.shtml |newspaper=Jerusalem Post |title=1999 Knesset elections: Azmi Bishara |year=1999 |accessdate=11 March 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085000/http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/Elections99/candidates/bishara2.shtml |archivedate=20 November 2008 }}</ref> At the time he was a member of the Israeli Communist Party (], now part of ]), and supported an ]-] political agenda.


During his studies at the ], he established the Arab Students Union,<ref>{{cite web |title=Azmi Bishara: Public Activity |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/MK/APPS/mk/mk-public-activity-publications/29 |website=The Knesset |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> as well as being one of the founders of the Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands in 1976.<ref name="official"/> He went on to study at the ] between 1977 and 1980,<ref name="official"/> where he chaired the Arab Students Union and was a member of the Front of Communist Students-Campus.<ref name="enc"/> After that he went to ] and completed his PhD in philosophy at the ].<ref name="official"/>
==Career== ==Career==
===Academic career=== ===Academic career===
Upon completing his PhD in philosophy at ] (then ]) in 1986, he joined the faculty of ] Upon completing his PhD in philosophy at ] (then ]) in 1986, he joined the faculty of ] in the ]. He headed the Philosophy and Cultural Studies Department for two years, from 1994-96. He has also worked as a senior researcher at the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of MK Dr. Azmi Bishara |url=https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/features/bishara/bio.htm |website=adalah.org |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
"1980–1986: جامعة هومبولون برلين. تخرج منها بشهادة دكتوراة في الفلسفة بإمتياز."<br>
"1986–1996: محاضر الفلسفة والدراسات الثقافية، جامعة بير زيت."<br>
Translation:<br>
"1980–1986: Humboldt University, Berlin. He graduated cum-laude with a PhD in Philosophy."<br>
"1986–1996: Lecturer in Philosophy and Cultural Studies, Bir-Zeyt University.


Bishara is one of the founders of the Society for Arab Culture and of Muwatin,<ref name="HA">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/azmi-bishara-national-democratic-alliance-1.24775|title=Azmi Bishara - National Democratic Alliance|newspaper=Haaretz|date=21 December 2002|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> the Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy founded by a group of scholars and academics in 1992. He also serves on the board of trustees of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adf.org.qa/en/about-adf/board-of-trustees.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519022927/http://adf.org.qa/en/about-adf/board-of-trustees.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2010|website=Arab Democracy Foundation |title=Board of Trustees|access-date=28 December 2016|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
He and went on to head the Philosophy and Cultural Studies Department for two years, from 1994-96. He has also worked as a senior researcher at the ].<ref name="Adalah">, adalah.org; accessed 28 December 2016.</ref>


Bishara is presently the general director of the ] in ], ], also known as the Doha Institute, and a member of its executive board.<ref name="Doha"/> He is an important adviser to former Qatar emir ] and to his successor, ].<ref name="FTQatar">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html#axzz2TcXOz5mR|date=17 May 2013|title=How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution|first1=Roula |last1=Khalaf |first2=Abigail |last2=Fielding-Smith|work=The Financial Times Magazine|access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>
He is one of the founders of the Society for Arab Culture and of Muwatin,<ref name="HA">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/azmi-bishara-national-democratic-alliance-1.24775|title=Azmi Bishara profile at National Democratic Alliance website|newspaper=Haaretz|date=21 December 2002|accessdate=11 March 2007}}</ref> the Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy founded by a group of scholars and academics in 1992. He also serves on the Board of Trustees of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adf.org.qa/en/about-adf/board-of-trustees.html|title=Arab Democracy Foundation website|accessdate=28 December 2016}}{{subscription}}</ref>

Bishara is presently the General Director of the ] in ], ], also known as the Doha Institute, and a member of its Executive Board.<ref name="Doha"/> He is an important adviser to former Qatar emir ] and to his successor, ].<ref name="FTQatar">{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html#axzz2TcXOz5mR|date=17 May 2013|title=How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution|author=Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding-Smith|work=The Financial Times Magazine|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref>


===Political career=== ===Political career===
In 1995, Bishara was at the head of a group of young Israeli Palestinian intellectuals who founded the political party ''National Democratic Assembly'', ''Brit Le'umit Demokratit'' in Hebrew, short ''Balad''.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 December 2002|title=Balad: A country of all its citizens, cultural autonomy for Arabs|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/balad-a-country-of-all-its-citizens-cultural-autonomy-for-arabs-1.24538|work=Haaretz}}</ref> In 1996 he was elected to the fourteenth Knesset (first seating 17 June 1996) on the Balad-Hadash list. In 1995, Bishara was at the head of a group of young Israeli Palestinian intellectuals who founded the political party ''National Democratic Assembly'', ''Brit Le'umit Demokratit'' in Hebrew, short ''Balad''.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 December 2002|title=Balad: A country of all its citizens, cultural autonomy for Arabs|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/balad-a-country-of-all-its-citizens-cultural-autonomy-for-arabs-1.24538|work=Haaretz|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> In 1996 he was elected to the fourteenth Knesset (first seating 17 June 1996) on the Balad-Hadash list.


Bishara was the first ] to run for ] in the ],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2642137.stm| title= Profile: Israel's Arab voice|work=BBC News| date=9 January 2003}}</ref> but dropped out of the race two days before election day. In the end, only ] and ] were left as final candidates,<ref name="JPost"/> with Barak emerging victorious.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/05/99/israel_elections/349677.stm|title=Healing a national wound|work=BBC News|accessdate=18 April 2007|date=21 May 1999}}</ref> Bishara was planning to be the first Arab to run for ] in the ],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2642137.stm| title= Profile: Israel's Arab voice|work=BBC News| date=9 January 2003 |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> but dropped out of the race two days before election day, leaving it as a contest between ] and ],<ref name="JPost">{{cite news|url=http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/Elections99/candidates/bishara2.shtml |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=1999 Knesset elections: Azmi Bishara |year=1999 |access-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085000/http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/Elections99/candidates/bishara2.shtml |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref> with Barak emerging victorious.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/05/99/israel_elections/349677.stm|title=Healing a national wound|work=BBC News|access-date=8 July 2024|date=21 May 1999}}</ref>


In 2003, the Central Elections Committee disqualified Bishara from running in the elections for the 16th Knesset, citing a new clause of the ] which banned candidates who supported "armed struggle, by a hostile state or a terrorist organization, against the State of Israel",<ref name=JPost2003>{{cite web|url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/Elections2003/ld_03_1201.html|title=High Court overturns disqualifications of Tibi, Bishara|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=24 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102180401/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/Elections2003/ld_03_1201.html|archive-date=2 January 2008|url-status=dead |date=January 10, 2003 |first=Dan |last=Izenberg}}</ref> and referencing a speech made by Bishara in Syria where he called on Arab states to support Palestinian resistance. His support for resistance was claimed to be an endorsement for suicide bombings, whilst his request for Arab support was claimed to be an "invitation to destroy the state".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/09/israel |title=Court lifts election ban on Arab Israelis |work=The Guardian |date=9 January 2003 |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> However, the CEC's decision was overturned on appeal by the ] in a 7–4 vote.<ref name=JPost2003/> In a later case that confirmed the decision, Supreme Court President Aharon Barak explained the reasoning: " speeches did not contain clear support for an armed struggle of a terrorist organization against the State of Israel, although they did contain support for a terrorist organization."<ref name=SCdecision>{{cite web | publisher=High Court of Justice | id=HJC 11225/03 |title=MK Dr Azmi Bishara v. Attorney-General, 2. Knesset, 3. Nazareth Magistrates Court | date = 1 February 2006 | url=https://supremedecisions.court.gov.il/Home/Download?path=EnglishVerdicts\03\250\112\v08&fileName=03112250_v08.txt&type=4 |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
In 2003, the ] "overturned Central Elections Committee decisions to disqualify MKs Ahmad Tibi and Azmi Bishara, and Bishara's party, Balad, from running in the elections to the 16th Knesset." The CEC's decision was supported by Attorney General ], "who went so far as to submit his own petition to the CEC against the party and its leader." "The CEC ruled that Bishara and Balad sought to destroy the Jewish character of the state and supported the armed struggle against it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/Elections2003/ld_03_1201.html|title=High Court overturns disqualifications of Tibi, Bishara|work=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=24 February 2007}}</ref>


After his election, the Knesset voted to remove Bishra's immunity and the attorney-general filed charges against him for supporting a terror organization.<ref name=Yoaz>{{cite news | title = High Court Drops Terror Support Charges Against MK Azmi Bishara | first= Yuval |last=Yoaz | date = 2 February 2006 | url = https://www.haaretz.com/1.4890080 |work=Haaretz |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> The charges were dismissed by the Supreme Court and his immunity restored.<ref name=Yoaz/><ref name=SCdecision/>
In 2007, Bishara was questioned by police on suspicion of aiding and passing information to the enemy during wartime, contacts with a foreign agent, and receiving large sums of money transferred from abroad.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web|last=Balintyesterday|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/balad-chairman-bishara-i-cannot-receive-a-fair-trial-in-israel-1.219014|title=Balad Chairman Bishara: I cannot receive a fair trial in Israel|website=Haaretz.com|date=26 April 2007|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Bishara denied the accusations and said they were part of an effort to punish him because he had opposed Israel's invasion of Lebanon the preceding summer.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>


====2006 Israel–Lebanon War====
Soon after, he fled Israel and resigned from the Knesset. stating he could not receive a fair trial there.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> In February 2011, the Israeli parliament passed the so-called "Bishara bill", which stripped Bishara of his parliamentary benefits, including the pension he had received as a former Knesset member.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=214202|title=Knesset passes law revoking citizenship for treason|author=Rebecca Anna Stoil|date=28 March 2011|newspaper=Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
During the ] Bishara criticized the Israeli government for not providing bomb shelters to Arab areas in Israel's north, and said Israel was using Arabs as "human shields" by putting artillery units next to Israeli Arab villages towns and villages.<ref name="Israeli Arabs caught in middle">{{cite web |author=Patience, Martin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4778163.stm |title=Israeli Arabs caught in middle |work=BBC News |location=Jerusalem |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> Bishara also predicted that, because many Arab Israelis opposed the war or applauded Hezbollah's surprisingly strong resistance to the Israeli invasion, there would be negative repercussions for the community when the war ended. "We will have to pick up the bill on this," he said. "If lose, they will turn against us, if they win, they will turn against us."<ref name="Israeli Arabs caught in middle"/>


In September 2006, shortly after the conclusion of the Lebanon war, Bishara again visited Syria and in a speech warned of the possibility that Israel might launch "a preliminary offensive in more than one place, in a bid to overcome the internal crisis in the country and in an attempt to restore its deterrence capability."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3301614,00.html|title=MK Bishara warns Syria of Israeli attack|work=Ynetnews|date=9 September 2006|last1=Nahmias|first1=Roee|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
====2001 Visit to Syria====
Bishara visited ], ] in 2001, and gave a speech at a memorial ceremony for Syrian President ] and other Arab leaders, among them the secretary-general of ] and the vice-president of ], where "he called for promoting the armed struggle ("The resistance") against Israel".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=FUhnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=Progressive+List+for+Peace+supreme+court&source=bl&ots=Z6n7oXrhwf&sig=5xGqGUdh_ckdb2HuoznGHEMsMAs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3urvzlqLSAhVBD5AKHTqpB8YQ6AEIUjAM#v=onepage&q=azmi%20bishara&f=false|title=The Purse and the Sword: The Trials of Israel's Legal Revolution|last=Friedmann|first=Daniel|date=17 June 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190278519}}</ref> He was accused in Israel of expressing support for ], and upon his return to Israel was charged with incitement to violence and support for a terrorist organization, as defined by Israel's ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2001/11/8/israels_knesset_votes_to_revoke_immunity|title=Israel's Knesset Votes to Revoke Immunity From Popular Palestinian Member of Parliament Azmi Bishara|date=8 November 2001}}</ref> After Bishara's visit to Syria, the Knesset passed a law forbidding MKs from visiting enemy states.<ref name="haaretz2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/760939.html|title=Bar-On wants passports of Arab MKs who visited Syria revoked|work=Haaretz|date=11 September 2006}}</ref>

====2006 Israel–Lebanon War====
During the ] Bishara criticized the Israeli government for not providing bomb shelters to Arab areas in Israel's north, and said Israel was using Arabs as "human shields" by putting artillery units next to Israeli Arab villages towns and villages.<ref name="Israeli Arabs caught in middle">Patience, Martin.
, BBC News, Jerusalem; accessed 28 December 2016.</ref> Bishara also predicted that, because many Arab Israelis opposed the war or applauded Hezbollah's surprisingly strong resistance to the Israeli invasion, there would be negative repercussions for the community when the war ended. "We will have to pick up the bill on this," he said. "If lose they will turn against us, if they win they will turn against us."<ref name="Israeli Arabs caught in middle"/>


Bishara and members of his party also visited Lebanon, where they told the Lebanese prime minister that Hezbollah's resistance to Israel during the preceding summer's war had "lifted the spirit of the Arab people".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=34947| title=Balad MKs praise Hizbullah resistance|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 September 2006|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> Soon thereafter at Interior Minister Roni Bar-On's request, Attorney General ] ordered a criminal investigation against Balad MKs Bishara, Jamal Zahalka and Wasil Taha over the visit to Syria.<ref name="haaretz2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/760939.html|title=Bar-On wants passports of Arab MKs who visited Syria revoked|work=Haaretz|date=11 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210210901/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/760939.html|archive-date=10 February 2007|first1=Yuval|last=Yoaz|first2=Jack|last2=Khoury|access-date=10 September 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
In September 2006, shortly after the conclusion of the Lebanon war, Bishara again visited Syria and in a speech warned of the possibility that Israel might launch "a preliminary offensive in more than one place, in a bid to overcome the internal crisis in the country and in an attempt to restore its deterrence capability."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3301614,00.html|title=MK Bishara warns Syria of Israeli attack|work=Ynetnews|date=9 September 2006}}</ref>


In 2007, Bishara was questioned by police on suspicion of aiding and passing information to the enemy during wartime, contacts with a foreign agent, and receiving large sums of money transferred from abroad.<ref name="HA2">{{cite web|first1=Jonathan|last1=Lis|first2=Yoav|last2=Stern|first3=Shahar|last3=Ilan|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852611.html|title=Balad Chairman Bishara: I cannot receive a fair trial in Israel|work=Haaretz|access-date=28 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427232632/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852611.html|archive-date=27 April 2007|url-status=dead|date=27 April 2007}}</ref> Bishara denied the accusations and said they were part of an effort to punish him because he had opposed Israel's invasion of Lebanon the preceding summer.<ref name="HA2"/>
Bishara and members of his party also visited Lebanon, where they told the Lebanese prime minister that Hezbullah's resistance to Israel during the preceding summer's war had "lifted the spirit of the Arab people".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=34947| title=Balad MKs praise Hizbullah resistance|work=Jerusalem Post|date=15 September 2006}}</ref> Soon thereafter at Interior Minister Roni Bar-On's request, Attorney General ] ordered a criminal investigation against Balad MKs Azmi Bishara, Jamal Zahalka and Wassel Taha over the visit to Syria.<ref name="haaretz2006"/>


====Resignation from Knesset==== ====Resignation from Knesset====
On 22 April 2007, Bishara resigned from the ] via the Israeli Embassy in ], following a police investigation into his foreign contacts, and accusations of allegedly aiding the enemy during wartime, passing information on to the enemy and contacts with a foreign agent, as well as laundering money received from foreign sources.<ref name="HA2">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852611.html|title=Balad Chairman Bishara: I cannot receive a fair trial in Israel|work=Haaretz|accessdate=28 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427232632/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852611.html|archivedate=27 April 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref> Bishara has denied the allegations, and claims he is staying abroad because he believes he wouldn't receive a fair trial.<ref name="HA2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152849116&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Report: MK Bishara leaves Egypt|work=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=25 April 2007}}</ref> On 22 April 2007, Bishara resigned from the ] via the Israeli Embassy in ], following a police investigation into his foreign contacts, and accusations of allegedly aiding the enemy during wartime, passing information on to the enemy and contacts with a foreign agent, as well as laundering money received from foreign sources.<ref name="HA2"/> Bishara denied the allegations, and claimed he was staying abroad as he believed he would not receive a fair trial in Israel.<ref name="HA2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152849116&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Report: MK Bishara leaves Egypt|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=25 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130947/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152849116&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archive-date=5 February 2012|date=22 April 2007|first=Sheera Claire|last=Frenkel|url-status=live}}</ref>


Following a petition by '']'' and other media outlets to lift a ] preventing publication of information relating to the specific charges being laid against Azmi Bishara, on 2 May 2007 the Petah Tikva Magistrate's Court announced the gag order would be fully lifted. One week prior, the court had allowed only for the fact that Bishara is suspected of assisting the enemy in wartime, transmitting information to the enemy, contact with a foreign agent and money-laundering to be publicized.<ref>, Haaretz.com, 2 May 2007.</ref> Following a petition by '']'' and other media outlets to lift a ] preventing publication of information relating to the specific charges being laid against Bishara, on 2 May 2007 the Petah Tikva Magistrate's Court announced the gag order would be fully lifted. One week prior, the court had allowed only for the fact that Bishara was suspected of assisting the enemy in wartime, transmitting information to the enemy, contact with a foreign agent and money-laundering to be publicized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854900.html |title=Gag Order on investigation of ex-MK Bishara to be lifted Wednesday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504031635/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854900.html |archive-date=4 May 2007 |website=Haaretz|date=2 May 2007}}</ref>


Bishara is accused of giving Hezbollah information on strategic locations in Israel that should be attacked with rockets during the ], in exchange for huge amounts of money. Wiretaps were authorized by the Israeli High Court of Justice. Investigators say that Bishara recommended long-range rocket attacks which would serve Hezbollah's cause.<ref>, Ynetnews.com; retrieved 3 May 2007.</ref> Bishara was accused of giving Hezbollah information on strategic locations in Israel that should be attacked with rockets during the ], in exchange for money. Wiretaps were authorized by the Israeli High Court of Justice. Investigators say that Bishara recommended long-range rocket attacks which would serve Hezbollah's cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3395153,00.html |title=Bishara recommended that Hizbullah attack south of Haifa |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=8 July 2024|last1=Yishai |first1=Ron Ben }}</ref>


According to court documents "Bishara was questioned twice in the case and during the last encounter he told interrogators that he intends to leave Israel for a couple of days. He said he would attend a third questioning session soon upon his return to Israel".<ref>, Ynetnews.com; retrieved 25 April 2007.</ref><ref>, Haaretz.com; retrieved 25 April 2007.</ref> According to court documents "Bishara was questioned twice in the case and during the last encounter he told interrogators that he intends to leave Israel for a couple of days. He said he would attend a third questioning session soon upon his return to Israel".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391929,00.html |title=Bishara suspected of aiding enemy during Lebanon war|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=25 April 2007|access-date=8 July 2024|last1=Weiss|first1=Efrat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852066.html|title=Bishara suspected of aiding enemies during Second Lebanon War|website=Haaretz|access-date=25 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427035435/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/852066.html|archive-date=27 April 2007|date=25 April 2007|first1=Yoav|last1=Stern|first2=Shahar|last2=Ilan|url-status=live}}</ref>


Bishara addressed a rally of supporters in Nazareth via telephone in April 2007. He told the thousands of supporters that, "My guilt is that I love my homeland... our intellect and our words are our weapons. Never in my life did I draw a gun or kill anyone."<ref>, Haaretz.com; retrieved 28 April 2007.</ref> Bishara addressed a rally of supporters in Nazareth via telephone in April 2007. He told the thousands of supporters that, "My guilt is that I love my homeland... our intellect and our words are our weapons. Never in my life did I draw a gun or kill anyone."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853186.html |title=Thousands protest in Nazareth in support of former MK Bishara |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=28 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430062705/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853186.html |archive-date=30 April 2007 |date=28 April 2007 |first1= Jonathan |last1=Lis |first2=Yoav |last2=Stern}}</ref>


], Bishara's replacement in the Knesset, commented on the charges leading up to Bishara's resignation, saying, "There were many instances in which the ] tried to set people up ... They're just trying to behead a prominent Arab leader. They will fail."<ref>, Haaretz.com; retrieved 3 May 2007.</ref> On 14 February 2011, Bishara's pension as a former Knesset member was canceled through a new law. The law was specially written to handle his case.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} ], Bishara's replacement in the Knesset, commented on the charges leading up to Bishara's resignation, saying that "There were many instances in which the ] tried to set people up ... They're just trying to behead a prominent Arab leader. They will fail."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html |title=Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' conscientious objector |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802032505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html |archive-date=2 August 2009 |work=Haaretz |access-date=3 May 2007 |date=2 May 2007 |first1=Yoav |last1=Stern |first2=Jack |last2=Khoury}}</ref> In 2008, the Knesset approved a new law, known as the Bishara Law, which would ban anyone who visited an enemy state from sitting in the Knesset.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Arab-MKs-slam-Knesset-approval-of-Bishara-law |title=Arab MKs slam Knesset approval of 'Bishara Law' |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=8 July 2024 |first=Rebecca Anna |last=Stoil}}</ref> Another new "Bishara Law" in 2011 led to his Knesset member's pension being canceled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ghattas-bill-would-cancel-pensions-of-MKs-who-harm-state-security-484873 |title='Ghattas Bill' would cancel pensions of MKs who harm state security |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=8 July 2024 |first=Udi |last=Shaham}}</ref>


===Syrian revolt=== ===Syrian revolt===
Line 84: Line 72:


===Personal life=== ===Personal life===
Bishara is married and has two children.<ref name="Guardian1"/> According to '']'', he received a kidney transplant in March 1997 at ] in ].<ref name="JPost"/> According to his website, he is a citizen of ].<ref name="ABBiography">{{cite web|url=http://www.azmibishara.com/About-Azmi/Biography.aspx|publisher=Azmi Bishara Website|title=Dr Azmi Bishara: biography|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Bishara is married and has two children.<ref name="Guardian1"/> According to '']'', he received a kidney transplant in March 1997 at ] in ].<ref name="JPost"/> According to his website, he is a citizen of ].<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.azmibishara.com/About-Azmi/Biography.aspx|publisher=Azmi Bishara Website|title=Dr Azmi Bishara: biography|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205184814/http://azmibishara.com/About-Azmi/Biography.aspx|archive-date=5 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Published works== ==Published works==
*{{lang|ar|من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون}} ''Min yahudiyat al-dawla hata Sharon'' ("From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon") (2005),<ref>, Al-Ahram Weekly; retrieved 30 April 2007</ref> *{{lang|ar|من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون}} ''Min yahudiyat al-dawla hata Sharon'' ("From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon") (2005),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/747/bo14.htm |title=At a glance |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731085008/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/747/bo14.htm |archive-date=31 July 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''The Ruptured Political Discourse and Other Studies'' (Arabic, 1998) *''The Ruptured Political Discourse and Other Studies'' (Arabic, 1998)
*Two novels of a planned trilogy: ''The Checkpoint'' (2004) {{langx|ar|وجد في بلاد الحواجز}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2004/11/SABAH/11685|title=La Palestine fragmentée|work=Le Monde Diplomatique|date=November 2004|access-date=8 July 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> Hebrew translation,<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:כיסופים בארץ המחסומים |publisher=Babel|year=2005}}</ref> German translation,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.lenos.ch/books/bischara_checkpoint.html|title=Asmi Bischara, Checkpoint. Bericht aus einem zerteilten Land. Aus dem Arabischen von Hartmut Fähndrich|publisher=Lenos Verlag|location=Zürich|date=2006|isbn=3-85787-377-9|last1=Bišāra|first1=ʿazmī}}</ref> and ''Love in the Shadow Zone'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6450|title=Culture 101: A roundup of the month's news in the arts and culture|work=Egypt Today|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517202604/http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6450|archive-date=17 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''The Palestinian Intifada and Its Reflections in the Israeli Public Opinion''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
*Two novels of a planned trilogy: ''The Checkpoint'' (2004) {{lang-ar|وجد في بلاد الحواجز}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2004/11/SABAH/11685|title=La Palestine fragmentée|work=Le Monde Diplomatique|accessdate=30 April 2007}}</ref> Hebrew translation,<ref>{{cite web|title=כיסופים בארץ המחסומים |publisher=Babel|year=2005}}</ref> German translation,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.lenos.ch/books/bischara_checkpoint.html|title=Asmi Bischara, Checkpoint. Bericht aus einem zerteilten Land. Aus dem Arabischen von Hartmut Fähndrich|website=Lenos.ch Lenos Verlag, Zürich 2006|isbn=3-85787-377-9}}</ref> and ''Love in the Shadow Zone'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6450|title=Culture 101: A roundup of the month's news in the arts and culture|work=Egypt Today|accessdate=30 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517202604/http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6450|archivedate=17 May 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref>


===Arabic=== ===Arabic===
Line 101: Line 88:
*''In the Wake of the Israeli Invasion: Issues of Palestinian National Strategy'' 2002 (Arabic) *''In the Wake of the Israeli Invasion: Issues of Palestinian National Strategy'' 2002 (Arabic)
*''Theses on a Deferred Awakening'' 2003 (Arabic) *''Theses on a Deferred Awakening'' 2003 (Arabic)
*{{cite book|author=عزمي بشارة{{lrm}}|script-title=ar:من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون{{lrm}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9XRAAACAAJ|accessdate=5 July 2011|year=2005|publisher=دار الشروق للنشر والتوزيع{{lrm}}|isbn=978-9950-312-16-6|trans_title=From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon|language=Arabic}} *{{cite book|author=((عزمي بشارة{{lrm}}))|script-title=ar:من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9XRAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=دار الشروق للنشر والتوزيع|isbn=978-9950-312-16-6|trans-title=From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon|language=ar}}
*''The Elements of Democracy Series'', Series Editor: Dr Azmi Bishara (Arabic, 12 publications from 1994–99) *''The Elements of Democracy Series'', Series Editor: Dr Azmi Bishara (Arabic, 12 publications from 1994–99)


===English=== ===English===
*"Religion and Democracy", in: ] and ], eds. ''Jewish Identity in Modern Israel'', Jerusalem & New York 2002: ] and Urim Publications. {{ISBN|9789657108369}}. pp.&nbsp;140–146.
*"The Palestinians of Israel: An Interview with Azmi Bishara" in ''The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid'', edited by Roane Carey; introduction by Noam Chomsky, London; New York: Verso, 2001; {{ISBN|1-85984-377-8}} *"The Palestinians of Israel: An Interview with Azmi Bishara" in ''The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid'', edited by Roane Carey; introduction by Noam Chomsky, London; New York: Verso, 2001; {{ISBN|1-85984-377-8}}
*''The Palestinian elections:an assessment''. Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|url=http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Bishara%2C+Azmi&Search_Code=FT*&PID=5861&SEQ=20070218054033&CNT=25&HIST=1|title=Library of Congress Online Catalog - Legacy Catalog Retired|website=Catalog.loc.gov|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> *''The Palestinian elections:an assessment''. Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997
*, 5 October 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 815 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113122503/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/815/re2.htm |date=13 January 2008 }}, 5 October 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 815
*, 1 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 818 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115041348/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/818/op22.htm |date=15 January 2008 }}, 1 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 818
*, 16 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 820 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219152711/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/820/op2.htm |date=19 February 2008 }}, 16 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 820
*, 24 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 821 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214132222/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/821/op57.htm |date=14 February 2008 }}, 24 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 821
*, 8 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 823<ref></ref> as expected; Israel is demanding the absurd, but the illusion is shattered if Arab states understand that the game of axis politics is not in their interest], 22 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 837 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214123943/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/823/op2.htm |date=14 February 2008 }}, 8 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 823<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/837/op2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327121104/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/837/op2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-27|work=Al-Ahram Weekly|title= Olmert: as expected|date=27 March 2007}}</ref> as expected; Israel is demanding the absurd, but the illusion is shattered if Arab states understand that the game of axis politics is not in their interest], 22 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 837
*, 29 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119005505/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2007/838/op1.htm |date=19 November 2007 }}, 29 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly
*, 19 April 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 841 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315001229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2007/841/op2.htm |date=15 March 2008 }}, 19 April 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 841
*, 3 May 2007, Los Angeles Times *, 3 May 2007, Los Angeles Times
*, 30 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 860 *, 30 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 860
*, 6 September 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 861 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216013552/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/861/op12.htm |date=16 February 2008 }}, 6 September 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 861
*, 18 October 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 867 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214122158/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2007/867/op1.htm |date=14 February 2008 }}, 18 October 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 867
*, 8 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 870 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216182826/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/870/op2.htm |date=16 February 2008 }}, 8 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 870
*, 29 November 2007, ] Weekly, issue 873 *, 29 November 2007, ] Weekly, issue 873


===German=== ===German===
*alles ändert sich die ganze Zeit: Soziale Bewegung(en) im "Nahen Osten". Jörg Später (Hrsg.), mit Beiträgen von Azmi Bishara et al., Freiburg (Breisgau): Informationszentrum Dritte Welt, 1994<ref name="LOC"/> *alles ändert sich die ganze Zeit: Soziale Bewegung(en) im "Nahen Osten". Jörg Später (Hrsg.), mit Beiträgen von Azmi Bishara et al., Freiburg (Breisgau): Informationszentrum Dritte Welt, 1994
*Götz Nordbruch Red. & Rainer-Zimmer-Winkel Hg., John Bunzl & Moshe Zuckermann u.a., Beiträge: ''Die Araber und die Shoa. Über die Schwierigkeit dieser Konjunktion.'' darin von Azmi Bishara, Beitrag gleichlautend mit dem Gesamttitel, S. 9 – 33 Vortrag im WS 1992/93 an der ], von der Red. leicht überarb. & in den Fußnoten ergänzt. {{ISSN|0935-8684}} {{ISBN|3-932528-37-9}} {{ISBN|3865751016}} (Auch in: ''Der Umgang mit dem Holocaust. Europa, USA, Israel.'' Hg. Rolf Steininger. Böhlau, Wien 1994 Reihe: Schriften des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck und des Jüdischen Museums Hohenems Bd. 1 {{ISBN|3-205-98173-1}}) *Götz Nordbruch Red. & Rainer-Zimmer-Winkel Hg., John Bunzl & Moshe Zuckermann u.a., Beiträge: ''Die Araber und die Shoa. Über die Schwierigkeit dieser Konjunktion.'' darin von Azmi Bishara, Beitrag gleichlautend mit dem Gesamttitel, S. 9 – 33 Vortrag im WS 1992/93 an der ], von der Red. leicht überarb. & in den Fußnoten ergänzt. {{ISSN|0935-8684}} {{ISBN|3-932528-37-9}} {{ISBN|3865751016}} (Auch in: ''Der Umgang mit dem Holocaust. Europa, USA, Israel.'' Hg. Rolf Steininger. Böhlau, Wien 1994 Reihe: Schriften des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck und des Jüdischen Museums Hohenems Bd. 1 {{ISBN|3-205-98173-1}})
*Die Jerusalem Frage: Israelis und Palaestinenser im Gespräch. Teddy Kollek, Hanan Ashrawi, Amos Oz, Faisal Husseini, Ehud Olmert, Albert Aghazarian, Shulamit Aloni, Nazmi al-Jubeh, Meron Benvenisti, ], Michel Sabbah/Uri Avnery, Azmi Bishara (Hg.) (Translated from the Arabic, English or Hebrew by various translators), Heidelberg: Palmyra, c. 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/F/CE2S7RPNXKLFDJLKUDKMI5PTU8C8LIUK1BEQ2N15TUSNI6NUM3-03239?func=find-acc&acc_sequence=002695559|title=קטלוג ראשי - חיפוש בסיסי |website=Aleph500.huji.ac.il|date=6 November 1994|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> *Die Jerusalem Frage: Israelis und Palaestinenser im Gespräch. Teddy Kollek, Hanan Ashrawi, Amos Oz, Faisal Husseini, ], ], Shulamit Aloni, Nazmi al-Jubeh, Meron Benvenisti, ], Michel Sabbah/Uri Avnery, Azmi Bishara (Hg.) (Translated from the Arabic, English or Hebrew by various translators), Heidelberg: Palmyra, c. 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/F/CE2S7RPNXKLFDJLKUDKMI5PTU8C8LIUK1BEQ2N15TUSNI6NUM3-03239?func=find-acc&acc_sequence=002695559|script-title=he:קטלוג ראשי - חיפוש בסיסי|website=Aleph500.huji.ac.il|date=6 November 1994|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218192448/http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/F/CE2S7RPNXKLFDJLKUDKMI5PTU8C8LIUK1BEQ2N15TUSNI6NUM3-03239?func=find-acc&acc_sequence=002695559|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Awards== ==Awards==
*The ] for the year 2002 in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibn-rushd.org/English/prizes.htm|title=prizes |website=Ibn-rushd.org|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> *The ] for the year 2002 in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibn-rushd.org/English/prizes.htm|title=Prizes|website=Ibn-rushd.org|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425174850/http://www.ibn-rushd.org/English/prizes.htm|archive-date=25 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The ] International Human Rights Award for the year 2003 in San Francisco at the organization's annual ceremony. *The ] International Human Rights Award for the year 2003 in San Francisco at the organization's annual ceremony.


Line 134: Line 122:


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *
*, 1995 *, 1995
*, video interview with Azmi Bishara, 30 mins. *, video interview with Azmi Bishara, 30 mins.
*. Ibn Rushd Preis für freies Denken. Rede des Preisträgers Dr. Azmi Bishara, Berlin 14 December 2002 (German) *. Ibn Rushd Preis für freies Denken. Rede des Preisträgers Dr. Azmi Bishara, Berlin 14 December 2002 (German)
* (German) * (German)
Line 147: Line 135:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishara, Azmi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishara, Azmi}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 02:16, 12 January 2025

Palestinian-Israeli politician; founder of the Balad Party

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. Click for important translation instructions.
  • Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Misplaced Pages.
  • Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
  • You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Misplaced Pages article at ]; see its history for attribution.
  • You may also add the template {{Translated|ar|عزمي بشارة}} to the talk page.
  • For more guidance, see Misplaced Pages:Translation.
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Misplaced Pages's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article or section may need to be formatted. You can help Misplaced Pages by formatting it if you know how. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. (February 2017)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Azmi Bishara
Faction represented in the Knesset
1996–2007Balad
Personal details
Born (1956-07-22) 22 July 1956 (age 68)
Nazareth, Israel

Azmi Bishara (Arabic: عزمي بشارة listen born 22 July 1956) is an Arab-Israeli public intellectual, political philosopher and author. He is presently the General Director of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies and the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies.

Born in Nazareth, Israel, his political activity began when he founded the National Committee for Arab High School Students in 1974. He later established the Arab Students Union when at university. In 1995 he formed the Balad party and was elected to the Knesset on its list in 1996. He was subsequently re-elected in 1999, 2003 and 2006. However, after visiting Lebanon and Syria in the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War, Bishara became the subject of a criminal investigation for acts of alleged treason and espionage and was suspected of supplying targeting information to Hezbollah. He fled Israel, denying the allegations and refusing to return, claiming he would not receive a fair trial.

Bishara has since established himself in Qatar at the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies as an academic and researcher. He also helped establish the Al-Araby Al-Jadeed media conglomerate. In 2017 he announced his retirement from direct political work at the beginning of 2017 with the aim of dedicating all his time to "writing and intellectual production".

Early life and education

Bishara was born in Nazareth into a Christian Arab family. His mother was a school teacher and his father a health inspector and trade unionist with connections to the Communist Maki party; his siblings include Marwan (now a political commentator) and Rawia Bishara (a chef, cookbook writer and restaurateur). According to The Guardian, the family's history goes back hundreds of years to a village north of Nazareth.

His political activism started at his Baptist high school, where in 1974, at the age of 18, he established the "National Committee of the Arab High School Students". Bishara stated that he established the organisation because "the general national feeling among Arab students of the need to struggle against racist practices".

During his studies at the University of Haifa, he established the Arab Students Union, as well as being one of the founders of the Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands in 1976. He went on to study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem between 1977 and 1980, where he chaired the Arab Students Union and was a member of the Front of Communist Students-Campus. After that he went to Berlin and completed his PhD in philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin.

Career

Academic career

Upon completing his PhD in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin (then East Germany) in 1986, he joined the faculty of Birzeit University in the West Bank. He headed the Philosophy and Cultural Studies Department for two years, from 1994-96. He has also worked as a senior researcher at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute.

Bishara is one of the founders of the Society for Arab Culture and of Muwatin, the Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy founded by a group of scholars and academics in 1992. He also serves on the board of trustees of the Arab Democracy Foundation.

Bishara is presently the general director of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies in Doha, Qatar, also known as the Doha Institute, and a member of its executive board. He is an important adviser to former Qatar emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani and to his successor, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad.

Political career

In 1995, Bishara was at the head of a group of young Israeli Palestinian intellectuals who founded the political party National Democratic Assembly, Brit Le'umit Demokratit in Hebrew, short Balad. In 1996 he was elected to the fourteenth Knesset (first seating 17 June 1996) on the Balad-Hadash list.

Bishara was planning to be the first Arab to run for Prime Minister in the 1999 election, but dropped out of the race two days before election day, leaving it as a contest between Ehud Barak and Benyamin Netanyahu, with Barak emerging victorious.

In 2003, the Central Elections Committee disqualified Bishara from running in the elections for the 16th Knesset, citing a new clause of the Basic Law: The Knesset which banned candidates who supported "armed struggle, by a hostile state or a terrorist organization, against the State of Israel", and referencing a speech made by Bishara in Syria where he called on Arab states to support Palestinian resistance. His support for resistance was claimed to be an endorsement for suicide bombings, whilst his request for Arab support was claimed to be an "invitation to destroy the state". However, the CEC's decision was overturned on appeal by the Supreme Court in a 7–4 vote. In a later case that confirmed the decision, Supreme Court President Aharon Barak explained the reasoning: " speeches did not contain clear support for an armed struggle of a terrorist organization against the State of Israel, although they did contain support for a terrorist organization."

After his election, the Knesset voted to remove Bishra's immunity and the attorney-general filed charges against him for supporting a terror organization. The charges were dismissed by the Supreme Court and his immunity restored.

2006 Israel–Lebanon War

During the 2006 Israel–Lebanon War Bishara criticized the Israeli government for not providing bomb shelters to Arab areas in Israel's north, and said Israel was using Arabs as "human shields" by putting artillery units next to Israeli Arab villages towns and villages. Bishara also predicted that, because many Arab Israelis opposed the war or applauded Hezbollah's surprisingly strong resistance to the Israeli invasion, there would be negative repercussions for the community when the war ended. "We will have to pick up the bill on this," he said. "If lose, they will turn against us, if they win, they will turn against us."

In September 2006, shortly after the conclusion of the Lebanon war, Bishara again visited Syria and in a speech warned of the possibility that Israel might launch "a preliminary offensive in more than one place, in a bid to overcome the internal crisis in the country and in an attempt to restore its deterrence capability."

Bishara and members of his party also visited Lebanon, where they told the Lebanese prime minister that Hezbollah's resistance to Israel during the preceding summer's war had "lifted the spirit of the Arab people". Soon thereafter at Interior Minister Roni Bar-On's request, Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ordered a criminal investigation against Balad MKs Bishara, Jamal Zahalka and Wasil Taha over the visit to Syria.

In 2007, Bishara was questioned by police on suspicion of aiding and passing information to the enemy during wartime, contacts with a foreign agent, and receiving large sums of money transferred from abroad. Bishara denied the accusations and said they were part of an effort to punish him because he had opposed Israel's invasion of Lebanon the preceding summer.

Resignation from Knesset

On 22 April 2007, Bishara resigned from the Knesset via the Israeli Embassy in Cairo, following a police investigation into his foreign contacts, and accusations of allegedly aiding the enemy during wartime, passing information on to the enemy and contacts with a foreign agent, as well as laundering money received from foreign sources. Bishara denied the allegations, and claimed he was staying abroad as he believed he would not receive a fair trial in Israel.

Following a petition by Haaretz and other media outlets to lift a gag order preventing publication of information relating to the specific charges being laid against Bishara, on 2 May 2007 the Petah Tikva Magistrate's Court announced the gag order would be fully lifted. One week prior, the court had allowed only for the fact that Bishara was suspected of assisting the enemy in wartime, transmitting information to the enemy, contact with a foreign agent and money-laundering to be publicized.

Bishara was accused of giving Hezbollah information on strategic locations in Israel that should be attacked with rockets during the 2006 Lebanon War, in exchange for money. Wiretaps were authorized by the Israeli High Court of Justice. Investigators say that Bishara recommended long-range rocket attacks which would serve Hezbollah's cause.

According to court documents "Bishara was questioned twice in the case and during the last encounter he told interrogators that he intends to leave Israel for a couple of days. He said he would attend a third questioning session soon upon his return to Israel".

Bishara addressed a rally of supporters in Nazareth via telephone in April 2007. He told the thousands of supporters that, "My guilt is that I love my homeland... our intellect and our words are our weapons. Never in my life did I draw a gun or kill anyone."

Said Nafa, Bishara's replacement in the Knesset, commented on the charges leading up to Bishara's resignation, saying that "There were many instances in which the Shin Bet tried to set people up ... They're just trying to behead a prominent Arab leader. They will fail." In 2008, the Knesset approved a new law, known as the Bishara Law, which would ban anyone who visited an enemy state from sitting in the Knesset. Another new "Bishara Law" in 2011 led to his Knesset member's pension being canceled.

Syrian revolt

According to the Financial Times, Bishara has been involved in the formation of the Syrian National Coalition, the main Syrian opposition umbrella group, which is supported by Qatar. Bishara reportedly served as an adviser to Qatar's then emir and crown prince, who succeeded his father in late June 2013. In July 2011, Bishara reportedly said that Assad could have stayed in power had he made the reforms people wanted, writing: "The regime chose not to change, and so the people will change it."

Personal life

Bishara is married and has two children. According to The Jerusalem Post, he received a kidney transplant in March 1997 at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. According to his website, he is a citizen of Qatar.

Published works

  • من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون Min yahudiyat al-dawla hata Sharon ("From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon") (2005),
  • The Ruptured Political Discourse and Other Studies (Arabic, 1998)
  • Two novels of a planned trilogy: The Checkpoint (2004) Arabic: وجد في بلاد الحواجز Hebrew translation, German translation, and Love in the Shadow Zone (2005).

Arabic

  • On the Democratic Option: Four Critical Studies (Arabic) Re-published by the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Lebanon, 1993 (with Burhan Ghalioun, George Giacaman, and Said Zeedani)
  • Ziad Abu-Amr, with a Critical Commentary by Ali Jarbawi and Azmi Bishara: Civil Society and Democratic Change in Palestinian Society 1995 (Arabic)
  • A Critical Perspective on Palestinian Democracy 1995 (Arabic, with Musa Budeiri, Jamil Hilal, George Giacaman, and Azmi Bishara)
  • A Contribution to the Critique of Civil Society 1996 (Arabic)
  • The Ruptured Political Discourse and other Studies 1998 (Arabic)
  • The Site of Meaning: Essays from the First Year of the Intifada 2002 (Arabic)
  • In the Wake of the Israeli Invasion: Issues of Palestinian National Strategy 2002 (Arabic)
  • Theses on a Deferred Awakening 2003 (Arabic)
  • عزمي بشارة‎ (2005). من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون [From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon] (in Arabic). دار الشروق للنشر والتوزيع. ISBN 978-9950-312-16-6.
  • The Elements of Democracy Series, Series Editor: Dr Azmi Bishara (Arabic, 12 publications from 1994–99)

English

German

  • alles ändert sich die ganze Zeit: Soziale Bewegung(en) im "Nahen Osten". Jörg Später (Hrsg.), mit Beiträgen von Azmi Bishara et al., Freiburg (Breisgau): Informationszentrum Dritte Welt, 1994
  • Götz Nordbruch Red. & Rainer-Zimmer-Winkel Hg., John Bunzl & Moshe Zuckermann u.a., Beiträge: Die Araber und die Shoa. Über die Schwierigkeit dieser Konjunktion. darin von Azmi Bishara, Beitrag gleichlautend mit dem Gesamttitel, S. 9 – 33 Vortrag im WS 1992/93 an der Universität Innsbruck, von der Red. leicht überarb. & in den Fußnoten ergänzt. ISSN 0935-8684 ISBN 3-932528-37-9 ISBN 3865751016 (Auch in: Der Umgang mit dem Holocaust. Europa, USA, Israel. Hg. Rolf Steininger. Böhlau, Wien 1994 Reihe: Schriften des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck und des Jüdischen Museums Hohenems Bd. 1 ISBN 3-205-98173-1)
  • Die Jerusalem Frage: Israelis und Palaestinenser im Gespräch. Teddy Kollek, Hanan Ashrawi, Amos Oz, Faisal Husseini, Ehud Olmert, Albert Aghazarian, Shulamit Aloni, Nazmi al-Jubeh, Meron Benvenisti, Ikrima Sabri, Michel Sabbah/Uri Avnery, Azmi Bishara (Hg.) (Translated from the Arabic, English or Hebrew by various translators), Heidelberg: Palmyra, c. 1996

Awards

See also

References

  1. Stork, Joe (19 January 1994). "An Interview with Azmi Bishara". MERIP. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Executive Board". English.dohainstitute.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  3. "Board of Trustees". Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  4. Lewis, Ori (2 May 2007). "Israel accuses Israeli-Arab ex-lawmaker of treason". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  5. Lis, Jonathan; Ilan, Shahar (2 May 2007). "Ex-MK Bishara Suspected of Treason, Passing Data to Hezbollah". Ha'aretz. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  6. ^ McCarthy, Rory (23 July 2007). "Wanted, for crimes against the state". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  7. "Israel moves to revoke citizenship of Palestinian thinker Azmi Bishara". The New Arab. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  8. Khoury, Jack (10 May 2015). "Former MK Azmi Bishara Wants to Return to Israel, but Fears Unfair Trial". Ha'aretz. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  9. Khatib, Lina (2014). "Qatar and the Recalibration of Power in the Gulf" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 12. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  10. ^ "وفي رواية أخرى": عزمي بشارة يروي سيرته السياسية والفكرية [And in Another Novel: Azmi Bishara recounts his political and intellectual career]. Arab48.com (in Arabic). 4 March 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  11. Guttman, Vered (20 May 2014). "An exquisite taste of Palestine, from far-away Brooklyn". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Bishara, Azmi (1956– )". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  13. "Azmi Bishara: Public Activity". The Knesset. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  14. ^ "Dr Azmi Bishara: biography". Azmi Bishara Website. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  15. "Biography of MK Dr. Azmi Bishara". adalah.org. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  16. "Azmi Bishara - National Democratic Alliance". Haaretz. 21 December 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  17. "Board of Trustees". Arab Democracy Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  18. ^ Khalaf, Roula; Fielding-Smith, Abigail (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". The Financial Times Magazine. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  19. "Balad: A country of all its citizens, cultural autonomy for Arabs". Haaretz. 23 December 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  20. "Profile: Israel's Arab voice". BBC News. 9 January 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  21. ^ "1999 Knesset elections: Azmi Bishara". The Jerusalem Post. 1999. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  22. "Healing a national wound". BBC News. 21 May 1999. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  23. ^ Izenberg, Dan (10 January 2003). "High Court overturns disqualifications of Tibi, Bishara". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  24. "Court lifts election ban on Arab Israelis". The Guardian. 9 January 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  25. ^ "MK Dr Azmi Bishara v. Attorney-General, 2. Knesset, 3. Nazareth Magistrates Court". High Court of Justice. 1 February 2006. HJC 11225/03. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  26. ^ Yoaz, Yuval (2 February 2006). "High Court Drops Terror Support Charges Against MK Azmi Bishara". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  27. ^ Patience, Martin. "Israeli Arabs caught in middle". BBC News. Jerusalem. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  28. Nahmias, Roee (9 September 2006). "MK Bishara warns Syria of Israeli attack". Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  29. "Balad MKs praise Hizbullah resistance". The Jerusalem Post. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  30. Yoaz, Yuval; Khoury, Jack (11 September 2006). "Bar-On wants passports of Arab MKs who visited Syria revoked". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
  31. ^ Lis, Jonathan; Stern, Yoav; Ilan, Shahar (27 April 2007). "Balad Chairman Bishara: I cannot receive a fair trial in Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
  32. Frenkel, Sheera Claire (22 April 2007). "Report: MK Bishara leaves Egypt". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
  33. "Gag Order on investigation of ex-MK Bishara to be lifted Wednesday". Haaretz. 2 May 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2007.
  34. Yishai, Ron Ben (2 May 2007). "Bishara recommended that Hizbullah attack south of Haifa". Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  35. Weiss, Efrat (25 April 2007). "Bishara suspected of aiding enemy during Lebanon war". Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  36. Stern, Yoav; Ilan, Shahar (25 April 2007). "Bishara suspected of aiding enemies during Second Lebanon War". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
  37. Lis, Jonathan; Stern, Yoav (28 April 2007). "Thousands protest in Nazareth in support of former MK Bishara". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
  38. Stern, Yoav; Khoury, Jack (2 May 2007). "Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' conscientious objector". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  39. Stoil, Rebecca Anna (30 June 2008). "Arab MKs slam Knesset approval of 'Bishara Law'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  40. Shaham, Udi (22 March 2017). "'Ghattas Bill' would cancel pensions of MKs who harm state security". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  41. "At a glance". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 31 July 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
  42. "La Palestine fragmentée". Le Monde Diplomatique (in French). November 2004. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  43. כיסופים בארץ המחסומים. Babel. 2005.
  44. Bišāra, ʿazmī (2006). Asmi Bischara, Checkpoint. Bericht aus einem zerteilten Land. Aus dem Arabischen von Hartmut Fähndrich. Zürich: Lenos Verlag. ISBN 3-85787-377-9.
  45. "Culture 101: A roundup of the month's news in the arts and culture". Egypt Today. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
  46. "Olmert: as expected". Al-Ahram Weekly. 27 March 2007. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007.
  47. קטלוג ראשי - חיפוש בסיסי. Aleph500.huji.ac.il. 6 November 1994. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  48. "Prizes". Ibn-rushd.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

External links

Categories: