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{{Short description|Species of tree in the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae}}
{{italic title}} {{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
| name = Sweetbay magnolia | name = Sweetbay magnolia
| image = Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Comparison 4400px.jpg | image = Magnolia virginiana flower 2.jpg
| image_caption = ''Magnolia virginiana'' var. ''australis'' flower, ], accession #1275-80*A
| image_width =
| image_caption = | status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = ]ae
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Khela, S. |date=2014 |title=''Magnolia virginiana'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T194018A2294506 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T194018A2294506.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| unranked_divisio = ]s
| status2 = G5
| unranked_classis = ]s
| status2_system = TNC
| ordo = ]
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=NatureServe Explorer|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144735/Magnolia_virginiana|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
| familia = ]
| genus = '']'' | genus = Magnolia
| display_parents = 2
| subgenus = ]
| sectio = ] | parent = Magnolia sect. Magnolia
| species = '''''M. virginiana''''' | species = virginiana
⚫ | authority = ]
| binomial = ''Magnolia virginiana''
⚫ | binomial_authority = ]
| range_map = Magnolia virginiana range map 3.png | range_map = Magnolia virginiana range map 3.png
}} }}


'''''Magnolia virginiana''''', most commonly known as '''sweetbay magnolia''', or merely '''sweetbay''' (also laurel magnolia, swampbay, swamp magnolia, whitebay, or beaver tree), is a member of the ] family, ]. It was the first magnolia to be scientifically described under modern rules of botanical ], and is the type species of the genus ''Magnolia''; as ''Magnolia'' is also the type genus of all ]s (magnoliophytes), this species in a sense typifies all flowering plants. '''''Magnolia virginiana''''', most commonly known as '''sweetbay magnolia''', or merely '''sweetbay''' (also laurel magnolia, swampbay, swamp magnolia, white bay, or beaver tree),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/Magnolia-virginiana-Sweet-Bay-Magnolia|title=Magnolia virginiana (Sweet Bay Magnolia)}}</ref> is a member of the ] family, ]. It was the first magnolia to be scientifically described under modern rules of botanical ], and is the ] of the genus ''Magnolia''; as ''Magnolia'' is also the ] of all ]s (magnoliophytes), this species in a sense typifies all flowering plants.

==Taxonomy==
''Magnolia virginiana'' was one of the many species described by ].


==Description== ==Description==
] (1731), ''Natural History of Carolina'' etc., plate 39, with Magnolia lauri folio, subtus albicante, the Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginiana) and ''Coccothraustes coeruleus'', the ] (Passerina caerulea).]] ] (1731), ''Natural History of Carolina'' etc., plate 39, with Magnolia lauri folio, subtus albicante, the Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginiana) and ''Coccothraustes coeruleus'', the ] (Passerina caerulea).]]


''Magnolia virginiana'' is an ] or ] ] to 30 m (100 ft) tall, native to the lowlands and swamps of the Atlantic coastal plain of the eastern ], from ] to ], New York. Whether it is deciduous or evergreen depends on climate; it is evergreen in areas with milder winters in the south of its range (zone 7 southward), and is semi-evergreen or deciduous further north. The leaves are alternate, simple (not lobed or pinnate), with entire margins, 6-12 cm long, and 3-5 cm wide. The bark is smooth and gray, with the inner bark mildly scented, the scent reminiscent of the ] spice. ''Magnolia virginiana'' is an ] or ] ] to 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft) tall, native to the lowlands and swamps of the Atlantic coastal plain of the eastern ], from ] to ], ]. Whether it is deciduous or evergreen depends on climate; it is evergreen in areas with milder winters in the south of its range (zone 7 southward), and is semi-evergreen or deciduous further north. The leaves are alternate, simple (not lobed or pinnate), with entire margins, 6–12&nbsp;cm long, and 3–5&nbsp;cm wide. The bark is smooth and gray, with the inner bark mildly scented, the scent reminiscent of the ] spice.


The flowers are creamy white, 8-14 cm diameter, with 6-15 petal-like ]s. The flowers carry a very strong vanilla scent that can sometimes be noticed several hundred yards away. The fruit is a fused aggregate of follicles, 3-5 cm long, pinkish-red when mature, with the follicles splitting open to release the 1 cm long seeds. The ] are black but covered by a thinly fleshy red coat, which is attractive to some ]-eating ]s; these swallow the seeds, digest the red coating, and disperse the seeds in their droppings. The flowers, which appear in late spring or early summer,<ref name=audubon>{{cite book |chapter=Sweetbay |pages=444–445 |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region |first=Elbert L. |last=Little |publisher=Chanticleer Press |year=1980 }}</ref> are creamy white, 8–14&nbsp;cm diameter, with 6-15 petal-like ]s. The flowers carry a very strong vanilla scent that can sometimes be noticed several hundred yards away. The fruit is a fused aggregate of follicles, 3–5&nbsp;cm long, pinkish-red when mature (in early fall<ref name=audubon/>), with the follicles splitting open to release the 1&nbsp;cm long seeds. The ] are black but covered by a thinly fleshy red coat, which is attractive to some ]-eating ]s; these swallow the seeds, digest the red coating, and disperse the seeds in their droppings.


==Cultivation== ==Cultivation==
''Magnolia virginiana'' is often grown as an ornamental tree in gardens, and used in horticultural applications to give an architectural feel to landscape designs. It is an attractive tree for ]s and large ]s, grown for its large, conspicuous, scented flowers, for its clean, attractive foliage, and for its fast growth. In warmer areas Magnolia virginiana is valued for its evergreen foliage. ''Magnolia virginiana'' is often grown as an ornamental tree in gardens, and used in horticultural applications to give an architectural feel to landscape designs. It is an attractive tree for ]s and large ]s, grown for its large, conspicuous, scented flowers, for its clean, attractive foliage, and for its fast growth. In warmer areas ''Magnolia virginiana'' is valued for its evergreen foliage.


The English botanist and missionary ] collected ''Magnolia virginiana'' in the southeastern United States in 1678<!--1688 in Coats--> and sent it to ], where it flowered for ]. This species was the first magnolia to be cultivated in England, although it was soon overshadowed by the evergreen, larger-flowered southern magnolia ('']'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Richard|title=Botanical Riches: Stories of Botanical Exploration|publisher=Miegunyah Press: State Library of Victoria|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=2008|pages=112|isbn=9780853319559}}; {{cite book|last=Coats|first=Alice M.|title=Garden Shrubs and Their Histories|publisher= |location= |orig-year=1964|year=1992|pages=''s.v.'' "Magnolia"|isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byLxAAAAMAAJ&q=Garden+Shrubs+and+Their+Histories&dq=Garden+Shrubs+and+Their+Histories}}</ref> The English botanist and missionary ] collected ''Magnolia virginiana'' in the southeastern United States in 1678<!--1688 in Coats--> and sent it to ], where it flowered for ]. This species was the first magnolia to be cultivated in England, although it was soon overshadowed by the evergreen, larger-flowered southern magnolia ('']'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Richard|title=Botanical Riches: Stories of Botanical Exploration|publisher=Miegunyah Press: State Library of Victoria|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=2008|pages=112|isbn=9780853319559}}; {{cite book|last=Coats|first=Alice M.|title=Garden Shrubs and Their Histories|orig-year=1964|year=1992|pages=''s.v.'' "Magnolia"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byLxAAAAMAAJ&q=Garden+Shrubs+and+Their+Histories}}</ref>


The sweetbay magnolia has been hybridized ] with a number of species within ]. These species include ''M. globosa, M. grandiflora, M. insignis, M. macrophylla, M. obovata, M. sieboldii'' and '']''. Some of these hybrids have been given ] names and registered by the Magnolia Society. The sweetbay magnolia has been hybridized ] with a number of species within ]. These species include ''M. globosa'', ''M. grandiflora'', ''M. insignis'', ''M. macrophylla'', ''M. obovata'', ''M. sieboldii'' and '']''. Some of these hybrids have been given ] names and registered by the Magnolia Society.


== Chemistry == ==Chemistry==
Flowers contain the neolignans ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=7753933|doi=10.1055/s-2006-958051|title=Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Quantification of Bioactive Neolignans fromMagnolia virginianaFlowers|year=2007|last1=Chandra|first1=Amitabh|last2=Nair|first2=Muraleedharan|journal=Planta Medica|volume=61|issue=2|pages=192–5}}</ref> Flowers contain the neolignans ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=7753933|doi=10.1055/s-2006-958051|title=Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Quantification of Bioactive Neolignans fromMagnolia virginianaFlowers|year=2007|last1=Chandra|first1=Amitabh|last2=Nair|first2=Muraleedharan|journal=Planta Medica|volume=61|issue=2|pages=192–5}}</ref>


== Gallery == ==Gallery==
<gallery> <gallery mode="packed" heights="190">
Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Leaves 2000px.jpg|Leaves File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Unopened Closeup 2059px.jpg|Unopened flower bud
Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Leaf 2000px.jpg|Leaf closeup File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Leaves 2000px.jpg|Leaves
Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Trunk Base 3000px.jpg|Base of the tree's trunk File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Leaf 2000px.jpg|Leaf closeup
⚫ File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Trunk Base 3000px.jpg|Base of the tree's trunk
File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Bark Vertical.JPG|Closeup of the tree's bark File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Bark Vertical.JPG|Closeup of the tree's bark
File:Sweet-bay-magnolia-opening.jpg|Sweet Bay Magnolia flower just before opening
⚫ Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Berries 1800px.jpg|Young berry cluster
Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Dried Berry Cluster 2000px.jpg|Dried berry cluster File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px-2.jpg|Flower
File:Magnolia virginiana fruit.jpg|Immature fruit
File:Magnolia virginiana mature fruit.jpg|Mature fruit
File:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Dried Berry Cluster 2000px.jpg|Dried berry cluster
</gallery> </gallery>

⚫ ==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
*
⚫ {{commonscatinline|Magnolia virginiana|Sweetbay Magnolia}}
* Damery, Jonathan. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 28 August 2019. Accessed 27 April 2020.
⚫ *
* Friedman, William (Ned). ''Posts from the Collections,'' Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 5 September 2015. Accessed 27 April 2020.
⚫ *
* glauca, original drawing by Charles Edward Faxon."</nowiki>] ''Library Featured Images,'' Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 30 June 2016. Accessed 27 April 2020.
* Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 2016. Accessed 27 April 2020.
* ''News,'' Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 24 May 2011. Accessed 27 April 2020.
⚫ *{{Commonscatinline|Magnolia virginiana|Sweetbay Magnolia}}
⚫ *
⚫ *
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1859063}}


⚫ ==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 01:59, 9 January 2025

Species of tree in the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae

Sweetbay magnolia
Magnolia virginiana var. australis flower, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, accession #1275-80*A
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Genus: Magnolia
Section: Magnolia sect. Magnolia
Species: M. virginiana
Binomial name
Magnolia virginiana
L.

Magnolia virginiana, most commonly known as sweetbay magnolia, or merely sweetbay (also laurel magnolia, swampbay, swamp magnolia, white bay, or beaver tree), is a member of the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae. It was the first magnolia to be scientifically described under modern rules of botanical nomenclature, and is the type species of the genus Magnolia; as Magnolia is also the type genus of all flowering plants (magnoliophytes), this species in a sense typifies all flowering plants.

Taxonomy

Magnolia virginiana was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus.

Description

Mark Catesby (1731), Natural History of Carolina etc., plate 39, with Magnolia lauri folio, subtus albicante, the Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginiana) and Coccothraustes coeruleus, the Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea).

Magnolia virginiana is an evergreen or deciduous tree to 30 m (100 ft) tall, native to the lowlands and swamps of the Atlantic coastal plain of the eastern United States, from Florida to Long Island, New York. Whether it is deciduous or evergreen depends on climate; it is evergreen in areas with milder winters in the south of its range (zone 7 southward), and is semi-evergreen or deciduous further north. The leaves are alternate, simple (not lobed or pinnate), with entire margins, 6–12 cm long, and 3–5 cm wide. The bark is smooth and gray, with the inner bark mildly scented, the scent reminiscent of the bay laurel spice.

The flowers, which appear in late spring or early summer, are creamy white, 8–14 cm diameter, with 6-15 petal-like tepals. The flowers carry a very strong vanilla scent that can sometimes be noticed several hundred yards away. The fruit is a fused aggregate of follicles, 3–5 cm long, pinkish-red when mature (in early fall), with the follicles splitting open to release the 1 cm long seeds. The seeds are black but covered by a thinly fleshy red coat, which is attractive to some fruit-eating birds; these swallow the seeds, digest the red coating, and disperse the seeds in their droppings.

Cultivation

Magnolia virginiana is often grown as an ornamental tree in gardens, and used in horticultural applications to give an architectural feel to landscape designs. It is an attractive tree for parks and large gardens, grown for its large, conspicuous, scented flowers, for its clean, attractive foliage, and for its fast growth. In warmer areas Magnolia virginiana is valued for its evergreen foliage.

The English botanist and missionary John Banister collected Magnolia virginiana in the southeastern United States in 1678 and sent it to England, where it flowered for Bishop Henry Compton. This species was the first magnolia to be cultivated in England, although it was soon overshadowed by the evergreen, larger-flowered southern magnolia (M. grandiflora)

The sweetbay magnolia has been hybridized horticulturally with a number of species within subgenus Magnolia. These species include M. globosa, M. grandiflora, M. insignis, M. macrophylla, M. obovata, M. sieboldii and M. tripetala. Some of these hybrids have been given cultivar names and registered by the Magnolia Society.

Chemistry

Flowers contain the neolignans 3,5′-diallyl-2′,4-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-diallyl-2,3′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether, 5,5′-diallyl-2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl and 3,5′-diallyl-2′-hydroxy-4-methoxybiphenyl.

Gallery

  • Unopened flower bud Unopened flower bud
  • Leaves Leaves
  • Leaf closeup Leaf closeup
  • Base of the tree's trunk Base of the tree's trunk
  • Closeup of the tree's bark Closeup of the tree's bark
  • Sweet Bay Magnolia flower just before opening Sweet Bay Magnolia flower just before opening
  • Flower Flower
  • Immature fruit Immature fruit
  • Mature fruit Mature fruit
  • Dried berry cluster Dried berry cluster

References

  1. Khela, S. (2014). "Magnolia virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194018A2294506. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T194018A2294506.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. "NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  3. "Magnolia virginiana (Sweet Bay Magnolia)".
  4. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). "Sweetbay". National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. Chanticleer Press. pp. 444–445.
  5. Aitken, Richard (2008). Botanical Riches: Stories of Botanical Exploration. Melbourne, Victoria: Miegunyah Press: State Library of Victoria. p. 112. ISBN 9780853319559.; Coats, Alice M. (1992) . Garden Shrubs and Their Histories. pp. s.v. "Magnolia".
  6. Chandra, Amitabh; Nair, Muraleedharan (2007). "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Quantification of Bioactive Neolignans fromMagnolia virginianaFlowers". Planta Medica. 61 (2): 192–5. doi:10.1055/s-2006-958051. PMID 7753933.

External links

Taxon identifiers
Magnolia virginiana
Categories: