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== news article addition ==


I reverted Jake's revert of MurasakiSunshine news ref from the New York Times on circumcision by cauterization. Jake you site ] for your reasoning however I believe you are taking it a bit too literal. It also states "Conversely, the high-quality popular press can be a good source for social, biographical, current-affairs, and historical information in a medical article." This has value as a historical reference. ] (]) 19:19, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
==Evidence of the sexual effects of circumcision==
:Would you care to explain how "With a ], electrocautery needles are used to severe the foreskin and prevent bleeding. This method of circumcision is now considered dangerous and outdated" constitutes a historical statement, Gary? It clearly is nothing of the sort. It's a statement in the present tense that makes an assertion about current medical thinking. ] (]) 19:36, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
:It's actually even worse than I thought. Not only are the cited sources inappropriate for the claim, but none of the cited sources even () support the assertion that the method "is now considered dangerous and outdated". And one even explains that there are mixed views: "Some physicians believe electrocautery should never be used in circumcision. Others describe it as perfectly safe." So that managed to violate ], ], and ]. And all in one edit. ] (]) 19:45, 11 April 2012 (UTC)


It's obviously not safe considering multiple children (I think I can source 7 or 8 cases directly) lost their penises because of it. Also, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, 1997 stated that electrocautery should never be used for circumcision. Either way, it is a method of circumcision and should be added to the article in some form because it was at one point in use. It's not popular in the USA and Canada now but I have heard of Turkey using cauterization. Just say there is a dispute over the safety of cauterization. (] (]) 02:09, 12 April 2012 (UTC))
Robert has every right to correct things that are not true or inaccurate or distorted. However, that does not extend to suppressing information that doesn't fit his mindset. Let's look at one particularly bad example. I quoted Fink's findings and Fink's words:
:Please see ]. We can't draw our own conclusions about whether it is safe or not; that's for reliable secondary sources to decide (and they'll probably consider not only the number of serious injuries, but will also put that in perspective by considering the number of total number of surgeries). There is no reason why the CPSM should not be cited; that's a perfectly acceptable secondary source. ] (]) 08:14, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
:Adult circumcision appears to result in worsened erectile function (p = 0.01), decreased penile sensitivity (p = 0.08), no change in sexual activity (p = 0.22) and improved satisfaction (p = 0.04). Of the men 50% reported benefits and 38% reported harm. Overall, 62% of men were satisfied with having been circumcised.
Robert mutilates this by cutting out the parts he doesn't like:
:However, of the men 50% reported benefits, 38% reported harm and overall, 62% of men were satisfied with having been circumcised.
Is this honest? Isn't this "hiding something" by using just a snippet?
Robert challenges the honesty of others. I challenge him to apply the same standards to his own contributions to Misplaced Pages.] 23:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
----


I agree with Jake that we should not draw our own conclusion for that is ] but the refs MurasakiSunshine supplied are all quite dated which is why I said historical significance, 1975-91. They are just reporting historical fact Jake and seem to add another method that was missing from circumcision procedures, perhaps we could word it differently or come up with some better refs to cover this procedure? ] (]) 17:52, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
Michael, thank you for your input. I shall use this as a check on your own standard of intellectual integrity (or the lack thereof). It is clear that you set different and higher standards for other than you or your fellow anti-circumcision activists are able to maintain yourselves. Like with that "sympathetic" admin around here who can be relied upon to support your cause you fail to keep your "own" honest and turn a blind eye when the head-bangers post the most off-the-wall stuff. Unfortunately most the people who feign neutrality fail the test of intellectual honesty as well so you are not alone (although you find yourself in very dubious company).
:I'm afraid you've misunderstood MEDRS, Gary. When it says "high-quality popular press can be a good source for ... historical information in a medical article", it doesn't mean that an article in the popular press is a reliable source for any statement as long as the article is old. It means that the article may be a reliable source for information regarding history that is provided by the press article. Note, however, that per ] we cannot interpret old reports of (then) current events as "history".
Taken for example the pathetic desperation to neutralise the ] article by turning what is obviously an activity of base psychosexual motivations (by people the majority of whom appear to have serious mental illness) to one where if on these poor "victims" could regain a long juicy anteater of a foreskin they would feel whole again (in the mens room).
:As for finding better refs, good idea! ] (]) 18:54, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
So please Michael don't lecture me on what should or should not be done, what should or should not be quoted and '''importantly''' on how not to be selective in how one quotes from studies. - ] 03:19, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
It is hardly original research to make the conclusion that losing your penis is bad. We don't need a source to specifically state that a surgery is unsafe if the results indisputably speak for themselves. ] (]) 17:24, 11 June 2012 (UTC)


== American Academy of Paediatrics back circumcision ==
Robert, Thank you for your comment. I understand that you don't like to be lectured. However, you had no answer to my point that your partial quote was a distortion of Fink's findings. I will restore the complete quote and I expect it to be left alone.] 00:01, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)


Just to update the article, the American Academy of Paediatrics have released a statement changing their position of 1999 which is mentioned in the article, In a statement released yesterday, the academy said the benefits of newborn male circumcision justify access to this procedure "for families who choose it".
A second instance of selective quotation was in relation to Moses et al.
It said benefits from male circumcision included the prevention of urinary tract infections, acquisition of HIV, transmission of some sexually transmitted infections, and penile cancer.
It said the procedure "does not appear to adversely affect penile sexual function/sensitivity or sexual satisfaction".
The new stance is a significant change from the academy's neutral position on the issue, which was last stated in 1999.
http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/us-paediatricians-back-circumcision-20120827-24w6f.html


As such the article should be changed to show this new updated position. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding ] comment added by ] (] • ]) 13:24, 27 August 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
Here is how the article read:


:Agreed, I started working on this today. <code>]]</code> 03:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
Winklemann identified the foreskin as a "specific erogenous zone" with nerve endings arranged in rete ridges. Taylor ''et al.'' further developed this information with the discovery of a heavily innervated "ridged band" area near the tip of the foreskin. Circumcision invariably removes this ]. Moses ''et al.'' commented: +
:There is indirect evidence suggesting that the foreskin may have an important sensory function, although aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure. Some loss of sensory function may not be an important consideration, or may not even be felt to be disadvantageous by men and women more troubled by premature ejaculation than concerned with increased penile sensitivity. However, few studies have investigated the relation between male circumcision and sexual pleasure or satisfaction; more research is needed to clarify the role of the foreskin in sexual health.


== Anything old should be removed ==
Here is how Robert edited it to read:


I see this article makes a habit of citing old literature, as if the author(s) wished it could one day itself become a review. But that's not how we write a encyclopedia. We largely rely upon recent review articles (]). Anything older than 10 years should be removed, in my opinion. ] (]) 03:12, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
:Winklemann identified the foreskin as a "specific erogenous zone" with nerve endings arranged in rete ridges. Taylor ''et al.'' further developed this information with the discovery of a heavily innervated "ridged band" area near the tip of the foreskin. Circumcision invariably removes this ]. However, as Moses ''et al.'' noted, "it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure.";


:Agreed, I started working on this today, and honestly the article really requires a top-to-bottom rewrite. This article is now at the top of my work list. <code>]]</code> 03:20, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
Is that an honest edit? Are we given a fair picture of what Moses et al wrote? I think not.] 14:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*As they say around here those interested can follow the link and read the detail for themselves. What say now? - ] 14:29, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)


::Thanks for your work! Just see my comment below. I don't want your time to be wasted. =) ] (]) 03:21, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
Quote fairly. ] 03:10, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)


== Why should this article exist? ==
ditti - ] 04:47, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)


What do we need/have to mention here that cannot be summarized at ]? I notice there is no other Medical analysis of... article on Misplaced Pages. ] (]) 03:14, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
:In my opinion Robert's selective quote of Moses, et al is misleading. The whole sentence should be included, "There is indirect evidence suggesting that the foreskin may have an important sensory function, although aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure." -- ] 07:52, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)


: I think that this article grew out of ] as that article got too large, and the article moved to a ]. I wasn't involved in that split-off, but I think that the idea was that ] would have just the most important medical information, and this article would have more room for more in-depth coverage and analysis of less well-covered research results and commentary. I'm not yet convinced this article is necessary either... several times today I heard myself mutter, "Let's just delete this whole darn thing." Give me a bit to review the ] sources, if I can't find a good reason to keep it either, I'll meet you at ]. <code>]]</code> 03:27, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
There has been no response to Dan Blackham's comment. I have therefore put back the longer quotation because it more fairly reflects what Moses et al wrote. ] 05:48, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
::I agree that a merge back to the circumcision article is in order. Most of the material here is non MEDRS compliant material (either old material >10 years, primary studies, or both). Most of the remaining material should fit into the main article. ] (]) 04:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)


== Review of sources ==


To check the currency of the sources used to support medical claims, I pulled all the sources from the article, extracted the dates and sorted by year, and the result is in the table below. If we are ''generous'' and liberal with the ] guideline and allow sources from the past 6 years, fully 75% of the sources in this article need to go. If we're more strict and limit it to four years, nearly 90% need to go. Clearly the article not only needs a complete rewrite, but it needs to be nearly completely resourced as well. It was also interesting to find about 20% of the sources were located on anti-circumcision activist sites.
"Despite evidence that circumcision does not lead to increased keratinization (http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7249/1592) or reduction in sensitivity of the glans (http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/independentreference/message/5) anti-circumcision activists continue to make such unsupported claims."


{{collapse top|Sources table}}
"However, despite the facts some men who undergo foreskin restoration claim that the procedure really does improve glans sensitivy."
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Source
|-
| dead image link || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| dead link || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| dead link || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| dead link || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| dead link || <small><nowiki><ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| dead link || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |title=Potential for Injury from Circumcision Clamps |url=http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/circumcision.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| not a reference || <small><nowiki><ref>Although the Academy's 1975 statement asserted that "A program of education leading to continuing good personal hygiene would offer all the advantages of circumcision without the attendant surgical risk," the 1999 statement cites a study which found that "appropriate hygiene decreased significantly the incidence of phimosis, adhesions, and inflammation, but did not eliminate all problems."</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| taiwanese || <small><nowiki><ref> {{zh icon}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| undated || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm?doc_id=5153#paraphimosis|title= Paraphimosis|work= Clinical Practice Guidelines|publisher= Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne| date = }}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| undated awful image || <small><nowiki><ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| undated image || <small><nowiki><ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| undated image || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| undated image || <small><nowiki><ref> {{ja icon}}</ref></nowiki></small>


|-
Translation: "Despite the fact that it obviously doesn't affect sensitivity these morons still believe it anyway."
| 1947 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Freud_1947>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8 |title=The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children |year = 1947 |last1=Freud |first1=P |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=31 |pages=131–41 |pmid=20256409 |issue=2}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1949 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Gairdner>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433 |pmid=15408299 |pmc=2051968 |year = 1949 |author1=Gairdner |title=The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision |volume=2 |issue=4642 |pages=1433–7, illust |journal=British Medical Journal}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1962 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stern E. Neely P. M. |title=Cancer of the cervix in reference to circumcision and marital history |journal=J Am Med Women's Assoc |volume=17 |pages=739–40 |year = 1962 |month=September |pmid=13916981 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1966 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Patel H |title=The problem of routine circumcision |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=576–81 |year = 1966 |month=September |pmid=5947615 |pmc=1936659}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1968 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Øster|first = Jakob|year = 1968|title = Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys|journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume = 43|issue = 228|pages = 200–202|doi = 10.1136/adc.43.228.200|pmc = 2019851|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/general/oster/|pmid=5689532}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1973 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1973 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Burkitt DP |title=Distribution of cancer in Africa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=312–4 |year = 1973 |month=April |pmid=4716271 |pmc=1644893}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1977 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=323660 |year = 1977 |author1=Scurlock |first2=PJ |title=Neonatal meningitis and circumcision |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=332–4 |journal=The Medical journal of Australia |last2=Pemberton}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1978 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1978 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kirya C, Werthmann MW |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block--a painless procedure |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=998–1000 |year = 1978 |month=June |pmid=660375 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80386-2}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1978 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Annunziato|first = David|coauthors = Louis M. Goldblum|year = 1978|month =|title = Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome|journal = American Journal of Diseases of the Child|volume = 132|issue = 12|pages = 1187–8|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/annunziato1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1979 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last=Boczko |first=S |coauthors=Freed, S |title=Penile carcinoma in circumcised males |journal=N Y State J Med |year = 1979 |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1903–4 |pmid=292845}} </ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1979 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 481971 |year = 1979 |author1= Cleary |first2= S |title= Overwhelming infection with group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus associated with circumcision |volume= 64 |issue= 3 |pages= 301–3 |journal= Pediatrics |last2= Kohl}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1980 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Kochen>{{cite journal |last = Kochen |first = Mosze |coauthors = Stephen McCurdy |year = 1980 |month = May |title = Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis |journal = American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume = 134 |issue = 5 |pages = 484–486 |pmid = 7377156 |url = http://www.circs.org/library/kochen/index.html |accessdate = 2006-09-26 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1980 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal | author=Kochen M, McCurdy S | title=Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis | journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. | volume=134 | issue=5 | pages=484–6 | year = 1980 | month=May | pmid=7377156 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1982 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1982 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Punyaratabandhu P, Supanvanich S, Tirapat C, Podhipak A |title=Epidemiologic study of risk factors in cancer of the cervix uteri in Thai women |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=231–9 |year = 1982 |pmid=7119622 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1982 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |title=Benefits and risks of circumcision: another view. Fetus and Newborn Committee Canadian Paediatric Society |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=126 |issue=12 |pages=1399 |year = 1982 |month=June |pmid=7083095 |pmc=1863128}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1983 || <small><nowiki><ref name=kaplan>{{cite journal|last = Kaplan|first = George W., M.D.|coauthors =|year = 1983|month = August|title = Complications of Circumcision|journal = Urologic Clinics of North America|volume = 10|issue = 3|pages = 543–549|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/|accessdate = 2006-09-29|pmid = 6623741}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1983 || <small><nowiki><ref name=kaplan_1983>{{Cite journal | last = Kaplan | first = G.W. | coauthors = | year = 1983 | month = August | title = Complications of Circumcision | journal = Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 543–549 | pmid =6623741 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/ | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1984 || <small><nowiki><ref name=cadman>{{cite journal |author=Cadman D, Gafni A, McNamee J |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |year = 1984 |month=December |pmid=6437656 |pmc=1483656}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1984 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1984 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6437656 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/131/11/1353 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |author=Cadman, D. |first2=A |first3=J |year = 1984 |pmc=1483656 |last2=Gafni |last3=McNamee}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1985 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sotolongo JR, Hoffman S, Gribetz ME |title=Penile denudation injuries after circumcision |journal=J. Urol. |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=102–3 |year = 1985 |month=January |pmid=3964862 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1985 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Enzenauer|first = R.W.|coauthors = C.R. Dotson, T. Leonard, L. Reuben, J.W. Bass, J. Brown|year = 1985|title = Male predominance in persistent staphylococcal colonization and infection of the newborn|journal = Hawaii Medical Journal|volume = 44|issue = 9|pages = 389–390, 392, 394–6|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/enzenauer1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1986 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Herzog1986>{{cite journal |last=Herzog |first=LW |coauthors=SR Alvarez |year = 1986 |month=March |title=The frequency of foreskin problems in uncircumcised children |journal=Am J Dis Child |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=254–6 |pmid=3946358 |url=http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/index.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1986 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal | last= Cunningham | first= Nicolas | year = 1986 | month= February | title= Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infections | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 267–9 | pmid=3945544 | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/cunningham/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1986 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Herzog|first = L.W.|coauthors = S.R. Alvarez|year = 1986|month =|title = The Frequency of Foreskin Problems in Uncircumcised Children|journal = Am J Dis Child|volume = 140|issue = 3|pages = 254–256|doi =|pmid = 3946358|url = http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1986 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Stranko|first = J|coauthors = M.E. Ryan, A.N. Bowman|year = 1986|month = September|title = Impetigo in newborn male infants associated with a plastic bell clamp circumcision|journal = Pediatric infectious disease|volume = 5|issue = 5|pages = 597–599|pmid = 3763425|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/stranko1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1987 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1987 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite book|editor = J.F. Patton|year = 1987|title = Urology: Surgery in World War II|publisher = Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History, U.S. Army|page = 52|url = http://books.google.com/?id=xz5sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&dq=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&cd=1}} <!-- ref had been given as "JF Patton, Medical Department, United States Army, Surgery in World War II, Urology, p. 64". Need to find author of that chapter of the book. --></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1987 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mandel JS, Schuman LM |title=Sexual factors and prostatic cancer: results from a case-control study |journal=J Gerontol |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=259–64 |year = 1987 |pmid=3553301 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1987 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, Honda G, Henderson BE |title=Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=869–74 |year = 1987 |pmid=3471995 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|month = April|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html|accessdate = 2007-07-18}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=537–41 |year = 1988 |month=April |pmid=3353186}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fussell EN, Kaack MB, Cherry R, Roberts JA |title=Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=997–1001 |year = 1988 |month=November |pmid=2902235 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Glennon J, Ryan PJ, Keane CT, Rees JP |title=Circumcision and periurethral carriage of Proteus mirabilis in boys |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=556–7 |year = 1988 |pmid=3291784 |pmc=1778943 |doi= 10.1136/adc.63.5.556}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wiswell TE, Miller GM, Gelston HM, Jones SK, Clemmings AF |title=Effect of circumcision status on periurethral bacterial flora during the first year of life |journal=The Journal of pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=442–6 |year = 1988 |month=September |pmid=3411387 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80625-5}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 1988 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = D.M.|coauthors = J.M. Lawton, F.T. Shannon|year = 1988|month =|title = Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Survey|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–41|doi =|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1989 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Rickwood2>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = AM.|coauthors = Jenny Walker|year = 1989|month = September|title = Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?|journal = Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume = 71|issue = 5|pages = 275–277|pmid = 2802472|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/rickwood2/|accessdate = 2006-10-10|pmc = 2499015}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1989 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Escala|first = J.M.|coauthors = A.M.K. Rickwood|year = 1989|month =|title = Balanitis|journal = British Journal of Urology|volume = 63|issue = 2|pages = 196–7|doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05164.x|pmid = 2702407|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/escala1/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1990 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Fakjian 1990 1046–7>{{cite journal |last=Fakjian |first=N |coauthors=S Hunter, GW Cole and J Miller |year = 1990 |month=August |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1990 || <small><nowiki><ref name=poland1990>{{cite journal |author=Ronald L. Poland |title=The question of routine neonatal circumcision |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=18 |pages=1312–1315 |year = 1990 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/ | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 }}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1990 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fakjian N, Hunter S, Cole GW, Miller J |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |year = 1990 |month=August |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1990 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2305537 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(90)80060-Z |year = 1990 |author1=Griffin |first2=RL |title=Frenular chordee: implications and treatment |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=133–4 |journal=Urology |last2=Kroovand}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1991 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kjaer SK, de Villiers EM, Dahl C, ''et al.'' |title=Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. I: Role of the "male factor" in women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |year = 1991 |month=April |pmid=2019457 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.2910480108}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1991 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1766331 |year = 1991 |author1=Ganiats |first2=JB |first3=HL |first4=RM |title=Routine neonatal circumcision: a cost-utility analysis |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=282–93 |journal=Medical decision making |doi=10.1177/0272989X9101100406 |last2=Humphrey |last3=Taras |last4=Kaplan}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1991 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1794670 |year = 1991 |author1=Lawler |first2=RS |first3=DR |title=Circumcision: a decision analysis of its medical value |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=587–93 |journal=Family medicine |last2=Bisonni |last3=Holtgrave}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1992 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Milos>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0091-2182(92)90012-R |title=Circumcision A medical or a human rights issue? |year = 1992 |last1=Milos |first1=M |first2=D |journal=Journal of Nurse-Midwifery |volume=37 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S87 |last2=MacRis |pmid=1573462}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1992 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref name=birley>{{cite journal |author=Birley HD, Walker MM, Luzzi GA, ''et al.'' |title=Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400–3 |year = 1993 |month=October |pmid=8244363 |pmc=1195128}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Agarwal SS, Sehgal A, Sardana S, Kumar A, Luthra UK |title=Role of male behavior in cervical carcinogenesis among women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Cancer |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1666–9 |year = 1993 |month=September |pmid=8348498 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1666::AID-CNCR2820720528>3.0.CO;2-M}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cook LS, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK |title=Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=262–4 |year = 1993 |month=August |pmid=7721284 |pmc=1195083}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/jnci/85.1.2 |last=Holly |first=EA |coauthors=Palefsky, JM |title=Factors related to risk of penile cancer: new evidence from a study in the Pacific Northwest |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid= 8380061}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |title=History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer |first=C |last=Maden |coauthors=''et al.'' |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |pmid=8380060 |doi=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1993 || <small><nowiki><ref name=williams-kapila>{{vcite journal | author=Williams N, Kapila L | title=Complications of circumcision | journal=Brit J Surg | date = 1993 | volume=80 | issue=10 | pages=1231-6 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/ | doi= | pmid=8242285 | pmc= }}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1994 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CIRP.org></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1994 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8086994 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/309/6955/660 |journal=BMJ |title=Lesson of the Week: Male ritual circumcision resulting in acute renal failure |volume=309 |issue=6955 |pages=660–1 |author=Eason, J D |first2=M |first3=G |year = 1994 |pmc=2541489 |last2=McDonnell |last3=Clark}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1994 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Wright|first = J.E.|year = 1994|month = May|title = The treatment of childhood phimosis with topical steroid|journal = The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery|volume = 64|issue = 5|pages = 327–328|pmid = 8179528|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/wright/|accessdate = 2006-09-21|doi = 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02220.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1995 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7625325 |year = 1995 |author1=Holman |first2=EL |first3=RL |title=Neonatal circumcision techniques |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=511–8, 519–20 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Lewis |last3=Ringler}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1995 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |title=Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90) |first=Morten |last= Frisch |coauthors=Soren Friis, Susanne Kruger Kjear, Mads Melbye |journal=British Medical Journal |month=December|year = 1995|volume=311 |issue=7018 |pages=1471 |pmid= 8520335|pmc=2543732 |doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1471}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CMAJ2>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956|volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id =|url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CMAJ>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956 |volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id = |url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=dewan>{{cite journal|last = Dewan|first = P.A.|coauthors = Tieu H.C., and Chieng B.S.|year = 1996|month = August|title = Phimosis: Is circumcision necessary?|journal = Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|volume = 32|issue = 4|pages = 285–289|pmid = 8844530|doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb02554.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=EdwardsGU>{{cite journal|last = Edwards|first = Sarah|year = 1996|title = Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|journal = Genitourinary Medicine|volume = 72|issue = 3|pages = 155–159|pmid = 8707315|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/|accessdate = 2006-09-04|pmc = 1195642}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=FleissHodges>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision does not protect against cancer |first=Fleiss |last= Paul M.|coauthors= Frederick Hodges |journal=] |year = 1996 |volume=312 |issue=7033 |pages=779–780 |pmc=1479854 |pmid=15913592 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2004.12.006}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Reynolds>{{cite journal |pmid=8677833 |year = 1996 |author1=Reynolds |title=Use of the Mogen clamp for neonatal circumcision |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |journal=American family physician}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ewings P, Bowie C |title=A case-control study of cancer of the prostate in Somerset and east Devon |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=661–6 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8761387 |pmc=2074670 |doi=10.1038/bjc.1996.418}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sherman J, Borer JG, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI |title=Circumcision: successful glanular reconstruction and survival following traumatic amputation |journal=J. Urol. |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=842–4 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8683798 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65836-1}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanton A |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile cancer. Authors ignored main conclusion of study that they cited |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7048 |pages=47 |year = 1996 |pmid=8664789 |pmc=2351427}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8960080 |year = 1996 |author1=Goldman |first2=J |first3=T |first4=M |title=Urinary tract infection following ritual Jewish circumcision |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1098–102 |journal=Israel journal of medical sciences |last2=Barr |last3=Bistritzer |last4=Aladjem}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1996 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Dawson|coauthors = Whitfield|year = 1996|title = ABC of Urology: Common paediatric problems|journal = BMJ|volume = 312|issue = 7041|pages = 1291–1294|pmid = 8634623|first1 = C|pmc = 2351045}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref name=beauge>{{cite journal|last = Beaugé|first = Michel|year = 1997|month = September/October|title = The causes of adolescent phimosis|journal = British Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume = 26|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/|accessdate = 2006-06-14}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref name=pmid9417009>{{cite journal |pmid=9417009 |year = 1997 |author1=Lander |first2=B |first3=JB |first4=S |first5=S |title=Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial |volume=278 |issue=24 |pages=2157–62 |journal=JAMA |doi=10.1001/jama.278.24.2157 |last2=Brady-Fryer |last3=Metcalfe |last4=Nazarali |last5=Muttitt}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref name=ReferenceA></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal | last= Mueller | first= Elisabeth R. | coauthors= George Steinhardt, Shahida Naseer | year = 1997 | month= September | title= Abstract 121: The incidence of genitourinary abnormalities in circumcised and uncircumcised boys presenting with an initial urinary tract infection by 6 months of age | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 100 | issue= supplement | pages= 580 | pmid= | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mueller/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baskin LS, Canning DA, Snyder HM, Duckett JW |title=Surgical repair of urethral circumcision injuries |journal=J. Urol. |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=2269–71 |year = 1997 |month=December |pmid=9366374 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68233-8|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(01)68233-8}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Serour F, Samra Z, Kushel Z, Gorenstein A, Dan M |title=Comparative periurethral bacteriology of uncircumcised and circumcised males |journal=Genitourinary medicine |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=288–90 |year = 1997 |month=August |pmid=9389952 |pmc=1195860 |doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |first=C |last=Sonnex |coauthors=Croucher, PE; Dockerty WG |title=Balanoposthitis associated with the presence of subpreputial "smegma stones" |journal=Genitourin Med |year = 1997 |month=December |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=567 |pmid=9582487 |pmc=1195951}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1997 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |title=Carcinoma in Situ of the Penis in a 76-Year-Old Circumcised Man |first=J. |last=Cold |coauthors= Michelle R. Storms, and Robert S. Van Howe |journal=The Journal of family practice |year = 1997 |month=April |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=407–409 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe/ |pmid=9108839}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1998 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bennett RT, Gill B, Kogan SJ |title=Epididymitis in children: the circumcision factor? |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=1842–4 |year = 1998 |month=November |pmid=9783972 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62430-3}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1998 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses, S |coauthors=Bailey, RC; Ronald AR |title=Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks |journal=Sex Transm Infect |year = 1998 |volume=74 |pages=368–73 |doi=10.1136/sti.74.5.368 |pmid=10195035 |issue=5 |pmc=1758146}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1998 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wijesinha SS, Atkins BL, Dudley NE, Tam PK |title=Does circumcision alter the periurethral bacterial flora? |journal=Pediatric surgery international |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=146–8 |year = 1998 |month=March |pmid=9563029 |doi= 10.1007/s003830050270|url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00383/bibs/8013002/80130146.htm}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1998 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9767725 |year = 1998 |author1=Peleg |first2=A |title=The Gomco circumcision: common problems and solutions |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=891–8 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Steiner}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1998 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = To|first = Teresa|coauthors = Mohammad Agha, Paul T Dick, William Feldman| date = 5 December 1998|title = Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection|journal = Lancet|volume = 352|issue = 9143|pages = 1818–1816|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02392-7|pmid = 9851381|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/to2/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AAP1999>{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.103.3.686 |pmid=10049981 |year = 1999 |title=Circumcision policy statement. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Circumcision |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=686–93 |journal=Pediatrics}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AMA>Council on Scientific Affairs. . ChIcago: American Medical Association, 1999.</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CSA:I-99>{{cite web| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20070705182814/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html| title = Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99):Neonatal Circumcision| work = 1999 AMA Interim Meeting: Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports| publisher = ]| pages = 17| year = 1999| month = December| accessdate = 2012-09-03}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref name=VanHoweHIVmeta>{{cite journal |last= Van Howe |first=R.S. |year = 1999|month= January |title=Circumcision and HIV infection: review of the literature and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of STD's and AIDS |volume=10 |pages=8–16 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991913015|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vanhowe4/ |accessdate= 2008-09-23 |quote=Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses S, Nagelkerke NJ, Blanchard J |title=Analysis of the scientific literature on male circumcision and risk for HIV infection |journal=International journal of STD & AIDS |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=626–8 |year = 1999 |month=September |pmid=10492434 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991914681|url=http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/9/626?ijkey=a1ca8d961969d1a6970456a1a43f7ac7aa24304a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha|format= PDF}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Pellicé i Vilalta C, Casalots i Casado J, Cosme i Jiménez MA |title= |language=Spanish |journal=Archivos Españoles De Urología |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year = 1999 |pmid=10101891}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoeneich G, Perabo FG, Müller SC |title=Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis |journal=Andrologia |volume=31 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=17–20 |year = 1999 |pmid=10643514 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1999.tb01445.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Aynaud|first = O.|coauthors = D. Piron, G. Bijaoui, and JM Casanova|month = July|year = 1999|title = Developmental factors of urethral human papillomavirus lesions: correlation with circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 84|issue = 1|pages = 57–60|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|pmid = 10444125|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Goldman|first = R.|year = 1999|month = January|title = The psychological impact of circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = S1|pages = 93–102|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|id =|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Holman|first = John R.|coauthors = Keith Stuessi|year = 1999|month = March|title = Adult Circumcision|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 59|issue = 6|pages = 1514–8|pmid = 10193593|url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1514.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Jakobsson|first = B.|coauthors = Esbjörner E, Hansson S.|month = August|year = 1999|title = Minimum incidence and diagnostic rate of first urinary tract infection|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 104|issue = 2 (part 1)|pages = 222–226|doi = 10.1542/peds.104.2.222|pmid = 10428998|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/2/222|accessdate = 2008-10-06}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Reynard|first = J.M.|coauthors = J.M. Barua|year = 1999|title = Reduction of paraphimosis the simple way - the Dundee technique|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = 7|pages = 859–860|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00119.x|pmid = 10368214|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/reynard1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 1999 pop news || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Choe2000>{{cite journal|last = Choe|first = Jong M.|coauthors =|year = 2000|title = Paraphimosis: Current treatment options|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 62|pages = 2623–6, 2628|url = http://aafp.org/afp/20001215/2623.html|pmid=11142469|issue = 12}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Shechet>{{cite journal |author=Preiser G |title=Circumcision--the debates goes on |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=681; author reply 685 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10733391 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.681 |last2=Herschel; |first2=M. |last3=Bartman; |first3=T. |last4=Andersson; |first4=C. |last5=Bailis; |first5=S. A. |last6=Shechet |first6=R. J. |last7=Tanenbaum; |first7=B. |last8=Kunin; |first8=S. A. |last9=Hodges |first9=F. M.}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Szabo>{{cite web |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1127372 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |accessdate=2007-11-30 |work=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Weiss2000>{{cite journal|last = Weiss |first = H.A. |coauthors= Quigley M.A., Hayes R.J.|year = 2000 |month = October |title = Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal = AIDS |volume = 14 |issue = 15 |pages = 2361–70|pmid = 11089625 |url = http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf;jsessionid=L57hvrjhsS0JsXGZmmHZ2gpTTbZ7x5wqJh2CTXFDpNvpC8rNxmL1!949623904!181195628!8091!-1|format = PDF|accessdate = 2008-09-25|doi = 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 }}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal | author=Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ | title=Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis | journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl | volume=34 | issue=205 | pages=189–93 | year = 2000 | pmid=11144896 | doi=10.1080/00365590050509913}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal | author=Sánchez Merino JM, Parra Muntaner L, Jiménez Rodríguez M, Valerdiz Casasola S, Monsalve Rodríguez M, García Alonso J | title= | language=Spanish; Castilian | journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. | volume=53 | issue=9 | pages=799–808 | year = 2000 | month=November | pmid=11196386 | doi=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Couper RT |title=Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lignocaine/ prilocaine in a circumcised neonate |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=406–7 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10940184 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00508.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gerharz EW, Haarmann C |title=The first cut is the deepest? Medicolegal aspects of male circumcision |journal=BJU Int. |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=332–8 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10930942 |doi= 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00103.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, ''et al.'' |title=Circumcision and genital dermatoses |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10724196 |doi=10.1001/archderm.136.3.350}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Egger M |title=Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=137–42 |year = 2000 |pmid=10726934 |quote=The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay. |doi=10.1258/0956462001915480}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=E36 |year = 2000 |pmid=10699138 |doi= 10.1542/peds.105.3.e36}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hiss |first=J. |coauthors=A. Horowitz, T. Kahana |year = 2000 |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |volume=7 |issue= 1|pages=32–34 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |doi=10.1054/jcfm.1999.0340 |pmid=15274991}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/3/e36 |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |first=EJ |last=Schoen |coauthors=Oehrli, M; Colby, C; Machin, G|journal=Pediatrics |year = 2000 |month=March |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=e36 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.e36 |pmid=10699138}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Cason|first = Dana L.|coauthors = Brian S. Carter, Jatinder Bhatia|month = December|year = 2000|title = Can circumcision prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants?|journal = Clinical Pediatrics|volume = 39|issue = 12|pages = 699–703|doi = 10.1177/000992280003901203|pmid = 11156067|url = http://cpj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/12/699|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = A.M.K.|coauthors = S.E. Kenny, S.C. Donnell|year = 2000|title = Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: survey of trends in practice|journal = British Medical Journal|volume = 321|issue = 7264|pages = 792–793|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7264.792|pmid = 11009516|pmc = 27490}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Saxena|first = Amulya|coauthors = Klaus Schaarschmidt, Alexander Reich, Günter H. Willital|year = 2000|month = April–June|title = Non-retractile foreskin: a single center 13-year experience|journal = International Surgery|volume = 85|issue = 2|pages = 180–183|pmid = 11071339|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/saxena1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Schoen|first = Edgar J.|coauthors = Christopher J. Colby, G. Thomas Ray|month = April|year = 2000|title = Newborn Circumcision Decreases Incidence and Costs of Urinary Tract Infections During the First Year of Life|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 105|issue = 4|pages = 789–793|doi = 10.1542/peds.105.4.789|pmid = 10742321|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/789|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2000 dup christakis || <small><nowiki><ref> Pediatrics 105 (1 Pt 3): 246-9, 2000</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref name=kluweronline>{{cite journal | author=Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK | title=Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States) | journal=Cancer Causes Control | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=267–77 | year = 2001 | month=April | pmid=11405332 | doi=10.1023/A:1011266405062 | url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0957-5243&volume=12&page=267}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref name=lerman2001>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70390-4 | pmid = 11732129 | last1 = Lerman | author-separator =, | first1 = SE | author-name-separator= | last2 = Liao | first2 = JC | title = Neonatal circumcision | journal = Pediatric clinics of North America| volume=48 | issue=6 | year = 2001 | month=December | pages=1539–57}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last = McCredie |first = M.R.E. |coauthors = Staples M, Johnson W, English D R, Giles G G |month = March |year = 2001 |title = Prevalence of urinary symptoms in urban Australian men aged 40–69 |journal = Journal of epidemiology and biostatistics |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 211–218 |doi = 10.1080/135952201753172980|pmid = 11434500 |url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dunitz/jeb/2001/00000006/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=1k64wcrqf2pqt.alexandra |accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11223758 |doi=10.1159/000056585 |year = 2001 |author1=Esen |first2=G |first3=H |first4=D |first5=I |title=Concealed penis: rare complication of circumcision |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=117–8 |journal=Urologia internationalis |last2=Aslan |last3=Kazimoğlu |last4=Arslan |last5=Celebi}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2001 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Nayir|first = A.|coauthors =|month = December|year = 2001|title = Circumcision for the prevention of significant ] in boys|journal = Pediatric Nephrology|volume = 16|issue = 12|pages = 1129–1134|doi = 10.1007/s004670100044|pmid = 11793114|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/w9nwp49nh20tcwkb/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Boyle et al.>{{cite journal |author=Boyle, G |coauthors=Goldman, R; Svoboda, JS; Fernandez E |title=Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae |journal=Journal of Health Psychology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=329–343 |year = 2002 |doi=10.1177/1359105302007003225 |pmid=22114254}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Castellsague2002>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = Xavier|coauthors = et al.|year = 2002|month = April 11,|title = Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer|journal = The New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 346|issue = 15|pages = 1105–1112|doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa011688|pmid = 11948269|url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/15/1105.pdf|format = PDF — free registration required|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Castellsague2002a>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/whatis/art23101.html |title=Circumcised Men Less Likely to Get Virus That Causes Cervical Cancer |accessdate=2010-02-21 |work=The Body |publisher=Body Health Resources Corporation | date = 2002-04-12}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>Naimer SA, Peleg R, Meidvidovski Y, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/naimer2/ Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery. ''J Am Board Fam Pract'' 2002;15(6):485-8.</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ |title=Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=215–8 |year = 2002 |month=June |pmid=12238658 |pmc=1744457 |doi= 10.1136/sti.78.3.215}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Travis JW |title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=347 |issue=18 |pages=1452–3; author reply 1452–3 |year = 2002 |month=October |pmid=12409554 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200210313471816}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12463295 |url=http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/reprint/15/6/485 |journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |title=Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=485–8 |author=Naimer, S. A. |first2=R |first3=Y |first4=A |first5=A |first6=D |year = 2002 |last2=Mbibi |last3=Dawam |last4=Kalayi }}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Mattioli|first = G.|coauthors = P. Repetto, C. Carlini, C. Granata, C. Gambini, and V. Jasonni|year = 2002|month = May|title = Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children with phimosis and hypospadias|journal = Pediatric Surgery International|volume = 18|issue = 4|pages = 273–275|doi = 10.1007/s003830100699|pmid = 12021978|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/dy5cgm3h11prdy76/|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Newman|first = Thomas B.|coauthors = Jane A. Bernzweig, John I. Takayama, Stacia A. Finch, C. Wasserman, Robert H. Pantell|month = January|year = 2002|title = Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: the Pediatric Research in Office Settings' Febrile Infant Study|journal = Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|volume = 156|issue = 1|pages = 44–54|doi =|pmid = 11772190|url = http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/1/44|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2002 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Webster|first = T.M.|coauthors = M.P. Leonard|year = 2002|month = April|title = Topical steroid therapy for phimosis|journal = The Canadian journal of urology|volume = 9|issue = 2|pages = 1492–1495|pmid = 12010594|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Cox2003>{{cite journal|last = Cox|first = Guy|year = 2003|month = April|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 588|issn = 1326-5377|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-3.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref name=HKhandbook>{{cite book|last = Au|first = T.S.|coauthors = K.H. Yeung|editor = Pedro Sá Cabral, Luís Leite, and José Pinto (eds.)|title = Handbook of Dermatology & Venereology|url = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/cover.htm|accessdate = 2006-09-04|edition = 2nd|year = 2003|publisher = Department of Dermatology—Hospital Pulido Valente|location = ]|isbn = 978-962-334-030-4|chapter = Balanitis, Bacterial Vaginosis and Other Genital Conditions|chapterurl = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/balaniti.htm|isbn-status = May be invalid - please double check}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Siegfried2003>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, ''et al.'' |title=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=3 |pages=CD003362 |year = 2003 |pmid=12917962 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362 |chapter=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |editor1-last=Siegfried |editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12900483 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/169/3/216 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Acute venous stasis and swelling of the lower abdomen and extremities in an infant after circumcision |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=216–7 |author=Ly, Linh |first2=K |year = 2003 |pmc=167126 |last2=Sankaran}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Blalock|first = H. Jason|coauthors = Vijaya Vemulakonda, Michael L. Ritchey, Michaelene Ribbeck|year = 2003|title = Outpatient management of phimosis following newborn circumcision|journal = Journal of Urology|volume = 169|issue = 6|pages = 2332–2334|doi = 10.1097/01.ju.0000067602.42875.d8|pmid = 12771793|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Hill|first = George|coauthors =|year = 2003|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 587|issn = 0025-729X|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-1.html|accessdate =}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2003 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Pfenninger>{{cite book |last1=Pfenninger |first1=John L. |first2=Grant C. |last2=Fowler |title=Procedures for primary care |origyear = 1994 |edition=2nd | date = 21 July 2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-00506-7 |author=edited by John L. Pfenninger, Grant C. Fowler. |lccn=200356227}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CPSIFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm| title = Circumcision: Information for parents| accessdate = 2006-10-24| year = 2004| month = November| work = Caring for kids| publisher = ]| quote = Circumcision is a “non-therapeutic” procedure, which means it is not medically necessary. Parents who decide to circumcise their newborns often do so for religious, social or cultural reasons. To help make the decision about circumcision, parents should have information about risks and benefits. It is helpful to speak with your baby’s doctor. After reviewing the scientific evidence for and against circumcision, the CPS does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn boys. Many paediatricians no longer perform circumcisions.|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051219215229/http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm |archivedate = 2005-12-19}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref name=RACPAnat>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|title=Care Of The Foreskin|accessdate=2006-07-13|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015150/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref name=RACPComp>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|title=Complications Of Circumcision|accessdate=2006-07-11|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015035/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref name=RACPpolicy>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=A453CFA1-2A57-5487-DF36DF59A1BAF527|title=Policy Statement On Circumcision|accessdate=2007-02-28|year = 2004|month=September|format=PDF|publisher=]|pages=|language=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=The Paediatrics and Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that '''there is no medical indication for routine neonatal circumcision.''' Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% to 5% and includes local infection, bleeding and damage to the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and meningitis may occasionally cause death. The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarising the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate.}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baldwin SB, Wallace DR, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Vaught LC, Giuliano AR |title=Condom use and other factors affecting penile human papillomavirus detection in men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=601–7 |year = 2004 |month=October |pmid=15388997 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0148-5717&volume=31&issue=10&spage=601 |doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000140012.02703.10}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Günşar C, Kurutepe S, Alparslan O, ''et al.'' |title=The effect of circumcision status on periurethral and glanular bacterial flora |journal=Urologia internationalis |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=212–5 |year = 2004 |pmid=15084764 |doi=10.1159/000077117}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last = Hutson |first = J.M. | year = 2004 | month = June | title = Circumcision: a surgeon’s perspective | journal = Journal of Medical Ethics | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 238–240 | doi = 10.1136/jme.2002.001313 | pmid = 15173354 | url = http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/30/3/238.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-09 |pmc = 1733864}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15534340 |doi=10.1177/0272989X04271039 |year = 2004 |author1=Van Howe |title=A cost-utility analysis of neonatal circumcision |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=584–601 |journal=Medical decision making}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/paraphimosis/ | title= Paraphimosis: Conservative Treatment | publisher= Circumcision Information and Resource Pages | date = 2004-04-17}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2004 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/u6/Circumcision-Infant-Male.pdf |title=Circumcision (Infant Male) |accessdate=2009-08-16 |work=Resource manual |publisher=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia |year = 2004}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref name=OF1>{{cite journal| last = O’Farrel| first = Nigel| coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox| year = 2005| title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study| journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS| volume = 16| issue = 8| pages = 556–588(4)| doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151| pmid = 16105191| url = http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/8/556| format = Abstract| accessdate = 2008-09-06| quote = Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref name=singhgrewal2005>{{cite journal |author=Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J |title=Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=853–8 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=15890696 |pmc=1720543 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049353}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, ''et al.'' |title=Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=606–16 |year = 2005 |month=September |pmid=15825185 |doi=10.1002/ijc.21009}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P |title=Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=556–9 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=16105191 |doi=10.1258/0956462054679151}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, ''et al.'' |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet infectious diseases |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |year = 2005 |month=March |pmid=15766651 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16040868 |pmc=1720522 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.066761 |year = 2005 |author1=Schoen |title=Circumcision for preventing urinary tract infections in boys: North American view |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=772–3 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |title=Male circumcision: a review of the evidence |author=Hirji, H |coauthors=Charlton, R; Sarmah S |journal=Journal of men's health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |year = 2005 |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/jmhg/article/PIIS1571891305000105/abstract}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |year = 2005 |month=Summer |title=Coagulation disorders often not detected |journal=Pediatric update () |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=http://www2.healthcare.ucla.edu/pedsupdate/Peds-Update-Summer05.pdf |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |format=PDF}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal| last = Lajous| first = Martín| coauthors = Nancy Mueller, Aurelio Cruz-Valdéz, Luis Victor Aguilar, Silvia Franceschi, Mauricio Hernández-Ávila, and Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce| year = 2005| month = July| title = Determinants of Prevalence, Acquisition, and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Mexican Military Men| journal = Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention| volume = 14| issue = 7| pages = 1710–1716| doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0926| pmid = 16030106| url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/7/1710.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref></nowiki></small>
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| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Darby|first = Robert|year = 2005|title = The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth|journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal|volume = 118|issue = 1218|pages = 76–82|pmid= 16027753|url = http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1218/1564/content.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = O’Farrel|first = Nigel|coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox|year = 2005|month = August|title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study|journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS|volume = 16|issue = 8|pages = 556–588(4)|doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151|pmid = 16105191}}</nowiki></small>
|-
| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Vincent|first = Michelle Valerie|coauthors = Ewan MacKinnon|year = 2005|month = April|title = The response of clinical balanitis xerotica obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams|journal = Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume = 40|issue = 4|pages = 709–712|doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.12.001|pmid = 15852285|url = http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/PIIS002234680400867X/abstract|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2005 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web |url= http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/eletters/81/4/537#1382 |title= Letter in response to Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study, by Fergusson et al. (1988) |accessdate=2008-10-04 |work= Balanitis and the uncircumcised male |publisher= Pediatrics | date = 12 June 2005}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref name=BMAGuide2>{{cite web| url = http://www.bma.org.uk/ethics/consent_and_capacity/malecircumcision2006.jsp| title = The law and ethics of male circumcision - guidance for doctors| accessdate = 2009-07-23| author = Medical Ethics Committee| year = 2006| month = June| publisher = ]| quote = '''Circumcision for medical purposes'''<br/></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CancerRisk>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=| title = What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = ]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060619033821/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea= |archivedate = June 19, 2006}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ |title=Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=101–9; discussion 110 |year = 2006 |month=April |pmid=16581731 |pmc=2653870 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017442}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1 |pmid=16649052 |year = 2006 |author1=Yegane |first2=AR |first3=NA |first4=M |first5=JA |first6=M |title=Late complications of circumcision in Iran |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=442–5 |journal=Pediatric surgery international |last2=Kheirollahi |last3=Salehi |last4=Bashashati |last5=Khoshdel |last6=Ahmadi}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16469634 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00399-X |year = 2006 |author1=Schoen |first2=CJ |first3=TT |title=Cost analysis of neonatal circumcision in a large health maintenance organization |volume=175 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=1111–5 |journal=The Journal of Urology |last2=Colby |last3=To}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = | title = Emedicine.com| accessdate = 2006-07-02| last = Angel| first = Carlos A.| date = June 12, 2006| work = eMedicine| publisher = WebMD}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp| title = Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = ]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060615044224/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp |archivedate = June 15, 2006}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| title = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-21| last = Scheinfeld| first = Noah S.| authorlink =| coauthors = George C. Keough, Daniel Lehman| date = January 11, 2006| work = Diseases Of The Dermis| publisher = ]}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2006 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic615.htm| title = Balanoposthitis| accessdate = 2006-11-20| last = Osipov| first = Vladimir O.| coauthors = Scott M. Acker| date = November 14, 2006| work = Reactive and Inflammatory Dermatoses| publisher = ]}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AAFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html| title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision| accessdate = 2012-09-04| year = 2007| publisher = ]}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AAFP_2007>{{Cite web | url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/guidelines/Circumcison.html | title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision | accessdate = 2007-01-30 | year = 2007 | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians }}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AUApolicy>{{cite web |url=http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/policy-statements/c/circumcision.cfm |title=Circumcision |accessdate=2007-08-26 |author=American Urological Association |work=About AUA - Policy Statements}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Fergusson>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision: Effects on breastfeeding and outcomes associated with breastfeeding |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |author=Fergusson DM |coauthor=Boden, JM; Horwood, J |volume=44|doi= 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01202.x |year = 2007 |pages=070907133943009 |pmid=17803666 |issue=1–2}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Schoen>{{cite journal |pmid=18077736 |pmc=2231533 |year = 2007 |author1=Schoen |title=Should newborns be circumcised? Yes |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=2096–8, 2100–2 |journal=Canadian Family Physician}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=vanhowe2006>{{cite journal|last = Van Howe|first = Robert S.|month = May|year = 2007|title = Human papillomavirus and circumcision: A meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 54|issue = 5|pages = 490–496|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2006.08.005|pmid = 16997378|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006b/|accessdate = 2008-09-18}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=WHOpr0307>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organisation |month=March |year = 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Howe RS |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys |journal=Clinical pediatrics |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=329–33 |year = 2007 |pmid=17475991 |doi=10.1177/0009922806295708}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = X.|coauthors = G. Albero, R. Clèries and F. Bosch|year = 2007|month =|title = HPV and circumcision: A biased, inaccurate and misleading meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 55|issue = 1|pages = 91–93|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2007.02.009|pmid = 17433445|url =|accessdate =}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref name=WHO-C&R>{{cite journal | title = New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications | publisher = ] | date = March 28, 2007 | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf | format = PDF | id = | accessdate = 2007-08-13}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2007 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{vcite journal | author=Paediatric Death Review Committee | title=Circumcision: a minor procedure? | journal=Paediatr Child Health | date = 2007 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=311-2 | url=http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/Cairns_2007.pdf | doi= | pmid=19030377 | pmc=2528673 }</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=byakika2008>{{cite journal | author=Byakika-Tusiime J | title=Circumcision and HIV Infection: Assessment of Causality | journal=AIDS Behav | volume=12 | issue=6 | pages=835–41 | year = 2008 | month=September | pmid=18800244 | doi=10.1007/s10461-008-9453-6}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=CDC-2008>{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission and Other Health Conditions: Implications for the United States |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year = 2008 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision.htm}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Krieger>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x |title=Adult Male Circumcision: Effects on Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya |year = 2008 |last1=Krieger |first1=John N. |first2=Supriya D. |first3=Robert C. |first4=Kawango |first5=Jeckoniah O. |first6=Corette |first7=Stephen |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=5 |pages=2610–22 |pmid=18761593 |issue=11 |last2=Mehta |last3=Bailey |last4=Agot |last5=Ndinya-Achola |last6=Parker |last7=Moses |pmc=3042320}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=millett>{{cite journal |author=Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH |title=Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=14 |pages=1674–84 |year = 2008 |month=October |pmid=18840841 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1674 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1674}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=mills2008>{{cite journal | author=Mills E, Cooper C, Anema A, Guyatt G | title=Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11,050 men | journal=HIV Med. | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=332–5 | year = 2008 | month=July | pmid=18705758 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00596.x}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref name=weiss2008>{{cite journal | author=Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, Hayes RJ, Schmid G, Hankins CA | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action? | journal=AIDS | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=567–74 | year = 2008 | month=March | pmid=18316997 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3f406 | url= http://www.aidsvaccineclearinghouse.org/pdf/MC/Weiss_AIDS_2008.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dinh |first=T.H. |coauthors=M. Sternberg, E.F. Dunne and L.E. Markowitz |year = 2008 |month=April |title=Genital Warts Among 18- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=357–360 |pmid=18360316 |quote=The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%) |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181632d61}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |first=C.C. |coauthors=J.M. Hubanks, B.C. Bright, J.E. Heinlen, B.O. Donovan, B.P. Kropp and D. Frimberger |year = 2008 |month=July 9 (e-pub) |title=Occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Significant Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction |journal=Urology |volume= |issue= 1|pages= 74–8|pmid=18619654 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.05.021}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal| last = Hernandez| first = B.Y.| coauthors = L.R. Wilkens, X. Zhu, K. McDuffie, P. Thompson, Y.B. Shvetsov, L. Ning and M.T. Goodman| month = March|year = 2008| title = Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: A Site-Specific Comparison| journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases| volume = 197| issue = 6| pages = 787–794| doi = 10.1086/528379| pmid = 18284369| url =| format =| accessdate =| pmc = 2596734}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri| title = What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-08-10| date = 11 July 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = American Cancer Society|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060617022927/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri |archivedate = June 17, 2006}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=22745| title = Statistics and outlook for penile cancer| accessdate = 2008-10-08| date = June 16, 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = ]| quote = Most cases of penile cancer are in men aged over 60 years old. It rarely affects men under 40.}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2008 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer? |publisher=American Cancer Society | date = 2008-07-11 |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/PenileCancer/DetailedGuide/penile-cancer-risk-factors}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2009 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Ngan>{{cite journal |last=Ngan |first=John H., M.D. |coauthors=J Waldhausen M.D., Richard Santucci M.D. |year = 1996 |month=April |title=I think this child has an infected penis after neonatal circumcision… |journal=Online Pediatric Urology |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2009/11/massive-infection-takes-over-body-after.html |quote=}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2009 || <small><nowiki><ref> The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia] (pdf)</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2009 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web|title=Current College Position on Circumcision|publisher=Royal Australasian College of Physicians| date = 2009-08-27|url=http://racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=59AE2C7C-9F08-B344-21061157DF3636B9}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2010 || <small><nowiki><ref>. Sydney: Royal Australasian College of Physicians, 2010.</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2010 || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last = Scheinfeld|first = Noah S.|coauthors = G.C. Keough, D.S. Lehman|year = 2010|month = January|title = Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis|journal = Emedicine (Medscape)|url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic45.htm}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2010 || <small><nowiki><ref name=KNMG>{{cite web |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors (2010) |publisher=KNMG | date = 12 June 2010 |url=http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Diensten/knmgpublicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2011 || <small><nowiki><ref name=Emedicine.com></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2011 || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2011 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AMA_2011>{{cite web | url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2011-11-15-ama-adopts-new-policies.page | title=AMA Adopts New Policies During Final Day of Semi-Annual Meeting | publisher=AMA | date = Nov 15, 2011 | accessdate=September 03, 2012}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 || <small><nowiki><ref name=AAP2012>{{cite journal|title=Circumcision Policy Statement|journal=PEDIATRICS| date = 27 August 2012|volume=130|issue=3|pages=585–586|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1989}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 || <small><nowiki><ref name=LATimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Pediatricians' group shifts in favor of circumcision | work=LA Times | date = August 26, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Brown, Eryn}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 || <small><nowiki><ref name=NYTimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Benefits of Circumcision Are Said to Outweigh Risks | work=NY Times | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Rabin, Roni}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 || <small><nowiki><ref name=WaPo_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/circumcision-benefits-outweigh-risks-and-insurers-should-pay-pediatricians-revise-stance/2012/08/26/49663aae-efb7-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Circumcision benefits outweigh risks and insurers should pay; pediatricians revise stance | work=Washington Post | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=AP}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 updated || <small><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></small>
|-
| 2012 updated || <small><nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=Hemophilia, Overview |publisher=eMedicine |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3528.htm}}</ref></nowiki></small>
|}
{{collapse bottom}}
<code>]]</code> 18:25, 5 September 2012 (UTC)


:Thanks for doing this. I'll just boldly redirect to circumcision and drop a note at the talk page there. ] (]) 18:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
How exactly is that supposed to be NPOV?


::That's bold all right! I'm happy to have one less problem-fraught article to maintain, thanks. <code>]]</code> 18:52, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
It doesn't make sense to claim that being circumcised makes you last longer while simultaneously claiming that it has just the same sensitivity (as some pro-circ doctors had mentioned as a benefit). It also doesn't make sense to acknowledge that the glans has increased sensitivity after a circumcision when you're saying it doesn't change sensitivity ("Some men report unpleasant sensitivity of their glans after adult circumcision" from ]). I guess some doctors are a bit confused. Should doctors on the same side with contradicting statements be included in this?


-] 07:31, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) :::You're welcome. ] (]) 19:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

==Unrelated to medical analysis==
The following paragraph is not relevant to a medical analysis of circumcision.
:A 1988 study of new mothers found that 71% preferred a circumcised partner for sexual intercourse, and 83% for giving fellatio. When asked why, 92% responded that it stays cleaner and 90% that it looks sexier. Although 78% of the women had not had direct contact with an uncircumcised penis, those who did expressed the same preferenceHowever, this study has been criticised for alleged pro-circumcision bias of the authors and the fact that the study was done in an area of the United States where circumcision was the norm.
The paragraph should be in an article on an ethical or cultural analysis of circumcision, not a medical analysis of circumcision. -- ] 04:21, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Dan I welcome your sudden change of heart in that you have a new concern for keeping content focussed narrowly on the article subject on hand. Would I be naive to expect your total support when I get amongst the off topic anti-circ propaganda that has been insidiously inserted into numerous articles over a period of time? Ok then ... somehow I thought not. - ] 10:54, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, please explain how the sexual preference of women in Iowa, most of whom had no sexual experience with intact men, is related to the '''medical''' analysis of circumcision. -- ] 07:57, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Loony Tunes Link==
There were links to pictures of invasive penile cancer in the article:
Images of Invasive Penile Cancer in Uncircumcised Men
(http://www.dermis.net/bilder/CD52/img0084.jpg) (http://www.dermis.net/bilder/CD55/img0066.jpg) (http://www.dermis.net/bilder/CD16/img0038.jpg) (http://www.dermis.net/bilder/CD14/img0092.jpg) (http://www.dermis.net/bilder/CD16/img0037.jpg)
I wrote: "When I clicked on the links provided, all I got was a page
that said that dermis net, where the pictures were housed, had expired. (They were there only a few days ago!")
Robert replied:"(They're back! Now fancy that Michael - nice try
though ;"
I have tried three times in the last 24 hours and got the following notice:

"This domain name expired on 10/16/2004 and is pending renewal or
deletion."

Robert, as I write this, they're not back. Why did you say that they were back when they weren't?
] 13:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Dermis.net has often been intermittent. This should suit you agenda, no? I guess you can be glad that they are not always available ... truly horrific stuff. Enough to turn the stomach of even the most ardent foreskin admirer, yes? I have learned something though. I was told by someone that the fact that they are always visible to me is that my browser has them cached. So it is only when I refresh the page that I can establish that the site is in fact down. Don't worry though Michael, I will be sure to let you know exactly when the site is up again. - ] 18:21, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, you have admitted that you were wrong about the link and have explained why you made this mistake. However, you did not apologise for implying that I was dishonest. Instead you descended to making further baseless allegations about my supposed motivations. I have noted this abuse and will take the action that I feel is appropriate about it. ] 12:55, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Michael I still don't know what you are on about. As of now the links are working. What exactly is your problem? The site is intermittent. Try it and see for yourself. PS: I understand exactly why you are so keen to have the links deleted. I sympathise. - ] 16:57, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, I can't comment on what you understand exactly and yet don't understand. That makes no sense to me. However, the links to Dermis.net still don't appear to be working right. From my computer they go to Dermis.net's main page. so there may still be a problem with the site. I recommend that you provide a link to web pages instead of jpg pictures. This would be more informative to the reader and may make the link more stable.] 20:58, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

*Anyway thank you for drawing attention to this "problem" Michael. I have found some alternative URL's which seem to work just fine. On the other matter michael, no. The links should go direct to the images and not to the home page where people will battle to find the right images. As you well know Michael ... a picture is worth a 1,000 words. ;-) - ] 03:34, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, I recommended that you provide a link to web pages instead of jpg pictures. You said you wouldn't do that, so I wondered why. I checked out one web page and I found the pictures on one page . The difference: this page mentions the name of the organisation that posted the pictures. Was that a problem to you? If so, why? ] 06:24, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I notice that the above question remains unanswered. It is Loony Tunes to have ten links to the pictures, five of which are unstable, when the same pictures can all be viewed with just one link. ] 05:45, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Cervical Cancer Death Rates==
I have provided information about death rates from cervical cancer but Robert contests this. I believe the figures are relevant because it puts into perspective the relative danger from cervical cancer. This is also relevant because of the claims that circumcision reduces the incidence of the virus that causes the cancer. I cannot understand why anyone would have a problem with this. ] 01:39, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*To focus purely on reported deaths covers only part of the story. The British research stated quite clearly:
"80% or more of these deaths (up to 5000 deaths per year) are likely to be prevented by screening, which means that about 100000 (one in 80) of the 8 million British women born between 1951 and 1970 will be saved from premature death by the cervical screening programme at a cost per life saved of about pound 36000."
So effectively Michael once again you have been caught with your hand inthe cookie jar trying to sell a half truth to the unsuspecting readers. By universal pap smears they are treating the "symptom and not the cause". Think about it. - ] 03:42, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

:Robert, once again you have resorted to personal attacks and abuse instead of concentrating on the issue. It was certainly not my intention to deceive, but to put the disease into perspective. Your concentration on subtracting information rather than adding it fits your description of trying to sell a half truth. If you are interested in telling the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth you should be concentrating on adding information instead of subtracting it. If you feel that the information was distorted or wrong, then work with me and others to get better information. But don't just cut out information. That is not fair dealing. ] 06:06, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
:*Michael it is very difficult to work '''with''' someone committed to inserting their POV in articles. If you have any idea how such alliance of '''truth''' would be possible given the history of POV insertions around here I would be keen to hear about it. - ] 17:14, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, could you explain to me what is POV about providing the death rate of a disease that is being discussed? How do you justify removing information about the death rate of a disease that is being discussed? What is your problem with the death rate? Could it be that there is not a big enough gap between the cervical cancer death rates of Great Britain and the United States to suit your purposes? ] 20:57, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Simple Michael, because you are failing to include the influence screening has had on the incidence of related deaths in the UK. It is up to you to write an NPOV piece which will include the total picture and not to just slip in a half truth. Your source for this is:
:The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK
:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15262102
- ] 04:00, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dear Robert, I "failed" to "include" the influence of screening on the death rates from cervical cancer, because it was already in the article! I quote:
:...scientists from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found that had it not been for effective cervical screening fully one in 65 of all British women born since 1950 would have died from cancer of the cervix.
What I did was to add the death rates from cervical cancer. The very thing you accused me of failing to include was in the article all that time.

So why is it important to include the information about death rates? The answer can be found in the abstract that Robert noted above. I quote:
:BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that the reduction in mortality achieved by the UK national cervical screening programme is too small to justify its financial and psychosocial costs, except perhaps in a few high-risk women.
Clearly, this abstract has to be understood in the light of a controversy over funding the cervical cancer screening program. You see, the death rates from cervical cancer were small enough for some bean counters to argue that the screening program didn't make a great difference to overall death rates. The figures that I quoted help to explain why that argument might arise.

There is another reason for including the overall death rates from cervical cancer. The article implies that Great Britain has suffered an epidemic of cervical cancer because of a lack of circumcision. By including the cervical cancer death rates of Britain and the United States, readers can judge for themselves how much difference it might make:
:In 2000, cervical cancer deaths in Great Britain were 3.9 per 100,000.(USA, 3.3; Canada, 2.8; Australia, 2.4.)

Once again, I suggest that Robert has failed to demonstrate how adding this information to what was already in the article is telling a half-truth. I contend that deliberately removing this information is the action of someone who prefers to dodge part of the picture for narrow ideological reasons. ] 14:09, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*You have every right to suggest what you may but that does not change the situation one iota in that you are deliberately attempting to sell a half truth here. The death rate from cervical cancer has absolutely no bearing on the article as it is only the end result of a process which can largely be avoided through screening. Anyone who understands a jot about the great circumcision debate will know that your single intention is insinuate that "risk" to partners of both circumcised and uncircumcised men is about the same. This is clearly not so. Do the math as far as the UK is concerned and put a cost on the whole situation at GB pounds 36,000 per life saved. It is this pathological fear you and your ilk have of the foreskin being recognised as a public health risk that drives you to such extraordinary lengths. Very sad Michael, very sad. - ] 15:44, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, in one place you argue that the death rate from cervical cancer has absolutely no bearing on the article; then you turn round and ask me to do the maths on the cost of saving lives. How can you do that without knowing the death rates? ] 01:29, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Limitations of the Laumann study==

Robert has contested the following statement:

:Laumann also found that circumcision was less prevalent in Black and Hispanic males and those whose mothers had less education. As health is worse amongst non-whites and the less well educated in America, this could have influenced the above findings.

Healthy men are likely to have fewer sexual dysfunctions than men who are less healthy. Some illnesses are known to affect sexual function, including circulatory diseases, diabetes and depression, and all these diseases are more prevalent in less advantaged communities. In Laumann's sample, the circumcised men were more likely to come from the wealthier and healthier sections of the American community. Hence it is perfectly legitimate to suggest that this may have had an effect on reported levels of sexual dysfunction. ] 12:40, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
:This is uneducated speculation. It has no place in Misplaced Pages. Drop it Michael. - ] 17:09, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I will drop that speculation on condition that you agree to drop all your speculative comments from the article. ] 21:01, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Michael you seem very astute at findings limitations in studies which do not have foreskin friendly findings but I wonder why you seem to miss glaring aspects relating to those which seem to provide a means for the promotion of the foreskin. The next question should be considered as a test of your intellectual integrity. Using your "sharp eye" for such '''limitations''' would you provide us all with your take on the O'Hara survey? I would love to get your take as to any possible "limitations" or even a fatal flaw with it. - ] 03:50, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, the question at issue here is the Laumann study's findings, but let us say that you are right in saying that I'm good at finding flaws in one set of studies while you are good at finding flaws in another set. That sounds like a pretty good combination to me. It means that you will be a good check on me and I will be a good check on you. If we can do it that way we can both benefit from each other's insights. ] 06:51, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Michael it would perhaps be good if you start and explain why you need to be "checked on". Share with us what floats your boat? Are you a foreskin restorer? Maybe that done you can turn your attention upon the O'Hara survey, yes? - ] 15:36, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, I see that you are not interested in discussing the Laumann study findings. As your interests lie elsewhere, please go somewhere else and discuss your preoccupations with someone else. ] 23:48, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Sexual Effects==
This section on analysis appears to be pure the presentation of psycho sexual speculation from anti-circumcision zealots which have been conclusively rebutted. This section therefore no longer serves any purpose. It should be deleted. I suggest we start a count down here on the basis of seeking out those who believe there is anymerit in its retention. Lets work on a seven day count down. - ] 08:16, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Information about the findings of Winklemann and Taylor must stay. If people are to argue about removing the foreskin they should at least know what the foreskin consists of. ] 23:05, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Michael I have responded to you on this (below) in some detail. The problem is that the use of Winkelmann as a source of foreskin friendly information is somewhat less tha honest because he did not state what you want to present him as having stated. (Does this sort of detail bother you?) And secondly that Taylor stuff is pure speculation. I suggest it is prudent to delete all reference to Taylor until there has been some independent finding which support the conclusions he leapt to after looking at some skins form cadavers under a microscope. We need to remember we are working on an encyclopaedia here and not a publicity brochure for the anti-circumcision movement. The need for honesty and accuracy is clearly much higher here at Misplaced Pages. Please respect that. - ] 03:02, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, please don’t lecture me on honesty. I have not found your words particularly honest or reliable. You just said "Taylor’s stuff is pure speculation." However, you disprove this when you reveal that he examined cadavers! A link to one of Taylor’s articles, e.g., The Prepuce would enable readers to check what he wrote and make up their own minds. ] 13:15, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Misleading Description of Edits==

I described my edit thus:

* (cur) (last) 06:04, 30 Oct 2004 Michael Glass (Sexual Effects - Robert, the snippet distorts what Moses et al wrote. A distorted quote is not good enough.r.)

Robert described his edit thus:

(cur) (last) 08:19, 30 Oct 2004 Robert the Bruce (OK Michael lets get rid of the whole paragraph then - no problems either way with that I hope?)

So what does he do? He cuts out a second paragraph, removing the findings of Winlelmann and Taylor as well. Could Robert explain whether this was carelessness or deceit? Either way, a misleading description of an edit is unacceptable. ] 23:05, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*The problem is your selective approach to this subject. You want to closely examine what Moses stated but you just want to keep a sound bite from Winkelmann. By introducing such information you kind of open a "Pandora's box" where if is difficult to know where to begin and where to end. That is where the POV comes in. For example you want to include a soundbite that a person named Winkelmann included the foreskin in his study of erogenous zones you need to explain the differences in function between Meissner and Vater-Pacini corpuscles and explain that Winkelmann also included the oral cavity, conjunctival region, the perianal region and the lip. And then we need to explain that the enervation of the foreskin is closer to that of the oral cavity than the clitoris or the glans penis. I mean how far do you want to go with this Michael? The one thing for certain is that it will lead to your anti-circumcision deceit about the sexual function be debunked once and for all and all that will remain will be the psychosexual aspects (such as foreskin fetishism) but no scientific or anatomical evidence to prove your case. So if you want to include something along the lines in the now "suspended" (rather than deleted) paragraph why not work it out here before trying to reinsert nonsense into the body of the article. BTW, have you noticed how nicely the ] article is starting to take shape? But boy has it touched some nerves in the process. Would you like to bring your expertise to that party? - ] 02:53, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robert, if you want to object to the Winkelmann and Taylor studies so be it. I will be interested to consider why you feel these references are a problem. In fairness to the reader, there should be links to the relevant studies such as Cold & McGrath's paper so that the readers can easily go to these studies and judge for themselves. What I objected to is your misleading description of your edit.

You described your move as ‘suspending’ these words. This is mendacious. You deleted them. You deleted them and you described your edit as deleting something else. This is not an honest description of what you did. "Deceitful" could be a word to describe it.

As for the question of a foreskin fetish, I believe that you may know something about this. Someone who would write about the "long juicy anteater of a foreskin" may well have something to say about this subject. However, there is also the evidence of a sexual involvement in circumcision that also has to be considered, such as Williamson and Williamson’s "the circumcised penis exists in exposed beauty whether flaccid or erect." Circumcision Fetishism could also be a suitable topic for Misplaced Pages. ] 13:09, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Take a look at robert's "A general clean up" edit. He deleted quite a bit of information in his "general clean up." His blatant lies in edits are a violation of Misplaced Pages policy. Whenever he responds to comments of this type with very legitimate criticism he just evades the entire point and engages in ad hominem. ] 17:09, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

==Introduction dispute==
The following sentence from the introduction is disputed by contributors with a pro-circumcision POV.
:Currently neonatal circumcision is not considered medically necessary according to professional medical organizations in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In their view the benefits of neonatal circumcision (including a lower rate of urinary tract infection in infants, a lower rate of penile cancer in adults, and a lower rate of infection of some sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV) do not significantly outweigh the risks (including bleeding, infection, surgical mishap, and rarely death).
In my opinion the sentence accurately summarized the policy statements of the professional medical organizations.

Also the introduction includes a short quote from the policy statements of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia and the American Academy of Pediatrics. In my opinion these two statements accurately represent the range of opinions of professional medical organizations. The BC statement is the strongest in terms of saying infant circumcision is not medically necessary and the AAP statement is the weakest. However a contributor with a pro-circumcision POV repeatedly deletes the statement by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. -- ] 10:51, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*What dispute? You are pushing your POV and I am attempting to maintain a NPOV approach to this subject. The title of the article is ] of which policy statements by medical bodies are but a component and not the be all and end all. If one were to include such a statement in the introduction (which I reluctantly agree with) one will do from the most influencial of such bodies. Where on earth does the BC statement suddenly deserve centre stage treatment? (unless of course it is closest to your POV). Why don't you insert links to such statements? Please try to restrain yourself. There is no dispute, there is only a problem where you are not being allowed to get away with your standard POV pushing and are the verge of throwing a tantrum. Chill out. - ] 11:06, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No, Robert, you are the one who is pushing your pro-circumcision POV. The statements by professional medical organizations are the best neutral point of view summaries of the medical analysis of circumcision. They all say there is no medical indication for infant circumcision. Not one of the professional medical organizations says the small potential medical benefits of infant circumcision far outweigh the medical risks and harms, not one, not even the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians statement says, "Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure." -- ] 11:55, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I disagree with the wording of the above. While a few (one?) medical organisations have explicitly stated that benefits do not outweigh harms, I don't think it's appropriate for us to speak for those that haven't stated a policy on that matter. The AAP's statement also merely says that there are benefits and risks, and parents should make the decision (implicitly disagreeing with your wording). I propose the following milder (and thus more generally true) statement (emphasis added):
: In their view the benefits of neonatal circumcision (including a lower rate of urinary tract infection in infants, a lower rate of penile cancer in adults, and a lower rate of infection of some sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV) do not ''sufficiently'' outweigh the risks (including bleeding, infection, surgical mishap, and rarely death) ''to recommend that all males be circumcised''. - ] 12:45, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Some of the medical organizations have taken a much stronger stand, for example:
*"The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit." -- The Royal Australasian College of Physicians. ''Policy Statement On Circumcision''. Sep 2002.
*"Unnecessarily invasive procedures should not be used where alternative, less invasive techniques, are equally efficient and available. ... Therefore, to circumcise for therapeutic reasons where medical research has shown other techniques to be at least as effective and less invasive would be unethical and inappropriate." -- British Medical Association. ''The Law & Ethics of Male Circumcision - Guidance for Doctors''. March 2003.
Please note the Royal Australasian College of Physicians statement says routine or non-therapeutic circumcision is '''"without proven medical benefit"'''. -- ] 13:43, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
*Well add a section a the bottom then where you can list all the statements. One word of caution though the order in which they are listed should be in accordance with the population size represented by the organisation and '''not''' according to how much they suit your anti-circumcision/pro foreskin POV. NB: Leave the introduction alone. - ] 15:28, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

==Winkelmann and Taylor==
The findings of Winkelmann and Taylor are important and relevant to this article. Robert, please stop deleting them. Dr. Taylor found the ridged band of the foreskin has a high concentration of specialized nerves. In my opinion that is probably it single most important fact that needs to be included in the section on sexual effects of circumcision. -- ] 11:03, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
*Dan I understand just how you feel and I sympathise. But you do realise that your point of view (POV) does not deserve centre stage attention unless it is backed up by credible fact. Sadly this piece misrepresents Winkelmann and Taylor's two-page excuse for a study is an outstanding example of irresponsible speculation being taken for serious science by desperate people. Hammond showed us that at least half of foreskin restorers have a mental pathology of sorts, 30% are serious substance abusers and these sad and desperate people are being exploited by an anti-circumcision movement for their own purposes. Disgraceful actually. If you are desperate to include Winkelmann then you need to point out the difference between the Meissner and Vater Pacini corpusles both in terms of location and function. So please try to keep your eye on the ball here. Because "in your POV" you believe that something should be included in the article does not necessarily mean it has the required merit. Try your best to strive for NPOV and not just recklessly push your anti-circumcision agenda. It is not helpful. - ] 17:44, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Robert, please stop your ad hominem attacks. Dr. Taylor's article is an accurate description of the cellular anatomy of the foreskin. He found that an intact male's foreskin has a high concentration of specialized nerve cells. That is a scientific fact and it should be included in the article, even though it does not agree with your pro-circumcision agenda. -- ] 08:41, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

:Actually, describing them as specialised is deceptive. What he found was that a certain part of the foreskin (the ridged band of mucosa) was comparatively rich in Meissner corpuscles. They're no more specialised than any other nerve cell. It's true that later Taylor did ''speculate'' that these were specialised tissue, but this was pure speculation with no basis in fact. Saying that the ridged band of the foreskin is comparatively rich in superficial touch receptors is apparently factual, but I'm afraid that any poetic essays about specialised receptors inducing sexual ecstacy (etc.) must be considered junk and treated accordingly. - ] 11:54, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Describing Meissner's corpuscles as specialized nerve cells is not deceptive; it is an accurate statement. Meissner's corpuscles are especially effective in detecting light touch. As you said Dr. Taylor found that there is a high concentration of Meissner's corpuscles in the ridged band of the foreskin. There is also a high concentration of Meissner's corpuscles in the fingertips, lips, and nipples. Most people know from their own personal experience that their fingertips, lips, and nipples are more sensitive to light touch than most other parts of their body. Robert's attempt to delete Dr. Taylor's findings that the foreskin contains a high concentration of specialized nerves, called Meissner's corpuscles, which are effective in detecting light touch is deceptive and is an unacceptable attempt to insert his own pro-circumcision POV in the article. -- ] 23:54, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
*Sorry DanB but the deception comes in through the suggestion that the because of the presence of "specialised nerves" the foreskin therefore has a sexual function. Meissner corpuscles are indeed "specialised nerves" and are found in such places as the oral cavity, the lips, the finger tips, the palms and the soles of the feet ... and the foreskin (and not the nipple as you suggest - see the Areola and Nipple section of - was this deliberate or just a slip?). I suggest we keep working on this DanB and together we will be able to unravel the deceit about an anatomical sexual function of the foreskin ... you do want the truth to prevail don't you Dan? - ] 01:02, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

==Deleting relevant information==
The following is relevant information that should be included in the article:
:Van Howe (2004) examined male neonatal circumcision both from a cost perspective and a medical perspective. His analysis found that male neonatal circumcision is poor health policy and cannot be justified financially or medically.

:In June of 2004 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia stated that neonatal circumcision is medically unnecessary.
::"Infant male circumcision was once considered a preventive health measure and was therefore adopted extensively in Western countries. Current understanding of the benefits, risks and potential harm of this procedure, however, no longer supports this practice for prophylactic health benefit. Routine infant male circumcision performed on a healthy infant is now considered a non-therapeutic and medically unnecessary intervention."
If you do not agree that this information should be included in the article, please explain why before deleting it. -- ] 00:54, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The anti-circumcision activist Van Howe once again introduced a "study" in which he expressed his views. Again, he used deceptive tactics including selective - and dishonest - inclusion of figures and faulty methodology. O'Farrell and Moses gave an enlightening analysis of his previous work on HIV, and the same basic approach seems to be used by him today. It is not appropriate to include his propaganda in this article. Nor is it appropriate to include partial quotations from organisations, though a link is perfectly ok. - ] 01:11, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

:Jake, please cite the Misplaced Pages guidelines that say it is not "appropriate to include partial quotations from organizations". The quote is from the section "Medical Perspectives" of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia Policy Manual. The quote is relevant to the article. -- ] 02:42, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cost-benefit, medical utility, and cost-utility are completely relevant to the "medical analysis of circumcision". Arguments against the author are simply "ad hominem" attacks that are recognized as fallacious arguments. Ad hominem attacks are the last defence of someone who has nothing to say. Please refrain from ad hominem attacks on the author of cited papers.

Also, this file is overlong. Removing sections that are duplicated elsewhere in discrete articles is appropriate and requested. ] 12:58, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
*Who says the file is overlong? For someone who has been here since 18 November you are being aren't you pushing your luck just a little? BTW you came here in response to the call to arms on the foreskin restoration list I suppose? - ] 16:35, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

== Revert War - Request + Information ==

If you choose to revert changes on this page, please do not revert changes to fix syntaxes, for example my change of "<nowiki>Long NPOV}}</nowiki>" to "<nowiki>{{Long NPOV}}</nowiki>". If you would refrain from using words such as "Vandal" when referring to another user's edit, it will go a long way towards creating NPOV pages

Also, there is a ban against reverting a page more than 3 times a day. (Thus I, and Robert Blair, may not revert this page until tommorrow starts for wikipedia's timezone) Effective today, violation of that policy will be enforced with 24-hour period bans. See ] and ]--] 04:56, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

== Protection ==

I requested this article be protected, because of the Revert war that was happening. In order for this article to be unprotected, we ought to discuss our differing viewpoints so that we can come to a NPOV article. --] 02:59, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
*Well as it turns out the timing of the protection comes at the worst possible moment as it freezes the article immediately after the edit of the person who made the call-to-arms to disrupt Misplaced Pages Read up on it.
**Interesting. Life sucks sometimes. Hopefully we can work out a consensus version that incorporates both sides of this issue.--] 06:56, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
*Now seeing you have been the cause of this protection I suggest that you take responsibility for sorting the issues out. First, is that those (who came in response to the call-to-arms) from the anti-circumcision and foreskin restoration lists want the phimosis and balanitis sections removed from this article and replaced by links to the separate articles. Any ideas why they would want to do this? - ] 04:56, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
**I'm pretty sure that you meant the last as a Rhetorical question. I completely agree with you that those should be included in this article.--] 06:56, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
----
This article, medical analysis of circumcision is about a surgical operation. The article is overlong and two sections, phimosis and balanitis, have been moved to separate discrete files.

In analyzing a surgical operation one must discuss the possible benefits and the known risks and complications of the operation. That was missing from this analysis. I created a careful discussion of the risks and complications, but that was deleted without discussion.

Also, one must consider the ethics of the operation. The ethics are controversial, and a NPOV article was created to discuss that and a link was inserted into the medical analysis of circumcision file. That was also deleted by reversion. These reversions are tantamount to vandalism because they destroy good work.

Misplaced Pages says:

:A revert is the advised action to deal with vandalism. Where you think an older version of a page is better than the current version, a revert is sometimes appropriate. Sometimes, though, it is better to write a third version that takes the best bits of the other two, and combines them to get the best of both worlds.

With regard to wholesale deletions, Misplaced Pages says:

:Try to avoid deleting things as a matter of principle. Amend and edit, then it is remarkable how you might see something useful in what was said. Most people have something useful to say. That includes you. Deletion upsets people and makes them feel they have wasted their time: consider moving their text to a sub-directory of their user pages instead (e.g. saying not quite the right place for it but so they can still use it): much less provocative.

Jakew and Robert the Bruce have not followed the rules. They simply delete whatever does not fit their POV. I urge that they be banned.

] 04:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
:I have attempted to make changes to this page which incorporate both their edits and yours, however, you instantly reverted them. After examining the recent edits (68% of your edits have been exclusively on this page, none are related to other topics) made by you and your sockpuppet IP, it appears to me that you have created this account for the sole reason of turning this into an anti-circumcision article. I'd be glad to have you prove me wrong. Preventions of Phimosis and Balanitis are examples of possible benefits from circumcision. So here's my proposal: I'll accept the removal of the paragraphs that covered them if you either do the same to possible disadvantages of being circumcized, or replace the removed material with quality articles that cover other possible benefits of circumcision. I propose this because we cannot cover only the bad, and skip the good, or only the good, and skip the bad, on such a controversial topic as this.--] 06:56, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Josiah:

Prevention of balanitis and phimosis are indeed possible benefits of circumcision. However, they now have separate discrete files that cover that. Links were placed to those files. It is not my intention to ignore those possible benefits. But the article is way overlong and this had the effect of shortening the article and eliminating the redundancy of having duplicate discussions. We can check those files to see if they adequately mention that circumcision could prevent those conditions.

I forgot to mention in my post above that in an article on the "medical analysis of circumcision", the cost-benefits studies are a relevant and essential part of the discussion. That section had also been deleted arbitraily deleted without discussion. That is improper. ]

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Material from Medical analysis of circumcision was split to Circumcision and HIV on 16:19, 23 March 2009. The former page's history now serves to provide attribution for that content in the latter page, and it must not be deleted so long as the latter page exists. Please leave this template in place to link the article histories and preserve this attribution.

news article addition

I reverted Jake's revert of MurasakiSunshine news ref from the New York Times on circumcision by cauterization. Jake you site WP:MEDRS#Popular press for your reasoning however I believe you are taking it a bit too literal. It also states "Conversely, the high-quality popular press can be a good source for social, biographical, current-affairs, and historical information in a medical article." This has value as a historical reference. Garycompugeek (talk) 19:19, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Would you care to explain how "With a circumcision by cauterization, electrocautery needles are used to severe the foreskin and prevent bleeding. This method of circumcision is now considered dangerous and outdated" constitutes a historical statement, Gary? It clearly is nothing of the sort. It's a statement in the present tense that makes an assertion about current medical thinking. Jakew (talk) 19:36, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
It's actually even worse than I thought. Not only are the cited sources inappropriate for the claim, but none of the cited sources even () support the assertion that the method "is now considered dangerous and outdated". And one even explains that there are mixed views: "Some physicians believe electrocautery should never be used in circumcision. Others describe it as perfectly safe." So that managed to violate WP:MEDRS, WP:NOR, and WP:NPOV. And all in one edit. Jakew (talk) 19:45, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

It's obviously not safe considering multiple children (I think I can source 7 or 8 cases directly) lost their penises because of it. Also, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, 1997 stated that electrocautery should never be used for circumcision. Either way, it is a method of circumcision and should be added to the article in some form because it was at one point in use. It's not popular in the USA and Canada now but I have heard of Turkey using cauterization. Just say there is a dispute over the safety of cauterization. (MurasakiSunshine (talk) 02:09, 12 April 2012 (UTC))

Please see WP:NOR. We can't draw our own conclusions about whether it is safe or not; that's for reliable secondary sources to decide (and they'll probably consider not only the number of serious injuries, but will also put that in perspective by considering the number of total number of surgeries). There is no reason why the CPSM should not be cited; that's a perfectly acceptable secondary source. Jakew (talk) 08:14, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

I agree with Jake that we should not draw our own conclusion for that is WP:OR but the refs MurasakiSunshine supplied are all quite dated which is why I said historical significance, 1975-91. They are just reporting historical fact Jake and seem to add another method that was missing from circumcision procedures, perhaps we could word it differently or come up with some better refs to cover this procedure? Garycompugeek (talk) 17:52, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

I'm afraid you've misunderstood MEDRS, Gary. When it says "high-quality popular press can be a good source for ... historical information in a medical article", it doesn't mean that an article in the popular press is a reliable source for any statement as long as the article is old. It means that the article may be a reliable source for information regarding history that is provided by the press article. Note, however, that per WP:PRIMARY we cannot interpret old reports of (then) current events as "history".
As for finding better refs, good idea! Jakew (talk) 18:54, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

It is hardly original research to make the conclusion that losing your penis is bad. We don't need a source to specifically state that a surgery is unsafe if the results indisputably speak for themselves. Rip-Saw (talk) 17:24, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

American Academy of Paediatrics back circumcision

Just to update the article, the American Academy of Paediatrics have released a statement changing their position of 1999 which is mentioned in the article, In a statement released yesterday, the academy said the benefits of newborn male circumcision justify access to this procedure "for families who choose it". It said benefits from male circumcision included the prevention of urinary tract infections, acquisition of HIV, transmission of some sexually transmitted infections, and penile cancer. It said the procedure "does not appear to adversely affect penile sexual function/sensitivity or sexual satisfaction". The new stance is a significant change from the academy's neutral position on the issue, which was last stated in 1999. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/us-paediatricians-back-circumcision-20120827-24w6f.html

As such the article should be changed to show this new updated position. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sallyanne454 (talk • contribs) 13:24, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Agreed, I started working on this today. Zad68 03:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Anything old should be removed

I see this article makes a habit of citing old literature, as if the author(s) wished it could one day itself become a review. But that's not how we write a encyclopedia. We largely rely upon recent review articles (WP:MEDRS). Anything older than 10 years should be removed, in my opinion. Biosthmors (talk) 03:12, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Agreed, I started working on this today, and honestly the article really requires a top-to-bottom rewrite. This article is now at the top of my work list. Zad68 03:20, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
Thanks for your work! Just see my comment below. I don't want your time to be wasted. =) Biosthmors (talk) 03:21, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Why should this article exist?

What do we need/have to mention here that cannot be summarized at circumcision? I notice there is no other Medical analysis of... article on Misplaced Pages. Biosthmors (talk) 03:14, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

I think that this article grew out of Circumcision as that article got too large, and the article moved to a summary style. I wasn't involved in that split-off, but I think that the idea was that Circumcision would have just the most important medical information, and this article would have more room for more in-depth coverage and analysis of less well-covered research results and commentary. I'm not yet convinced this article is necessary either... several times today I heard myself mutter, "Let's just delete this whole darn thing." Give me a bit to review the WP:MEDRS sources, if I can't find a good reason to keep it either, I'll meet you at WP:AFD. Zad68 03:27, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
I agree that a merge back to the circumcision article is in order. Most of the material here is non MEDRS compliant material (either old material >10 years, primary studies, or both). Most of the remaining material should fit into the main article. Yobol (talk) 04:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Review of sources

To check the currency of the sources used to support medical claims, I pulled all the sources from the article, extracted the dates and sorted by year, and the result is in the table below. If we are generous and liberal with the WP:MEDRS guideline and allow sources from the past 6 years, fully 75% of the sources in this article need to go. If we're more strict and limit it to four years, nearly 90% need to go. Clearly the article not only needs a complete rewrite, but it needs to be nearly completely resourced as well. It was also interesting to find about 20% of the sources were located on anti-circumcision activist sites.

Sources table
Year Source
dead image link <ref></ref>
dead link <ref></ref>
dead link <ref></ref>
dead link <ref></ref>
dead link <ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref>
dead link <ref>{{cite web |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |title=Potential for Injury from Circumcision Clamps |url=http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/circumcision.html}}</ref>
not a reference <ref>Although the Academy's 1975 statement asserted that "A program of education leading to continuing good personal hygiene would offer all the advantages of circumcision without the attendant surgical risk," the 1999 statement cites a study which found that "appropriate hygiene decreased significantly the incidence of phimosis, adhesions, and inflammation, but did not eliminate all problems."</ref>
taiwanese <ref> {{zh icon}}</ref>
undated <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm?doc_id=5153#paraphimosis|title= Paraphimosis|work= Clinical Practice Guidelines|publisher= Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne| date = }}</ref>
undated awful image <ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref>
undated image <ref>, Images of Balanitis</ref>
undated image <ref></ref>
undated image <ref> {{ja icon}}</ref>
1947 <ref name=Freud_1947>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8 |title=The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children |year = 1947 |last1=Freud |first1=P |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=31 |pages=131–41 |pmid=20256409 |issue=2}}</ref>
1949 <ref name=Gairdner>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433 |pmid=15408299 |pmc=2051968 |year = 1949 |author1=Gairdner |title=The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision |volume=2 |issue=4642 |pages=1433–7, illust |journal=British Medical Journal}}</ref>
1962 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Stern E. Neely P. M. |title=Cancer of the cervix in reference to circumcision and marital history |journal=J Am Med Women's Assoc |volume=17 |pages=739–40 |year = 1962 |month=September |pmid=13916981 |doi=}}</ref>
1966 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Patel H |title=The problem of routine circumcision |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=576–81 |year = 1966 |month=September |pmid=5947615 |pmc=1936659}}</ref>
1968 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Øster|first = Jakob|year = 1968|title = Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys|journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume = 43|issue = 228|pages = 200–202|doi = 10.1136/adc.43.228.200|pmc = 2019851|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/general/oster/|pmid=5689532}}</ref>
1973 <ref></ref>
1973 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Burkitt DP |title=Distribution of cancer in Africa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=312–4 |year = 1973 |month=April |pmid=4716271 |pmc=1644893}}</ref>
1977 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=323660 |year = 1977 |author1=Scurlock |first2=PJ |title=Neonatal meningitis and circumcision |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=332–4 |journal=The Medical journal of Australia |last2=Pemberton}}</ref>
1978 <ref></ref>
1978 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kirya C, Werthmann MW |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block--a painless procedure |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=998–1000 |year = 1978 |month=June |pmid=660375 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80386-2}}</ref>
1978 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Annunziato|first = David|coauthors = Louis M. Goldblum|year = 1978|month =|title = Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome|journal = American Journal of Diseases of the Child|volume = 132|issue = 12|pages = 1187–8|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/annunziato1/}}</ref>
1979 <ref>{{cite journal |last=Boczko |first=S |coauthors=Freed, S |title=Penile carcinoma in circumcised males |journal=N Y State J Med |year = 1979 |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1903–4 |pmid=292845}} </ref>
1979 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 481971 |year = 1979 |author1= Cleary |first2= S |title= Overwhelming infection with group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus associated with circumcision |volume= 64 |issue= 3 |pages= 301–3 |journal= Pediatrics |last2= Kohl}}</ref>
1980 <ref name=Kochen>{{cite journal |last = Kochen |first = Mosze |coauthors = Stephen McCurdy |year = 1980 |month = May |title = Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis |journal = American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume = 134 |issue = 5 |pages = 484–486 |pmid = 7377156 |url = http://www.circs.org/library/kochen/index.html |accessdate = 2006-09-26 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref>
1980 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Kochen M, McCurdy S | title=Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis | journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. | volume=134 | issue=5 | pages=484–6 | year = 1980 | month=May | pmid=7377156 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref>
1982 <ref></ref>
1982 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Punyaratabandhu P, Supanvanich S, Tirapat C, Podhipak A |title=Epidemiologic study of risk factors in cancer of the cervix uteri in Thai women |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=231–9 |year = 1982 |pmid=7119622 |doi=}}</ref>
1982 <ref>{{cite journal |title=Benefits and risks of circumcision: another view. Fetus and Newborn Committee Canadian Paediatric Society |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=126 |issue=12 |pages=1399 |year = 1982 |month=June |pmid=7083095 |pmc=1863128}}</ref>
1983 <ref name=kaplan>{{cite journal|last = Kaplan|first = George W., M.D.|coauthors =|year = 1983|month = August|title = Complications of Circumcision|journal = Urologic Clinics of North America|volume = 10|issue = 3|pages = 543–549|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/|accessdate = 2006-09-29|pmid = 6623741}}</ref>
1983 <ref name=kaplan_1983>{{Cite journal | last = Kaplan | first = G.W. | coauthors = | year = 1983 | month = August | title = Complications of Circumcision | journal = Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 543–549 | pmid =6623741 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/ | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref>
1984 <ref name=cadman>{{cite journal |author=Cadman D, Gafni A, McNamee J |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |year = 1984 |month=December |pmid=6437656 |pmc=1483656}}</ref>
1984 <ref></ref>
1984 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6437656 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/131/11/1353 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |author=Cadman, D. |first2=A |first3=J |year = 1984 |pmc=1483656 |last2=Gafni |last3=McNamee}}</ref>
1985 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sotolongo JR, Hoffman S, Gribetz ME |title=Penile denudation injuries after circumcision |journal=J. Urol. |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=102–3 |year = 1985 |month=January |pmid=3964862 |doi=}}</ref>
1985 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Enzenauer|first = R.W.|coauthors = C.R. Dotson, T. Leonard, L. Reuben, J.W. Bass, J. Brown|year = 1985|title = Male predominance in persistent staphylococcal colonization and infection of the newborn|journal = Hawaii Medical Journal|volume = 44|issue = 9|pages = 389–390, 392, 394–6|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/enzenauer1/}}</ref>
1986 <ref name=Herzog1986>{{cite journal |last=Herzog |first=LW |coauthors=SR Alvarez |year = 1986 |month=March |title=The frequency of foreskin problems in uncircumcised children |journal=Am J Dis Child |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=254–6 |pmid=3946358 |url=http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/index.html}}</ref>
1986 <ref>{{cite journal | last= Cunningham | first= Nicolas | year = 1986 | month= February | title= Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infections | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 267–9 | pmid=3945544 | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/cunningham/}}</ref>
1986 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Herzog|first = L.W.|coauthors = S.R. Alvarez|year = 1986|month =|title = The Frequency of Foreskin Problems in Uncircumcised Children|journal = Am J Dis Child|volume = 140|issue = 3|pages = 254–256|doi =|pmid = 3946358|url = http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1986 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Stranko|first = J|coauthors = M.E. Ryan, A.N. Bowman|year = 1986|month = September|title = Impetigo in newborn male infants associated with a plastic bell clamp circumcision|journal = Pediatric infectious disease|volume = 5|issue = 5|pages = 597–599|pmid = 3763425|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/stranko1/}}</ref>
1987 <ref></ref>
1987 <ref>{{cite book|editor = J.F. Patton|year = 1987|title = Urology: Surgery in World War II|publisher = Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History, U.S. Army|page = 52|url = http://books.google.com/?id=xz5sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&dq=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&cd=1}} <!-- ref had been given as "JF Patton, Medical Department, United States Army, Surgery in World War II, Urology, p. 64". Need to find author of that chapter of the book. --></ref>
1987 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mandel JS, Schuman LM |title=Sexual factors and prostatic cancer: results from a case-control study |journal=J Gerontol |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=259–64 |year = 1987 |pmid=3553301 |doi=}}</ref>
1987 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, Honda G, Henderson BE |title=Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=869–74 |year = 1987 |pmid=3471995 |doi=}}</ref>
1988 <ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|month = April|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html|accessdate = 2007-07-18}}</ref>
1988 <ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html}}</ref>
1988 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=537–41 |year = 1988 |month=April |pmid=3353186}}</ref>
1988 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fussell EN, Kaack MB, Cherry R, Roberts JA |title=Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=997–1001 |year = 1988 |month=November |pmid=2902235 |doi=}}</ref>
1988 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Glennon J, Ryan PJ, Keane CT, Rees JP |title=Circumcision and periurethral carriage of Proteus mirabilis in boys |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=556–7 |year = 1988 |pmid=3291784 |pmc=1778943 |doi= 10.1136/adc.63.5.556}}</ref>
1988 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Wiswell TE, Miller GM, Gelston HM, Jones SK, Clemmings AF |title=Effect of circumcision status on periurethral bacterial flora during the first year of life |journal=The Journal of pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=442–6 |year = 1988 |month=September |pmid=3411387 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80625-5}}</ref>
1988 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = D.M.|coauthors = J.M. Lawton, F.T. Shannon|year = 1988|month =|title = Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Survey|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–41|doi =|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1989 <ref name=Rickwood2>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = AM.|coauthors = Jenny Walker|year = 1989|month = September|title = Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?|journal = Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume = 71|issue = 5|pages = 275–277|pmid = 2802472|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/rickwood2/|accessdate = 2006-10-10|pmc = 2499015}}</ref>
1989 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Escala|first = J.M.|coauthors = A.M.K. Rickwood|year = 1989|month =|title = Balanitis|journal = British Journal of Urology|volume = 63|issue = 2|pages = 196–7|doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05164.x|pmid = 2702407|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/escala1/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1990 <ref name=Fakjian 1990 1046–7>{{cite journal |last=Fakjian |first=N |coauthors=S Hunter, GW Cole and J Miller |year = 1990 |month=August |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref>
1990 <ref name=poland1990>{{cite journal |author=Ronald L. Poland |title=The question of routine neonatal circumcision |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=18 |pages=1312–1315 |year = 1990 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/ | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 }}</ref>
1990 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fakjian N, Hunter S, Cole GW, Miller J |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |year = 1990 |month=August |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref>
1990 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2305537 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(90)80060-Z |year = 1990 |author1=Griffin |first2=RL |title=Frenular chordee: implications and treatment |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=133–4 |journal=Urology |last2=Kroovand}}</ref>
1991 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kjaer SK, de Villiers EM, Dahl C, ''et al.'' |title=Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. I: Role of the "male factor" in women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |year = 1991 |month=April |pmid=2019457 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.2910480108}}</ref>
1991 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1766331 |year = 1991 |author1=Ganiats |first2=JB |first3=HL |first4=RM |title=Routine neonatal circumcision: a cost-utility analysis |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=282–93 |journal=Medical decision making |doi=10.1177/0272989X9101100406 |last2=Humphrey |last3=Taras |last4=Kaplan}}</ref>
1991 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1794670 |year = 1991 |author1=Lawler |first2=RS |first3=DR |title=Circumcision: a decision analysis of its medical value |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=587–93 |journal=Family medicine |last2=Bisonni |last3=Holtgrave}}</ref>
1992 <ref name=Milos>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0091-2182(92)90012-R |title=Circumcision A medical or a human rights issue? |year = 1992 |last1=Milos |first1=M |first2=D |journal=Journal of Nurse-Midwifery |volume=37 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S87 |last2=MacRis |pmid=1573462}}</ref>
1992 <ref></ref>
1993 <ref name=birley>{{cite journal |author=Birley HD, Walker MM, Luzzi GA, ''et al.'' |title=Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400–3 |year = 1993 |month=October |pmid=8244363 |pmc=1195128}}</ref>
1993 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Agarwal SS, Sehgal A, Sardana S, Kumar A, Luthra UK |title=Role of male behavior in cervical carcinogenesis among women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Cancer |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1666–9 |year = 1993 |month=September |pmid=8348498 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1666::AID-CNCR2820720528>3.0.CO;2-M}}</ref>
1993 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cook LS, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK |title=Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=262–4 |year = 1993 |month=August |pmid=7721284 |pmc=1195083}}</ref>
1993 <ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/jnci/85.1.2 |last=Holly |first=EA |coauthors=Palefsky, JM |title=Factors related to risk of penile cancer: new evidence from a study in the Pacific Northwest |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid= 8380061}}</ref>
1993 <ref>{{cite journal |title=History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer |first=C |last=Maden |coauthors=''et al.'' |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |pmid=8380060 |doi=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19}}</ref>
1993 <ref name=williams-kapila>{{vcite journal | author=Williams N, Kapila L | title=Complications of circumcision | journal=Brit J Surg | date = 1993 | volume=80 | issue=10 | pages=1231-6 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/ | doi= | pmid=8242285 | pmc= }}</ref>
1994 <ref name=CIRP.org></ref>
1994 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8086994 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/309/6955/660 |journal=BMJ |title=Lesson of the Week: Male ritual circumcision resulting in acute renal failure |volume=309 |issue=6955 |pages=660–1 |author=Eason, J D |first2=M |first3=G |year = 1994 |pmc=2541489 |last2=McDonnell |last3=Clark}}</ref>
1994 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Wright|first = J.E.|year = 1994|month = May|title = The treatment of childhood phimosis with topical steroid|journal = The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery|volume = 64|issue = 5|pages = 327–328|pmid = 8179528|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/wright/|accessdate = 2006-09-21|doi = 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02220.x}}</ref>
1995 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7625325 |year = 1995 |author1=Holman |first2=EL |first3=RL |title=Neonatal circumcision techniques |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=511–8, 519–20 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Lewis |last3=Ringler}}</ref>
1995 <ref>{{cite journal |title=Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90) |first=Morten |last= Frisch |coauthors=Soren Friis, Susanne Kruger Kjear, Mads Melbye |journal=British Medical Journal |month=December|year = 1995|volume=311 |issue=7018 |pages=1471 |pmid= 8520335|pmc=2543732 |doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1471}}</ref>
1996 <ref name=CMAJ2>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956|volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id =|url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}
1996 <ref name=CMAJ>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956 |volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id = |url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref>
1996 <ref name=dewan>{{cite journal|last = Dewan|first = P.A.|coauthors = Tieu H.C., and Chieng B.S.|year = 1996|month = August|title = Phimosis: Is circumcision necessary?|journal = Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|volume = 32|issue = 4|pages = 285–289|pmid = 8844530|doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb02554.x}}</ref>
1996 <ref name=EdwardsGU>{{cite journal|last = Edwards|first = Sarah|year = 1996|title = Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|journal = Genitourinary Medicine|volume = 72|issue = 3|pages = 155–159|pmid = 8707315|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/|accessdate = 2006-09-04|pmc = 1195642}}</ref>
1996 <ref name=FleissHodges>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision does not protect against cancer |first=Fleiss |last= Paul M.|coauthors= Frederick Hodges |journal=] |year = 1996 |volume=312 |issue=7033 |pages=779–780 |pmc=1479854 |pmid=15913592 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2004.12.006}}</ref>
1996 <ref name=Reynolds>{{cite journal |pmid=8677833 |year = 1996 |author1=Reynolds |title=Use of the Mogen clamp for neonatal circumcision |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |journal=American family physician}}</ref>
1996 <ref></ref>
1996 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ewings P, Bowie C |title=A case-control study of cancer of the prostate in Somerset and east Devon |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=661–6 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8761387 |pmc=2074670 |doi=10.1038/bjc.1996.418}}</ref>
1996 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sherman J, Borer JG, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI |title=Circumcision: successful glanular reconstruction and survival following traumatic amputation |journal=J. Urol. |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=842–4 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8683798 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65836-1}}</ref>
1996 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanton A |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile cancer. Authors ignored main conclusion of study that they cited |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7048 |pages=47 |year = 1996 |pmid=8664789 |pmc=2351427}}</ref>
1996 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8960080 |year = 1996 |author1=Goldman |first2=J |first3=T |first4=M |title=Urinary tract infection following ritual Jewish circumcision |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1098–102 |journal=Israel journal of medical sciences |last2=Barr |last3=Bistritzer |last4=Aladjem}}</ref>
1996 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Dawson|coauthors = Whitfield|year = 1996|title = ABC of Urology: Common paediatric problems|journal = BMJ|volume = 312|issue = 7041|pages = 1291–1294|pmid = 8634623|first1 = C|pmc = 2351045}}</ref>
1997 <ref name=beauge>{{cite journal|last = Beaugé|first = Michel|year = 1997|month = September/October|title = The causes of adolescent phimosis|journal = British Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume = 26|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/|accessdate = 2006-06-14}}</ref>
1997 <ref name=pmid9417009>{{cite journal |pmid=9417009 |year = 1997 |author1=Lander |first2=B |first3=JB |first4=S |first5=S |title=Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial |volume=278 |issue=24 |pages=2157–62 |journal=JAMA |doi=10.1001/jama.278.24.2157 |last2=Brady-Fryer |last3=Metcalfe |last4=Nazarali |last5=Muttitt}}</ref>
1997 <ref name=ReferenceA></ref>
1997 <ref></ref>
1997 <ref></ref>
1997 <ref>{{cite journal | last= Mueller | first= Elisabeth R. | coauthors= George Steinhardt, Shahida Naseer | year = 1997 | month= September | title= Abstract 121: The incidence of genitourinary abnormalities in circumcised and uncircumcised boys presenting with an initial urinary tract infection by 6 months of age | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 100 | issue= supplement | pages= 580 | pmid= | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mueller/}}</ref>
1997 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Baskin LS, Canning DA, Snyder HM, Duckett JW |title=Surgical repair of urethral circumcision injuries |journal=J. Urol. |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=2269–71 |year = 1997 |month=December |pmid=9366374 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68233-8|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(01)68233-8}}</ref>
1997 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Serour F, Samra Z, Kushel Z, Gorenstein A, Dan M |title=Comparative periurethral bacteriology of uncircumcised and circumcised males |journal=Genitourinary medicine |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=288–90 |year = 1997 |month=August |pmid=9389952 |pmc=1195860 |doi=}}</ref>
1997 <ref>{{cite journal |first=C |last=Sonnex |coauthors=Croucher, PE; Dockerty WG |title=Balanoposthitis associated with the presence of subpreputial "smegma stones" |journal=Genitourin Med |year = 1997 |month=December |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=567 |pmid=9582487 |pmc=1195951}}</ref>
1997 <ref>{{cite journal |title=Carcinoma in Situ of the Penis in a 76-Year-Old Circumcised Man |first=J. |last=Cold |coauthors= Michelle R. Storms, and Robert S. Van Howe |journal=The Journal of family practice |year = 1997 |month=April |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=407–409 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe/ |pmid=9108839}}</ref>
1998 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bennett RT, Gill B, Kogan SJ |title=Epididymitis in children: the circumcision factor? |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=1842–4 |year = 1998 |month=November |pmid=9783972 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62430-3}}</ref>
1998 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses, S |coauthors=Bailey, RC; Ronald AR |title=Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks |journal=Sex Transm Infect |year = 1998 |volume=74 |pages=368–73 |doi=10.1136/sti.74.5.368 |pmid=10195035 |issue=5 |pmc=1758146}}</ref>
1998 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Wijesinha SS, Atkins BL, Dudley NE, Tam PK |title=Does circumcision alter the periurethral bacterial flora? |journal=Pediatric surgery international |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=146–8 |year = 1998 |month=March |pmid=9563029 |doi= 10.1007/s003830050270|url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00383/bibs/8013002/80130146.htm}}</ref>
1998 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9767725 |year = 1998 |author1=Peleg |first2=A |title=The Gomco circumcision: common problems and solutions |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=891–8 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Steiner}}</ref>
1998 <ref>{{cite journal|last = To|first = Teresa|coauthors = Mohammad Agha, Paul T Dick, William Feldman| date = 5 December 1998|title = Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection|journal = Lancet|volume = 352|issue = 9143|pages = 1818–1816|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02392-7|pmid = 9851381|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/to2/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref>
1999 <ref name=AAP1999>{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.103.3.686 |pmid=10049981 |year = 1999 |title=Circumcision policy statement. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Circumcision |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=686–93 |journal=Pediatrics}}</ref>
1999 <ref name=AMA>Council on Scientific Affairs. . ChIcago: American Medical Association, 1999.</ref>
1999 <ref name=CSA:I-99>{{cite web| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20070705182814/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html| title = Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99):Neonatal Circumcision| work = 1999 AMA Interim Meeting: Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports| publisher = ]| pages = 17| year = 1999| month = December| accessdate = 2012-09-03}}</ref>
1999 <ref name=VanHoweHIVmeta>{{cite journal |last= Van Howe |first=R.S. |year = 1999|month= January |title=Circumcision and HIV infection: review of the literature and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of STD's and AIDS |volume=10 |pages=8–16 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991913015|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vanhowe4/ |accessdate= 2008-09-23 |quote=Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses S, Nagelkerke NJ, Blanchard J |title=Analysis of the scientific literature on male circumcision and risk for HIV infection |journal=International journal of STD & AIDS |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=626–8 |year = 1999 |month=September |pmid=10492434 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991914681|url=http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/9/626?ijkey=a1ca8d961969d1a6970456a1a43f7ac7aa24304a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha|format= PDF}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Pellicé i Vilalta C, Casalots i Casado J, Cosme i Jiménez MA |title= |language=Spanish |journal=Archivos Españoles De Urología |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year = 1999 |pmid=10101891}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoeneich G, Perabo FG, Müller SC |title=Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis |journal=Andrologia |volume=31 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=17–20 |year = 1999 |pmid=10643514 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1999.tb01445.x}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Aynaud|first = O.|coauthors = D. Piron, G. Bijaoui, and JM Casanova|month = July|year = 1999|title = Developmental factors of urethral human papillomavirus lesions: correlation with circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 84|issue = 1|pages = 57–60|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|pmid = 10444125|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Goldman|first = R.|year = 1999|month = January|title = The psychological impact of circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = S1|pages = 93–102|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|id =|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Holman|first = John R.|coauthors = Keith Stuessi|year = 1999|month = March|title = Adult Circumcision|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 59|issue = 6|pages = 1514–8|pmid = 10193593|url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1514.html}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Jakobsson|first = B.|coauthors = Esbjörner E, Hansson S.|month = August|year = 1999|title = Minimum incidence and diagnostic rate of first urinary tract infection|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 104|issue = 2 (part 1)|pages = 222–226|doi = 10.1542/peds.104.2.222|pmid = 10428998|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/2/222|accessdate = 2008-10-06}}</ref>
1999 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Reynard|first = J.M.|coauthors = J.M. Barua|year = 1999|title = Reduction of paraphimosis the simple way - the Dundee technique|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = 7|pages = 859–860|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00119.x|pmid = 10368214|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/reynard1/}}</ref>
1999 pop news <ref></ref>
2000 <ref name=Choe2000>{{cite journal|last = Choe|first = Jong M.|coauthors =|year = 2000|title = Paraphimosis: Current treatment options|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 62|pages = 2623–6, 2628|url = http://aafp.org/afp/20001215/2623.html|pmid=11142469|issue = 12}}</ref>
2000 <ref name=Shechet>{{cite journal |author=Preiser G |title=Circumcision--the debates goes on |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=681; author reply 685 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10733391 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.681 |last2=Herschel; |first2=M. |last3=Bartman; |first3=T. |last4=Andersson; |first4=C. |last5=Bailis; |first5=S. A. |last6=Shechet |first6=R. J. |last7=Tanenbaum; |first7=B. |last8=Kunin; |first8=S. A. |last9=Hodges |first9=F. M.}}</ref>
2000 <ref name=Szabo>{{cite web |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1127372 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |accessdate=2007-11-30 |work=}}</ref>
2000 <ref name=Weiss2000>{{cite journal|last = Weiss |first = H.A. |coauthors= Quigley M.A., Hayes R.J.|year = 2000 |month = October |title = Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal = AIDS |volume = 14 |issue = 15 |pages = 2361–70|pmid = 11089625 |url = http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf;jsessionid=L57hvrjhsS0JsXGZmmHZ2gpTTbZ7x5wqJh2CTXFDpNvpC8rNxmL1!949623904!181195628!8091!-1|format = PDF|accessdate = 2008-09-25|doi = 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 }}</ref>
2000 <ref></ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ | title=Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis | journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl | volume=34 | issue=205 | pages=189–93 | year = 2000 | pmid=11144896 | doi=10.1080/00365590050509913}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Sánchez Merino JM, Parra Muntaner L, Jiménez Rodríguez M, Valerdiz Casasola S, Monsalve Rodríguez M, García Alonso J | title= | language=Spanish; Castilian | journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. | volume=53 | issue=9 | pages=799–808 | year = 2000 | month=November | pmid=11196386 | doi=}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Couper RT |title=Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lignocaine/ prilocaine in a circumcised neonate |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=406–7 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10940184 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00508.x}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gerharz EW, Haarmann C |title=The first cut is the deepest? Medicolegal aspects of male circumcision |journal=BJU Int. |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=332–8 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10930942 |doi= 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00103.x}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, ''et al.'' |title=Circumcision and genital dermatoses |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10724196 |doi=10.1001/archderm.136.3.350}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Egger M |title=Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=137–42 |year = 2000 |pmid=10726934 |quote=The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay. |doi=10.1258/0956462001915480}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=E36 |year = 2000 |pmid=10699138 |doi= 10.1542/peds.105.3.e36}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |last=Hiss |first=J. |coauthors=A. Horowitz, T. Kahana |year = 2000 |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |volume=7 |issue= 1|pages=32–34 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |doi=10.1054/jcfm.1999.0340 |pmid=15274991}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/3/e36 |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |first=EJ |last=Schoen |coauthors=Oehrli, M; Colby, C; Machin, G|journal=Pediatrics |year = 2000 |month=March |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=e36 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.e36 |pmid=10699138}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Cason|first = Dana L.|coauthors = Brian S. Carter, Jatinder Bhatia|month = December|year = 2000|title = Can circumcision prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants?|journal = Clinical Pediatrics|volume = 39|issue = 12|pages = 699–703|doi = 10.1177/000992280003901203|pmid = 11156067|url = http://cpj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/12/699|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = A.M.K.|coauthors = S.E. Kenny, S.C. Donnell|year = 2000|title = Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: survey of trends in practice|journal = British Medical Journal|volume = 321|issue = 7264|pages = 792–793|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7264.792|pmid = 11009516|pmc = 27490}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Saxena|first = Amulya|coauthors = Klaus Schaarschmidt, Alexander Reich, Günter H. Willital|year = 2000|month = April–June|title = Non-retractile foreskin: a single center 13-year experience|journal = International Surgery|volume = 85|issue = 2|pages = 180–183|pmid = 11071339|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/saxena1/}}</ref>
2000 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Schoen|first = Edgar J.|coauthors = Christopher J. Colby, G. Thomas Ray|month = April|year = 2000|title = Newborn Circumcision Decreases Incidence and Costs of Urinary Tract Infections During the First Year of Life|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 105|issue = 4|pages = 789–793|doi = 10.1542/peds.105.4.789|pmid = 10742321|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/789|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2000 dup christakis <ref> Pediatrics 105 (1 Pt 3): 246-9, 2000</ref>
2001 <ref name=kluweronline>{{cite journal | author=Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK | title=Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States) | journal=Cancer Causes Control | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=267–77 | year = 2001 | month=April | pmid=11405332 | doi=10.1023/A:1011266405062 | url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0957-5243&volume=12&page=267}}</ref>
2001 <ref name=lerman2001>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70390-4 | pmid = 11732129 | last1 = Lerman | author-separator =, | first1 = SE | author-name-separator= | last2 = Liao | first2 = JC | title = Neonatal circumcision | journal = Pediatric clinics of North America| volume=48 | issue=6 | year = 2001 | month=December | pages=1539–57}}</ref>
2001 <ref></ref>
2001 <ref>{{cite journal |last = McCredie |first = M.R.E. |coauthors = Staples M, Johnson W, English D R, Giles G G |month = March |year = 2001 |title = Prevalence of urinary symptoms in urban Australian men aged 40–69 |journal = Journal of epidemiology and biostatistics |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 211–218 |doi = 10.1080/135952201753172980|pmid = 11434500 |url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dunitz/jeb/2001/00000006/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=1k64wcrqf2pqt.alexandra |accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2001 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11223758 |doi=10.1159/000056585 |year = 2001 |author1=Esen |first2=G |first3=H |first4=D |first5=I |title=Concealed penis: rare complication of circumcision |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=117–8 |journal=Urologia internationalis |last2=Aslan |last3=Kazimoğlu |last4=Arslan |last5=Celebi}}</ref>
2001 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Nayir|first = A.|coauthors =|month = December|year = 2001|title = Circumcision for the prevention of significant ] in boys|journal = Pediatric Nephrology|volume = 16|issue = 12|pages = 1129–1134|doi = 10.1007/s004670100044|pmid = 11793114|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/w9nwp49nh20tcwkb/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref>
2002 <ref name=Boyle et al.>{{cite journal |author=Boyle, G |coauthors=Goldman, R; Svoboda, JS; Fernandez E |title=Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae |journal=Journal of Health Psychology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=329–343 |year = 2002 |doi=10.1177/1359105302007003225 |pmid=22114254}}</ref>
2002 <ref name=Castellsague2002>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = Xavier|coauthors = et al.|year = 2002|month = April 11,|title = Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer|journal = The New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 346|issue = 15|pages = 1105–1112|doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa011688|pmid = 11948269|url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/15/1105.pdf|format = PDF — free registration required|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2002 <ref name=Castellsague2002a>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/whatis/art23101.html |title=Circumcised Men Less Likely to Get Virus That Causes Cervical Cancer |accessdate=2010-02-21 |work=The Body |publisher=Body Health Resources Corporation | date = 2002-04-12}}</ref>
2002 <ref>Naimer SA, Peleg R, Meidvidovski Y, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/naimer2/ Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery. ''J Am Board Fam Pract'' 2002;15(6):485-8.</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ |title=Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=215–8 |year = 2002 |month=June |pmid=12238658 |pmc=1744457 |doi= 10.1136/sti.78.3.215}}</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Travis JW |title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=347 |issue=18 |pages=1452–3; author reply 1452–3 |year = 2002 |month=October |pmid=12409554 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200210313471816}}</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12463295 |url=http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/reprint/15/6/485 |journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |title=Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=485–8 |author=Naimer, S. A. |first2=R |first3=Y |first4=A |first5=A |first6=D |year = 2002 |last2=Mbibi |last3=Dawam |last4=Kalayi }}</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Mattioli|first = G.|coauthors = P. Repetto, C. Carlini, C. Granata, C. Gambini, and V. Jasonni|year = 2002|month = May|title = Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children with phimosis and hypospadias|journal = Pediatric Surgery International|volume = 18|issue = 4|pages = 273–275|doi = 10.1007/s003830100699|pmid = 12021978|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/dy5cgm3h11prdy76/|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Newman|first = Thomas B.|coauthors = Jane A. Bernzweig, John I. Takayama, Stacia A. Finch, C. Wasserman, Robert H. Pantell|month = January|year = 2002|title = Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: the Pediatric Research in Office Settings' Febrile Infant Study|journal = Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|volume = 156|issue = 1|pages = 44–54|doi =|pmid = 11772190|url = http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/1/44|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2002 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Webster|first = T.M.|coauthors = M.P. Leonard|year = 2002|month = April|title = Topical steroid therapy for phimosis|journal = The Canadian journal of urology|volume = 9|issue = 2|pages = 1492–1495|pmid = 12010594|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2003 <ref name=Cox2003>{{cite journal|last = Cox|first = Guy|year = 2003|month = April|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 588|issn = 1326-5377|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-3.html}}</ref>
2003 <ref name=HKhandbook>{{cite book|last = Au|first = T.S.|coauthors = K.H. Yeung|editor = Pedro Sá Cabral, Luís Leite, and José Pinto (eds.)|title = Handbook of Dermatology & Venereology|url = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/cover.htm|accessdate = 2006-09-04|edition = 2nd|year = 2003|publisher = Department of Dermatology—Hospital Pulido Valente|location = ]|isbn = 978-962-334-030-4|chapter = Balanitis, Bacterial Vaginosis and Other Genital Conditions|chapterurl = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/balaniti.htm|isbn-status = May be invalid - please double check}}</ref>
2003 <ref name=Siegfried2003>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, ''et al.'' |title=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=3 |pages=CD003362 |year = 2003 |pmid=12917962 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362 |chapter=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |editor1-last=Siegfried |editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>
2003 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12900483 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/169/3/216 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Acute venous stasis and swelling of the lower abdomen and extremities in an infant after circumcision |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=216–7 |author=Ly, Linh |first2=K |year = 2003 |pmc=167126 |last2=Sankaran}}</ref>
2003 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Blalock|first = H. Jason|coauthors = Vijaya Vemulakonda, Michael L. Ritchey, Michaelene Ribbeck|year = 2003|title = Outpatient management of phimosis following newborn circumcision|journal = Journal of Urology|volume = 169|issue = 6|pages = 2332–2334|doi = 10.1097/01.ju.0000067602.42875.d8|pmid = 12771793|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/}}</ref>
2003 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Hill|first = George|coauthors =|year = 2003|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 587|issn = 0025-729X|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-1.html|accessdate =}}</ref>
2003 <ref name=Pfenninger>{{cite book |last1=Pfenninger |first1=John L. |first2=Grant C. |last2=Fowler |title=Procedures for primary care |origyear = 1994 |edition=2nd | date = 21 July 2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-00506-7 |author=edited by John L. Pfenninger, Grant C. Fowler. |lccn=200356227}}</ref>
2004 <ref name=CPSIFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm| title = Circumcision: Information for parents| accessdate = 2006-10-24| year = 2004| month = November| work = Caring for kids| publisher = ]| quote = Circumcision is a “non-therapeutic” procedure, which means it is not medically necessary. Parents who decide to circumcise their newborns often do so for religious, social or cultural reasons. To help make the decision about circumcision, parents should have information about risks and benefits. It is helpful to speak with your baby’s doctor. After reviewing the scientific evidence for and against circumcision, the CPS does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn boys. Many paediatricians no longer perform circumcisions.|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051219215229/http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm |archivedate = 2005-12-19}}</ref>
2004 <ref name=RACPAnat>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|title=Care Of The Foreskin|accessdate=2006-07-13|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015150/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref>
2004 <ref name=RACPComp>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|title=Complications Of Circumcision|accessdate=2006-07-11|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015035/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref>
2004 <ref name=RACPpolicy>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=A453CFA1-2A57-5487-DF36DF59A1BAF527|title=Policy Statement On Circumcision|accessdate=2007-02-28|year = 2004|month=September|format=PDF|publisher=]|pages=|language=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=The Paediatrics and Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that '''there is no medical indication for routine neonatal circumcision.''' Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% to 5% and includes local infection, bleeding and damage to the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and meningitis may occasionally cause death. The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarising the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate.}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Baldwin SB, Wallace DR, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Vaught LC, Giuliano AR |title=Condom use and other factors affecting penile human papillomavirus detection in men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=601–7 |year = 2004 |month=October |pmid=15388997 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0148-5717&volume=31&issue=10&spage=601 |doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000140012.02703.10}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Günşar C, Kurutepe S, Alparslan O, ''et al.'' |title=The effect of circumcision status on periurethral and glanular bacterial flora |journal=Urologia internationalis |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=212–5 |year = 2004 |pmid=15084764 |doi=10.1159/000077117}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite journal |last = Hutson |first = J.M. | year = 2004 | month = June | title = Circumcision: a surgeon’s perspective | journal = Journal of Medical Ethics | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 238–240 | doi = 10.1136/jme.2002.001313 | pmid = 15173354 | url = http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/30/3/238.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-09 |pmc = 1733864}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15534340 |doi=10.1177/0272989X04271039 |year = 2004 |author1=Van Howe |title=A cost-utility analysis of neonatal circumcision |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=584–601 |journal=Medical decision making}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/paraphimosis/ | title= Paraphimosis: Conservative Treatment | publisher= Circumcision Information and Resource Pages | date = 2004-04-17}}</ref>
2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/u6/Circumcision-Infant-Male.pdf |title=Circumcision (Infant Male) |accessdate=2009-08-16 |work=Resource manual |publisher=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia |year = 2004}}</ref>
2005 <ref name=OF1>{{cite journal| last = O’Farrel| first = Nigel| coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox| year = 2005| title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study| journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS| volume = 16| issue = 8| pages = 556–588(4)| doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151| pmid = 16105191| url = http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/8/556| format = Abstract| accessdate = 2008-09-06| quote = Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.}}</ref>
2005 <ref name=singhgrewal2005>{{cite journal |author=Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J |title=Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=853–8 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=15890696 |pmc=1720543 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049353}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, ''et al.'' |title=Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=606–16 |year = 2005 |month=September |pmid=15825185 |doi=10.1002/ijc.21009}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P |title=Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=556–9 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=16105191 |doi=10.1258/0956462054679151}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, ''et al.'' |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet infectious diseases |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |year = 2005 |month=March |pmid=15766651 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16040868 |pmc=1720522 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.066761 |year = 2005 |author1=Schoen |title=Circumcision for preventing urinary tract infections in boys: North American view |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=772–3 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |title=Male circumcision: a review of the evidence |author=Hirji, H |coauthors=Charlton, R; Sarmah S |journal=Journal of men's health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |year = 2005 |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/jmhg/article/PIIS1571891305000105/abstract}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal |year = 2005 |month=Summer |title=Coagulation disorders often not detected |journal=Pediatric update () |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=http://www2.healthcare.ucla.edu/pedsupdate/Peds-Update-Summer05.pdf |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |format=PDF}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal| last = Lajous| first = Martín| coauthors = Nancy Mueller, Aurelio Cruz-Valdéz, Luis Victor Aguilar, Silvia Franceschi, Mauricio Hernández-Ávila, and Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce| year = 2005| month = July| title = Determinants of Prevalence, Acquisition, and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Mexican Military Men| journal = Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention| volume = 14| issue = 7| pages = 1710–1716| doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0926| pmid = 16030106| url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/7/1710.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Darby|first = Robert|year = 2005|title = The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth|journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal|volume = 118|issue = 1218|pages = 76–82|pmid= 16027753|url = http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1218/1564/content.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite journal|last = O’Farrel|first = Nigel|coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox|year = 2005|month = August|title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study|journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS|volume = 16|issue = 8|pages = 556–588(4)|doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151|pmid = 16105191}}
2005 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Vincent|first = Michelle Valerie|coauthors = Ewan MacKinnon|year = 2005|month = April|title = The response of clinical balanitis xerotica obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams|journal = Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume = 40|issue = 4|pages = 709–712|doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.12.001|pmid = 15852285|url = http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/PIIS002234680400867X/abstract|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2005 <ref>{{cite web |url= http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/eletters/81/4/537#1382 |title= Letter in response to Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study, by Fergusson et al. (1988) |accessdate=2008-10-04 |work= Balanitis and the uncircumcised male |publisher= Pediatrics | date = 12 June 2005}}</ref>
2006 <ref name=BMAGuide2>{{cite web| url = http://www.bma.org.uk/ethics/consent_and_capacity/malecircumcision2006.jsp| title = The law and ethics of male circumcision - guidance for doctors| accessdate = 2009-07-23| author = Medical Ethics Committee| year = 2006| month = June| publisher = ]| quote = '''Circumcision for medical purposes'''<br/>
2006 <ref name=CancerRisk>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=| title = What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = ]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060619033821/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea= |archivedate = June 19, 2006}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ |title=Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=101–9; discussion 110 |year = 2006 |month=April |pmid=16581731 |pmc=2653870 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017442}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1 |pmid=16649052 |year = 2006 |author1=Yegane |first2=AR |first3=NA |first4=M |first5=JA |first6=M |title=Late complications of circumcision in Iran |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=442–5 |journal=Pediatric surgery international |last2=Kheirollahi |last3=Salehi |last4=Bashashati |last5=Khoshdel |last6=Ahmadi}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16469634 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00399-X |year = 2006 |author1=Schoen |first2=CJ |first3=TT |title=Cost analysis of neonatal circumcision in a large health maintenance organization |volume=175 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=1111–5 |journal=The Journal of Urology |last2=Colby |last3=To}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite web| url = | title = Emedicine.com| accessdate = 2006-07-02| last = Angel| first = Carlos A.| date = June 12, 2006| work = eMedicine| publisher = WebMD}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp| title = Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = ]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060615044224/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp |archivedate = June 15, 2006}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| title = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-21| last = Scheinfeld| first = Noah S.| authorlink =| coauthors = George C. Keough, Daniel Lehman| date = January 11, 2006| work = Diseases Of The Dermis| publisher = ]}}</ref>
2006 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic615.htm| title = Balanoposthitis| accessdate = 2006-11-20| last = Osipov| first = Vladimir O.| coauthors = Scott M. Acker| date = November 14, 2006| work = Reactive and Inflammatory Dermatoses| publisher = ]}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=AAFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html| title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision| accessdate = 2012-09-04| year = 2007| publisher = ]}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=AAFP_2007>{{Cite web | url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/guidelines/Circumcison.html | title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision | accessdate = 2007-01-30 | year = 2007 | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians }}</ref>
2007 <ref name=AUApolicy>{{cite web |url=http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/policy-statements/c/circumcision.cfm |title=Circumcision |accessdate=2007-08-26 |author=American Urological Association |work=About AUA - Policy Statements}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=Fergusson>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision: Effects on breastfeeding and outcomes associated with breastfeeding |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |author=Fergusson DM |coauthor=Boden, JM; Horwood, J |volume=44|doi= 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01202.x |year = 2007 |pages=070907133943009 |pmid=17803666 |issue=1–2}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=Schoen>{{cite journal |pmid=18077736 |pmc=2231533 |year = 2007 |author1=Schoen |title=Should newborns be circumcised? Yes |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=2096–8, 2100–2 |journal=Canadian Family Physician}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=vanhowe2006>{{cite journal|last = Van Howe|first = Robert S.|month = May|year = 2007|title = Human papillomavirus and circumcision: A meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 54|issue = 5|pages = 490–496|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2006.08.005|pmid = 16997378|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006b/|accessdate = 2008-09-18}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=WHOpr0307>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organisation |month=March |year = 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html}}</ref>
2007 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Howe RS |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys |journal=Clinical pediatrics |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=329–33 |year = 2007 |pmid=17475991 |doi=10.1177/0009922806295708}}</ref>
2007 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = X.|coauthors = G. Albero, R. Clèries and F. Bosch|year = 2007|month =|title = HPV and circumcision: A biased, inaccurate and misleading meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 55|issue = 1|pages = 91–93|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2007.02.009|pmid = 17433445|url =|accessdate =}}</ref>
2007 <ref name=WHO-C&R>{{cite journal | title = New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications | publisher = ] | date = March 28, 2007 | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf | format = PDF | id = | accessdate = 2007-08-13}}</ref>
2007 <ref>{{vcite journal | author=Paediatric Death Review Committee | title=Circumcision: a minor procedure? | journal=Paediatr Child Health | date = 2007 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=311-2 | url=http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/Cairns_2007.pdf | doi= | pmid=19030377 | pmc=2528673 }</ref>
2008 <ref name=byakika2008>{{cite journal | author=Byakika-Tusiime J | title=Circumcision and HIV Infection: Assessment of Causality | journal=AIDS Behav | volume=12 | issue=6 | pages=835–41 | year = 2008 | month=September | pmid=18800244 | doi=10.1007/s10461-008-9453-6}}</ref>
2008 <ref name=CDC-2008>{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission and Other Health Conditions: Implications for the United States |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year = 2008 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision.htm}}</ref>
2008 <ref name=Krieger>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x |title=Adult Male Circumcision: Effects on Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya |year = 2008 |last1=Krieger |first1=John N. |first2=Supriya D. |first3=Robert C. |first4=Kawango |first5=Jeckoniah O. |first6=Corette |first7=Stephen |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=5 |pages=2610–22 |pmid=18761593 |issue=11 |last2=Mehta |last3=Bailey |last4=Agot |last5=Ndinya-Achola |last6=Parker |last7=Moses |pmc=3042320}}</ref>
2008 <ref name=millett>{{cite journal |author=Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH |title=Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=14 |pages=1674–84 |year = 2008 |month=October |pmid=18840841 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1674 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1674}}</ref>
2008 <ref name=mills2008>{{cite journal | author=Mills E, Cooper C, Anema A, Guyatt G | title=Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11,050 men | journal=HIV Med. | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=332–5 | year = 2008 | month=July | pmid=18705758 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00596.x}}</ref>
2008 <ref name=weiss2008>{{cite journal | author=Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, Hayes RJ, Schmid G, Hankins CA | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action? | journal=AIDS | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=567–74 | year = 2008 | month=March | pmid=18316997 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3f406 | url= http://www.aidsvaccineclearinghouse.org/pdf/MC/Weiss_AIDS_2008.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dinh |first=T.H. |coauthors=M. Sternberg, E.F. Dunne and L.E. Markowitz |year = 2008 |month=April |title=Genital Warts Among 18- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=357–360 |pmid=18360316 |quote=The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%) |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181632d61}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |first=C.C. |coauthors=J.M. Hubanks, B.C. Bright, J.E. Heinlen, B.O. Donovan, B.P. Kropp and D. Frimberger |year = 2008 |month=July 9 (e-pub) |title=Occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Significant Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction |journal=Urology |volume= |issue= 1|pages= 74–8|pmid=18619654 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.05.021}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite journal| last = Hernandez| first = B.Y.| coauthors = L.R. Wilkens, X. Zhu, K. McDuffie, P. Thompson, Y.B. Shvetsov, L. Ning and M.T. Goodman| month = March|year = 2008| title = Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: A Site-Specific Comparison| journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases| volume = 197| issue = 6| pages = 787–794| doi = 10.1086/528379| pmid = 18284369| url =| format =| accessdate =| pmc = 2596734}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri| title = What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-08-10| date = 11 July 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = American Cancer Society|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060617022927/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri |archivedate = June 17, 2006}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=22745| title = Statistics and outlook for penile cancer| accessdate = 2008-10-08| date = June 16, 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = ]| quote = Most cases of penile cancer are in men aged over 60 years old. It rarely affects men under 40.}}</ref>
2008 <ref>{{cite web |title=What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer? |publisher=American Cancer Society | date = 2008-07-11 |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/PenileCancer/DetailedGuide/penile-cancer-risk-factors}}</ref>
2009 <ref name=Ngan>{{cite journal |last=Ngan |first=John H., M.D. |coauthors=J Waldhausen M.D., Richard Santucci M.D. |year = 1996 |month=April |title=I think this child has an infected penis after neonatal circumcision… |journal=Online Pediatric Urology |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2009/11/massive-infection-takes-over-body-after.html |quote=}}</ref>
2009 <ref> The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia] (pdf)</ref>
2009 <ref>{{cite web|title=Current College Position on Circumcision|publisher=Royal Australasian College of Physicians| date = 2009-08-27|url=http://racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=59AE2C7C-9F08-B344-21061157DF3636B9}}</ref>
2010 <ref>. Sydney: Royal Australasian College of Physicians, 2010.</ref>
2010 <ref>{{cite journal|last = Scheinfeld|first = Noah S.|coauthors = G.C. Keough, D.S. Lehman|year = 2010|month = January|title = Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis|journal = Emedicine (Medscape)|url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic45.htm}}</ref>
2010 <ref name=KNMG>{{cite web |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors (2010) |publisher=KNMG | date = 12 June 2010 |url=http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Diensten/knmgpublicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm}}</ref>
2011 <ref name=Emedicine.com></ref>
2011 <ref></ref>
2011 <ref name=AMA_2011>{{cite web | url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2011-11-15-ama-adopts-new-policies.page | title=AMA Adopts New Policies During Final Day of Semi-Annual Meeting | publisher=AMA | date = Nov 15, 2011 | accessdate=September 03, 2012}}</ref>
2012 <ref name=AAP2012>{{cite journal|title=Circumcision Policy Statement|journal=PEDIATRICS| date = 27 August 2012|volume=130|issue=3|pages=585–586|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1989}}</ref>
2012 <ref name=LATimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Pediatricians' group shifts in favor of circumcision | work=LA Times | date = August 26, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Brown, Eryn}}</ref>
2012 <ref name=NYTimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Benefits of Circumcision Are Said to Outweigh Risks | work=NY Times | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Rabin, Roni}}</ref>
2012 <ref name=WaPo_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/circumcision-benefits-outweigh-risks-and-insurers-should-pay-pediatricians-revise-stance/2012/08/26/49663aae-efb7-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Circumcision benefits outweigh risks and insurers should pay; pediatricians revise stance | work=Washington Post | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=AP}}</ref>
2012 updated <ref></ref>
2012 updated <ref>{{cite web |title=Hemophilia, Overview |publisher=eMedicine |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3528.htm}}</ref>

Zad68 18:25, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for doing this. I'll just boldly redirect to circumcision and drop a note at the talk page there. Biosthmors (talk) 18:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
That's bold all right! I'm happy to have one less problem-fraught article to maintain, thanks. Zad68 18:52, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
You're welcome. Biosthmors (talk) 19:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
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