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| {{automatic taxobox | |||
| | image = Ponerorchis graminifolia - Flickr 003.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = '']'' | |||
| | display_parents = 3 | |||
| | taxon = Ponerorchis | |||
| | authority = ], 1852 | |||
| | synonyms_ref = <ref name="tammy"/> | |||
| | synonyms = | |||
| {{Genus list | |||
| |Mitostigma|Blume, nom. illeg. | |||
| |Phaniasia|Blume ex Miq. | |||
| |Amitostigma|Schltr. | |||
| |Neottianthe|(Rchb.) Schltr. | |||
| |Chusua|Nevski | |||
| |Symphyosepalum|Hand.-Mazz. | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{R from alternative scientific name|plant}} | |||
| '''''Ponerorchis''''' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids included in the orchid family ]. It is native to ], ], the ], ], ], and the ].<ref name="tammy"></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| {{R with history|plant}} | |||
| They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions from the ] to ] and ]. They are closely related to the genus ''Orchis'' to which, in the past, they were thought to belong. The genus is distinguished from ''Orchis'' by having in the ] two bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the ], instead of one. It shares with ''Orchis'' its spherical, ellipsoid or oblong ]s. The species ''Ponerorchis chidorii'', endemic to Japan, is also known to grow ]. | |||
| In horticultural trade this genus is abbreviated as Pnr. These orchids, a wide variety of mostly ]s of ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'', are rarely grown outside Japan. | |||
| ==Taxonomy== | |||
| ==Phylogeny and classification== | |||
| The genus ''Ponerorchis'' was erected by ] in 1852 for the species '']''. ] studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that ''Ponerorchis'', when broadly defined, formed a ] with the genera ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and '']''. ''Ponerorchis'', as then ], was not ]. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, ''Ponerorchis'' was broadened to include ''Chusua'', and an "orphan" species was transferred from ''Ponerorchis'' to become '']''.<ref name=BateHollPresLuo03/> A more detailed ] study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''Ponerorchis'', whose species were mixed together in a single ], making none of the three genera ] as then ]. ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' were subsumed into ''Ponerorchis'',<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> making it a considerably larger genus. | |||
| ''Ponerorchis'' is placed in the orchid subfamily ], tribe ], subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between ''Ponerorchis'' and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the ] below.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> | |||
| {{clade |style=line-height:100% | |||
| |label1=Orchidinae | |||
| |1={{clade | |||
| |1={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2='']'' | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| |2=all other genera | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Species=== | |||
| Species accepted as of March 2018:<ref name="tammy"/> | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Fukuy.) X.H.Jin</small> – N. & C. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SE. Sichuan, N. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Aver.) X.H.Jin</small> – S. Vietnam | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (N. Sichuan, S. Gansu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) Soó</small> – China (SW. Sichuan to NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rolfe ex Hemsl.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. & SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (Sichuan, W. Hubei) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) Ohwi</small> – Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(D.Don) Soó</small> – Siberia to Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>Soó</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(L.) X.H.Jin</small> – Poland to Japan and Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Ames & Schltr.) S.C.Chen</small> – China (C. & NE. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rolfe) X.H.Jin</small> – China (Sichuan, NW. Yunnan, NE. Guizhou) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Inoue) J.M.H.Shaw</small> – N. & C. Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Blume) X.H.Jin</small> – China to Temp. E. Asia | |||
| *'']'' <small>Rchb.f.</small> – Korea, SC. & S. Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) Soó</small> – China (NW. Yunnan, C. Guizhou) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) Nakai</small> – N. Korea, Japan (C. Honshu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – Japan (W. Honshu. Shikoku) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) X.H.Jin</small> – S. Kuril Is. to Japan (Hokkaido, N. Honshu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Hayata) Ohwi</small> – Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rchb.f.) X.H.Jin</small> – Japan (S. Kyushu) to C. Nansei-shoto | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) Soó</small> – C. China | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang & S.C.Chen) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to C. China | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (Sichuan: Emei Shan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (NW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NE. Sichuan, Chongqing) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Av.Bhattacharjee) J.M.H.Shaw</small> – Arunachal Pradesh | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. & W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(King & Pantl.) Verm.</small> – E. Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen</small> – China (SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>Deva & H.B.Naithani</small> – W. Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Kraenzl.) X.H.Jin</small> – Himalaya to China (W. Sichuan, NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan, NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Fukuy.) Ohwi</small> – C. & S. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Masam.) Ohwi</small> – C. & E. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SW. Sichuan, W. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Seidenf. & Thaithong) X.H.Jin</small> – N. Thailand | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Hayata) H.J.Su & Jr J.Chen</small> – Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(W.H.Chen</small> – China (Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|refs= | |||
| <ref name=BateHollPresLuo03>{{Cite journal |last1=Bateman |first1=Richard M. |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=Peter M. |last3=Preston |first3=Jillian |last4=Luo |first4=Yi-Bo |last5=Pridgeon |first5=Alec M. |last6=Chase |first6=Mark W. |date=2003 |title=Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=JinJinSchuLi14>{{Citation |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Jin |first2=Xiao-Hua |last3=Schuiteman |first3=André |last4=Li |first4=De-Zhu |last5=Xiang |first5=Xiao-Guo |last6=Huang |first6=Wei-Chang |last7=Li |first7=Jian-Wu |last8=Huang |first8=Lu-Qi |date=2014 |title=Molecular systematics of subtribe Orchidinae and Asian taxa of Habenariinae (Orchideae, Orchidaceae) based on plastid matK, rbcL and nuclear ITS |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=77 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.004 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| * | |||
| *Stewart, J. 1994. Ponerorchis. Alpine orchid gems from Japan. ] 1:29–35. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * {{Commons-inline|Ponerorchis|''Ponerorchis''}} | |||
| * {{Wikispecies-inline|Ponerorchis|''Ponerorchis''}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q2719981}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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