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| {{short description|Ideology that supports cooperation between the Scandinavian countries and people}} | |||
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| ⚫ | '''Scandinavism''' ({{langx|da|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|no|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|sv|skandinavism}}), also called '''Scandinavianism'''<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |title=Pan-Scandinavianism |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063632/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |archive-date=7 February 2018 |website=]}}</ref> or '''pan-Scandinavianism''',<ref name="EB"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222338/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058208/Pan-Scandinavianism|date=29 September 2007}}. (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> is an ideology that supports various degrees of cooperation among the ]n countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Skandinavism |trans-title=Scandinavism |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/skandinavism |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=www.ne.se |publisher=] |language=sv |quote=}}</ref> Scandinavism comprises the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Scandinavian past, a shared cultural heritage, a common ] and a ] (from the common ancestor language of ]) and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623141434/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02.htm|date=23 June 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. </ref> The movement was most popular among ] and ].<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| == History == | |||
| ⚫ | '''Scandinavism''', also called '''Scandinavianism''' |
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| According to historian Sverre Bagge, prior to the formation of state-like kingdoms in Scandinavia,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagge|first=Sverre|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgk28|title=Early state formation in Scandinavia|date=2009|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-6604-7|volume=16|pages=145|jstor=j.ctt3fgk28}}</ref> <blockquote>Scandinavia was culturally and linguistically homogeneous. Even in the thirteenth century the term ‘Danish tongue’ was used for the language throughout the area. There were different dialects, but the lines of division between them did not correspond to the later national borders. Religion and customs were also similar, during the pagan as well as the Christian periods. Thus, no cultural or linguistic distinctions prevented unification of each country. Nor, on the other hand, did such distinctions give rise to natural borders between the kingdoms that eventually emerged.</blockquote>Pan-Scandinavianism as a modern movement originated in the 19th century,<ref name="brit" /> but the movement had already begun spreading a century earlier in circles of literature and science.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/nfce/0464.html |title=Nordisk familjebok |publisher=Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag |year=1917 |location=Stockholm |pages=879–882 |language=sv |access-date=1 October 2022 |via=]}}</ref> The Pan-Scandinavian movement paralleled the unification movements of ] and ].<ref name="Tunander">] (1999). , UDA085ENG. In ''Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries'', Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In ''The European North – Hard, soft and civic security''. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. {{ISBN|951-634-690-1}}. | |||
| </ref> As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="Tunander" /> It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of ]n unity.<ref>{{Cite book |author=J. P. T Bury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=scandinavianism&pg=PA220 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10 |date=3 January 1960 | publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=9780521045483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012502/https://books.google.ie/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220&dq=pan+scandinavianism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCqIi9_bfaAhULXMAKHXykBHsQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=scandinavianism&f=false |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="brit" /> | |||
| ⚫ | The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in ].<ref name="oresund" /> In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the ] ] and ] with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement.<ref name="oresund"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813020411/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm|date=13 August 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. </ref> The movement was a significant force from 1846 to 1864, however the movement eventually dwindled and only had strong support among the ].<ref name=brit/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles XV |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012050600/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |archive-date=12 October 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> | ||
| ==Political Scandinavism== | |||
| {{See also|Scandinavian Scientist Conference|Nordic student meeting}} | |||
| The collapse of Pan-Scandinavianism came in 1864 when the ] broke out. ] (who was also King Karl IV of Norway), who reigned from 1859 until his death in 1872, in spite of championing Pan-Scandinivianism, failed to help ] in the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10741968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317102722/http://www.academia.edu/10741968/About_Pan-Scandinavianism._Reference_Points_in_the_19th_Century_1815-1864_ |archive-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| Political Scandinavism paralleled the 19th-century unification movements of ] and ].<ref name="Tunander">] (1999). , UDA085ENG. In ''Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries'', Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In ''The European North – Hard, soft and civic security''. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. {{ISBN|951-634-690-1}}. | |||
| </ref> As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="Tunander" /> It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of ] as a unified region or a single nation, based on the common ethnic, linguistic, political and cultural heritage of the Scandinavian countries ], ] and ]. (These three countries are referred to as "three brothers" in the sixth stanza of the ].) | |||
| ⚫ | Author ] became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes and ].<ref name="Scandinavian">{{cite web |title=I am a Scandinavian |url=http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113082313/http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |archive-date=13 January 2009 |access-date=12 January 2007 |work=Hans Christian Andersen and Music}}</ref> It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of ] in Denmark, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, ''Jeg er en Skandinav'' ("I am a Scandinavian").<ref name="Scandinavian"/> Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem.<ref name="Scandinavian"/> Composer ] set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung.<ref name="Scandinavian"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in ].<ref name="oresund" /> In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the ] ] and ] with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement.<ref name="oresund"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813020411/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm |
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| In 1923, the ] Foundation was established with the goal of promoting Scandinavian unity through culture.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1979 |title=Clara Lachmann |encyclopedia=] |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10817 |last=Kjellander |first=Rune |volume=22 |page=23 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stiftelsens historik |trans-title=The Foundation's History |url=https://www.claralachmann.org/historik/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Clara Lachmanns Stiftelse |language=sv-SE}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ] became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of |
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| ⚫ | == See also == | ||
| When ] became king of Sweden and Norway in 1844, the relationship with Denmark improved and the movement started to gain support in liberal newspapers like '']'' and '']'', which saw it as a way to counter the conservative powers that were ]. During the war between ] and ] in 1848, Sweden (then in ]) offered support in form of a Norwegian-Swedish expeditionary force, though the force never saw combat. The movement never fully recovered after the second ] over ], when the Swedish government refused to join an alliance against the rising German power on the continent. | |||
| {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| In 1872 the town of ] in ] was founded by ], ] and ] settlers. They had named their new town after the ], the extensive ] fortification line which had a strong emotive symbolic role for 19th-century Danes and which had fallen into German hands in 1864 – and for whose defence a pan-Scandinavian alliance had failed to be formed. | |||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ==Political Nordism== | |||
| * ] | |||
| Political Nordism was introduced with the ] which started through Swedish initiatives in 1919.<ref name="Tunander" /> The movement also includes ], ] and the Danish territories ] and ] and has an ideological base in Nordic economic co-operation and integration supported by the ]. It has been described as "collaborative nationalism".<ref>Wæver, Ole (1992). "Nordic Nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War". ''International Affairs'', Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 77–102.</ref> The significance of the Nordic Council began to decrease after Denmark joined the ] in 1973. And after Sweden and Finland joined the ] (EU) in 1995, the association lost most of its former importance. Although Norway chose through ]s in 1972 and 1994 not to join the EU, it has several treaties with the EU and is a part of ], as is Iceland. | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==Current situation== | |||
| * ] | |||
| After ] a decade of Nordic integration created initiatives and intergovernmental bodies such as the ], the ] and ]. Nordic cooperation was however undermined during the ] because Sweden and Finland were not members of ]. ] and the accession of Sweden, Finland and Denmark to the EU, without Norway and Iceland, has undermined Nordic integration. | |||
| ==Scandinavist organizations== | |||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| {{Div col end}} | |||
| ==References== | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Hilson|first=Mary|url=https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |title=Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: Pan-Scandinavianism and Nationalism |publisher=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010837/https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |archive-date=2018-04-14 }} | |||
| * '' by Mircea-Cristian Ghenghea | |||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| * Nicknamed as constitution of the Nordic Countries. | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530190456/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/basic-agreement/the-helsinki-treaty |date=2014-05-30 }} Nicknamed as constitution of the Nordic Countries. | ||
| * . A rendition of H. C. Andersen's poem, set to Otto Lindblad's music. | |||
| {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} | {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 09:01, 7 December 2024
Ideology that supports cooperation between the Scandinavian countries and people Not to be confused with the Nordic Model.
Scandinavism (Danish: skandinavisme; Norwegian: skandinavisme; Swedish: skandinavism), also called Scandinavianism or pan-Scandinavianism, is an ideology that supports various degrees of cooperation among the Scandinavian countries. Scandinavism comprises the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Scandinavian past, a shared cultural heritage, a common Scandinavian mythology and a common language or dialect continuum (from the common ancestor language of Old Norse) and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages. The movement was most popular among Danes and Swedes.
History
According to historian Sverre Bagge, prior to the formation of state-like kingdoms in Scandinavia,
Scandinavia was culturally and linguistically homogeneous. Even in the thirteenth century the term ‘Danish tongue’ was used for the language throughout the area. There were different dialects, but the lines of division between them did not correspond to the later national borders. Religion and customs were also similar, during the pagan as well as the Christian periods. Thus, no cultural or linguistic distinctions prevented unification of each country. Nor, on the other hand, did such distinctions give rise to natural borders between the kingdoms that eventually emerged.
Pan-Scandinavianism as a modern movement originated in the 19th century, but the movement had already begun spreading a century earlier in circles of literature and science. The Pan-Scandinavian movement paralleled the unification movements of Germany and Italy. As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued. It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of Scandinavian unity.
The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in Scania. In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the absolute monarch Christian VIII and Charles XIV John with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement. The movement was a significant force from 1846 to 1864, however the movement eventually dwindled and only had strong support among the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.
The collapse of Pan-Scandinavianism came in 1864 when the Second Schleswig-Holstein War broke out. King Karl XV of Sweden (who was also King Karl IV of Norway), who reigned from 1859 until his death in 1872, in spite of championing Pan-Scandinivianism, failed to help Denmark in the war.
Author Hans Christian Andersen became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of Funen in Denmark, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, Jeg er en Skandinav ("I am a Scandinavian"). Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem. Composer Otto Lindblad set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung.
In 1923, the Clara Lachmann Foundation was established with the goal of promoting Scandinavian unity through culture.
See also
- Nordic Council
- Nordic Language Convention
- Nordic Passport Union
- Nordic student meeting
- Pan-nationalism
- Scandinavian defence union
- Nordic Defence Cooperation
- Viking revival
- Kalmar Union
- Nordic Resistance Movement
References
- ^ "Pan-Scandinavianism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018.
- ^ "Pan-Scandinavianism" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ "Skandinavism" [Scandinavism]. www.ne.se (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- The Literary Scandinavism Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- Bagge, Sverre (2009). Early state formation in Scandinavia. Vol. 16. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-7001-6604-7. JSTOR j.ctt3fgk28.
- Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. 1917. pp. 879–882. Retrieved 1 October 2022 – via Project Runeberg.
- ^ Ola Tunander (1999). "Nordic cooperation", UDA085ENG. In Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In The European North – Hard, soft and civic security. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. ISBN 951-634-690-1.
- J. P. T Bury (3 January 1960). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521045483. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018.
- ^ The Students Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- "Charles XV". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
- "About Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864)". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
- ^ "I am a Scandinavian". Hans Christian Andersen and Music. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- Kjellander, Rune (1979). "Clara Lachmann". Dictionary of Swedish National Biography (in Swedish). Vol. 22. p. 23.
- "Stiftelsens historik" [The Foundation's History]. Clara Lachmanns Stiftelse (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-06-10.
Further reading
- Hilson, Mary. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: Pan-Scandinavianism and Nationalism. University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 2018-04-14.
- 'Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864)' by Mircea-Cristian Ghenghea
External links
- The Helsinki Treaty of 1962 Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Nicknamed as constitution of the Nordic Countries.
- Jeg er en Skandinav. A rendition of H. C. Andersen's poem, set to Otto Lindblad's music.