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{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Hassan, Karnataka|other uses|Hassan (disambiguation){{!}}Hassan}}
{{Infobox district KAR |
{{original research|date=February 2018}}
district_name = Hassan |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
district_image = distmap.png |
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
district_image_desc = ]-level map of '''Hassan district''' |
{{Infobox settlement
district_lat_d = ?? |
| name = Hassan district
district_lat_m = ?? |
| native_name = Hāsana<!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
district_long_d = ?? |
| native_name_lang = kn
district_long_m = ?? |
| other_name =
state_name = ] |
| settlement_type = ] of ]
division_name = ] |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
taluk_names = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |
|size = 250
district_hq = ] |
|photo1a = Bahubali sravanabelagola heritageplace.jpg
leader_title = Deputy Commissioner |
|photo1b = Halebid - South West Side View.jpg
leader_name = ?? |
|photo2a = Manjarabad fort2.jpg
district_area = ?? |
|photo2b = Ruins of Shettihalli Rosary Church , Hassan 07.jpg
population_as_of = ?? |
|photo3a = Bisle Ghat (6586383461).jpg
district_population = ?? |
district_postal = ?? |
district_telephone = + 91 (0) ?? |
district_vehicle = KA-13 |
district_timezone = ] (]&nbsp;+5:30) |
district_website = |
}} }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: ] statue in ], ] in ], ], ], ]
| nickname =
| image_map = Karnataka Hassan locator map.svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|N|76|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 ={{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]
| established_title = Hassan
| established_date = 1886
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = ]
| parts_type = ]s
| parts = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate
| leader_name = Sathyabhama C<br/>{{small|(])}}
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 6845
| area_rank = 11th
| elevation_footnotes = (Avg. of 8 taluks)
| elevation_m = 933
| population_total = 1,776,421
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = 573***
| area_code = 08172
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-13, KA-46
| website = {{URL|www.hassan.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = ]
| official_name = Hassan
}}
'''Hassan''' is one of the ] of ], ]. The district headquarter is ]. It was part of ''Manjarabad Faujdari'' between 1832-81 (]). In 1882, it was reduced into a sub-division under erstwhile ]. But in 1886, the Hassan district was restored to its current form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29230/download/32411/46544_1981_HAS.pdf|access-date=18 May 2024|title=Hassan Census 1981;page 11}}</ref>


Hassan District contains 8 taluks with their respective headquarters in ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
'''Hassan''' (] : ಹಾಸನ) is a district in ] state, India. The district capital is ] city.
Hassan district was the seat of the ] empire which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from ] as its early capital and ] as its later capital during the period ] - ] CE. Today Hassan is primarily known worldwide for its ] and is a veritable treasure trove of about fifty sculptural marvels tucked away in several villages and towns of the district. Hassan is also well known nationally for modern technology. The of the is located here.


==Divisions== == Governance ==
Current Member of Parliament from Hassan is ] and is grandson of former Member of Parliament ].
] CE., ''Trikuta'' architecture, Nuggihalli]]
The Current Member of the ] is Swaroop Prakash.
]]]
*]
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*]
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*]


==History== ==History==
Hassan district was the seat of the ] which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from ] as its early capital and ] as its later capital during the period 1000–1334 CE.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hassan |volume=13 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=P |first=Vathsala V. |date=3 August 2019 |title=Happy in Hassan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/lifestyle/travel/happy-in-hassan-751507.html |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
The history of Hassan districit is essentially the history of two of the best-known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the ] of Talkad ] - ] CE. and the ] of ] and ]u ] - ] CE. In the 15th and 16th. centuries, the ] kings patronised Chennakeshava of Belur as their family deity.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the ]s of Shimoga and the ]. It finally merged with an independent Mysore kingdom.


The district is named Hassan after the Hindu Goddess "]", the goddess and presiding deity of the town. As per local legend Hassan name was abridged form of Simhasanapuri which is associated with ] king, it is believed he had lived here during his cursed period.<ref>{{Cite web |title= History of Hassan, Historical Significance of Hassan City|url=https://www.hassanonline.in/guide/history-of-hassan |website=hassanonline.in |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=BR Udaya |date=12 October 2017 |title=Historic Hasanamba temple reopens today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/karnataka/2017/Oct/12/historic-hasanamba-temple-reopens-today-1671697.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BV |first=Srinivas Rao |date=11 October 2016 |title=ಸಿಂಹಾಸನಪುರಿಯ ಹಾಸನಾಂಬೆ: ಕಳ್ಳರನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಲಾಗಿಸಿದ ಶಕ್ತಿ ದೇವತೆಯ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/amp/story/astrology/2016/Oct/23/know-the-history-of-hasanamba-temple-283080.html |website=Kannada Prabha |language=kn |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> The history of Hassan district is essentially the history of two of the well known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the ] of Talkad (350–999 CE) and the ] (1000–1334 CE). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the ] kings patronised Chennakesava of ] as their family deity. It was also ruled by ]s of ] and ] after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the ]s of Shimoga and the ]. It finally merged as an independent ].
===Ancient===
] CE., ''Chatushkuta'' architecture, ]]]
Around the 300 BCE. Hassan was part of the Mayuran empire. Sage Bhadrabahu arrived from north India in 3rd century BCE. along with many ascetics marking the arrival of Jainism into Karnataka. Some historians believe king ]] –] BCE., grand father of emperor ] was his disciple and accompanied Bhadrabahu to Sharavanabelagola and eventually died there. Other historians argued that the king was Ashoka's grandson and came later. A ''basadi'' or monument in his name called ''Chandragupta basadi'' still exists today. Whatever the truth about Chandragupta Maurya's lineage, the fact remains that Shravanabelagola has been a place of Jain worship for twenty three centuries.


===Medieval=== ===Modern===
] CE., ''Ekakuta'' architecture, Nuggihalli]] ]
Later Hassan came under the rule of the ] of Talkad. The Gangas initially ruled as a soverign power from ] - ] CE. and later continued to rule this area as feudatories of ] and ]. In the late 10th century, many Jaina monuments were built at ], commissioned by Ganga general ], including the fifty seven feet tall statue monolithic statue of ].
During the rule of the ], Shravanabelagola was an important relgious capital. Today it is also a place of great archaeological importance. ''Shravana'' or ''Shramana'' means a Jain ascetic and ''Belagola'' or ''Biliya Kola'' in ] means white pond. Over eight hundred inscriptions which includes eighty from the Hoysala period have been discovered in and around Shravanabelagola covering a period ] - ] CE. and has been enormously helpful in understanding the history not only of Hassan but the history of all the Kingdoms that ruled over Karnataka. Inscriptions are in ], Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi, Marwari and Mahajani languages and are attributed to all the major Kingdoms that have ruled over Karnataka, indicating patronage to Jainism was active thorough out medieval history.


During the 14th century, invasions by the ] weakened the ], and the district became part of the ].<ref name="Meyer, Sir William Stevenson 1931. p. 64">Meyer, Sir William Stevenson. ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 13, p. 64.</ref> In the 15th and 16th centuries, the ] kings patronised Chennakesava of ] as their family deity. It was also ruled by ]s of ] and ] after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the ]s of Shimoga and the ]. In 1648 the Mysore rulers built ] fort by treaty with the sultans of Bijapur. A peace treaty was concluded between the Mysore and Keladi rulers in 1694.<ref name="Meyer, Sir William Stevenson 1931. p. 64"/> The district remained part of the Mysore Kingdom at the conclusion of the ] in 1799.
Around ] CE., with their complete defeat at the hands of the ], the Ganga lineage vanished forever from Gangavadi (southern districts of Karnataka). From that time onwards, till ] CE, ] ruled this region and after their decline, the ] took control. After the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the area came under the rule of the ].


Hassan District and its current boundaries date to the 1860s, when the Mysore Kingdom was organised into 8 districts, and the districts further divided into ]s.<ref>Meyer, Sir William Stevenson, et al. ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 18, p. 228.</ref> The district had a population of 518,987 in the 1871 census. A famine from 1876 to 1878 reduced the population to 428,344 by 1881. The population was 511,975 in 1891, and 568,919 in 1901. The 1901 census recorded 541,531 Hindus, 16,668 Muslims, 5035 Animists, 3795 Christians, 1874 Jains, and 16 others. The district had 14 towns, and 2546 villages.<ref>Meyer, Sir William Stevenson. ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 13, pp 64-65.</ref>
It was under the rule of the ], a clan of hill people whose origins are traced to Angadi in ] who built a powerful empire from the ] region of Karnataka that Hassan reached its zenith of fame, much of which is seen today in the fifty or more Hoysala temples scattered around the country side in the district. Inscriptions in many of these temples speak volumes of the glory of a bygone era, the administration of the Hoysalas, their land reforms, taxation, culture and so on.
The Hoysalas, who claim to be of the ]/] race stepped into the shoes of their predecessors, the ] after being feudatories of the ] of Kalyani from about ] - ] CE.
After the decline of the Kalyani Chalukya power and constant efforts by Hoysala ] to break free of subordination to the Chalukyas, the Hoysalas
emerged as an independent power in the middle of the 12th century. Vishnuvardhana who went by the name Bittideva was a Jaina but later changed his name having accepted Vishnavism, a sect of Hinduism.
Many historians feel that ] was the true maker of the Hoysala empire. Their emergence as a sovereign power was made possible by two decisive victories, one against the Cholas at ] in ] CE. after which Vishnuvardhana assumed the titles of ''Veera Ganga'' and ''Talakadu Gonda'', struck coins in memory of the victory, built the ''Keerthi Narayana'' temple at ] and the famous ''Chennakeshava'' temple at Belur and took control of Gangavadi. The other was a sensational victory over the mighty Chalukya forces of ] at Kannegal in ] CE. However it was only after the death of Vikramaditya VI that Vishnuvardhana was able to gain control over central regions of present day Karnataka in Hangal, Uchchangi, Banavasi and Barkapura.
During the rule of his grandson, ] II ] – ] CE. who earned the title ''Cholarajyapratishtacharya'' or preserver of the Chola kingdom, the Hoysalas were able to become a true force to reckon with in South India.
During this time, Hassan became the epicenter of Kannada literary and cultural activities.


] were established in the 19th century, and covered an area of 185 square miles in the district. The forests, with their area in square miles, were: Kempuhole Ghat (16), Kaganeri Ghati (2), Kabbinale Ghat (23), ] (23), Vijayapur (5), Hirikalgudda (92), Doddabetta (3), Burdalbore (3), Hagare (3), Byaba (2), Sige-gudda (8), Baisur (1), Mallappan-betta (1), and Vantigudda (1). The state established five ] forests, totalling three square miles: Kemmanbore (232 acres), Gubbi (428 acres), Gadagere (554 acres), Gubbi (1000 acres), and Nakalgud (185 acres).<ref>Rice, B. Lewis. ''Mysore: A Gazetter Compiled by the Government''. Revised Edition 1897; reprinted 2001 by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 327</ref>
==Hoysala architecture==
]]]
{{main | Hoysala architecture}}
The Hoysalas claim to immortality arises from their contribution to Karnataka culture, Kannada literature and their own unique style of ] architecture.


After India's independence in 1947, Mysore Kingdom became Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka state in 1973.
Historians such as Henry Cousens and James Furgusson observed that the Hoysala style of architecture is essentially an extension and culmination of the ] style initiated by the Badami Chalukyas and further enhanced by the Kalyani Chalukyas. In fact, the carved doorways, lathe turned pillars and pierced window screens used frequently by the Hoysalas is also commonly seen in earlier Kalyani Chalukya temples of north and central Karnataka. The Star shaped platform on which many Hoysala temples were constructed, the Jagati, the Zig- Zag character of the walls and the density of sculpture on gray soap stone (chloritic schist) is however a unique features of ].

==Contribution to Kannada==
] district has a special place in ] history in that ],
a tiny village in ] taluk is the home of the oldest known ] language inscription in ] dated 450 CE. The inscription whose date is sometimes debated as 425 CE. is attributed to king Kakusthavarma, great-great-grand son of king ], founder of the ] dynasty.


==Geography== ==Geography==
] also known as the ''Floating Church'' that submerged in water as a result of construction of the Hemavati Dam and Reservoir in 1960<ref> '']''</ref>|left]]
Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15 km². It is divided into 8 talikus, 38 hoblies & 2369 villages.
] in Gorur]]
The geography is mixed with the '']'' or mountainous region to the west and south west called ''Bisle Ghat'' and the ''maidan'' or planis regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of the district.

Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
The geography is mixed with the '']'' or mountainous region to the west and south west called ''Bisle Ghat'' and the ''maidan'' or plains regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of the district.

The district is surrounded by ] to the north, ] to the east, ] to the south east, ] to the south, ] to the south west and ] district to the west.

Hassan and Belur stand around {{convert|950|m|ft}} and {{convert|970|m|ft}} above sea level, respectively.

Most of the district lies in the watershed of the ], a tributary of the ]. The general level of Hassan district slopes with the course of the Hemavati, from the peaks of the ] downwards to the southeast. The chief tributary of the Hemavathi is the ], which flows southward from Belur taluk to join the Hemavathi near Gorur. In 1981 the Hemavathi Dam was completed near Gorur, downstream from the confluence with the Yagachi, creating a reservoir of 8000 hectares.<ref>Sugunan, V. V. (1995). ''Reservoir Fisheries of India'' Issue 345 of FAO fisheries technical paper, Food and Agriculture Organization. ISSN 0429-9345. p. 155</ref> The Hemavathi passes through Holenarsipur taluk in a southerly direction and joins with the Kaveri near Hampapura in Mysore district, close to the border of Hassan district. The Kaveri flows through the southernmost part of the District.

Western portions of the district are drained by the headwaters of the ], which flows northwestward to empty into the Arabian Sea. Portions of Arsikere taluk in the northeast are drained by the Hagari River, a tributary of the ]. The basins of the Kaveri and Tungabhadra are separated by a range of low granitic hills extending through Belur, Hassan, and Arsikere taluks.

The Bisle Ghat, or Bisale Ghat, is a portion of the Western Ghats range in the western part of the district. Main peaks include ] ({{convert|4558|ft|m}}), the highest peak in the district, Murkangudda ({{convert|4265|ft|m}}), and Devarbetta ({{convert|4206|ft|m}}). ] (1,712 meters), lies immediately southwest in ] and district. ], Kagneri, Kanchankumari reserve forests cover portions the Bisle Ghat, and adjoin ] in Kodagu.


===Rainfall===
The district is surrounded by ] to the north west, ] to the north, ] to the east, ] to the south east, ] to the south, ] to the south west and ] district to the west.
Hassan district is located on the leeward side of ], thus receives less rainfall than coastal ]. The district comes under three river basins: ], ] and ] (]). In 2022, the district received an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1701|mm|in}}, of which, ] hobli in ] taluk received the maximum downpour of {{convert|4305|mm|in}} and ] hobli received {{convert|986|mm|in}}, the lowest in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2022.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2022.pdf|access-date=5 July 2023|title=Annual State Report 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Demographics== ==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,68,919|13=1911|14=5,78,097|15=1921|16=5,81,750|17=1931|18=5,96,937|19=1941|20=6,27,718|21=1951|22=7,15,135|23=1961|24=8,95,847|25=1971|26=11,02,370|27=1981|28=13,57,014|29=1991|30=15,69,684|31=2001|32=17,21,669|33=2011|34=17,76,421|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref></ref>|align=center}}
The district had a population of 1,721,669 of which 17.70% were urban as of 2001.
Of this 859086 were males and 862583 were female with a decadal population increase of 9.92%.
The population density is 251 people/km². ] is spoken by a vast majority of the people in the
district. About 5% of the total population are muslims. A community of ] who speak a ] - ] mixed language
have lived here for centuries.


{{bar box
==Economy==
|title=Religions in Hassan district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref>
Tourism and coffee are the two main sources of income of Hassan district. Coffee is grown in the ''malnad'' areas of Sakleshpura. Other that this, farmers grow black pepper, paddy and sugarcane.
|titlebar=#Fcd116
Hassan district has forty five monuments that receive protection from authorities. Twenty four of these are protected by Karnataka state archaeological department while the remaining twenty one are protected by the ''Archaeological Survey of India'' and are hence of national importance.
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|]|darkorange|91.80}}
{{bar percent|]|green|6.76}}
{{bar percent|]|dodgerblue|0.88}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.56}}
}}


According to the ] Hassan district has a ] of 1,776,421,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Hassan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/614/download/2104/DH_2011_2920_PART_A_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of ]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est}}</ref> or the US state of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=Nebraska 1,826,341|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 270th in India (out of a total of ]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 261 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its ] over the decade 2001-2011 was 3.17%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Hassan has a ] of 1005 ] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a ] of 75.89%. 21.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.42% and 1.82% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
===Concerns===


{{Pie chart
According to estimates, in the year 2005, 800,000 tourists visited the temples of Hassan district. However concerns remain that the true and full tourism potential may not have been exploited in the district.
|caption = Languages of Hassan district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
Some of the sculptures and monuments in ''Channakeshava'' temple at ] and the ''Hoysaleshwara'' temple at ]u have been damaged by vandals. The ASI has blamed lack of manpower to fully guard the premises effectively. A blame game between the Department of Tourism and ASI has been ongoing.
|label1 = ] |value1 = 87.04 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = ] |value2 = 6.16 |color2 = green
|label3 = ] |value3 = 1.96 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = ] |value4 = 1.22 |color4 = deepskyblue
|label5 = ] |value5 = 0.91 |color5 = royalblue
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.71 |color6 = grey
}}


At the time of the 2011 census, 87.04% of the population spoke ], 6.16% ], 1.96% ], 1.22% ] and 0.91% ] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=]}}</ref>
Concerned people have complained that some of the protected temples are not in good condition including ''Keshava'' and ''Someshwara'' temples at Harnahalli, ''Nageshwara'' and ''Channakeshava'' temples at Mosale, ''Channakeshava'' (''Allanatha'') Temple at Kondajji.
Some temples which are really worth visiting should be on the tourist circuit too they said. These are the ''Lakshminarasimha'' temple at Nuggehalli, ''Lakshmidevi'' temple at ] and ''Lakshminarayana'' temple at Adagur.


==Government and politics==
===Proposals===
===Administrative divisions===
Hassan District is administratively divided into eight ]s (Panchayat blocks): ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (H.N. Pura) and ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Hassan District|publisher=Hassan District Administration|url=http://www.hassan.nic.in/}}</ref> and 258 ]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Block Panchayats of Hassan, Karnataka|year=2011|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=539&parenttype=D&ptype=B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113210907/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=539&parenttype=D&ptype=B|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>


===Villages===
* A proposal has been sent to the government for the development of some Hoysala temples and tourist places, including Ramanathapura, Shanthigrama, Sriramadevarakatte and the Gorur Dam.
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Misplaced Pages ♦♦♦--->
* Develop eight ''parisara vana'' or environmental parks in eight taluks of the district.
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* Lion safari at Gendekatte forest in an area of 120 hectares.
*]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/615/download/2108/DH_2011_2920_PART_B_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf|access-date= 15 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011}}</ref>
* Develop an 'eco-tourism at Belasinda forest area of Channarayapatna taluk on 100 acres of land.
* Sandalwood conservation centre on 2000 acres at Sriramadevarahalla of Belur taluk.
* Eco-tourism in ] forest area of Sakleshpur taluk.
* Medicinal plants park at Hirekallugudda forest area of Arsikere taluk.


==Culture== ===Map gallery===
<gallery>
]]]
File:Hassan in karnataka.jpg|Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka
]]]
File:KARNATAKA HASSAN A3.pdf|Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka (Including Taluks)
Much of culture of Hassan district in the past is linked with the ] and ] rulers who ruled over this area. Initially the Gangas were Hindus but by the time of king Shivamara II (] CE., took to Jainism. The Hoysalas were Jains too and the mythical founder of the empire ''sala'' was said to be blessed by the Jain sage Sudatta Muni. Some of the successive rulers were also Jains until ] came to Hassan to escape persecution from the ] in early 12th century. During this time ] was influenced by Ramanujacharya and accepted Hinduism, though his wife Shantaladevi continued to follow Jainism, setting an example of religious tolarance. In fact the ''Channigraya'' temple in Belur was commissioned by her during the time the nearby famous ''Chennakeshava'' temple was being built. This tolerance is alive even today and can be seen in the importance given by the district administration and people in general to Jain religious events like '']'', long after Jainism has ceased to be the main religious practice of this region. While Most of the Hoysala monuments in Hassan are ], and date between the 11th c. - 13th c. CE, the monuments of ] are a colossal effort of the Jain ] who ruled from about ] - ] CE. and is one of the most important Jain pilgrimage sites for in India.
File:HASSAN DIST CRP.jpg|Hobli Map of Hassan district
File:HASSAN HOBLI REGIONS.pdf|Hobli Map with Regions shading
File:HASSAN TOURISM.pdf|District Tourism Map
File:HASSAN DISTRICT ROADS.pdf|Road Network of Hassan district
File:HASSAN GENERAL1.pdf|Taluks of Hassan district
</gallery>


==Tourism==
Today, Hassan is a largely agrarian community with a charm that is essentially similar to that of ], except the palaces and colonial buildings of Mysore are replaced with exquisite '']'' monuments built by the Hoysalas. One does not have to travel more than a few kilometers to visit the next monument on the list.
===List of famous temples in Hassan===
Its cuisine is a mix of ], ] and ] districts resulting in tasty specialities like ''midigayi'' pickle (small raw mango), ''sandige'', ''avalakki'' (beaten rice), and ''talipittu'' (''akki rotti'' made of rice flour). ] are an ancient brahmin community settled in this area for more than a thousand years. An inscription in Shantigrama indicates that the founder was a brahmin from Kashi. Hassan Iyengars, a different brahmin community are well known all over south Karnataka for their tasty condiment preparations like cakes, puffs and biscuits and breads etc. Iyengar bakeries are a common feature in most towns and cities of Karnataka.
* ], ]
* ], ]
* ], ]
* ], Hassan
* ], Mosale
* ], ]


==Transport==
Hassan is also called as ''Poor man's Ooty''. Its Bisle ghat area has the same scenic beauty of the ''Nilgiri'' district if Tamil Nadu without the rapid and extensive commercialization. Hassan is a place where Kannada literature finds famous personalities like ]


===Places to Visit=== ===Air===
There is no operational airport in the city. The nearest airport is ] and the nearest international airport is ]. ] is an airport under construction 10 kilometres east of the city, near the Boovanahalli village. The project was first rejected by the State government in 2012. It was again revived in 2021 with a budget of Rs 175 crore and will be taken up by the ] scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/229418/govt-draw-hassan-airport-blueprint.html|title=Govt to draw Hassan airport blueprint afresh|date=23 February 2012|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2 September 2018|language=en}}</ref> Government of India has granted the approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports in the country on 12 May 2015. Among 15 airports Hassan was also approved for Greenfield Airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/goi-grants-approval-for-setting-up-of-15-greenfield-airports-in-principle-115051201582_1.html|title=GoI grants approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports 'in principle'|last=ANI|date=12 May 2015|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>
]
]
*], 34 km from Hassan town is situated on the banks of Yagachi river. The Chennakeshava temple built by ] king ] in ] AD is a monument of supreme architectural beauty. The intricate carvings on its stone walls and the gravity pillars in the courtyard are the unique features of this temple.
*Gorur, 22 km from Hassan town is where a dam across the river Hemavathi has been built. This place is a pleasant picnic spot.
*]u, 39 km from Hassan town and 16 km from ] is the home of the famous Hoysaleshwara temple. Built in 1121, the walls of the temple are covered with detailed friezes and sculptures depicting scenes narrated in great Hindu epics. another famous temple near here is the ''Kadareshwara'' temple known for the rich quality of its sculptures.
*], 52 km from Hassan town is a popular Jain piligrimage center. It is wedged between two rocky hills, Indragiri and Chandragiri. The monolithic statue of Lord Gomateshwara, a Jain saint standing atop the Indragiri hill is 17 meters tall and is said to be one of the tallest monolithic statues in the world. About 1100 years old, the statue was commissioned by Chavundaraya, army commander of the ] that ruled southern Karnataka from about ]&ndash;]. ''Mahamastakabhisheka'' is a ceremony held here once every 12 years when devotees offer prayers to the great Jain saint.
*] or Bisle ghat, one of Karnataka's best trekking destinations.


===Road===
The temples of Belur, Halebidu and Shravanabelagola are a proposed UNESCO '']''.
The ] operates buses connecting Hassan district with other parts of Karnataka as well as neighbouring states. Two divisions of KSRTC, Hassan and Chikmagalur, maintain a total of 9 bus ] (6 by Hassan division, rest 3 by Chikmagalur division) in the district, with two being in ] city. Major National Highways that pass through the district are ], ], (and its subsidiary ]) and ].


===Rail===
Hassan district is full of other Hoysala architectural gems scattered around the countryside. Important among them are the Hoysala temples of
Hassan comes under the ] zone of the ]. ] connects it to the rest of the country through the ].
* ] at ]
* Hulikere (ornate stepped tank or ''Kalyani'')
* Pushpagiri (''Mallikarjuna'', ''Bhairava'' temples)
* ] (''Lakshmidevi'' temple)
* Koravangala (''Govindeshwara'', ''Nakeshwara'' and ''Bucheshwara'' temples)
* Kondajji (''Vishnu'' temple)
* Adagur (''Lakshminarayana'' temple)
* Chatachatahalli (''Chatteshwara'' temple)
* Javagal (''Narasimha'' temple)
* Haranahalli (''Keshava'' and '' Someshwara'' temples)
* Arasikere (''Ishwara'' temple)
* Hullekere (''Channakeshava'' temple)
* Shantigrama (''Channakeshavaswamy'' temple)
* Nuggehalli (''Lakshminarasimha'' and ''Sadashiva'' temple)
* Sakleshpura (''Sakaleswara'' temple)
* Manjarabad (fort and dungeons)
* Ramnathapura (''Rameshwara'' temple)
* Gorur (''Paravasudeva'' temple and Dam over river)
* Basadihalli (''Adinatha Basadi'', ''Parshwanath Basadi'' and ''Saantinatha Basadi'')
* Malekal Tirupathi (''Venkata Ramanna'' and ''Govidaraja'' temple)
* Shantigrama (''Yoganarsimha'', ''Dharmeshwara'' and ''Keshava'' temples)
* Anekere (''Chennakaesava'' temple)
* Mallarajapatna (''Lakshmaneshwara'' temple)
* Mavathanahalli (''Mahalingeshwara'' temple)
* Anathi (''Lakshminarayana'' temple)
* Hebbalalu (''Singeshwara'' temple)
* Jinanathapura (''Shantinatha basadi'')
* Ambugu (''Prasanna Chennakeshava'' temple)
* Heragu (''Kirthinarayana'' temple)
* Mosale (''Nageshwara'' and ''Channakeshava'' temples)
* Holenarasipura (''Narasimha'' temple)
* Honnavara (Keshava'' temple)
* ] (Inscription)
* ]


==Famous People== == Education ==
* ]
* ], former prime minister of ]
* ]
* ], current chief minister of ]
* ]
* ], ]
* ]
* ], ]
* ]
* ], Scientist, lead the team which created India's first atomoic bomb.
* ], Hassan
* ], ] king

==Notable people==
* ], 11th ]
* ], ]
* ], writer
* ], ] writer
* ], actor, director, writer
* ], Former Minister and Member of Parliament
* ], cricketer
*], Indian actor
* ], film actor
* ], film actor
* ], Kannada film actor
* ], Indian actor
* ], film actor
* ], actress
* ], Indian actress
*], Indian actor and politician
* ], Indian politician
* ], Ranji player
* ], film actor
* ], actor and director
* ], founder of ]
* ], politician
* ], Former Chief Minister, Karnataka
*], Indian politician
* ], Karnataka Rakshana Vedike state president
* ], Kannada rapper
* ], ] singer
* ], ] king * ], ] king
* ], ] king * ], ] king
* ], ] king
* ], Indian military commander and architect
* ], Chieftain
*], ] poet and writer
* ], Kannada film actress
* ], film actor
* ], politician
* ], Cardiologist and the Director of the Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
* ], Indian film actor
* ], Indian space scientist and former chairman of the ISRO
*], Indian table tennis player
*], IAS and Para-Badminton player
*], Indian musician
* ], Indian music composer and playback singer
*], Indian actress
*], Indian actor
*], poet & novelist
*], Indian author
*], Sanskrit scholar
* ], monk-scholar
* ], Indian ]
* ], ] carnatic musicians
* ], Indian ] vocalist
* ], vocalist
*], Indian singer
*], Kannada actor
*], Indian writer, feminist, scholar
*], Paralympic athlete
*], Singer and music composer
* ], Television actress


==References==
==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ], a star fort from 1792
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
]
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==References==
]
* Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). ''A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present'', Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (reprinted 2002), {{oclc|7796041}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Hassan district}}
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*
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* {{Cite web|title=Activities of Hassan District NRDMS Centre|year=2012|url=http://kscst.iisc.ernet.in/nrdms_files/dnrdms_files/Hassan/Hassan_NRDMS_13_05_2011.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616050147/http://kscst.iisc.ernet.in/nrdms_files/dnrdms_files/Hassan/Hassan_NRDMS_13_05_2011.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}
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{{Karnataka}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan District}}
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Latest revision as of 22:12, 18 January 2025

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Hassan, Karnataka. For other uses, see Hassan.
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District of Karnataka in India
Hassan district Hāsana
District of Karnataka
Hassan
Clockwise from top-left: Bahubali statue in Sravanabelagola, Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu, Shettihalli Rosary Church, Bisle Ghat, Manjarabad Fort
Location in KarnatakaLocation in Karnataka
Coordinates: 13°N 76°E / 13°N 76°E / 13; 76
Country India
State Karnataka
DivisionMysore
Hassan1886
HeadquartersHassan
TalukasHassan, Holenarsipur, Arkalgud, Channarayanapatana, Sakleshpur, Belur, Alur, Arasikere
Government
 • Deputy Commissioner and District MagistrateSathyabhama C
(IAS)
Area
 • Total6,845 km (2,643 sq mi)
 • Rank11th
Elevation933 m (3,061 ft)
Population
 • Total1,776,421
 • Density260/km (670/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialKannada
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN573***
Telephone code08172
Vehicle registrationKA-13, KA-46
Websitewww.hassan.nic.in

Hassan is one of the 31 districts of Karnataka, India. The district headquarter is Hassan. It was part of Manjarabad Faujdari between 1832-81 (Commissioner's Rule of Mysore). In 1882, it was reduced into a sub-division under erstwhile Kadur district. But in 1886, the Hassan district was restored to its current form.

Hassan District contains 8 taluks with their respective headquarters in Hassan, Arsikere, Channarayapatna, Belur, Holenarasipura, Sakleshpur, Alur and Arkalgud.

Governance

Current Member of Parliament from Hassan is Shreyas M. Patel and is grandson of former Member of Parliament G. Puttaswamy Gowda. The Current Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly is Swaroop Prakash.

History

Hassan district was the seat of the Hoysala Empire which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from Belur as its early capital and Halebidu as its later capital during the period 1000–1334 CE.

The district is named Hassan after the Hindu Goddess "Haasanamba", the goddess and presiding deity of the town. As per local legend Hassan name was abridged form of Simhasanapuri which is associated with Janamejaya king, it is believed he had lived here during his cursed period. The history of Hassan district is essentially the history of two of the well known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talkad (350–999 CE) and the Hoysala Empire (1000–1334 CE). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom. It finally merged as an independent Mysore kingdom.

Modern

Profile of the Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu

During the 14th century, invasions by the Sultanate of Delhi weakened the Hoysala Kingdom, and the district became part of the Vijayanagara Empire. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom. In 1648 the Mysore rulers built Channarayapatna fort by treaty with the sultans of Bijapur. A peace treaty was concluded between the Mysore and Keladi rulers in 1694. The district remained part of the Mysore Kingdom at the conclusion of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799.

Hassan District and its current boundaries date to the 1860s, when the Mysore Kingdom was organised into 8 districts, and the districts further divided into taluks. The district had a population of 518,987 in the 1871 census. A famine from 1876 to 1878 reduced the population to 428,344 by 1881. The population was 511,975 in 1891, and 568,919 in 1901. The 1901 census recorded 541,531 Hindus, 16,668 Muslims, 5035 Animists, 3795 Christians, 1874 Jains, and 16 others. The district had 14 towns, and 2546 villages.

Reserve forests were established in the 19th century, and covered an area of 185 square miles in the district. The forests, with their area in square miles, were: Kempuhole Ghat (16), Kaganeri Ghati (2), Kabbinale Ghat (23), Bisale Ghat (23), Vijayapur (5), Hirikalgudda (92), Doddabetta (3), Burdalbore (3), Hagare (3), Byaba (2), Sige-gudda (8), Baisur (1), Mallappan-betta (1), and Vantigudda (1). The state established five sandalwood forests, totalling three square miles: Kemmanbore (232 acres), Gubbi (428 acres), Gadagere (554 acres), Gubbi (1000 acres), and Nakalgud (185 acres).

After India's independence in 1947, Mysore Kingdom became Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka state in 1973.

Geography

Shettihalli Rosary Church also known as the Floating Church that submerged in water as a result of construction of the Hemavati Dam and Reservoir in 1960
Hemavati Dam and Reservoir in Gorur

Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15 km. The geography is mixed with the malnad or mountainous region to the west and south west called Bisle Ghat and the maidan or plains regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of the district.

The district is surrounded by Chikmagalur District to the north, Tumkur District to the east, Mandya District to the south east, Mysore to the south, Kodagu District to the south west and Dakshina Kannada district to the west.

Hassan and Belur stand around 950 metres (3,120 ft) and 970 metres (3,180 ft) above sea level, respectively.

Most of the district lies in the watershed of the Hemavathi River, a tributary of the Kaveri River. The general level of Hassan district slopes with the course of the Hemavati, from the peaks of the Western Ghats downwards to the southeast. The chief tributary of the Hemavathi is the Yagachi River, which flows southward from Belur taluk to join the Hemavathi near Gorur. In 1981 the Hemavathi Dam was completed near Gorur, downstream from the confluence with the Yagachi, creating a reservoir of 8000 hectares. The Hemavathi passes through Holenarsipur taluk in a southerly direction and joins with the Kaveri near Hampapura in Mysore district, close to the border of Hassan district. The Kaveri flows through the southernmost part of the District.

Western portions of the district are drained by the headwaters of the Netravati River, which flows northwestward to empty into the Arabian Sea. Portions of Arsikere taluk in the northeast are drained by the Hagari River, a tributary of the Tungabhadra River. The basins of the Kaveri and Tungabhadra are separated by a range of low granitic hills extending through Belur, Hassan, and Arsikere taluks.

The Bisle Ghat, or Bisale Ghat, is a portion of the Western Ghats range in the western part of the district. Main peaks include Jenukallu betta, Sakleshpura (4,558 feet (1,389 m)), the highest peak in the district, Murkangudda (4,265 feet (1,300 m)), and Devarbetta (4,206 feet (1,282 m)). Pushpagiri (1,712 meters), lies immediately southwest in Kodagu and district. Bisle, Kagneri, Kanchankumari reserve forests cover portions the Bisle Ghat, and adjoin Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Kodagu.

Rainfall

Hassan district is located on the leeward side of Western Ghats, thus receives less rainfall than coastal Karnataka. The district comes under three river basins: Netravathi, Kaveri and Vedavathi (Krishna River). In 2022, the district received an average annual rainfall of 1,701 millimetres (67.0 in), of which, Hethur hobli in Sakleshpura taluk received the maximum downpour of 4,305 millimetres (169.5 in) and Arsikere hobli received 986 millimetres (38.8 in), the lowest in the district.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901568,919—    
1911578,097+0.16%
1921581,750+0.06%
1931596,937+0.26%
1941627,718+0.50%
1951715,135+1.31%
1961895,847+2.28%
19711,102,370+2.10%
19811,357,014+2.10%
19911,569,684+1.47%
20011,721,669+0.93%
20111,776,421+0.31%
source:
Religions in Hassan district (2011)
Religion Percent
Hinduism   91.80%
Islam   6.76%
Christianity   0.88%
Other or not stated   0.56%

According to the 2011 census Hassan district has a population of 1,776,421, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or the US state of Nebraska. This gives it a ranking of 270th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 261 inhabitants per square kilometre (680/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 3.17%. Hassan has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.89%. 21.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.42% and 1.82% of the population respectively.

Languages of Hassan district (2011)

  Kannada (87.04%)  Urdu (6.16%)  Telugu (1.96%)  Tulu (1.22%)  Tamil (0.91%)  Others (2.71%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 87.04% of the population spoke Kannada, 6.16% Urdu, 1.96% Telugu, 1.22% Tulu and 0.91% Tamil as their first language.

Government and politics

Administrative divisions

Hassan District is administratively divided into eight talukas (Panchayat blocks): Alur, Arkalgud, Arsikere, Belur, Channarayapatna, Hassan, Holenarasipura (H.N. Pura) and Sakleshpur, and 258 panchayat villages.

Villages

Map gallery

  • Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka
  • Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka (Including Taluks) Positioning of Hassan district in Karnataka (Including Taluks)
  • Hobli Map of Hassan district Hobli Map of Hassan district
  • Hobli Map with Regions shading Hobli Map with Regions shading
  • District Tourism Map District Tourism Map
  • Road Network of Hassan district Road Network of Hassan district
  • Taluks of Hassan district Taluks of Hassan district

Tourism

List of famous temples in Hassan

Transport

Air

There is no operational airport in the city. The nearest airport is Mysore airport and the nearest international airport is Kempegowda International Airport. Hassan Airport is an airport under construction 10 kilometres east of the city, near the Boovanahalli village. The project was first rejected by the State government in 2012. It was again revived in 2021 with a budget of Rs 175 crore and will be taken up by the UDAN scheme. Government of India has granted the approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports in the country on 12 May 2015. Among 15 airports Hassan was also approved for Greenfield Airport.

Road

The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates buses connecting Hassan district with other parts of Karnataka as well as neighbouring states. Two divisions of KSRTC, Hassan and Chikmagalur, maintain a total of 9 bus depots (6 by Hassan division, rest 3 by Chikmagalur division) in the district, with two being in Hassan city. Major National Highways that pass through the district are NH-75 (Bangalore - Mangalore), NH-73 (Mangalore - Tumkur), (and its subsidiary NH-373 Bilikere - Belur) and NH-69 (Honnavara - Chittor).

Rail

Hassan comes under the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Hassan Junction railway station connects it to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways.

Education

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. "Hassan Census 1981;page 11" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hassan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
  3. P, Vathsala V. (3 August 2019). "Happy in Hassan". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  4. "History of Hassan, Historical Significance of Hassan City". hassanonline.in. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  5. Kumar, BR Udaya (12 October 2017). "Historic Hasanamba temple reopens today". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  6. BV, Srinivas Rao (11 October 2016). "ಸಿಂಹಾಸನಪುರಿಯ ಹಾಸನಾಂಬೆ: ಕಳ್ಳರನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಲಾಗಿಸಿದ ಶಕ್ತಿ ದೇವತೆಯ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ". Kannada Prabha (in Kannada). Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  7. ^ Meyer, Sir William Stevenson. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 13, p. 64.
  8. Meyer, Sir William Stevenson, et al. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 18, p. 228.
  9. Meyer, Sir William Stevenson. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. v. 13, pp 64-65.
  10. Rice, B. Lewis. Mysore: A Gazetter Compiled by the Government. Revised Edition 1897; reprinted 2001 by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 327
  11. 10 lesser known sites in India that you should add to your bucket list India Today
  12. Sugunan, V. V. (1995). Reservoir Fisheries of India Issue 345 of FAO fisheries technical paper, Food and Agriculture Organization. ISSN 0429-9345. p. 155
  13. "Annual State Report 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  14. Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  15. "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  16. ^ "District Census Handbook: Hassan" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  17. US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est
  18. "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Nebraska 1,826,341
  19. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  20. "Official Website of Hassan District". Hassan District Administration.
  21. "Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Block Panchayats of Hassan, Karnataka". Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  22. "Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  23. "Govt to draw Hassan airport blueprint afresh". Deccan Herald. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  24. ANI (12 May 2015). "GoI grants approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports 'in principle'". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2 September 2018.

References

  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (reprinted 2002), OCLC 7796041

External links

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