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“'''Reconcilee'''” is a ] for the ] word “''upravenec''” (pl. “''upravenci''”) which denotes an ''émigré'' from ] ] who “reconciled” his or her relationship with the Communist régime. '''Reconcilee''' is a loose English translation for the ] ] word "''upravenec''" (pl. "''upravenci''") which denotes the '']'' from ] ] who subsequently "reconciled" their relationship with the ].


== The origins == == The origins ==
From ] until the end of the régime, unauthorized ] from Czechoslovakia was a ]. Between ] and ] 172,659 people went into ]. After the ], the Communist establishment wished to show some kind of mitigation of the thus far harsh attitude towards ''émigrés''. Directive No. 4/1977 ] of the ], ''On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities'', was adopted. Hence the term “''upravenec''”. From 1948 until the ], unauthorized ] from Czechoslovakia was considered a ].<ref name="zákon">{{cite book |title=Zákon č. 231/1948 Sb. Zákon na ochranu lidově demokratické republiky |date=16 October 1948 |publisher=Ministry of Interior |pages=1468 |url=https://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ViewFile.aspx?type=c&id=365 |access-date=30 April 2024 |chapter=Chapter IV., § 40, Neoprávněné opuštění území republiky a neuposlechnutí výzvy k návratu.}}</ref> Between 1945 and 1987 172,659 people went into ]. After the ], the Communist establishment wished to show some kind of mitigation of the thus far harsh attitude towards ''émigrés''. Directive No. 4/1977 ] of the ], ''On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities'', was adopted. Hence the term "''upravenec''".


== Categories == == Categories ==
In ] there were 115,000 ''émigrés''. Directives stipulated two categories of reconcilees: In 1980 there were 115,000 ''émigrés''. Directives stipulated two categories of reconcilees:
# those who wished to stay permanently abroad as ]s of Czechoslovakia (art. 3–5; 3,145 persons applied), or # those who wished to stay permanently abroad as ]s of Czechoslovakia (art. 3–5; 3,145 persons applied), or
# those who wished cessation of citizenship of Czechoslovakia (art. 6–8; 4,533 applied). # those who wished cessation of citizenship of Czechoslovakia (art. 6–8; 4,533 applied).
A prerequisite to receive a status of ''upravenec'' was an application for a pardon of conviction for illegal emigration (12,486 applied) or being amnestied. Applicants had to pay large sums (officially the cost of education) and after reconciliation were allowed to visit Communist Czechoslovakia with no obstacles. A prerequisite to receive a status of ''upravenec'' was an application for a pardon of conviction for illegal emigration (12,486 applied) or being amnestied. Applicants had to pay large sums (officially the cost of education) and after reconciliation were allowed to visit ] with no obstacles.


Those who wished to return to Czechoslovakia (art. 2 — first category; 452 persons applied) were called “''navrátilci''” (''returnees''). Directives also identified a further category of ''émigrés'' — enemies of the Communist régime (art. 9–12). These were deprived of Czechoslovak citizenship and prohibitted from visiting Czechoslovakia. (They thus could not be ranked among returnees or reconcilees.) Those who wished to ] to Czechoslovakia (art. 2 — first category; 452 persons applied) were called "''navrátilci''" (''returnees''). Directives also identified a further category of ''émigrés'' — ] (art. 9–12). These were deprived of Czechoslovak citizenship and prohibited from visiting Czechoslovakia. (They thus could not be ranked among returnees or reconcilees.)


== Controversy == == Controversy ==
The unsuspendable condition for reconciliation was “good or neutral relationship” towards the Communist régime. ''Upravenci'' were therefore disliked by much of the rest of the exile community and called collaborators. Most reconcilees hid their reconciliation, and speculative accusation of being a ''upravenec'' was considered a slur. The famous Czech author ] wrote ] short stories about them. Hard-line ''émigrés'' speculated that ''upravenci'' were confidants of the Communist ]. The unsuspendable condition for reconciliation was "good or neutral relationship" towards the Communist régime. ''Upravenci'' were therefore disliked by much of the rest of the exile community and called collaborators. Most reconcilees hid their reconciliation, and speculative accusation of being a ''upravenec'' was considered a slur. The famous Czech author ] wrote ] short stories about them. Hard-line ''émigrés'' speculated that ''upravenci'' were confidants of the Communist ].


==References==
The most famous reconcilee from Czechoslovakia is ].
{{reflist}}

⚫ {{Wikisourcelang|cs|Úprava vztahů ČSSR k občanům v zahraničí|Directive On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities (in Czech)}}
== Reference ==
{{Wikisource|cs:Úprava vztahů ČSSR k občanům v zahraničí|Directive On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities (in Czech)}} # Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p.&nbsp;1 (]; Czech)
# Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p. 1 (]; Czech) # Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p.&nbsp;2 (JPEG; Czech)
# Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p. 2 (JPEG; Czech) # Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p.&nbsp;3 (JPEG; Czech)
# Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p. 3 (JPEG; Czech) # Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p.&nbsp;4 (JPEG; Czech)
⚫ # Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, , p. 4 (JPEG; Czech)
# Jan Hanzlík: . In Sborník Securitas Imperii 9 (doc; Czech) # Jan Hanzlík: . In Sborník Securitas Imperii 9 (doc; Czech)
# Pavel Jacko: (Czech) # Pavel Jacko: (Czech)


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Latest revision as of 19:50, 4 December 2024

Reconcilee is a loose English translation for the Czech neologism word "upravenec" (pl. "upravenci") which denotes the émigrés from Communist Czechoslovakia who subsequently "reconciled" their relationship with the Communist régime.

The origins

From 1948 until the end of the régime, unauthorized migration from Czechoslovakia was considered a crime. Between 1945 and 1987 172,659 people went into exile. After the Helsinki Accords, the Communist establishment wished to show some kind of mitigation of the thus far harsh attitude towards émigrés. Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities, was adopted. Hence the term "upravenec".

Categories

In 1980 there were 115,000 émigrés. Directives stipulated two categories of reconcilees:

  1. those who wished to stay permanently abroad as citizens of Czechoslovakia (art. 3–5; 3,145 persons applied), or
  2. those who wished cessation of citizenship of Czechoslovakia (art. 6–8; 4,533 applied).

A prerequisite to receive a status of upravenec was an application for a pardon of conviction for illegal emigration (12,486 applied) or being amnestied. Applicants had to pay large sums (officially the cost of education) and after reconciliation were allowed to visit Communist Czechoslovakia with no obstacles.

Those who wished to return to Czechoslovakia (art. 2 — first category; 452 persons applied) were called "navrátilci" (returnees). Directives also identified a further category of émigrés — enemies of the Communist régime (art. 9–12). These were deprived of Czechoslovak citizenship and prohibited from visiting Czechoslovakia. (They thus could not be ranked among returnees or reconcilees.)

Controversy

The unsuspendable condition for reconciliation was "good or neutral relationship" towards the Communist régime. Upravenci were therefore disliked by much of the rest of the exile community and called collaborators. Most reconcilees hid their reconciliation, and speculative accusation of being a upravenec was considered a slur. The famous Czech author Josef Škvorecký wrote satiric short stories about them. Hard-line émigrés speculated that upravenci were confidants of the Communist secret police.

References

  1. "Chapter IV., § 40, Neoprávněné opuštění území republiky a neuposlechnutí výzvy k návratu.". Zákon č. 231/1948 Sb. Zákon na ochranu lidově demokratické republiky. Ministry of Interior. 16 October 1948. p. 1468. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  1. Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities, p. 1 (JPEG; Czech)
  2. Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities, p. 2 (JPEG; Czech)
  3. Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities, p. 3 (JPEG; Czech)
  4. Directive No. 4/1977 Official Journal of the Czech Socialist Republic, On Reconciliation Legal Relationships of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to Citizens Who Stay Abroad Without a Permit of Czechoslovak Authorities, p. 4 (JPEG; Czech)
  5. Jan Hanzlík: Czechoslovak emigration seen by secret materials. In Sborník Securitas Imperii 9 (doc; Czech)
  6. Pavel Jacko: Čistý štít (Czech)
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