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{{Short description|Hokkien mixed language of the Philippines}}
'''THIS TERM DOES <u>NOT</u> EXIST IN REAL LIFE.'''
{{Expert needed|linguistics|talk=|reason=The article largely relies on the publications of only one author and presents recent ongoing research as established knowledge (see talkpage)|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox language
'''Chinese Filipinos simply refer to their language as Hokkien or "Our People's Language".'''{{Infobox language
|name = Hokaglish | name = Hokaglish
|altname = Philippine Hybrid Hokkien | altname = Philippine Hybrid Hokkien
|nativename = ''salamtsam-oe'' or "EngChiLog" | nativename = {{lang|mis|salamtsam-oe}}<br>{{lang|mis|EngChiLog}}{{cn|date=December 2024}}
|states = ] | states = ]
|region = ] (concentrated in ]) | region = ] (concentrated in ]), or elsewhere in the ]
|ethnicity = ] | ethnicity = ]s
|speakers = more than 100,000 | speakers = More than 100,000{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|date = 1945 – present | date = 1945 – present
|familycolor = Creole | familycolor = Creole
|fam1 = ] | fam1 = ]
|script = not applicable, oral contact language | script = none
|nation = Not official, ] of the ]<br /><br />], ] (lingua franca) and abroad | nation = Not official, ] of the ]<br />in ], ] and abroad
|minority = ], ],] | minority = Not yet recognized, ], ], ]
|iso3 = none | iso3 = None
|lingua= | lingua =
|map = Map of the Philippines.png | map = Map of Hokaglish in the Philippines.png
|mapcaption = Area where Hokaglish is spoken | mapcaption = Area where Hokaglish is spoken
|notice = IPA | notice = IPA
|glotto = | glotto =
|glottorefname = | glottorefname =
}} }}


'''Hokaglish''' (or '''Philippine Hybrid Hokkien'''), also known by locals as ''Sa-lam-tsam oe'' (mixed language), is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) ], (2) ], and (3) ] (Other languages that have relative influence include ], ] and other local peripheral languages<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310441396_The_language_ecology_of_post-colonial_Manila_and_Hokaglish|title=The language ecology of post-colonial Manila and Hokaglish|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|date=16 November 2016|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|via=''ResearchGate''}}</ref>).<ref name="researchgate1">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290395747_Exploring_trilingual_code-switching_The_case_of_'Hokaglish'|title=Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of ‘Hokaglish’ (PDF Download Available)|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|date=May 2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2016-10-24|via=''ResearchGate''}}</ref> Typically used by Filipino-Chinese or ]<nowiki/>s, Hokaglish is used in quite a number of domains including corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, religious institutions, phone calls, and houses.<ref name="researchgate1" /> Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school, and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of code switching is very popular with the younger generation (]s).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/caligrama/article/viewFile/65395/68006|title=I "Speak Chinese" but..." Code switching and Identity Construction in Chinese Filipino Youth |last=Zulueta |first=Johana |date= |website=www.revistas.usp.br <!--|archiveurl=http://archive.is/vMaWU |archivedate=2017-02-23--> |deadurl=no |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> '''Hokaglish''' (or '''Philippine Hybrid Hokkien''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|k|ə|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}), also known by locals as ''Sa-lam-tsam oe'' (mixed language, ]: ''sann-lām-tsham-uē'', {{IPA|nan-TW|sãlamt͡sʰamue|}}), is an ] ] primarily resulting among three languages: (1) ], (2) ]/] and (3) ].<ref name="researchgate1">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290395747|title=Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of 'Hokaglish' (PDF Download Available)|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|date=May 2016|access-date=2016-10-24|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> (Other languages that have relative influence include ], ], and other local peripheral languages.)<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310441396|title=The language ecology of post-colonial Manila and Hokaglish|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|date=16 November 2016|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Usage==
Typically used amongst some Filipino Chinese or ]s, who are also typically fluent in ] and some level of fluency of ], Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions especially in ] or wherever there are ]s across the ].<ref name="researchgate1" /> Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of ] or ] is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos, such as ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/caligrama/article/viewFile/65395/68006|title=I "Speak Chinese" but..." Code switching and Identity Construction in Chinese Filipino Youth |last=Zulueta |first=Johana |website=www.revistas.usp.br <!--|archive-url=https://archive.today/vMaWU |archive-date=2017-02-23--> |access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>


Usually older generation ]s who typically have ] as their ], such as those of the ], ], and some ], typically use ] Chinese sentence structure as the base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger generations who have ] and/or ] as their ], such as ], ], and some ]s and ] use the ]/] sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with ] using ] and ], tends to ] via ] the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.<ref name="Palanca">{{Cite journal|last=Palanca|first=Ellen H.|year=2002|title=A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*|url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-38-2-2002/palanca.pdf|journal=Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=2|pages=32|via=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia}}</ref>


==Etymology==
The term ''Hokaglish'' is a portmanteau or blend of '']'' and '']'', itself a blend of '']'' and '']''. It was first recorded in 2016.<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 22. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref>


==Classification==
The most recent observation of Hokaglish is that the contact language is gradually becoming a normative language of its own due to peculiarities from the phonological to the syntactic and even pragmatic level. Earlier thought to be a creole,<ref name="researchgate.net" /> it may actually be a ] similar to ] or ]. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the ]es.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|date=|title=Philippine Englishes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311769460_Philippine_Englishes|journal=Asian Englishes|volume=19|pages=79–95|doi=10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574|via=}}</ref> Earlier thought to be a creole,<ref name="researchgate.net" /> it may actually be a ] similar to ] or ]. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the ]es.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wong Gonzales|first=Wilkinson Daniel|title=Philippine Englishes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311769460|journal=Asian Englishes|year=2017 |volume=19|pages=79–95|doi=10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574|s2cid=220291779 }}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
*] in Australia * ] in Australia
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] in the Philippines * ] in the Philippines
*], a Hokkien variant spoken in the Philippines * ] in the Philippines
*] in the Philippines * ] in the Philippines
* ] in the Philippines
*], similar phenomenon in Singapore * ], similar phenomenon in Singapore


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 18:33, 14 December 2024

Hokkien mixed language of the Philippines
This article needs attention from an expert in linguistics. The specific problem is: The article largely relies on the publications of only one author and presents recent ongoing research as established knowledge (see talkpage). WikiProject Linguistics may be able to help recruit an expert. (September 2020)
Hokaglish
Philippine Hybrid Hokkien
salamtsam-oe
EngChiLog
Native toPhilippines
RegionManila (concentrated in Binondo), or elsewhere in the Philippines
EthnicityChinese Filipinos
Native speakers(More than 100,000 cited 1945 – present)
Language familyHokkien mixed language
  • Hokaglish
Writing systemnone
Official status
Official language inNot official, Minority language of the Philippines
in Binondo, Metro Manila and abroad
Recognised minority
language in		Not yet recognized, Metro Cebu, Metro Bacolod, Iloilo
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Area where Hokaglish is spoken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hokaglish (or Philippine Hybrid Hokkien, /ˈhɒkəɡlɪʃ/), also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe (mixed language, Tai-lo: sann-lām-tsham-uē, [sãlamt͡sʰamue]), is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Philippine Hokkien Chinese, (2) Tagalog/Filipino and (3) Philippine English. (Other languages that have relative influence include Philippine Spanish, Cantonese, and other local peripheral languages.)

Usage

Typically used amongst some Filipino Chinese or Chinese Filipinos, who are also typically fluent in Taglish and some level of fluency of Philippine Hokkien, Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions especially in Metro Manila or wherever there are Chinese Filipinos across the Philippines. Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of code-switching or code-mixing is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos, such as Generation X and millennials.

Usually older generation Chinese Filipinos who typically have Philippine Hokkien as their first language, such as those of the Silent Generation, Baby Boomer, and some Generation X, typically use Hokkien Chinese sentence structure as the base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger generations who have Tagalog and/or English as their first language, such as Generation X, millennials, and some Baby Boomers and Generation Z use the Filipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using Tagalog grammar and syntax, tends to code-mix via conjugating the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.

Etymology

The term Hokaglish is a portmanteau or blend of Hokkien and Taglish, itself a blend of Tagalog and English. It was first recorded in 2016.

Classification

Earlier thought to be a creole, it may actually be a mixed language similar to Light Warlpiri or Gurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the Philippine Englishes.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (May 2016). "Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of 'Hokaglish' (PDF Download Available)". Retrieved 2016-10-24 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ^ Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (16 November 2016). The language ecology of post-colonial Manila and Hokaglish – via ResearchGate.
  3. Zulueta, Johana. "I "Speak Chinese" but..." Code switching and Identity Construction in Chinese Filipino Youth". www.revistas.usp.br. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  4. Palanca, Ellen H. (2002). "A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*" (PDF). Asian Studies. 38 (2): 32 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.
  5. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 22. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  6. Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (2017). "Philippine Englishes". Asian Englishes. 19: 79–95. doi:10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574. S2CID 220291779.
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