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{{Short description|American sociologist and academic}} | |||
{{BLP primary sources|date=June 2018}} | |||
'''Neil Louis Gross''' (born June 1, 1971) is the ] Professor of ] and chair of the department of sociology at ].<ref name="faculty">{{Cite web |url=https://www.colby.edu/directory/profile/neil.gross/ |title=Neil L. Gross |website=Colby College |language=en-US |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> He is also a ] of New York University’s ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/03/05/the-actual-politics-of-professors/|title=The Actual Politics of Professors|last=Gross|first=Neil|date=March 5, 2013|work=]| |
'''Neil Louis Gross''' (born June 1, 1971)<ref name="Neil Gross 2013">"Neil Gross." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2013. Literature Resource Center, Accessed 13 June 2018.</ref> is the ] Professor of ] and chair of the department of sociology at ].<ref name="faculty">{{Cite web |url=https://www.colby.edu/directory/profile/neil.gross/ |title=Neil L. Gross |website=Colby College |language=en-US |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> He is also a ] of New York University’s ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/03/05/the-actual-politics-of-professors/|title=The Actual Politics of Professors|last=Gross|first=Neil|date=March 5, 2013|work=]|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> He has written several books on sociological and political topics, and also blogs for '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/author/ngross/|title=Neil Gross – The Conversation - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education|work=]|access-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref> Gross edited the ]'s journal '']'' from 2009 to 2015.<ref name="Point of Inquiry">{{cite web|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/neil_gross_why_are_professors_and_scientists_so_liberal/|title=Neil Gross - Why Are Professors (and Scientists) So Liberal?|last1=Mooney|first1=Chris|author-link=Chris Mooney (journalist)|date=April 15, 2013|work=]|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> He previously taught at the ], ], ], and at the ].<ref name="Point of Inquiry" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.colby.edu/directory/profile/?profileid=neil.gross | title=Neil L. Gross · College Directory}}</ref> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life and education == | ||
Gross grew up near ], raised by his ] and his father, a legal editor. Both of his parents were avid readers.<ref name="Hauchecorne">{{cite web|url=http://www.transeo-review.eu/What-is-the-new-sociology-of-Ideas.html|title=What is the new sociology of Ideas ? A Discussion with Charles Camic and Neil Gross|last1=Hauchecorne|first1=Mathieu|last2=Ollion|first2=Etienne|date=January 2009|work=]| |
Gross grew up near ], raised by his ] and his father, a legal editor. Both of his parents were avid readers.<ref name="Hauchecorne">{{cite web|url=http://www.transeo-review.eu/What-is-the-new-sociology-of-Ideas.html|title=What is the new sociology of Ideas ? A Discussion with Charles Camic and Neil Gross|last1=Hauchecorne|first1=Mathieu|last2=Ollion|first2=Etienne|date=January 2009|work=]|access-date=24 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210055/http://www.transeo-review.eu/What-is-the-new-sociology-of-Ideas.html|archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> | ||
Gross earned a B.A. in ] from the ] in 1992, and a Ph.D. from the ] in 2002.<ref name="Point of Inquiry" /> Before going to graduate school, Gross was a patrolman in the ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.colby.edu/magazine/patrolling-the-new-sociology/ |title=Patrolling the New Sociology |last=Boyle |first=Gerry |date=2015-10-16 |website=Colby Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> | |||
== Education == | |||
Gross earned a B.A. in ] from the ] in 1992, and a Ph.D. from the ] in 2002.<ref name="Point of Inquiry" /> | |||
== Career == | == Career == | ||
From 2004 to 2008, Gross was an assistant professor of sociology at ], after which he joined the faculty of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/4/20/neil-gross-plans-to-leave-harvard/ |title=Neil Gross Plans To Leave Harvard|website=www.thecrimson.com |language=en |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> He was the ] of '']'' for six years (2009-2015).<ref name=faculty/> In 2015, he left the University of British Columbia to become Charles A. Dana professor and chair of sociology at Colby College.<ref name=faculty/> | |||
===Biography of Richard Rorty=== | |||
⚫ | == On liberalism in academia == | ||
Gross garnered considerable attention for his 2008 book ''Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher,'' which focused on philosopher ], and has been described by philosopher Barry Allen as using Rorty's life to "build a theory of the sociology of ideas."<ref name="Neil Gross 2013"/><ref>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, http://ndpr.nd.edu/ (October 11, 2008), Barry Allen, review of Richard Rorty.</ref> Reviewing the book, sociologist Neil Mclaughlin commended Gross for his "careful archival research, innovative theoretical synthesis and substantive contributions."<ref name="Neil Gross 2013"/><ref>Canadian Journal of Sociology, September 22, 2009, Neil McLaughlin, review of Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher, pp. 1156-1160.</ref> | |||
A major focus of Gross' work has been the political leanings of university professors. He has said: "There's increasing evidence that yes, people who have college degrees do tend to be more liberal than people who don't have college degrees but when you actually unpack what's going on, it turns out that the reason that they're more liberal is because folks with more liberal views are more likely to go to college and finish four year degrees and evidence of a really strong effect of being in higher education on people's political views is beginning to look questionable... but certainly the idea that college indoctrinates students and gives them strong left leaning views, I think the evidence for that is pretty weak."<ref name="Point of Inquiry"/> | |||
⚫ | === On liberalism in academia === | ||
Gross and Solon Simmons conducted a survey of the political views of United States university faculty in 2006.<ref name="GrossSimmons2014">{{cite book|editor1-last=Gross|editor1-first=N.|editor2-last=Simmons|editor2-first=S. |title=Professors and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1vCAwAAQBAJ |chapter=The Social and Political Views of American College and University Professors |last1=Gross|first1=Neil|authorlink1=Neil Gross |last2=Simmons|first2=Solon |date=29 May 2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4214-1334-1|lccn=2013035780}}</ref>{{rp|25–26}} Sociologist Joseph Hermanowicz described the study and its conclusions as "a welcome addition to sociological literature examining higher education, which, in the case of its intersection with politics, has not received serious attention since Paul Lazarsfeld and Wagner Theilen's classic study of 1958 and Seymour Martin Lipset and Everett Carll Ladd's 1976 work."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/682889|title=Professors and Their Politics. Edited by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons.|journal=American Journal of Sociology|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|date=November 2015|volume=121|issue=3|first=Joseph C.|last=Hermanowicz}}</ref> Gross and Simmons characterized the state of scholarship on the topic: "In the 1990s, a few sociologists continued to produce high-quality work on the topic. But an unfortunate tendency became evident: increasingly, those social scientists who turned their attention to professors and politics and employed the tools of survey research had as their goal simply to ''highlight'' the liberalism of the professoriate in order to provide support for conservatives urging the political reform of American colleges and universities. The past twenty years or so have witnessed a concerted mobilization on the part of conservative activists, think tanks, foundations and professors aimed at challenging so-called liberal hegemony in higher education, and much recent research on faculty political views has been beholden to this program."<ref name="GrossSimmons2014"/>{{rp|20}} A critic of Gross, Mark Brow, nonetheless recognized Gross' impact: "Perhaps one of the most prolific apologists of the liberal professoriate has been professor of sociology Neil Gross."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why There Are No Conservative Professors and Why Do Conservatives Care: Implications for Christian Scholarship|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10656219.2017.1331776|first=Mark V.|last=Brow|journal=Journal of Research on Christian Education|date=August 16, 2017|volume=26|issue=2|pages=211–22|doi=10.1080/10656219.2017.1331776}}</ref> | |||
Another focus of Gross' work has been the political leanings of university professors. With Solon Simmons, he began in 2006 a survey of 1417 faculty members at 927 United States universities, colleges, and community colleges, called the ''Politics of the American Professoriate''.<ref name="GrossSimmons2007">{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot bypass-->|last1=Gross|first1=Neil|author-link1=Neil Gross |last2=Simmons|first2=Solon |title=The Social and Political Views of American Professors |journal=(working paper) |date=September 24, 2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.147.6141}}</ref><ref name="GrossSimmons2014">{{cite book|editor1-last=Gross|editor1-first=N.|editor2-last=Simmons|editor2-first=S. |title=Professors and Their Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1vCAwAAQBAJ |chapter=The Social and Political Views of American College and University Professors |last1=Gross|first1=Neil|author-link1=Neil Gross |last2=Simmons|first2=Solon |date=29 May 2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4214-1334-1|lccn=2013035780}}</ref>{{rp|25–26}}<ref name="JaschikOct2007">{{cite web |last1=Jaschik |first1=Scott |title=The Liberal (and Moderating) Professoriate |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/10/08/liberal-and-moderating-professoriate |website=] |access-date=June 15, 2018 |date=October 8, 2007}}</ref> '']'' reported that several experts said that the survey data "may become the definitive source for understanding professors' political views."<ref name="JaschikOct2007"/> Gross published an extensive analysis of this work in the 2013 book ''Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?''<ref name="GrossSimmons2013">{{cite book|last=Gross|first=Neil|title=Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-VLm9EcghoC|publisher=]|date=2013|isbn=9780674059092|lccn=2012031469}}</ref> He and Simmons further analyzed the field of research in their 2014 compilation ''Professors and Their Politics''.<ref name="GrossSimmons2014"/>{{rp|25–26}} Sociologist Joseph Hermanowicz described ''Professors and Their Politics'' as an important work, on a par with "] and Wagner Theilen's classic study of 1958 and ] and ]'s 1976 work."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Professors and Their Politics. Edited by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons.|journal=American Journal of Sociology|date=November 2015|volume=121|issue=3|pages = 983–985|first=Joseph C.|last=Hermanowicz|doi=10.1086/682889}}</ref> Gross has found, along with numerous other researchers, that there are more liberals than conservatives in university faculty,<ref name="GrossSimmons2014"/>{{rp|25–26}} but he has also said that there is relatively little evidence that students are indoctrinated into liberal opinions during college.<ref name="Point of Inquiry"/> In a field of study where experts disagree,<ref name="Forum">{{cite journal|last1=Rothman|first1=Stanley|last2=Lichter|first2=S. Robert|last3=Nevitte|first3=Neil|title=Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty|journal=The Forum|volume=3|issue=1|year=2005|doi=10.2202/1540-8884.1067|url=http://www.conservativecriminology.com/uploads/5/6/1/7/56173731/rothman_et_al.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.207.1412|s2cid=145340516 }}</ref><ref name="BBS">{{cite journal|title=Political diversity will improve social psychological science |first1=José L.|last1=Duarte |first2=Jarret T.|last2=Crawford |first3=Charlotta|last3=Stern |first4=Jonathan|last4=Haidt|author-link4=Jonathan Haidt |first5=Lee|last5=Jussim|author-link5=Lee Jussim |first6=Philip E.|last6=Tetlock|author-link6=Philip E. Tetlock |journal=] |volume=38 |pages=e130|number=e130 |orig-year=July 18, 2014|year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X14000430 |pmid=25036715}}</ref><ref name="OSO">{{cite book|author1=Jon A. Shields|author2=Joshua M. Dunn Sr.|title=Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University|date=March 2016|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199863051.001.0001|publisher=]|language=en|oclc=965380745|isbn=9780199863051}}</ref><ref name="Ames">{{cite journal|title=Hide the Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty."|first1=Barry|last1=Ames|first2=David C.|last2=Barker|first3=Chris W.|last3=Bonneau|first4=Chris J.|last4=Carman|date=12 September 2007|ssrn = 1012734}}</ref> and some have taken opposing views specifically on Gross' methods and interpretations,<ref name="Tetlock">{{cite journal |last1=Tetlock|first1=Philip E.|author-link1=Philip E. Tetlock |last2=Mitchell|first2=Gregory |title=Why so Few Conservatives and Should we Care? |journal=] |date=February 2015 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=28–34 |doi=10.1007/s12115-014-9850-6 |s2cid=144878612 |department=Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia}}</ref><ref name="WoessnerSociety">{{cite journal |last1=Woessner|first1=Matthew |last2=Kelly-Woessner|first2=April |title=Reflections on academic liberalism and conservative criticism |journal=] |date=February 2015 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |department=Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia |doi=10.1007/s12115-014-9864-0|s2cid=145584445 }}</ref><ref name="Yancey2015">{{cite journal |last1=Yancey |first1=George |author-link1=George Yancey |title=Both/and instead of either/or |journal=] |date=February 2015 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=23–27 |doi=10.1007/s12115-014-9854-2 |s2cid=144153781 |department=Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia}}</ref><ref name="MarsdenSociety">{{cite journal |last1=Marsden|first1=George M.|author-link1=George Marsden |title=Religious discrimination in academia |journal=] |date=February 2015 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |department=Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia |doi=10.1007/s12115-014-9853-3|s2cid=144749284 }}</ref> he has also criticized what he sees as conservative political bias intentionally distorting the results of demographic research on campus politics.<ref name="GrossSimmons2014"/>{{rp|20}} | |||
== |
== Works == | ||
=== Articles === | |||
⚫ | * "Pragmatism, Phenomenology, and Twentieth-Century American Sociology" - in ''Sociology in America: A History'', ], ed. 2008. {{ISBN|9780226090955}} | ||
* Comments on Searle, ''Anthropological Theory'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 6, <abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1, March 2006, <abbr>p.</abbr> 55 <small>(</small>{{Doi|10.1177/1463499606061734}}) | |||
=== Books === | |||
⚫ | * "Pragmatism, Phenomenology, and Twentieth-Century American Sociology" - in ''Sociology in America: A History'', ], ed. 2008. {{ISBN|9780226090955}} | ||
* ''Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher''- 2008. {{ISBN|9780226309903}} | * ''Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher''- 2008. {{ISBN|9780226309903}} | ||
* ''Social Knowledge in the Making'' - co-edited with ] and ]. 2011. | * ''Social Knowledge in the Making'' - co-edited with ] and ]. 2011. | ||
* ''Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?'' - 2013. {{ISBN|9780674059092}} | * ''Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?'' - 2013. {{ISBN|9780674059092}} | ||
* ''Professors and Their Politics'' - co-edited with ]. 2014. {{ISBN|9781421413341}} | * ''Professors and Their Politics'' - co-edited with ]. 2014. {{ISBN|9781421413341}} | ||
* ''Walk the Walk, How Three Police Chiefs Defied the Odds and Changed Cop Culture''. 2023. {{ISBN|9781250777522}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
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{{US-sociologist-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 16:07, 9 January 2025
American sociologist and academicNeil Louis Gross (born June 1, 1971) is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Sociology and chair of the department of sociology at Colby College. He is also a visiting scholar of New York University’s Institute for Public Knowledge. He has written several books on sociological and political topics, and also blogs for The Chronicle of Higher Education. Gross edited the American Sociological Association's journal Sociological Theory from 2009 to 2015. He previously taught at the University of Southern California, Harvard University, Princeton University, and at the University of British Columbia.
Early life and education
Gross grew up near Berkeley, California, raised by his stay-at-home mother and his father, a legal editor. Both of his parents were avid readers.
Gross earned a B.A. in Legal Studies from the University of California, Berkeley in 1992, and a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2002. Before going to graduate school, Gross was a patrolman in the Berkeley Police Department in Berkeley, California.
Career
From 2004 to 2008, Gross was an assistant professor of sociology at Harvard University, after which he joined the faculty of the University of British Columbia. He was the editor-in-chief of Sociological Theory for six years (2009-2015). In 2015, he left the University of British Columbia to become Charles A. Dana professor and chair of sociology at Colby College.
Biography of Richard Rorty
Gross garnered considerable attention for his 2008 book Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher, which focused on philosopher Richard Rorty, and has been described by philosopher Barry Allen as using Rorty's life to "build a theory of the sociology of ideas." Reviewing the book, sociologist Neil Mclaughlin commended Gross for his "careful archival research, innovative theoretical synthesis and substantive contributions."
On liberalism in academia
Another focus of Gross' work has been the political leanings of university professors. With Solon Simmons, he began in 2006 a survey of 1417 faculty members at 927 United States universities, colleges, and community colleges, called the Politics of the American Professoriate. Inside Higher Ed reported that several experts said that the survey data "may become the definitive source for understanding professors' political views." Gross published an extensive analysis of this work in the 2013 book Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? He and Simmons further analyzed the field of research in their 2014 compilation Professors and Their Politics. Sociologist Joseph Hermanowicz described Professors and Their Politics as an important work, on a par with "Paul Lazarsfeld and Wagner Theilen's classic study of 1958 and Seymour Martin Lipset and Everett Carll Ladd's 1976 work." Gross has found, along with numerous other researchers, that there are more liberals than conservatives in university faculty, but he has also said that there is relatively little evidence that students are indoctrinated into liberal opinions during college. In a field of study where experts disagree, and some have taken opposing views specifically on Gross' methods and interpretations, he has also criticized what he sees as conservative political bias intentionally distorting the results of demographic research on campus politics.
Works
Articles
- Comments on Searle, Anthropological Theory, vol. 6, n 1, March 2006, p. 55 (doi:10.1177/1463499606061734)
Books
- "Pragmatism, Phenomenology, and Twentieth-Century American Sociology" - in Sociology in America: A History, Craig Calhoun, ed. 2008. ISBN 9780226090955
- Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher- 2008. ISBN 9780226309903
- Social Knowledge in the Making - co-edited with Charles Camic and Michèle Lamont. 2011.
- Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? - 2013. ISBN 9780674059092
- Professors and Their Politics - co-edited with Solon Simmons. 2014. ISBN 9781421413341
- Walk the Walk, How Three Police Chiefs Defied the Odds and Changed Cop Culture. 2023. ISBN 9781250777522
References
- ^ "Neil Gross." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2013. Literature Resource Center, Accessed 13 June 2018.
- ^ "Neil L. Gross". Colby College. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- Gross, Neil (March 5, 2013). "The Actual Politics of Professors". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
- "Neil Gross – The Conversation - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
- ^ Mooney, Chris (April 15, 2013). "Neil Gross - Why Are Professors (and Scientists) So Liberal?". Point of Inquiry. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
- "Neil L. Gross · College Directory".
- Hauchecorne, Mathieu; Ollion, Etienne (January 2009). "What is the new sociology of Ideas ? A Discussion with Charles Camic and Neil Gross". Transeo Review. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Boyle, Gerry (2015-10-16). "Patrolling the New Sociology". Colby Magazine. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- "Neil Gross Plans To Leave Harvard". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, http://ndpr.nd.edu/ (October 11, 2008), Barry Allen, review of Richard Rorty.
- Canadian Journal of Sociology, September 22, 2009, Neil McLaughlin, review of Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher, pp. 1156-1160.
- Gross, Neil; Simmons, Solon (September 24, 2007). "The Social and Political Views of American Professors". (working paper). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.147.6141.
- ^ Gross, Neil; Simmons, Solon (29 May 2014). "The Social and Political Views of American College and University Professors". In Gross, N.; Simmons, S. (eds.). Professors and Their Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1334-1. LCCN 2013035780.
- ^ Jaschik, Scott (October 8, 2007). "The Liberal (and Moderating) Professoriate". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
- Gross, Neil (2013). Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674059092. LCCN 2012031469.
- Hermanowicz, Joseph C. (November 2015). "Professors and Their Politics. Edited by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons". American Journal of Sociology. 121 (3): 983–985. doi:10.1086/682889.
- Rothman, Stanley; Lichter, S. Robert; Nevitte, Neil (2005). "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty" (PDF). The Forum. 3 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.207.1412. doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1067. S2CID 145340516.
- Duarte, José L.; Crawford, Jarret T.; Stern, Charlotta; Haidt, Jonathan; Jussim, Lee; Tetlock, Philip E. (2015) . "Political diversity will improve social psychological science". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 38 (e130): e130. doi:10.1017/S0140525X14000430. PMID 25036715.
- Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn Sr. (March 2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199863051.001.0001. ISBN 9780199863051. OCLC 965380745.
- Ames, Barry; Barker, David C.; Bonneau, Chris W.; Carman, Chris J. (12 September 2007). "Hide the Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty."". SSRN 1012734.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Tetlock, Philip E.; Mitchell, Gregory (February 2015). "Why so Few Conservatives and Should we Care?". Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia. Society. 52 (1): 28–34. doi:10.1007/s12115-014-9850-6. S2CID 144878612.
- Woessner, Matthew; Kelly-Woessner, April (February 2015). "Reflections on academic liberalism and conservative criticism". Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia. Society. 52 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1007/s12115-014-9864-0. S2CID 145584445.
- Yancey, George (February 2015). "Both/and instead of either/or". Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia. Society. 52 (1): 23–27. doi:10.1007/s12115-014-9854-2. S2CID 144153781.
- Marsden, George M. (February 2015). "Religious discrimination in academia". Symposium: Liberals and Conservatives in Academia. Society. 52 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1007/s12115-014-9853-3. S2CID 144749284.