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{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Jewish Polish history}} {{Jewish Polish history}}
{{Jews by country}} {{Jews by country}}


From the ] until the ], ] comprised an appreciable part of ]'s population. The ], known for its ]<ref name="Hugh">Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'', University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in '''' by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in '''' (Walburg Instituut, 1994).</ref> and described as '']'' (] for "] of the Jews"),<ref name="Haumannp30">{{Cite book|last=Haumann|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|title=A History of East European Jews|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789639241268|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Gellerp20">{{cite book|last=Geller|first=Ewa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319924809|editor1-last=Moskalewicz|editor1-first=Marcin|page=20 (13–26)|chapter=Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought|editor2-last=Caumanns|editor2-first=Ute|editor3-last=Dross|editor3-first=Fritz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Despard|first=Matthew K.|date=2015-01-02|title=In Search of a Polish Past|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=62|issue=1|pages=40–43|doi=10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenfeld|first=Gavriel D.|date=September 2016|title=Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews|journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust|volume=30|issue=3|pages=258–273|doi=10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550|s2cid=191753083|issn=2325-6249}}</ref><ref name="Elphick2019">{{cite book|author=Daniel Elphick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KCsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries|date=3 October 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49367-3|page=18}}</ref> had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ].
From the ] until the ] ], ] comprised an appreciable part of the general ] population. The ], known as a "]" for its religious tolerance, had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries—though, at times, discrimination against Jews surfaced in Poland, as it did elsewhere in Europe. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ].


At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The vast majority were killed in the ] during the ] occupation of Poland, under the ] "]" mass-extermination program. Only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War. At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "]" mass-extermination program in ] during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.

Since massive postwar emigration, the Polish-Jewish population has stood at somewhere between 50,000 and 200,000.


The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry. The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.
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===Politicians=== ===Politicians===
* ] (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ] (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ], Israeli politician and former software entrepreneur * ], Israeli prime minister and former software entrepreneur
* ] (1901–1984), Polish communist, Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), in charge of State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), the largest and the most notorious secret police force in the history of the People's Republic of Poland, * ] (1901–1984), Polish communist, Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), in charge of State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), the largest and the most notorious secret police force in the history of the People's Republic of Poland,
* ] (1925–1987), American politician<ref></ref> * ] (1925–1987), American politician<ref></ref>
* ] (1880-1942), member of Warsaw Municipal Council; Polish Senator; head of the Jewish Council under the Nazi Germans; committed suicide when the Germans requested that the children will be deported * ] (1880–1942), member of Warsaw Municipal Council; Polish Senator; head of the Jewish Council under the Nazi Germans; committed suicide when the Germans requested that the children will be deported
* ] (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm<ref></ref> * ] (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm<ref></ref>
* ], Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs * ], Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
⚫ * ] (1917–1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
* ], American politician and businessman
* ], ] between 2010 and 2015
⚫ * ] (1917 – 1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
* ] (1825–1906), Polish politician<ref></ref> * ] (1825–1906), Polish politician<ref></ref>
* ], ] from 2015, Jewish grandfather, not Jewish in faith * ], ] from 2015, Jewish grandfather, not Jewish in faith
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* ] (1888–1960), British politician<ref></ref> * ] (1888–1960), British politician<ref></ref>
* ], Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw * ], Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw
* ] (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)<ref></ref> * ] (1923–2016), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)<ref></ref>
* ], Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs * ], Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ] (1915-2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1915–2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ], Israeli President 1963 to 1973 * ], Israeli President 1963 to 1973
⚫ * ] (1882–1955), Polish politician<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |title=Notes for an Autobiography<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-12-20 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044745/http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (of Jewish descent)
* Avraham Stern (1907-1942), poet, politician, hero, murdered by British secret service agent in Tel Aviv; born in Suwalki, Poland
⚫ * ] (1882–1955), Polish politician<ref></ref> (of Jewish descent)
* ], politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly '']'' * ], politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly '']''
* ] (1902–1977), American politician<ref></ref> * ] (1902–1977), American politician<ref></ref>
* ], political scientist, former Deputy ] * ], political scientist, former Deputy ]
* ], Russian politician, founder and the leader of the ] * ], Russian politician, founder and the leader of the ]
* ], First Lady of Poland


===Others=== ===Others===
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* ], commander of the Stalinist political police * ], commander of the Stalinist political police
* ], leader of the ] (1943-1944) * ], leader of the ] (1943-1944)
* ] (1444-ca.1510), traveler, interpreter<ref></ref> * ] (1444–ca.1510), traveler, interpreter<ref></ref>
* ], Soviet agent in the United States * ], Soviet agent in the United States
* ], Polish journalist * ], Polish journalist
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* ], Stalinist official * ], Stalinist official
* ], commanded the first Jewish military formation in modern history * ], commanded the first Jewish military formation in modern history
* ], political activist and human rights campaigner (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Jews for Justice for Palestinians, Independent Jewish Voices), mother of David and Ed Miliband.
* ], American organized crime figure * ], American organized crime figure
* Sir ], British judge<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905221046/http://ejil.org/journal/Vol8/No2/art6.html |date=2005-09-05 }}</ref> * Sir ], British judge<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905221046/http://ejil.org/journal/Vol8/No2/art6.html |date=2005-09-05 }}</ref>
* ] (1871-1919), ] revolutionary<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary| author=Annette Insdorf| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1331F932A05756C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print| publisher=The New York Times| date=1987-05-31}}</ref> * ] (1871–1919), ] revolutionary<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary| author=Annette Insdorf| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1331F932A05756C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print| work=The New York Times| date=1987-05-31}}</ref>
* ], Australian general * ], Australian general
⚫ * ], Polish count who converted to Judaism
* ], wife of ]
⚫ * ], the Polish count who converted to Judaism
* ], German literary critic * ], German literary critic
* ], French fashion designer * ], French fashion designer
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* ], Stalinist prosecutor, wife of ] * ], Stalinist prosecutor, wife of ]
* ], physician, inventor, and writer; creator of Esperanto * ], physician, inventor, and writer; creator of Esperanto
* ], Canadian socialist activist, representative of the Marxist-Leninist<ref>]</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=May 2018}} party in his Ontario riding.


===Sovereign Polish Armed Forces=== ===Sovereign Polish Armed Forces===
* ], Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies * ], Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
* ], member of the Austrio--Hungarian Army, 1914-1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918-1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of ] and, in command of the ], fought against the Germans in 1939 * ], member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of ] and, in command of the ], fought against the Germans in 1939
* ], Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his ]; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film ''Schindler's List'' was based on * ], Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his ]; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film ''Schindler's List'' was based on
* ], Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD * ], Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD


==Religious figures== ==Religious figures==
⚫ * ], preacher (meggid) from Dubno
* ], professor of Hebrew<ref>'']'': born in Poland of Jewish parents</ref> * ], professor of Hebrew<ref>'']'': born in Poland of Jewish parents</ref>
* ] (1831–1914), Hebraist, converted to Christianity<ref>British '']''</ref> * ] (1831–1914), Hebraist, converted to Christianity<ref>British '']''</ref>
⚫ * ] (1807–1864), missionary; moved to England<ref name="ReferenceA">Concise '']''</ref>
⚫ * ] (1670–1756), rabbi<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}</ref>

⚫ * ] (1807-1864), missionary; moved to England<ref name="ReferenceA">Concise '']''</ref>
===Rabbis===
* ] (b. 1943), Catholic priest<ref></ref>
⚫ * Rabbi ], preacher (meggid) from Dubno
⚫ * ]<ref></ref> (1550-1583), co-signer of the ] laws; chief rabbi of ]
⚫ * ] (1670–1756), rabbi<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}</ref>
* ], Talmudic scholar from Tuszyn, Poland
⚫ * Rabbi ]<ref></ref> (1550–1583), co-signer of the ] laws; chief rabbi of ]
* ], Talmudic scholar from Tuszyn, Poland
* Rabbi ], Warsaw Rabbinate
* ], Talmudic scholar from Warsaw, Poland
* Rabbi ]
* ], rabbi and Talmudic scholar from Frankfurt, Germany, moved to Warsaw
* Rabbi ] (1798 – March 10, 1866), also known as the ''Chiddushei HaRim''. First Gerrer Rebbe
* ], Chief Rabbi of Staszow, and Talmudic scholar
* Rabbi ] (1847–1905), also known as the ''Sfas Emes''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1870 to 1905.
* ], Rosh Yeshiva in Staszow, Poland, and Talmudic scholar
* Rabbi ] (December 25, 1866 – June 3, 1948), also known as the ''Imrei Emes''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1905 to 1948.
* Rabbi ] (October 12, 1895 – February 20, 1977), also known as the ''Beis Yisroel''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1948 to 1977.
* Rabbi ] (April 6, 1898 – August 6, 1992), also known as the ''Lev Simcha''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1977 to 1992.
* Rabbi ] (June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the ''Pnei Menachem''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1992 to 1996.
* Rabbi ] (b. 1939), Gerrer Rebbe from 1996 to the present
* Rabbi ] (1798 – March 21, 1870)
* Rabbi ] (March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), rabbi of ], founder of ], and creator of ]


==Academics== ==Academics==
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* ], Nobel Prize winner (2007) * ], Nobel Prize winner (2007)
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (1905-1974) * ] (1905–1974)
* ] * ]


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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]


===Philosophers=== ===Philosophers===
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crosswhite |first1=James |title=Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom |date=2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0226016344 |pages=48–49}}</ref>
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]


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* ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992) * ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992)
* ], physicist * ], physicist
⚫ * ], (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian
* ], microbiologist and scientist * ], microbiologist and scientist
* ] (born 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981) * ] (b. 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981)
* ], physicist * ], physicist
* ], immunologist * ], immunologist
* ], computer scientist * ], computer scientist
* ]<ref></ref> (1852-1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907) * ]<ref></ref> (1852–1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907)
⚫ * ], jurist
* ] (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of ]
* ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944) * ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944)
* ], Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of ] * ], Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of ]
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* ], sociologist, historian, politician and director of the ] * ], sociologist, historian, politician and director of the ]
* ], founder of astronautics * ], founder of astronautics
* ] (1762-1842), inventor
⚫ * ], Jurist
⚫ * ], (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian


==Historians== ==Historians==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (1916-1980), historian; made ] to Israel<ref>'']'', Jacob Talmon</ref> * ] (1916–1980), historian; made ] to Israel<ref>'']'', Jacob Talmon</ref>
* ] * ]


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===Artists=== ===Artists===
* ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], Polish-Jewish painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ]<ref></ref> * ], Polish-Jewish painter<ref></ref>
* ], painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander ] during ] * ], painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander ] during ]
* ], Polish-Jewish painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], Polish-Jewish sculptor
* ], American-British sculptor * ], American-British sculptor
* ], Polish-Jewish oil painter * ], Polish-Jewish oil painter
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* ], Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver * ], Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver
* ], French comics editor and writer * ], French comics editor and writer
* ] (b. 1925), painter; immigrated to Israel<ref>Richard McBee, '']'', July 4, 2003.</ref> * ] (1925-2018), painter; immigrated to Israel<ref>Richard McBee, '']'', July 4, 2003.</ref>
* ] (b. 1916), artist<ref>Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.</ref> * ] (1916-2009), artist<ref>Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.</ref>
* ], Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator * ], Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator
* ] (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer * ] (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer
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* ], painter, illustrator, graphic artist * ], painter, illustrator, graphic artist
* ] (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * ] (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ], Polish-Jewish painter and protégé of ]


===Musicians=== ===Musicians===
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* ], composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia * ], composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia
* ], composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States * ], composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States
* ], bebop jazz pianist and composer; father born in Poland
* ], conductor and violinist; born in ], ] * ], conductor and violinist; born in ], ]
* ], band leader; parents born in Poland * ], band leader; parents born in Poland
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* ] (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> (Jewish mother) * ] (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> (Jewish mother)
* ] (1900-1973), composer and conductor * ] (1900-1973), composer and conductor
* ] (born 1965), polish pianist and composer<ref>{{Citation |title=Slawomir Kowalinski |date=2022-02-25 |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Slawomir_Kowalinski&oldid=220585183 |work=Misplaced Pages |language=de |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
* ] (5 July 1879 - 16 August 1959), harpsichordist
* ] vocalist and bassist for ], (Parents born in Poland)
* ] (1895-1979)
* ], pianist, born in Lwow * ], pianist, born in Lwow
* ] (26 May 1910 - 8 August 1976)
* ], pianist * ], pianist
* ], violinist * ], violinist
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* ], pianist and composer * ], pianist and composer
* ] (1902-1977), composer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> * ] (1902-1977), composer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref>
* ]


===Screen and stage=== ===Screen and stage===
* ] * ] (born 1941)
* ] (1908-1980), film director<ref>http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander</ref> * ] (1908-1980), film director<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander|title=YIVO &#124; Ford, Aleksander}}</ref>
* ] (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director<ref>Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref> * ] (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org">Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref>
* ] (born 1932), film director and screenwriter<ref>http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema</ref> * ] (born 1932), film director and screenwriter<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema|title=YIVO &#124; Cinema}}</ref>
* ] (born 1948), ] and writer (Jewish father)<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DE153BF93BA3575BC0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | work=The New York Times | title=Holland Without a Country | first=Roger | last=Cohen | date=1993-08-08 | accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> * ] (born 1948), ] and writer (Jewish father)<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DE153BF93BA3575BC0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | work=The New York Times | title=Holland Without a Country | first=Roger | last=Cohen | date=1993-08-08 | access-date=2011-09-13}}</ref>
* ] (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref> * ] (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ] (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref> * ] (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ] (1892–1953), opera singer, emigrated to Argentina
⚫ * ]
* ] (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ] (1937-2021), film, television, theatre and radio actor, comedian<ref></ref>
⚫ * ] (born 1940)
*] (1921-1961), film director and screenwriter, one of the creators of the Polish Film School
* ] (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ] (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England<ref></ref> * ] (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England<ref></ref>
* ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |title=Piotr Skrzynecki<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132842/http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ] (1909-1995), film educator, director, writer<ref>"British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.</ref> * ] (1909-1995), film educator, director, writer<ref>"British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.</ref>
* ] (1887-1957), actor, writer, singer and director working in theater and film<ref>Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref> * ] (1887-1957), actor, writer, singer and director working in theater and film<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org"/>
* ], film director; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of ] and ]<ref></ref> * ], film director; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of ] and ]<ref></ref>
* ] (1904-1965), film and theater director; film producer<ref>Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).</ref> * ] (1904-1965), film and theater director; film producer<ref>Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).</ref>
*], born Michał Feiertag, (1888-1943), stage and film actor


==Writers and poets== ==Writers and poets==
Line 235: Line 259:
* ] * ]
* ], writer and poet<ref></ref> * ], writer and poet<ref></ref>
* ] (1916-2000), writer<ref></ref> * ] (1916-2000), writer<ref></ref>
* ], writer and screenwriter * ], writer and screenwriter
* ] * ]
*] (1917–1943), journalist, diarist *] (1917-1943), journalist, diarist
* ]
* ], writer and feminist * ], writer and feminist
* ] * ]
* ], writer * ], writer
* ]
* ] (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)<ref></ref> * ] (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)<ref></ref>
* ] (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ] (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ] (Jewish mother)
* ], writer * ], writer
* ] * ]
* ] (1899-1968), poet<ref>], art. Stern, Anatol</ref> * ] (1899-1968), poet<ref>], art. Stern, Anatol</ref>
* ] (born 1928), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages * ] (1928-2016), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages
* ]
* ] (Jewish father) * ] (Jewish father)
* ] (1984-1953), poet * ] (1894-1953), poet
* ] (1920-1985), writer<ref></ref> * ] (1920-1985), writer<ref></ref>
* ] (1900-1967), poet<ref></ref> * ] (1900-1967), poet<ref></ref>
* ], poet<ref></ref> * ], poet<ref></ref>
* ] (1930-1994), writer


===Yiddish-language=== ===]===
* ] (1880-1957), novelist and essayist<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"/> * ] (1880-1957), novelist and essayist<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"/>
* ] (1903-1976), writer and essayist * ] (1903-1976), writer and essayist
* ] (fl. 19th-century)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3962-candia-isaac-b-saul-chmelniker|title=Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com|last=|first=|date=|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> * ] (fl. 19th-century)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3962-candia-isaac-b-saul-chmelniker|title=Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>
* ] (1802-1856), playwright and poet<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"></ref> * ] (1802-1856), playwright and poet<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"></ref>
* ] (1852-1915), author and playwright<ref></ref> * ] (1852-1915), author and playwright<ref></ref>
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==Business figures== ==Business figures==
* ], founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation * ], founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation
* ]
* ], banker, philanthropist<ref></ref>
* ], industrialist, engineer and founder of ] * ], industrialist, engineer and founder of ]
* ] (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of ]; half-brother of Prohibition-era ] ] (born Iakov Faktorowicz) * ] (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of ]; half-brother of Prohibition-era ] ] (born Iakov Faktorowicz)
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* ] (1879-1974; born Szmuel Gelbfisz), founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood * ] (1879-1974; born Szmuel Gelbfisz), founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood
* ] and ], co-founders of ] (originally Hassenfeld Brothers) * ] and ], co-founders of ] (originally Hassenfeld Brothers)
* ], marketing executive, one of the original members of both the Apple Computer Macintosh team and the NeXT team
* ] (1849-1937), banker<ref></ref> * ] (1849-1937), banker<ref></ref>
* ], impresario, brewer who emigrated to England * ], impresario, brewer who emigrated to England
* ] (born 1925), American poker player and entrepreneur<ref></ref> * ] (1925-2021), American poker player and entrepreneur<ref></ref>
* ] (1826-1904), publisher<ref></ref>
* ] (1810-1896), printer and publisher<ref></ref> * ] (1810-1896), printer and publisher<ref></ref>
* ] (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of ] * ] (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of ]
* ] (born Chaja Rubinstein), cosmetics entrepreneur, founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company
* ] (1928-2012), businessman and founder of ] * ] (1928-2012), businessman and founder of ]
* ] (born Wonsal) * ] (born Wonsal)
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** ] (1892-1978) ** ] (1892-1978)
** ] (1887-1927) ** ] (1887-1927)
* ] (Shmuel Zielonka), billionaire businessman ], lawyer and philanthropist
* ] (1727-1801), banker<ref></ref>


==Sports== ==Sports==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]<ref>'']''; immigrated to France</ref> (1887-1956) * ]<ref>'']''; immigrated to France</ref> (1887-1956)
* ] * ]
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===Fencing=== ===Fencing===


* ], épée, ] champion and Soviet champion; killed by the Nazis * ], épée, ] champion and Soviet champion; murdered by the Nazis


===Football=== ===Football===


* ], Poland national team<ref name=sporting>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-_Si5OP6cjkC&pg=PA17&dq=%22ludwik+gintel%22+jewish |title=Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII |author= Ezra Mendelsohn |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-538291-9|year= 2009|accessdate=December 24, 2010}}</ref> * ], Poland national team<ref name=sporting>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_Si5OP6cjkC&q=%22ludwik+gintel%22+jewish&pg=PA17 |title=Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII |author= Ezra Mendelsohn |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538291-4|year= 2009|access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref>
* ] (b. 1955), football manager of various football clubs and national teams (e.g. ], ], ]) * ] (born 1955), football manager of various football clubs and national teams (e.g. ], ], ])
* ], Poland national team; killed by the Nazis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |author=Eldad Beck |title=Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012 |publisher=] |date=August 9, 2010 |accessdate=December 24, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120731004503/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |archivedate=July 31, 2012 |df= }}</ref> * ], Poland national team; murdered by the Nazis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |author=Eldad Beck |title=Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012 |publisher=] |date=August 9, 2010 |access-date=December 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731004503/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |archive-date=July 31, 2012 }}</ref>
* ], spent 17 years in the ] * ], spent 17 years in the ]
* ] (1900–1941), left wing, Polish national team; killed by the Nazis in the ] * ] (1900-1941), left wing, Polish national team; murdered by the Nazis in the ]
* ], centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto * ], centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto
* ], American-born, midfield, ]


===Professional wrestling=== ===Professional wrestling===
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===Swimming=== ===Swimming===


* ], Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay; killed by the Nazis in ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/DP/lib00153,0EAF44D611BD8AC2.html |author=Tom Archdeacon |title=Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital |work= The Denver Post|date=April 26, 1998 |accessdate=December 24, 2010}}</ref> * ], Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay; murdered by the Nazis in ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/DP/lib00153,0EAF44D611BD8AC2.html |author=Tom Archdeacon |title=Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital |work= The Denver Post|date=April 26, 1998 |access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref>


===Track and field=== ===Track and field===
Line 337: Line 369:
===Weightlifting=== ===Weightlifting===


* ], Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived ] and ]; all but one family member was killed by the Nazis * ], Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived ] and ]; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis


==Holocaust survivors== ==Holocaust survivors==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
}} }}


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Poland}}
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}} {{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Polish Jews}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish Jews}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 15:28, 3 October 2024

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From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Polish Jews comprised an appreciable part of Poland's population. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known for its religious tolerance and described as Paradisus Judaeorum (Latin for "Paradise of the Jews"), had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for Ashkenazi Jews.

At the start of the Second World War, Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population). The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "Final Solution" mass-extermination program in the Holocaust in Poland during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.

The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.

Historical figures

Politicians

Others

Graves of Polish Jews among the fallen soldiers of the Polish Defensive War of 1939; Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw

Sovereign Polish Armed Forces

  • Berek Joselewicz, Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
  • Bernard Mond, member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of Brigade General and, in command of the 6th Infantry Division (Poland), fought against the Germans in 1939
  • Poldek Pfefferberg, Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his sergeant major; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film Schindler's List was based on
  • Baruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD

Religious figures

Rabbis

Academics

Economists

Mathematicians

Philosophers

Sciences

Historians

Cultural figures

Artists

Musicians

Screen and stage

Writers and poets

Polish-language

Yiddish-language

Business figures

Sports

Baseball

Chess

Fencing

Football

Professional wrestling

Swimming

Track and field

  • Myer Prinstein, Olympic long-jumper from Szczuczyn, Poland
  • Irena Szewińska, sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
  • Jadwiga Wajs, two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)

Weightlifting

  • Ben Helfgott, Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived Buchenwald and Theresienstadt; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis

Holocaust survivors

See also

References

  1. Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution, University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in Britain and the Netherlands by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in The exchange of ideas (Walburg Instituut, 1994).
  2. Haumann, Heiko (2002-01-01). A History of East European Jews. Central European University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9789639241268.
  3. Geller, Ewa (2018). "Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought". In Moskalewicz, Marcin; Caumanns, Ute; Dross, Fritz (eds.). Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe. Springer. p. 20 (13–26). ISBN 9783319924809.
  4. Despard, Matthew K. (2015-01-02). "In Search of a Polish Past". Jewish Quarterly. 62 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393. ISSN 0449-010X.
  5. Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (September 2016). "Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 30 (3): 258–273. doi:10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550. ISSN 2325-6249. S2CID 191753083.
  6. Daniel Elphick (3 October 2019). Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-108-49367-3.
  7. "Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
  8. Menachem Begin – Biography
  9. David Ben-Gurion The First Prime Minister
  10. The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Burton
  11. PRZEKRÓJ - Trzeci Kaczyński
  12. Catholic Encyclopedia: Julian Klaczko
  13. RP.pl: David Miliband
  14. Factmonster: Namier
  15. Shimon Peres – Biography
  16. Yitzhak Shamir – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  17. "Notes for an Autobiography". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  18. Looking for The Political Graveyard?
  19. Canadian Jewish News
  20. Gaspar da Gama
  21. Tributes to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Archived 2005-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Annette Insdorf (1987-05-31). "Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary". The New York Times.
  23. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: born in Poland of Jewish parents
  24. British Dictionary of National Biography
  25. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography
  26. Jewish Encyclopedia Archived 2008-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  27. Jewish Encyclopedia: Elijah Ba'al Shem
  28. Crosswhite, James (2013). Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0226016344.
  29. Jewish Nobel Prize Winners
  30. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jacob Talmon
  31. The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language
  32. Richard McBee, “Itshak Holtz: Jewish Genre Painting,” The Jewish Press, July 4, 2003.
  33. Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.
  34. British Concise Dictionary of National Biography
  35. Stars of David Audio Encyclopedia
  36. "Slawomir Kowalinski", Misplaced Pages (in German), 2022-02-25, retrieved 2022-03-19
  37. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  38. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  39. "YIVO | Ford, Aleksander".
  40. ^ Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.
  41. "YIVO | Cinema".
  42. Cohen, Roger (1993-08-08). "Holland Without a Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  43. Jewish Film Festival
  44. Jewish Film Festival
  45. Zyciorysy.info: Krzysztof Kowalewski
  46. IMDb: Roman Polanski
  47. Jewish Women's Archive
  48. "Piotr Skrzynecki". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  49. "British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.
  50. Jewish Film Festival
  51. Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).
  52. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  53. Kazimierz Brandys – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  54. YIVO: Boleslaw Lesmian
  55. List Teodora Parnickiego do Jerzego Giedroycia
  56. Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Stern, Anatol
  57. David Frum on National Review Online
  58. Aleksander Wat: Life and Art of an Iconoclast
  59. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  60. ^ Classical Yiddish Authors
  61. "Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  62. Warsaw Stories: Peretz
  63. YIVO: Aleksander Zederbaum
  64. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  65. Tom Gross Mideast Media Archive: Henry Orenstein
  66. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  67. Encyclopaedia Judaica; immigrated to France
  68. Ezra Mendelsohn (2009). Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538291-4. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  69. Eldad Beck (August 9, 2010). "Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012". European Jewish Congress. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  70. Tom Archdeacon (April 26, 1998). "Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
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