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'''''Ligustrum sinense''''' ('''Chinese privet''';<ref name=usda/> syn. ''L. villosum''; in Mandarin: 杻; pinyin: chǒu) is a species of ] native to ], ] and ].<ref name=foc>Flora of China: </ref> It is also naturalized in ], the ], ], ], ], ] and much of the eastern and southern United States (from ] and ] north to ], ], ], ] and ]).<ref></ref><ref></ref> '']'' is sometimes also called "Chinese privet". '''''Ligustrum sinense''''' ('''Chinese privet''';<ref name=usda/> syn. ''L. villosum''; in Mandarin: 杻; pinyin: chǒu) is a species of ] native to ], ] and ],<ref name=foc>Flora of China: </ref> and naturalized in ], the ], ], ], ], ] and much of the eastern and southern United States (from ] and ] north to ], ], ], ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=353849 |title=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Ligustrum sinense'' |access-date=2014-04-27 |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612110104/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=353849 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref></ref> The name "Chinese privet" may also refer to '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ligustrum lucidum'' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/10103/ligustrum-lucidum/details |publisher=] |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>


== Description ==
''Ligustrum sinense'' is an ] ] growing to 2–7 m tall, with densely hairy shoots. The ] are opposite, 2–7&nbsp;cm long and 1–3&nbsp;cm broad, rarely larger, with an entire margin and a 2–8&nbsp;mm ]. The ]s are white, with a four-lobed ] 3.5–5.5&nbsp;mm long. The ] is subglobose, 5–8&nbsp;mm diameter.<ref name=foc/><ref></ref> ''Ligustrum sinense'' is a ] ] growing to 2–7 m tall, with densely hairy shoots. The leaves are opposite, 2–7&nbsp;cm long and 1–3&nbsp;cm broad, rarely larger, with an entire margin and a 2–8&nbsp;mm ]. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed ] 3.5–5.5&nbsp;mm long. The fruit is ], 5–8&nbsp;mm diameter,<ref name=foc/><ref></ref> and considered poisonous.<ref>{{cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert L. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=1980 |isbn=0-394-50760-6 |page=655}}</ref>
]


== Varieties ==
The following ] are accepted by the ]:<ref name=foc/> The following ] are accepted by the ]:<ref name=foc/>
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''sinense'' * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''sinense''
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''concavum'' {{au|M.C.Chang}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''concavum'' {{au|M.C.Chang}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''coryanum'' {{au|(W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''coryanum'' {{au|(W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''dissimile'' {{au|S.J.Hao}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''dissimile'' {{au|S.J.Hao}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''luodianense'' {{au|M.C.Chang}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''luodianense'' {{au|M.C.Chang}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''myrianthum'' {{au|(Diels) Hoefker}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''myrianthum'' {{au|(Diels) Hoefker}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''opienense'' {{au|Y.C.Yang}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''opienense'' {{au|Y.C.Yang}}
*''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''rugosulum'' {{au|(W.W.Sm.) M.C.Chang}} * ''Ligustrum sinense'' var. ''rugosulum'' {{au|(W.W.Sm.) M.C.Chang}}


==Cultivation and uses== ==Cultivation and uses==
] ]
It is cultivated as an ] and for ]. Several ]s have been selected, including the very floriferous 'Multiflorum', the ] cultivar 'Variegatum', and the dwarf cultivar 'Wimbei' growing to 0.5 m and with leaves only 6&nbsp;mm long.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> It is cultivated as an ] and for ]. Several ]s have been selected, including the very ] 'Multiflorum', the ] cultivar 'Variegatum', and the dwarf cultivar 'Wimbei' growing to 0.5 m and with leaves only 6&nbsp;mm long.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>


⚫ It was introduced to North America to be used for hedges and landscaping where it has now escaped from cultivation and is listed as an ] in southeastern states.<ref name=usda>USDA Plants Profile: </ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/midatlantic.pdf |title=Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th Edition |last1=Swearingen |first1=Jil |last2=Reshetiloff |first2=K. |last3=Slattery |first3=B |last4=Zwicker |first4=S. |year=2010 |publisher=National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |page=71}} This reference lists ''L. vulgare'', ''L. obtusifolium'', ''L. ovalifolium'', and ''L. sinense'' as invasive.</ref> It is estimated that Chinese privet now occupies over one million hectares of land across 12 states ranging from ] to ] and west to ], with detrimental effects to biodiversity and forest health.<ref name=hanula>Hanula, J.L, Horn, S., Taylor, J.W. (2009). Chinese Privet (''Ligustrum sinense'') Removal and its Effect on Native Plant Communities of Riparian Forests. Invasive Plant Science and Management 2:292-300. {{doi|10.1614/IPSM-09-028.1}}</ref> {{clear|left}}
It has also been used as a popular ] tree.

⚫ It was introduced to North America to be used for hedges and landscaping where it has now escaped from cultivation and is listed as an ] in southeastern states.<ref name=usda>USDA Plants Profile: </ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/midatlantic.pdf | title=Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th Edition |last1=Swearingen |first1=Jil |last2=Reshetiloff |first2=K. |last3=Slattery |first3=B |last4=Zwicker |first4=S. | year=2010 |publisher=National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |page=71}} This reference lists ''L. vulgare'', ''L. obtusifolium'', ''L. ovalifolium'', and ''L. sinense'' as invasive.</ref> It is estimated that Chinese privet now occupies over one million hectares of land across 12 states ranging from ] to ] and west to ], with detrimental effects to biodiversity and forest health.<ref name=hanula>Hanula, J.L, Horn, S., Taylor, J.W. (2009). Chinese Privet (''Ligustrum sinense'') Removal and its Effect on Native Plant Communities of Riparian Forests. Invasive Plant Science and Management 2:292-300. {{doi|10.1614/IPSM-09-028.1}}</ref> {{clear|left}}


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
''Ligustrum'' means ‘binder’. It was named by ] and Virgil.<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). p 237</ref> ''Ligustrum'' means 'binder'. It was named by ] and Virgil.<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). p 237</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* , National Invasive Species Information Center, ]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1074201}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1074201}}
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] ]
] ]
]
] ]

Latest revision as of 09:08, 19 December 2024

Species of plant

Chinese privet
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Ligustrum
Species: L. sinense
Binomial name
Ligustrum sinense
Lour.

Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet; syn. L. villosum; in Mandarin: 杻; pinyin: chǒu) is a species of privet native to China, Taiwan and Vietnam, and naturalized in Réunion, the Andaman Islands, Norfolk Island, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama and much of the eastern and southern United States (from Texas and Florida north to Kansas, Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The name "Chinese privet" may also refer to Ligustrum lucidum.

Description

Ligustrum sinense is a deciduous shrub growing to 2–7 m tall, with densely hairy shoots. The leaves are opposite, 2–7 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, rarely larger, with an entire margin and a 2–8 mm petiole. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed corolla 3.5–5.5 mm long. The fruit is subglobose, 5–8 mm diameter, and considered poisonous.

Ligustrum sinense berries

Varieties

The following varieties are accepted by the Flora of China:

  • Ligustrum sinense var. sinense
  • Ligustrum sinense var. concavum M.C.Chang
  • Ligustrum sinense var. coryanum (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Ligustrum sinense var. dissimile S.J.Hao
  • Ligustrum sinense var. luodianense M.C.Chang
  • Ligustrum sinense var. myrianthum (Diels) Hoefker
  • Ligustrum sinense var. opienense Y.C.Yang
  • Ligustrum sinense var. rugosulum (W.W.Sm.) M.C.Chang

Cultivation and uses

Foliage of the variegated cultivar L. sinense 'Variegatum'

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges. Several cultivars have been selected, including the very floriferous 'Multiflorum', the variegated cultivar 'Variegatum', and the dwarf cultivar 'Wimbei' growing to 0.5 m and with leaves only 6 mm long.

It was introduced to North America to be used for hedges and landscaping where it has now escaped from cultivation and is listed as an invasive plant in southeastern states. It is estimated that Chinese privet now occupies over one million hectares of land across 12 states ranging from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas, with detrimental effects to biodiversity and forest health.

Etymology

Ligustrum means 'binder'. It was named by Pliny and Virgil.

See also

References

  1. ^ USDA Plants Profile: Ligustrum sinense
  2. ^ Flora of China: Ligustrum sinense
  3. "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Ligustrum sinense". Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  4. Biota of North America Program, Ligustrum sinense
  5. "Ligustrum lucidum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  6. Loureiro, João de. 1790. Flora cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. Quibus accedunt aliæ observatæ in Sinensi imperio, Africa Orientali, Indiæque locis variis. Omnes dispositæ secundum systema sexuale Linnæanum. Ulyssipone. 1: 19. Ligustrum sinense
  7. Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 655. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  8. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. Swearingen, Jil; Reshetiloff, K.; Slattery, B; Zwicker, S. (2010). Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th Edition (PDF). National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. p. 71. This reference lists L. vulgare, L. obtusifolium, L. ovalifolium, and L. sinense as invasive.
  10. Hanula, J.L, Horn, S., Taylor, J.W. (2009). Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense) Removal and its Effect on Native Plant Communities of Riparian Forests. Invasive Plant Science and Management 2:292-300. doi:10.1614/IPSM-09-028.1
  11. Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). p 237

External links

Taxon identifiers
Ligustrum sinense
Categories: