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{{Short description|Extinct species of bird}}
{{speciesbox {{speciesbox
| name = Scarlett's shearwater | name = Scarlett's shearwater
| fossil_range = ]–] | fossil_range = ]–]
|image=| genus = Puffinus | status = EX
| genus = Puffinus
| species = spelaeus | species = spelaeus
| extinct = yes
|taxon=| authority = ] & ], 1994 | authority = ] & ], 1994
}} }}


'''Scarlett's shearwater''' (''Puffinus spelaeus'') is an extinct species of ] in the ] ] ]. Its common name commemorates New Zealand ] ], who recognised the bird's ] remains represented a distinct species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/scarletts-shearwater|title=Scarlett’s shearwater|last=Michaux|first=B.|date=2013|editor-last=Miskelly|editor-first=Colin|website=NZ Birds Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> '''Scarlett's shearwater''' (''Puffinus spelaeus'') ({{Langx|mi|Ōiruki}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scarlett's shearwater {{!}} Ōiruki {{!}} New Zealand Birds Online |url=https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/scarletts-shearwater |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=nzbirdsonline.org.nz |language=en}}</ref> is an extinct species of ] in the ] ] ]. Its common name commemorates New Zealand ] ], who recognised the bird's ] remains represented a distinct species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/scarletts-shearwater|title=Scarlett's shearwater|last=Michaux|first=B.|date=2013|editor-last=Miskelly|editor-first=Colin|website=NZ Birds Online}}</ref>


This bird was described from bones collected in 1991 from a cave near the Fox River in the ] of ].<ref> of ''Puffinus spelaeus'' in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</ref> Subsequent discoveries of bones dating from 20,000 years ago to less than 600 years old reveal it was found only in the west and northwest of the South Island, in ] and ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Holdaway|first=Richard N.|last2=Worthy|first2=Trevor H.|date=1994|title=A New Fossil Species of Shearwater ''Puffinus'' From the Late Quaternary of the South Island, New Zealand, and Notes on the Biogeography and Evolution of the ''Puffinus gavia'' Superspecies|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/mu/MU9940201|journal=Emu|volume=94|issue=3|pages=201–215|via=}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Scarlett's shearwater was closely related to the fluttering shearwater (]) and Hutton's shearwater (]), and ] from fossil bones show that all three had a common ancestor about 1 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2017/01/31/dna-reveals-relationships-of-the-extinct-scarletts-shearwater/|title=DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Scarlett’s shearwater|last=Shepherd|first=Lara|date=31 Jan 2017|website=Te Papa Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>Tennyson, A.J.D.; Shepherd, L.D. (2017). "DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's shearwater ''Puffinus spelaeus'' (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae)." ''Journal of Ornithology 158'': 379–384.</ref> It was smaller than its relatives, with an estimated weight of 250 g, and had the short wings characteristic of the fluttering shearwater.<ref name=":0" /> ''P. spelaeus'' is most likely to have been driven to extinction by a combination of exploitation by humans and predation by ]/] ''Rattus exulans'', which was introduced by ] to New Zealand about 750 years ago.<ref name=":1" /> This bird was described from bones collected in 1991 from a cave near the Fox River in the ] of ].<ref> of ''Puffinus spelaeus'' in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</ref> Subsequent discoveries of bones dating from 20,000 years ago to less than 600 years old reveal it was found only in the west and northwest of the South Island, in ] and ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Holdaway|first1=Richard N.|last2=Worthy|first2=Trevor H.|date=1994|title=A New Fossil Species of Shearwater ''Puffinus'' From the Late Quaternary of the South Island, New Zealand, and Notes on the Biogeography and Evolution of the ''Puffinus gavia'' Superspecies|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/mu/MU9940201|journal=Emu|volume=94|issue=3|pages=201–215|doi=10.1071/mu9940201|bibcode=1994EmuAO..94..201H }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tennyson |first=Alan J. D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80016906 |title=Extinct birds of New Zealand |date=2006 |publisher=Te Papa Press |others=Paul Martinson |isbn=978-0-909010-21-8 |location=Wellington, N.Z. |pages=38 |oclc=80016906}}</ref> Scarlett's shearwater was closely related to the fluttering shearwater (]) and Hutton's shearwater (]), and ] from fossil bones show that all three had a common ancestor about 1 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2017/01/31/dna-reveals-relationships-of-the-extinct-scarletts-shearwater/|title=DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Scarlett's shearwater|last=Shepherd|first=Lara|date=31 Jan 2017|website=Te Papa Blog|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>Tennyson, A.J.D.; Shepherd, L.D. (2017). "DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's shearwater ''Puffinus spelaeus'' (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae)." ''Journal of Ornithology 158'': 379–384.</ref> It was smaller than its relatives, with an estimated weight of 250 g, and had the short wings characteristic of the fluttering shearwater.<ref name=":0" /> ''P. spelaeus'' is most likely to have been driven to extinction by a combination of exploitation by humans and predation by ]/] ''Rattus exulans'', which was introduced by ] to New Zealand about 750 years ago.<ref name=":1" />


==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 16:58, 9 November 2024

Extinct species of bird

Scarlett's shearwater
Temporal range: Pleistocene–Holocene
Conservation status
Extinct
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Procellariidae
Genus: Puffinus
Species: †P. spelaeus
Binomial name
†Puffinus spelaeus
Holdaway & Worthy, 1994

Scarlett's shearwater (Puffinus spelaeus) (Māori: Ōiruki) is an extinct species of seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae. Its common name commemorates New Zealand palaeontologist Ron Scarlett, who recognised the bird's subfossil remains represented a distinct species.

This bird was described from bones collected in 1991 from a cave near the Fox River in the South Island of New Zealand. Subsequent discoveries of bones dating from 20,000 years ago to less than 600 years old reveal it was found only in the west and northwest of the South Island, in Northwest Nelson and Buller. Scarlett's shearwater was closely related to the fluttering shearwater (P. gavia) and Hutton's shearwater (P. huttoni), and DNA evidence from fossil bones show that all three had a common ancestor about 1 million years ago. It was smaller than its relatives, with an estimated weight of 250 g, and had the short wings characteristic of the fluttering shearwater. P. spelaeus is most likely to have been driven to extinction by a combination of exploitation by humans and predation by kiore/Polynesian rat Rattus exulans, which was introduced by Polynesians to New Zealand about 750 years ago.

References

  1. "Scarlett's shearwater | Ōiruki | New Zealand Birds Online". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  2. ^ Michaux, B. (2013). Miskelly, Colin (ed.). "Scarlett's shearwater". NZ Birds Online.
  3. Holotype of Puffinus spelaeus in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  4. ^ Holdaway, Richard N.; Worthy, Trevor H. (1994). "A New Fossil Species of Shearwater Puffinus From the Late Quaternary of the South Island, New Zealand, and Notes on the Biogeography and Evolution of the Puffinus gavia Superspecies". Emu. 94 (3): 201–215. Bibcode:1994EmuAO..94..201H. doi:10.1071/mu9940201.
  5. Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8. OCLC 80016906.
  6. Shepherd, Lara (31 Jan 2017). "DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Scarlett's shearwater". Te Papa Blog. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  7. Tennyson, A.J.D.; Shepherd, L.D. (2017). "DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae)." Journal of Ornithology 158: 379–384.

External links

Birds of New Zealand
Common
birds		 Southern brown kiwi
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Endangered
endemic birds
(flying)
Chatham Islands
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Subantarctic islands
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Taxon identifiers
Puffinus spelaeus
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