Misplaced Pages

Mark Geier: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 05:18, 12 November 2006 editTdowling (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,163 edits rv again - some of this info should probably go into the article, but let's discuss it first← Previous edit Latest revision as of 07:10, 18 December 2024 edit undoMitch Ames (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers187,824 edits MOS:LQTag: AWB 
(524 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American geneticist (1948-)}}
{{cleanup-date|May 2006}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mark Robin Geier
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = <!--(as myimage.jpg, no 'File:')-->
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|year=1948|month=5|day=3}}
| birth_place = ], U.S.
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| other_names =
| citizenship = American
| nationality =
| fields =
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = ]
| thesis_title = The effect of prodaryotic genes in eukaryotes
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23875205
| thesis_year = 1973
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt =
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| footnotes =
| spouse = Anne E. Geier (1970-2014)<ref name=USTA-wife-obit>{{cite web | url=http://www.midatlantic.usta.com/Hall-of-Fame/mid-atlantic_tennis_hall_of_fame_inductee_anne_geier_passes_away_at_age_67/ | title=Mid-Atlantic Tennis Hall of Fame Inductee Anne Geier passes away at age 67 | year=2014 | access-date=19 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219171413/http://www.midatlantic.usta.com/Hall-of-Fame/mid-atlantic_tennis_hall_of_fame_inductee_anne_geier_passes_away_at_age_67/ | archive-date=19 February 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| children = David Geier
}}


'''Mark Robin Geier''' (born 1948) is an American former physician and controversial ] who testified in more than 90 cases regarding allegations of ].<ref name=Harris>{{cite news |work= New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/25/science/25autism.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |date=2005-06-25 |title= On autism's cause, it's parents vs. research |vauthors=Harris G, O'Connor A |access-date=2008-06-26}}</ref><ref name="Deer"/> Since 2011, Geier's medical license has been suspended or revoked in every state in which he was licensed over concerns about his ] treatments and his misrepresentation of his credentials to the Maryland Board of Health, where he falsely claimed to be a board-certified geneticist and epidemiologist.<ref name=Maryland>{{citation|url=https://www.mbp.state.md.us/bpqapp/Orders/D2425004.271.PDF|title=Order for Summary Suspension of License to Practice Medicine|publisher=Maryland State Board of Physicians|access-date=4 May 2011}}</ref>
'''Mark R. Geier''', MD, PhD, (b. ], ]) is a medical doctor based in ], who also holds a ] in ] and is board-certified in medical genetics and ]. He was a researcher at the ] (NIH) for ten years, and previously was a professor at ]. He has studied ]s for more than 30 years and has published over 50 peer-reviewed papers on vaccine safety, ], contamination and policy. He has authored over 90 publications and has made several presentations to the ] (IOM) on the ] of ]s. He and his son, David Geier, are the only independent researchers ever to have been permitted to study the ] (VSD) database of the ] (CDC), (outlined below).


Mark and his son David are frequently cited by proponents of the ] that vaccines cause autism. Geier's credibility as an expert witness has been questioned in 10 court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casewatch.net/civil/geier.shtml|title=Dr. Mark Geier Severely Criticized|date=11 July 2012|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> In 2003, a judge ruled that Geier presented himself as an expert witness in "areas for which he has no training, expertise and experience."<ref name="Harris"/> In other cases in which Geier has testified, judges have labeled his testimony "intellectually dishonest", "not reliable" and "wholly unqualified".<ref name="Harris"/> Another judge wrote that Geier "may be clever, but he is not credible."<ref name="arizona">{{cite news | title = Critics balk at doctor-son team's claims of autism solution | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = May 21, 2009 | access-date = November 19, 2009 | url = http://azstarnet.com/news/national/article_a10cefb4-1503-5c6b-93c4-899b8de6171b.html}}</ref>
He is the subject of much criticism, including his credibility as an expert witness, and allegations of ethics violations and plagiarism.

Geier's scientific work has also been criticized; when the ] reviewed vaccine safety in 2004, it dismissed Geier's work as seriously flawed, "uninterpretable", and marred by incorrect use of scientific terms.<ref name="Harris"/> In 2003, the ] criticized one of Geier's studies, which claimed a link between vaccines and autism, as containing "numerous conceptual and scientific flaws, omissions of fact, inaccuracies, and misstatements."<ref name='AAP_thimerosal'>{{cite web |url=http://aap.org/profed/thimaut-may03.htm |title= Study fails to show a connection between thimerosal and autism. |author=American Academy of Pediatrics |date=2003-05-16 |access-date=2010-08-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030604060812/http://aap.org/profed/thimaut-may03.htm |archive-date = 2003-06-04}}</ref> In January 2007, a paper by the Geiers was retracted by the journal ''Autoimmunity Reviews''.<ref name=Deer/> '']'' reported that the supposed ] (IRB) that Geier claimed approved his experiments with autistic children was located at Geier's business address and included Geier, his son and wife, a business partner of Geier's, and a plaintiff's lawyer involved in vaccine litigation.<ref name="new-scientist">{{cite news | work = ] | date = June 21, 2007 | access-date = November 19, 2009 | first = Jim | last = Giles | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19426094.200-us-vaccines-on-trial-over-link-to-autism.html?page=1 | title = US vaccines on trial over link to autism}}</ref> The Maryland State Board of Physicians referred to it as a "sham IRB" that did not meet the requirements of state or federal law.<ref name=Maryland/>


==Career== ==Career==
Geier worked at the Laboratory of General and Comparative Biochemistry, ] in the 1970s and 1980s as a student researcher (1969–1970), research geneticist (1971–1973), staff fellow (1973–1974), on the professional staff (1974–1978), and as a guest worker (1980–1982). He has been examining vaccine safety issues since then.<ref name=Harris/> He is a Fellow of the ].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.acmg.net/source/members/cmemberdisplay.cfm?section=Find_a_Geneticist&id=1906
|title=e-Customer
|work=www.acmg.net
|access-date=2010-01-25
}}</ref>


He is currently a self-employed geneticist and along with his son David, he operates several organizations from his private address in Maryland, including the Institute for Chronic Illness and the Genetic Centers of America.<ref name=Deer>{{cite journal |journal=BMJ |year=2007 |volume=334 |issue=7595 |pages=666–7 |author= Deer B |title= Autism research: What makes an expert? |doi=10.1136/bmj.39146.498785.BE |pmid=17395945 |url= |pmc=1839225}}</ref> As a professional witness he has testified in more than 90 vaccine cases, in support of the view that there is a clear link between ].<ref name=Harris/> His credibility as an expert witness has been criticized during many proceedings before the Special Masters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Mark Geier finished as an expert witness in the vaccine court?|url=https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/12/10/is-mark-geier-finished-as-an-expert-witness-in-the-vaccine-court/|website=Left Brain Right Brain|access-date=24 January 2018|date=December 10, 2011}}</ref> In a 2010 decision, the presiding legal authority wrote, "In summary, I conclude that all of the Geier epidemiologic studies are not reliable, and cannot be accorded any weight."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions/Hastings.King%20Decision.pdf|title=King vs. Secretary of Health and Human Services|website=US Court of Federal Claims}}</ref>
In ], while at the ], Dr. Geier co-authored a paper, published in '']'', reporting the first successful ] experiment in which ] Lambda carrying the ] operon was used to correct the inability of cells in tissue culture from a patient with ] to metabolise the milk sugar galactose. This work received world-wide aclaim in the scientific press and in the news media and resulted in a personal call of congratulation from then President ].


==Controversies==
In ] Geier was an author of another paper in ''Nature'' which reported the ], previously thought of as mostly vestigial in humans, in fact played a critical role in immunity by maintaining intact antigen, thus allowing for a more robust immune response which was especially important the ] process. Geier was a co-author on a paper in the '']'' which further discussed and extended the observations on the critical role that the spleen plays in response to vaccines and other immune challenges. Also in 1973, after having been part of the group that discovered that there was widespread bacterial virus contamination in US vaccines, Geier presented a paper "A model system for the evaluation of the fate of phage in contaminated vaccines: Physiologic disposition of bacteriophage in mice" at the ].
Geier and his son have published several speculative articles about a possible link between ]s and vaccines that contain ], generating some controversy.<ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |date=2007-05-28 |access-date=2008-01-30 |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2166939/ |title= Thiomersal on trial: the theory that vaccines cause autism goes to court |author= Allen A}}</ref> The ] dispute the conclusion of the Geiers' paper claiming a correlation between thimerosal and autism, and criticized it for "numerous conceptual and scientific flaws, omissions of fact, inaccuracies, and misstatements".<ref name='AAP_thimerosal' />


===Limited access to Vaccine Safety Datalink records===
In ], Geier published a study, "Endotoxins in commercial vaccine", in '']'', which found high levels of endotoxin in commercial vaccines, especially in whole cell ], ], ] ]. Following this paper, Geier worked for many years to help convince the public health authorities to switch from whole cell DTP to the much safer DTaP, which contained a highly purified form of pertussis vaccine.


The Geiers were granted access to the Vaccine Safety Datalink records,<ref name="VSD"> Casewatch.net. Retrieved on 2007-11-10.</ref> but the ] found that "during the first visit the researchers conducted unapproved analysis on their datasets and on the second visit attempted to carry out unapproved analyses but did not complete this attempt. This analysis, had it been completed, could have increased the risk of a ] breach. Before leaving, the researchers renamed files for removal which were not allowed to be removed. Had it gone undetected, this would have constituted a breach of the rules about confidentiality."<ref name="VSD"/>
In ], the IOM and the ] invited Geier to address them on the toxins contained in DTP vaccine and the expected time frame over which they could be expected to work. Geier presented evidence to the IOM that the expected time of vulnerability was seven days. In ], the IOM published that the evidence was compatible with the theory that whole Pertussis vaccine was causing permanent brain damage in otherwise apparently health children, if the first symptoms of neurological damage occurred in the first seven days following the vaccination. The US began to switch to the far safer DTaP in 1993, and as of ] the US no longer used any whole cell DTP vaccine.


===Lupron===
Geier wrote the article, "The True Story of ] Vaccination: A Sordid Legacy?" which won the first annual Stanley W. Jackson award for the best paper published in the '']'' during the period of ] to 2002.
The Geiers have developed a protocol for treating autism that uses the drug ], which acts as ]. Mark Geier has called Lupron "the miracle drug" and the Geiers have marketed the protocol across the U.S.<ref name=Tsouderos>{{cite news |author= Tsouderos T |title= 'Miracle drug' called junk science |work= Chicago Tribune |date=2009-05-24 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/chi-autism-lupron-may21,0,242705.story |access-date=2009-05-24}}</ref> The Geiers filed three U.S. ]s on the use of Lupron in combination with ] as a treatment protocol for autism based on the hypothesis that "] mercury" along with low levels of ] blocks the conversion of ] to DHEA-S and therefore raises ] which in turn further lower glutathione levels, ultimately providing a connection between autism, mercury exposure, and ], specifically ].<ref>"" US ] 20070254314, November 1, 2007</ref><ref name="p1">" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093200/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=geier.IN.&s2=autism.AB.&OS=IN/geier+AND+ABST/autism&RS=IN/geier+AND+ABST/autism |date=2015-04-13 }}" US ]20060058271, March 16, 2006</ref><ref name="p2">" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093150/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=geier.IN.&s2=autism.AB.&OS=IN/geier+AND+ABST/autism&RS=IN/geier+AND+ABST/autism |date=2015-04-13 }}" US ] 20060058241, March 16, 2006</ref>


According to expert pediatric endocrinologists, the Lupron protocol for autism is supported only by ].<ref name=Tsouderos/> The reaction of mercury and testosterone which the therapy is intended to treat is actually based on a protocol used to create testosterone crystals for use in ] rather than a physiological process that occurs in the human body.<ref>{{cite book|last=Offit|first=Paul A.|author-link=Paul Offit |title=Autism's False Prophets |url=https://archive.org/details/autismsfalseprop00offi|url-access=registration|date=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231146364}} p. 41</ref> Although ] sells Lupron in the U.S. and cooperated with the Geiers in one of the patent applications, it is no longer pursuing work with them, citing the nonexistence of scientific evidence to justify further research.<ref>{{cite news |title= Physician team's crusade shows cracks |vauthors=Mills S, Jones T |work= Chicago Tribune |date=2009-05-21 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/chi-autism-lupron-geiers-may21,0,983359.story |access-date=2009-05-21}}</ref>
Geier has testified before the ] Committee on Government Reform Investigating Vaccines and the ], to critique the Hviid study, conducted in ] on autism and ] exposure, and he has also addressed the ] (FDA) Advisory Committee regarding vaccine safety. He has testified as an ] in about 100 cases before the ] in the ]. Dr. Geier and his son have been invited to speak to many state houses who were or are considering state wide bans on Thimerosal containing vaccines.


When treating an autistic child, the Geiers order several dozen lab tests, costing $12,000: if at least one testosterone-related result is abnormal, the Geiers consider Lupron treatments, using 10 times the daily dose ordinarily used to treat precocious puberty. The therapy costs approximately $5,000 per month. The Geiers recommend starting treatment on children as young as possible, and say that some need treatment through adulthood.<ref name=Tsouderos/>
Geier has published several scientific reports, with his son David Geier, showing a relation between ] exposure during infancy and the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Geier has suggested his research shows a direct causal link between Thimerosal containing vaccines (TCVs) and the onset of neurological disorders, including ].


===Expert witness testimony===
==Controversial studies==
Geier has been qualified as an expert witness in Federal Court<ref>United States District Court, Western District of Washington at Seattle in James E. Franics, Plaintiff, v. Maersk Lines, Limited, ''et al.'', Defendants (Case No. C03-2898C)</ref> and has been accepted as an expert witness in approximately 100 hearings for parents seeking compensation from the ] for alleged vaccine injuries to their children. In 10 of these cases, "Dr. Geier's opinion testimony has either been excluded or accorded little or no weight based upon a determination that he was testifying beyond his expertise."<ref name="ortho">" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306022517/http://www.ncmd.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Jul06/03cv669op.pdf |date=2008-03-06 }}", US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, July 6, 2006</ref><ref>"", Stephen Barrett, M.D., ''Casewatch.net''</ref>


=== Medical licenses revoked ===
Geier and his son have published seven studies on the possible link between ] disorders and TCVs. In their first study, they compared the number of complaints associated with TCVs, administered between ] and ], to the number of complaints resulting from a thimerosal-free vaccine administered between ] and 2000. The children who received greater amounts of ] from TCVs were more likely to have a complaint filed with the ] (VAERS). Further studies by the Geiers yielded similar results. In ], the Geiers published an article , "Early Downward Trends in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Following Removal of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines", which contends that recent data confirms a reduction in autism diagnoses corresponds directly with the removal of TCVs from childhood ]s.
On April 27, 2011, the ] State Board of Physicians suspended Geier's medical license as an "emergency action", saying he "endangers autistic children and exploits their parents by administering to the children a treatment protocol that has a known substantial risk of serious harm and which is neither consistent with ] nor generally accepted in the relevant scientific community."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mbp.state.md.us/bpqapp/Orders/D2425004.271.PDF |title=In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D. |website=Mbp.state.md.us |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> The board ruled that Geier misdiagnosed patients, diagnosed patients without sufficient tests, and recommended risky treatments without fully explaining the risks to the parents. They also ruled that he misrepresented his credentials, including during an interview with the board. Geier's lawyer, Joseph A. Schwartz III said the basis of the complaint was a "bona fide dispute over therapy", and hoped for a fair hearing to challenge the board's accusations.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/chibrknews-maryland-suspends-license-of-autism-doctor-20110504,0,2545323.story |title=Trib Update: Md. suspends autism doctor's license - chicagotribune.com |first1=Steve |last1=Mills |first2=Patricia |last2=Callahan |author2-link=Patricia Callahan |work=chicagotribune.com |year=2011 |quote=bona fide dispute over therapy |access-date=May 4, 2011}}</ref>


The suspension was reaffirmed in May 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/ct-nw-autism-doctor-hearing-20110511,0,1449963.story |title=Trib Maryland medical board upholds autism doctor's suspension - chicagotribune.com |first1=Trine |last1=Tsouderos |first2=Meredith |last2=Cohn |work=chicagotribune.com |year=2011 |quote=upheld the suspension on appeal |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> and upheld on appeal in March 2012, after a full evidentiary hearing before the Office of Administrative Hearings in Maryland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbp.state.md.us/BPQAPP/orders/d2425003.222.pdf |title=In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D. |website=Mbp.state.md.us |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Geier's licenses to practice medicine in the states of ],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Controverisal-autism-doctor-suspended-in-1399027.php |title=Seattlepi Controversial autism doctor suspended in Washington|first=Vanessa |last=Ho |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |year=2011 |quote=subsequently suspended as well |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhp.virginia.gov/Notices/Medicine/0101048672/0101048672Order06092011.pdf |title=In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D. |website=Dhp.virginia.gov |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.mbc.ca.gov/LicenseLookupSystem/PhysicianSurgeon/Lookup.aspx?licenseType%3DG%26licenseNumber%3D88736 |title=Medical Board of California - Physician/Surgeon License Lookup |access-date=2011-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020061053/http://www2.mbc.ca.gov/LicenseLookupSystem/PhysicianSurgeon/Lookup.aspx?licenseType=G&licenseNumber=88736 |archive-date=2011-10-20 }}</ref> were suspended as well. In June 2012, Geier was charged with violation of the Maryland suspension by continuing to practice medicine without a license.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.casewatch.net/board/med/geier/m_geier_charges_2012.pdf | title = Violation of Summary Suspension Order and Charges Under the Maryland Medical Practices Act | date = June 15, 2012 | publisher = Maryland State Board of Physicians}}</ref> In August 2012, Geier's license was formally revoked by the Maryland State Board of Physicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbp.state.md.us/BPQAPP/orders/d2425008.222.pdf |title=In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D. |website=Mbp.state.md.us |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> On 5 November 2012, the ] Medical board and the ] Department of Financial and Professional Regulation revoked Geier's license, both citing action taken by the Maryland State Board of Physicians.<ref name=davidg>{{cite news|title=Autism doctor loses license in Illinois, Missouri|author=Shelton, Deborah|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/05/autism-doctor-loses-license-in-illinois-missouri/|newspaper=]|date=5 November 2012|access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> On April 12, 2013, Geier's last medical license in the United States was revoked by the state medical board of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.dcca.hawaii.gov/OAHadmin/PDF_INDEX/OAHPDF/MEDICAL%20BOARD/MED-2011-79-L%20MARK%20R.%20GEIER%20M.D.PDF |title=In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D. |website=Dcca.hawaii.gov |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>
US health agencies have uniformly rejected the conclusions of the Geiers' studies, and one of the Geiers' articles was the subject of heavy criticism by the ]. Geier says public health officials are "just trying to cover it up." On the other hand, "Mercury in Medicine Taking Unnecessary Risks", a report prepared by the staff of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, ], Chaired by ], was published in the '']'' in May, 2003, stated:
:"However, the Committee upon a thorough review of the scientific literature and internal documents from government and industry did find evidence that thimerosal did pose a risk. Thimerosal used as a preservative in vaccines is likely related to the autism epidemic. This epidemic in all probability may have been prevented or curtailed had the FDA not been asleep at the switch regarding the lack of safety data regarding injected thimerosal and the sharp rise of infant exposure to this known neurotoxin. Our public health agencies’ failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self-protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry.".


In 2011, his son David was charged by the Maryland State Board of Physicians with practicing as a licensed physician when he only has a ] degree in biology,<ref>, Maryland State Board of Physicians, p. 2, point #1 of chapter "Allegations of Fact"</ref> and was fined $10,000 in July 2012.<ref name=davidg/>
===Limited access to Vaccine Safety Datalink records===


=== Lawsuit against Maryland Board of Physicians ===
The Geiers have been granted access to this data , but the ] found that "In summary, during the first visit the researchers conducted unapproved analysis on their datasets and on the second visit attempted to carry out unapproved analyses but did not complete this attempt. This analysis, had it been completed, could have increased the risk of a ] breach. Before leaving, the researchers renamed files for removal which were not allowed to be removed. Had it gone undetected, this would have constituted a breach of the rules about confidentiality." Upon further review it was determined by the CDC and the IRBs of the HMOs that there was no violation and the Geiers have again been granted access to the ]. {{fact}}
On December 21, 2012, a lawsuit was filed against the ] State Board of Physicians by Anne Geier. The claim made in the case 371761-V was that a cease and desist order filed by the ] State Board of Physicians against Mark Geier, for prescribing medicine to his family after his license was suspended, was posted publicly on the Board's website disclosing their private medical information. The decision of the Board was upheld on appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfrlaw.com/what-we-do/insights/maryland-board-physicians-absolute-immunity|title=Maryland Board of Physicians' Absolute Immunity &#124; Gordon Feinblatt LLC|website=www.gfrlaw.com}}</ref>


==Personal life==
===Clinical studies on the role of mercury and androgens in autism===
Geier and his late wife Anne were the only doubles team to achieve a grand slam in the history of the ]'s Mid-Atlantic Section division, as of their induction into the division's Hall of Fame in 2007.<ref name=USTA>{{cite web | url=http://www.midatlantic.usta.com/Hall-of-Fame/2007/ | title=2007 Mid-Atlantic Section Tennis Hall of Fame Inductees | work=] | year=2007 | access-date=21 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910194204/http://www.midatlantic.usta.com/Hall-of-Fame/2007 | archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Their only son David is also an avid tennis player.<ref name="abc-news">{{cite news | publisher = ] | url = https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3317576&page=1 | title = Researchers Raise Eyebrows With Autism Findings | date = June 26, 2007 | access-date = November 19, 2009 | first = John | last = Donovan |author2=Katie Hinman |author3=Leigh Simons }}</ref> Anne died of metastatic melanoma at age 67 in 2014.<ref name=USTA-wife-obit/>

Geier has also published studies (not peer reviewed) which indicate children diagnosed with autism excrete more mercury upon ] than control subjects. Many of these children are reported as having tests showing amounts of mercury excreted several times the normal levels. Chelation therapy is conventionally used only to treat ], and carries the risk of overly reducing the levels of beneficial metals in the body, such as ]. In 2004 Dr. Geier and his son published a paper in '']'', , on the potential importance of lowering ] as part of the treatment of autistic spectum disorders, which they claim involve mercury toxicity. In 2006 the Geiers published in the peer-reviewed "]"2006;66:182-188. "A Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Methionine Cycle-Transsulfuration and Androgen Pathway Markers in Children with Autistic Disorders." This paper presents data from Geier's clinic suggesting a cyclical interaction between the methionine cycle-transsulfuration and androgen pathways in children with autistic disorders. This paper was followed up by another publication by the Geiers, "A case-series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A (in press).

Mark Geier and David Geier have filed two US patent applications on the use of the drug ] in combination with ] as a treatment protocol for ] based on the hypothesis that "] mercury" along with low levels of glutathione blocks the conversion of DHEA to DHEA-S and therefore raises androgens which in turn further lowering glutathione levels. This ultimately provides a connection between autism, mercury exposure, and ], specifically ].

==An advocate for vaccine safety==

Geier has supported efforts by ] ], MD, ], and ], to pass legislation introduced in early ] to ban the use of mercury based preservatives (i.e., thimerosal) in vaccines in the United States. Although mercury preservatives have been removed or reduced from some vaccines in the US, several vaccines and most US ]s still contain the full dose of Thimerosal. Geier said in an interview that the link between thimerosal and autism was clear.

An ] crew filmed a presentation by the Geiers before the network's ''Autism: The Hidden Epidemic?'' series in February, ], but the producers chose not to use the material.

==Criticism==

===Credibility as expert witness questioned===

Dr. Geier has been qualified as an expert witness in Federal Court. Specifically, in the United States District Court, Western District of Washington at Seattle in James E. Franics, Plaintiff, v. Maersk Lines, Limited, et al., Defendants (Case No. C03-2898C) the Federal Judge rejected calls for his testimony to be ignored.

Dr Geier has been accepted as an expert witness in approximately 100 hearings for parents seeking compensation from the ] for vaccine injuries to their children. In ten of these cases, "Dr. Geier's opinion testimony has either been excluded or accorded little or no weight based upon a determination that he was testifying beyond his expertise." (John and Jane Doe v. Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc., 2006)

Dr. Geier's views have been found to fall outside of the scientific consensus. In a 2006 case (John and Jane Doe v. Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.) regarding an immunoglobulin containing ] which was alleged to have caused autism, Dr. Geier's testimony was found to fall below the ] standard, which essentially requires expert testimony on science to be scientifically sound and represent the general consensus. As Dr. Geier provided most of the plaintiffs' evidence, the case was thus subject to ].

Amongst the Judge's 's criticisms, Dr. Geier's literature review was found to be insufficient in justifying his claims, his lack of qualification in pediatrics was highlighted and he was found to be a "professional witness in areas for which he has no training, expertise, and experience", whose testimony was "intellectually dishonest", "nothing more than an egregious example of blatant, result-oriented testimony."

===Allegations of ethics violations===

On March 16, 2006, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office published two patent applications by Mark Geier and David Geier on the use of the drug ] in combination with ] as a treatment protocol for ] . Lupron is a hormone agonist with significant side-effects which has been used as a ] agent . ], an ] (]) activist who manages the blog, set out to scrutinize research by Geier & Geier that supports their "Lupron protocol".

On June 9, 2006, Seidel documented how she uncovered an apparent affiliation misrepresentation in the part of David Geier . In an article that had been published ahead of print in the journal Hormone Research, and which had already been indexed by PubMed, David Geier’s institutional affiliation was listed as "Department of Biochemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C." However, according to Dr. Allen Goldstein, Chairman of the GWU Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mr. Geier took two courses in biochemistry during the 2003-2004 school year and none thereafter, and he took the last of three public health courses during the Spring 2005 semester. Dr. Goldstein described the affiliation claim in the Hormone Research article as “fallacious,” and stated that it conveyed a “significant misrepresentation” of Mr. Geier’s position in the field of biochemistry.

On July 5, 2006, the journal Hormone Research republished the article with a byline that read "President, MedCon, Inc., 14 Redgate Ct., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA, Tel. +1 301 384 6988." Mark Geier claims the editors of Hormone Research had inadvertently made the mistake and subsequently corrected it.

The republished article contains a "Potential Conflict of Interest and Affiliation Statement" that did not appear in the original version:

:"Dr. Mark Geier is not affiliated with MedCon, Inc. David Geier is the President of MedCon. MedCon does not have a financial interest in relation to autism and puberty. Neither Dr. Mark Geier nor David Geier has any conflict of interest regarding anything related to this paper."

On June 20, 2006, Seidel made a second damaging revelation . She had requested a copy of the electronic registration of the ] (IRB) that approved the study initially accepted by Hormone Research. An IRB is typically an impartial body which determines whether research is scientifically valid, ethical, and in accordance with relevant regulations.

The members of the Geiers' IRB included Mark Geier and David Geier themselves, Ann Geier (who is Mark Geier's wife), two anti-thimerosal activists, a DAN! practitioner who prescribes Lupron injections, and an anti-thimerosal lawyer. Given the composition of the IRB, and considering Federal and state regulations, Seidel contends that it is unlikely that a majority of voters eligible to decide on Geier & Geier's research could ever be achieved.

Kathleen Seidel has made additional allegations regarding an apparent shift of terms from "precocious puberty" to "hyperandrogenicity" , and possible misrepresentation of cited work .

===Allegations of plagiarism===

On August 10, 2006, Kathleen Seidel released documentation on similarities between an early draft of a paper published in 2003, , and . Examples of similarities discovered follow.

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 2-3: ''"The project links medical event information, vaccine history, and selected demographic information from the computerized clinical databases of four staff model health maintenance organizations (HMO)s: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) in Seattle, Washington; Kaiser Permanente Northwest (NWK) in Portland, Oregon; Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California (NCK) in Oakland, California; and Southern California Kaiser Permanent (SCK) in Los Angeles, California. HMO members have unique HMO identification numbers that can be used to link data on their medical services within the HMO. Vaccination data are derived from computerized immunization tracking systems that are maintained by each of the HMOs."''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR163: ''"The project links medical event information, vaccine history, and selected demographic information from the computerized clinical databases of four health maintenance organizations (HMO)s: Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) in Seattle, Washington; Kaiser Permanente Northwest (NWK) in Portland Oregon; Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California (NCK) in Oakland, California; and Southern California Kaiser Permanente (SCK) in Los Angeles, California. HMO members have unique HMO identification numbers that can be used to link data on their medical services within the HMO. Vaccination data are derived from computerized immunization tracking systems, maintained by each of the HMOs."''

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 3: ''"We have restricted our cohort to children born between 1992 and 1997 into one of the two HMOs with the most complete automated outpatient data set (GHC and NCK). For these two HMOs we have follow-up data to the end of 1998. Children in the cohort thus have a follow-up time of 1 to 7 years."''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR163: ''"In the present study, as independent researchers, we analyzed data from a cohort of children born between 1992 and 1997 into one of the two HMOs with the most complete automated outpatient data sets (GHC and NCK). For these two HMOs, follow-up data to the end of 1998 was analyzed. Children in the cohort, thus, have a follow-up time of 1 to 7 years."''

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 3: ''"We calculated the cumulative exposure to ethylmercury from individual automated vaccination records, assuming each vaccine to contain the mean dose reported by manufacturers to the FDA. We assessed this cumulative exposure at the end of the first, second, third and sixth months of life. The Thimerosal content of childhood vaccines used in the two HMOs is as follows:"''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR163: ''"The cumulative exposure to ethylmercury from individual automated vaccination records were calculated, assuming each vaccine to contain the mean dose reported by manufacturers to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This cumulative exposure was assessed at the end of the first, second, third, and sixth months of life. The thimerosal content of childhood vaccines used in the two HMOs is as follows:"''

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 5: ''"We used a Cox proportional hazard model to compare risk of developing any of the outcomes among different levels of exposure. By stratifying on HMO, year and month of birth, we compared children born within the same month at the same HMO. We adjusted the models for gender only. By using age of the child as the time variable in the PH model we also ensured comparison of children of equal age."''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR163: ''"A Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare the risk of developing any of the outcomes among different levels of exposure. By stratifying on HMO, year and month of birth, children were compared that were born within the same month at the same HMO. The data were adjusted in the models for gender only. By using the age of the child as the time variable in the proportion hazard model, it was possible to ensure comparison of children of equal age."''

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 7-8: ''"Table 2 shows the number of cases encountered for each disorder, the mean age at first diagnosis, the distribution over the two HMOs and the percentage males among cases."''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR164: ''"Table 5 shows the number of cases encountered for each disorder, the mean age at first diagnosis, the distribution over the two HMOs, and the percentage males among cases."''

* From Verstraeten et al. (2000), p. 12: ''"Limitations: Some misclassification errors may have occurred in the assessment of the inclusion/exclusion criteria: some HepB Ig administrations may be missed, some premature children may not be classified as such. In case of a true effect of thimerosal, this error is likely to cause a bias towards the null hypothesis."''

:From Geier & Geier (2005), p. CR166: ''"In considering the results from the VSD database, there may have been some limitations. Some misclassification errors may have occurred in the assessment of the inclusion/exclusion criteria: some hepatitis B immunoglobulin administrations may have been missed and some premature children may not have been classified as such."''

On August 8, 2005, Dr. Frank DeStefano of the CDC wrote a letter to the Editor-In-Chief of the journal Medical Science Monitor regarding the similarities between Geier & Geier (2005) and the 2000 draft of the Verstraeten et al. study published in 2003 . Dr. DeStefano, who is one of the co-authors of the study, stated that he had doubts that the Geiers actually performed the Phase II analyses because, to the best of his knowledge, the Geiers had not had access to the VSD data required to perform those analyses. Medical Science Monitor acknowledged receipt of the letter on August 17, 2005, but it is not clear whether the editorial board of the journal ever addressed the concerns raised by Dr. DeStefano.


==See also== ==See also==
{{portal|Biography}}
* ] * ]
* ]

== Notes and references ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

* - 'Thimerosal in Childhood Vaccines, Neurodevelopment Disorders and Heart Disease in the United States', Mark and David Geier, '']'', vol 8, no 1, Spring, 2003
* - 'A Case-Control Study of Mercury Burden in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders', ], MD, David A. Geier, BA, Jerold J. Kartzinel, MD, James B. Adams, PhD, Mark R. Geier, MD, PhD ''Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons'', vol 8, no 3, Summer, 2003
* - 'A two-phased population epidemiological study of the safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a follow up analysis', David A. Geier and Mark R. Geier, ''Med Sci Monit'', vol 11, no 4, April 1, 2005
* - 'Early Downward Trends in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Following Removal of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines', David A. Geier, BA, and Mark R. Geier, MD, PhD, ''Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons'', vol 11, no 1, Spring, 2006

== External links ==

* - Kelly O'Meara, 2004
*
* - Court report, June 25 1990
*
* - ], May 17, 2004
*
* - ], May 20, 2004




==Notes and references==
{{Vaccines}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
* – "Dr Mark Geier Severely Criticized", by Stephen Barrett, M.D.
* – Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism, ], May 17, 2004
* – Court report, June 25, 1990
{{Authority control}}


] {{DEFAULTSORT:Geier, Mark}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 07:10, 18 December 2024

American geneticist (1948-)
Mark Robin Geier
Born(1948-05-03)May 3, 1948
Washington, D.C., U.S.
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materGeorge Washington University
SpouseAnne E. Geier (1970-2014)
ChildrenDavid Geier
Scientific career
ThesisThe effect of prodaryotic genes in eukaryotes (1973)

Mark Robin Geier (born 1948) is an American former physician and controversial professional witness who testified in more than 90 cases regarding allegations of injury or illness caused by vaccines. Since 2011, Geier's medical license has been suspended or revoked in every state in which he was licensed over concerns about his autism treatments and his misrepresentation of his credentials to the Maryland Board of Health, where he falsely claimed to be a board-certified geneticist and epidemiologist.

Mark and his son David are frequently cited by proponents of the now-discredited claim that vaccines cause autism. Geier's credibility as an expert witness has been questioned in 10 court cases. In 2003, a judge ruled that Geier presented himself as an expert witness in "areas for which he has no training, expertise and experience." In other cases in which Geier has testified, judges have labeled his testimony "intellectually dishonest", "not reliable" and "wholly unqualified". Another judge wrote that Geier "may be clever, but he is not credible."

Geier's scientific work has also been criticized; when the Institute of Medicine reviewed vaccine safety in 2004, it dismissed Geier's work as seriously flawed, "uninterpretable", and marred by incorrect use of scientific terms. In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics criticized one of Geier's studies, which claimed a link between vaccines and autism, as containing "numerous conceptual and scientific flaws, omissions of fact, inaccuracies, and misstatements." In January 2007, a paper by the Geiers was retracted by the journal Autoimmunity Reviews. New Scientist reported that the supposed institutional review board (IRB) that Geier claimed approved his experiments with autistic children was located at Geier's business address and included Geier, his son and wife, a business partner of Geier's, and a plaintiff's lawyer involved in vaccine litigation. The Maryland State Board of Physicians referred to it as a "sham IRB" that did not meet the requirements of state or federal law.

Career

Geier worked at the Laboratory of General and Comparative Biochemistry, National Institutes of Health in the 1970s and 1980s as a student researcher (1969–1970), research geneticist (1971–1973), staff fellow (1973–1974), on the professional staff (1974–1978), and as a guest worker (1980–1982). He has been examining vaccine safety issues since then. He is a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics.

He is currently a self-employed geneticist and along with his son David, he operates several organizations from his private address in Maryland, including the Institute for Chronic Illness and the Genetic Centers of America. As a professional witness he has testified in more than 90 vaccine cases, in support of the view that there is a clear link between thiomersal and autism. His credibility as an expert witness has been criticized during many proceedings before the Special Masters. In a 2010 decision, the presiding legal authority wrote, "In summary, I conclude that all of the Geier epidemiologic studies are not reliable, and cannot be accorded any weight."

Controversies

Geier and his son have published several speculative articles about a possible link between autism spectrum disorders and vaccines that contain thimerosal, generating some controversy. The American Academy of Pediatrics dispute the conclusion of the Geiers' paper claiming a correlation between thimerosal and autism, and criticized it for "numerous conceptual and scientific flaws, omissions of fact, inaccuracies, and misstatements".

Limited access to Vaccine Safety Datalink records

The Geiers were granted access to the Vaccine Safety Datalink records, but the National Immunization Program found that "during the first visit the researchers conducted unapproved analysis on their datasets and on the second visit attempted to carry out unapproved analyses but did not complete this attempt. This analysis, had it been completed, could have increased the risk of a confidentiality breach. Before leaving, the researchers renamed files for removal which were not allowed to be removed. Had it gone undetected, this would have constituted a breach of the rules about confidentiality."

Lupron

The Geiers have developed a protocol for treating autism that uses the drug Lupron, which acts as chemical castration. Mark Geier has called Lupron "the miracle drug" and the Geiers have marketed the protocol across the U.S. The Geiers filed three U.S. patent applications on the use of Lupron in combination with chelation therapy as a treatment protocol for autism based on the hypothesis that "testosterone mercury" along with low levels of glutathione blocks the conversion of DHEA to DHEA-S and therefore raises androgens which in turn further lower glutathione levels, ultimately providing a connection between autism, mercury exposure, and hyperandrogenism, specifically precocious puberty.

According to expert pediatric endocrinologists, the Lupron protocol for autism is supported only by junk science. The reaction of mercury and testosterone which the therapy is intended to treat is actually based on a protocol used to create testosterone crystals for use in X-ray crystallography rather than a physiological process that occurs in the human body. Although Abbott Laboratories sells Lupron in the U.S. and cooperated with the Geiers in one of the patent applications, it is no longer pursuing work with them, citing the nonexistence of scientific evidence to justify further research.

When treating an autistic child, the Geiers order several dozen lab tests, costing $12,000: if at least one testosterone-related result is abnormal, the Geiers consider Lupron treatments, using 10 times the daily dose ordinarily used to treat precocious puberty. The therapy costs approximately $5,000 per month. The Geiers recommend starting treatment on children as young as possible, and say that some need treatment through adulthood.

Expert witness testimony

Geier has been qualified as an expert witness in Federal Court and has been accepted as an expert witness in approximately 100 hearings for parents seeking compensation from the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program for alleged vaccine injuries to their children. In 10 of these cases, "Dr. Geier's opinion testimony has either been excluded or accorded little or no weight based upon a determination that he was testifying beyond his expertise."

Medical licenses revoked

On April 27, 2011, the Maryland State Board of Physicians suspended Geier's medical license as an "emergency action", saying he "endangers autistic children and exploits their parents by administering to the children a treatment protocol that has a known substantial risk of serious harm and which is neither consistent with evidence-based medicine nor generally accepted in the relevant scientific community." The board ruled that Geier misdiagnosed patients, diagnosed patients without sufficient tests, and recommended risky treatments without fully explaining the risks to the parents. They also ruled that he misrepresented his credentials, including during an interview with the board. Geier's lawyer, Joseph A. Schwartz III said the basis of the complaint was a "bona fide dispute over therapy", and hoped for a fair hearing to challenge the board's accusations.

The suspension was reaffirmed in May 2011, and upheld on appeal in March 2012, after a full evidentiary hearing before the Office of Administrative Hearings in Maryland. Geier's licenses to practice medicine in the states of Washington, Virginia and California were suspended as well. In June 2012, Geier was charged with violation of the Maryland suspension by continuing to practice medicine without a license. In August 2012, Geier's license was formally revoked by the Maryland State Board of Physicians. On 5 November 2012, the Missouri Medical board and the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation revoked Geier's license, both citing action taken by the Maryland State Board of Physicians. On April 12, 2013, Geier's last medical license in the United States was revoked by the state medical board of Hawaii.

In 2011, his son David was charged by the Maryland State Board of Physicians with practicing as a licensed physician when he only has a Bachelor of Arts degree in biology, and was fined $10,000 in July 2012.

Lawsuit against Maryland Board of Physicians

On December 21, 2012, a lawsuit was filed against the Maryland State Board of Physicians by Anne Geier. The claim made in the case 371761-V was that a cease and desist order filed by the Maryland State Board of Physicians against Mark Geier, for prescribing medicine to his family after his license was suspended, was posted publicly on the Board's website disclosing their private medical information. The decision of the Board was upheld on appeal.

Personal life

Geier and his late wife Anne were the only doubles team to achieve a grand slam in the history of the United States Tennis Association's Mid-Atlantic Section division, as of their induction into the division's Hall of Fame in 2007. Their only son David is also an avid tennis player. Anne died of metastatic melanoma at age 67 in 2014.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Mid-Atlantic Tennis Hall of Fame Inductee Anne Geier passes away at age 67". 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  2. ^ Harris G, O'Connor A (2005-06-25). "On autism's cause, it's parents vs. research". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  3. ^ Deer B (2007). "Autism research: What makes an expert?". BMJ. 334 (7595): 666–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.39146.498785.BE. PMC 1839225. PMID 17395945.
  4. ^ Order for Summary Suspension of License to Practice Medicine (PDF), Maryland State Board of Physicians, retrieved 4 May 2011
  5. "Dr. Mark Geier Severely Criticized". 11 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  6. "Critics balk at doctor-son team's claims of autism solution". Arizona Daily Star. McClatchy Newspapers. May 21, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  7. ^ American Academy of Pediatrics (2003-05-16). "Study fails to show a connection between thimerosal and autism". Archived from the original on 2003-06-04. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  8. Giles, Jim (June 21, 2007). "US vaccines on trial over link to autism". New Scientist. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  9. "e-Customer". www.acmg.net. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  10. "Is Mark Geier finished as an expert witness in the vaccine court?". Left Brain Right Brain. December 10, 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  11. "King vs. Secretary of Health and Human Services" (PDF). US Court of Federal Claims.
  12. Allen A (2007-05-28). "Thiomersal on trial: the theory that vaccines cause autism goes to court". Slate. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  13. ^ Warning letter re: Dr. Mark Geier. Casewatch.net. Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
  14. ^ Tsouderos T (2009-05-24). "'Miracle drug' called junk science". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  15. "Methods of treating autism and autism spectrum disorders" US Patent application 20070254314, November 1, 2007
  16. "Methods for screening, studying and treating disorders with a component of mercurial toxicity Archived 2015-04-13 at the Wayback Machine" US Patent application20060058271, March 16, 2006
  17. "Methods of treating disorders having a component of mercury toxicity Archived 2015-04-13 at the Wayback Machine" US Patent application 20060058241, March 16, 2006
  18. Offit, Paul A. (2008). Autism's False Prophets. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231146364. p. 41
  19. Mills S, Jones T (2009-05-21). "Physician team's crusade shows cracks". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  20. United States District Court, Western District of Washington at Seattle in James E. Franics, Plaintiff, v. Maersk Lines, Limited, et al., Defendants (Case No. C03-2898C)
  21. "John and Jane Doe v. Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc Archived 2008-03-06 at the Wayback Machine", US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, July 6, 2006
  22. "Dr. Mark Geier Severely Criticized", Stephen Barrett, M.D., Casewatch.net
  23. "In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D." (PDF). Mbp.state.md.us. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  24. Mills, Steve; Callahan, Patricia (2011). "Trib Update: Md. suspends autism doctor's license - chicagotribune.com". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 4, 2011. bona fide dispute over therapy
  25. Tsouderos, Trine; Cohn, Meredith (2011). "Trib Maryland medical board upholds autism doctor's suspension - chicagotribune.com". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved June 5, 2011. upheld the suspension on appeal
  26. "In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D." (PDF). Mbp.state.md.us. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  27. Ho, Vanessa (2011). "Seattlepi Controversial autism doctor suspended in Washington". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 5, 2011. subsequently suspended as well
  28. "In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D." (PDF). Dhp.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  29. "Medical Board of California - Physician/Surgeon License Lookup". Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
  30. "Violation of Summary Suspension Order and Charges Under the Maryland Medical Practices Act" (PDF). Maryland State Board of Physicians. June 15, 2012.
  31. "In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D." (PDF). Mbp.state.md.us. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  32. ^ Shelton, Deborah (5 November 2012). "Autism doctor loses license in Illinois, Missouri". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  33. "In the Matter of Mark R. Geier, M.D." (PDF). Dcca.hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  34. Charges Under the Maryland Medical Practices Act, Maryland State Board of Physicians, p. 2, point #1 of chapter "Allegations of Fact"
  35. "Maryland Board of Physicians' Absolute Immunity | Gordon Feinblatt LLC". www.gfrlaw.com.
  36. "2007 Mid-Atlantic Section Tennis Hall of Fame Inductees". USTA. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  37. Donovan, John; Katie Hinman; Leigh Simons (June 26, 2007). "Researchers Raise Eyebrows With Autism Findings". ABC News. Retrieved November 19, 2009.

External links

Categories: