| Revision as of 23:34, 11 February 2019 edit2.223.157.29 (talk)No edit summaryTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 17:08, 10 January 2025 edit undoDavemck (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users120,344 editsm rmv duplicate parm; fix ref error | ||
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| {{Short description|Capital of Punjab, Pakistan}} | |||
| {{About|the city|||{{other uses}}}} | |||
| {{About|the city in Punjab, Pakistan|||{{other uses}}}} | |||
| {{EngvarB|date=February 2014}} | |||
| {{Use |
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2021}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | |||
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| | name |
| name = Lahore | ||
| | official_name |
| official_name = | ||
| | native_name |
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لاہور}}}}|{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|لہور}}}}}} | ||
| | native_name_lang = pa | |||
| | settlement_type = ], ] | |||
| | settlement_type = ] | |||
| <!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline = Lahorecollage3.jpg | |||
| | image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center | |||
| | image_caption = Clockwise from the top: ], ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
| | image1 = Shahi_Masjid_Lahore.jpg | |||
| | image_blank_emblem = Government of Lahore.png | |||
| | caption1 = ] | |||
| | blank_emblem_type = Emblem | |||
| | image2 = Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg | |||
| | nickname = | |||
| | caption2 = ] | |||
| | pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan#Asia | |||
| | image3 = Lahore_Museum%2C_Lahore.jpg | |||
| | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | |||
| | caption3 = ] | |||
| | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan | |||
| | image4 = Minar-e-Pakistan by ZILL NIAZI 3.jpg | |||
| <!-- Location ------------------>| pushpin_label_position = | |||
| | caption4 = ] | |||
| | coordinates = {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}} | |||
| | image5 = Wazir_Khan_Mosque_by_Moiz.jpg | |||
| | subdivision_type = Country | |||
| | caption5 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | |||
| | image6 = Main Entrance of Akbari Sarai.jpg | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| | caption6 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| | image7 = Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Punjab, Pakistan}} ] | |||
| | caption7 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name2 = ] | |||
| <!-- Seat of government and towns-->| established_title = Metropolitan corporation | |||
| | established_date = 2013 | |||
| <!-- Area --------------------->| founder = | |||
| | named_for = | |||
| | seat_type = ] | |||
| | seat = | |||
| | parts_type = ] | |||
| | parts_style = para<!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) | |||
| Default is list of up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> | |||
| | parts = 10<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | |||
| <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | |||
| | government_type = | |||
| | leader_title = ] | |||
| | leader_name = Mubashar Javed | |||
| | leader_title1 = Deputy Comissioner Lahore | |||
| | leader_name1 = Saleha Saeed | |||
| | leader_title2 = | |||
| | leader_name2 = Dr. Agha Tauheed Ahmed Khan | |||
| | area_footnotes = <ref name="pportal">{{cite web| url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| title=Punjab Portal| publisher=Government of Punjab| accessdate=7 July 2014| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115713/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| archivedate=25 June 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
| | area_magnitude = | |||
| | area_total_km2 = 1,772 | |||
| <!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_m = 217 | |||
| <!-- Population ----------------------->| population_total = 11,126,285 | |||
| | population_as_of = ] - Provisional | |||
| | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2017">{{cite web| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf| title=POPULATION OF MAJOR CITIES CENSUS – 2017 | publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| accessdate=30 August 2017| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf| archivedate=29 August 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
| | population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| | population_demonym = Lahori | |||
| | postal_code_type = ] | |||
| | postal_code = 54000 | |||
| | area_code = 042<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |title = National Dialing Codes | |||
| |url = http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125 | |||
| |publisher = ] | |||
| |accessdate = 28 August 2014 | |||
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092141/http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125 | |||
| |archive-date = 3 September 2014 | |||
| |dead-url = yes | |||
| |df = dmy-all | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | area_code_type = ] | |||
| | blank_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank_info_sec1 = $40 billion (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000745/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|dead-url=yes|archive-date=31 May 2013|title=Wayback Machine|date=31 May 2013|publisher=}}</ref> | |||
| | blank1_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank1_info_sec1 = 0.877 <small>(data for 2014–2015)</small> {{increase}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf|title=SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014–15|date=2016|publisher=SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>| | |||
| | leader_title3 = ] | |||
| | leader_name3 = ] | |||
| | blank2_name_sec1 = HDI Category | |||
| | blank2_info_sec1 = Very High | |||
| <!-- General information --------------->| timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset = +5 | |||
| | timezone_DST = | |||
| | utc_offset_DST = | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| | image_flag = Lahore City Flag.png | |||
| '''Lahore''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|h|ɔr}}; {{lang-ur|لاہور}}; {{lang-pnb|لہور}}) is a city in the ]i province of ]. Lahore is the country's second-most populous city after ],<ref name="census2017"/> and is one of Pakistan's wealthiest cities with an estimated GDP of $58.14 billion (]) as of 2015.<ref name="Lahore Fact Sheet">{{cite web|title=Lahore Fact Sheet|url=http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/lahore|publisher=Lloyd's|accessdate=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821060947/http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/lahore|archive-date=21 August 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016 |publisher=lboro.ac.uk |date=24 April 2017 |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> Lahore is the largest city, and historic cultural centre of the ],<ref name="globalsec">, globalsecurity.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine|date=22 April 2008|publisher=Web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archivedate=29 December 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=16 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|last1=Shelley|first1=Fred|date=16 December 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-506-0|page=356|quote=Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent}}</ref><ref name="Luther1990">{{cite book|author=Usha Masson Luther|title=Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s-1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sagar Publications}}</ref> and one of Pakistan's most ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKb9cFFu1xAC&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q=lahore%20most%20liberal|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67031-9|quote="Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city..."|accessdate=8 April 2017}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan’s Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=9 May 2015|work=Washington Post|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0190-8286|quote=“We now want to dress like the people of Punjab,” said Abid Ibrahim, 19, referring to the eastern province that includes Lahore, often referred to as Pakistan’s most progressive city.}}</ref> and cosmopolitan cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|title=Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror|date=28 March 2016|accessdate=19 August 2016|publisher=BBC|quote=Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.}}</ref> | |||
| | image_blank_emblem = | |||
| | blank_emblem_type = Logo | |||
| | nickname = ''The Heart of Pakistan'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan |title=Landing in the heart of Pakistan|date=9 August 2015|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015846/https://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Paris of the East'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Paris of the East? Athens of the North? The cities with ideas above their station |first=Oliver|last=Smith|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 June 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''City of Gardens'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|title=The 'City of Lights' vs 'City of Gardens'|date=12 January 2018 |access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614222147/https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''City of Literature'' (by ])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|title=Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore |author=Shoaib Ahmed|date=4 February 2021|work=Dawn|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831131734/https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| | pushpin_map = Pakistan Lahore#Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan#South Asia | |||
| | pushpin_mapsize = | |||
| | pushpin_map_caption = Map of Lahore##Location within Punjab##Location within Pakistan##Location within South Asia | |||
| | coordinates = {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}} | |||
| | subdivision_type = Country | |||
| | subdivision_name = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} ] | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Punjab.svg}} ] | |||
| | subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name2 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_type3 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name3 = ] | |||
| <!-- Seat of government and towns--> | |||
| <!-- Area --------------------->| founder = | |||
| | registration_plate = {{Collapsible list | |||
| |''{{Hlist|LH|LHA|LHB|LHC|LHD|LHE|LHF|LHG|LHH|LHJ|LHK|LHL|LHP}}''}} | |||
| | named_for = | |||
| | established_title = ] | |||
| | established_date = ] | |||
| | established_title3 = ] | |||
| | established_date3 = {{Start date and age|3 February 1890}} | |||
| | established_title1 = ] | |||
| | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1040}} | |||
| | established_title2 = ] | |||
| | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|27 May 1586}} | |||
| | seat_type = Metropolitan seat | |||
| | seat = ] | |||
| | parts_type = ] | |||
| | parts_style = coll | |||
| | parts = 10 | |||
| | p1 = ] | |||
| | p2 = ] | |||
| | p3 = ] | |||
| | p4 = ] | |||
| | p5 = ] | |||
| | p6 = ] | |||
| | p7 = ] | |||
| | p8 = ] | |||
| | p9 = ] | |||
| | p10 = ] | |||
| | government_footnotes = | |||
| | government_type = ] | |||
| | governing_body = ] | |||
| | leader_title = ] | |||
| | leader_name = ''None'' (Vacant)<ref>{{cite news|title=Local govts term ends today|date=31 December 2021|work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122250/https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| | leader_title2 = ] | |||
| | leader_name2 = Rafia Haider ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-encroachment Drive To Start On 20th|date=19 December 2023|work=] |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/anti-encroachment-drive-to-start-on-20th-1778567.html |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> | |||
| | leader_title3 = ] | |||
| | leader_name3 = Bilal Siddiqui Kamyana ] | |||
| | leader_title4 = ] | |||
| | leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|]}} | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| | ] (]; ]) | |||
| }} | |||
| | area_footnotes = <ref name="pportal">{{cite web| url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| title=Punjab Portal| publisher=Government of Punjab| access-date=7 July 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115713/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | area_metro_km2 = 1,772 | |||
| <!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_max_footnotes = {{efn|The highest point in Lahore is the ]<ref name="topographic-map">{{Cite web |title=Lahore topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-c3wz4/Lahore/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>}} | |||
| | elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name="topographic-map"/> | |||
| | elevation_max_m = 231 | |||
| | elevation_min_m = 196 | |||
| <!-- Population ----------------------->| population_total = 13,004,135 | |||
| | population_as_of = {{nobold|]}} | |||
| | population_rank = {{ubl | ] | ]|]}} | |||
| | population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 24 November 2023}}</ref> | |||
| | population_density_metro_km2 = 7,339 | |||
| | population_blank1_title = ] | |||
| | population_blank1 = {{ubl|''']''' (native & majority)|] (official & minority)|] (official)}} | |||
| | population_blank2_title = ] | |||
| | population_blank2 = ] (native & dominant) | |||
| | population_demonym = ''General'': Lahori{{efn|In ], the demonyms are used as: | |||
| *''Lahorī'' ({{nq|لہوری}}) – general (both singular and plural) and gender-neutral | |||
| *''Lahorīyā'' ({{nq|لہوریہ}}) – singular and masculine | |||
| *''Lahorīye'' ({{nq|لہوریے}}) – plural and masculine | |||
| *''Lahoran'' ({{nq|لہورن}}) – general (both singular and plural) and feminine<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|title=A Lahori for life|date=12 December 2021|access-date=6 January 2022|work=The News International (newspaper)|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010126/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br/>'']'': Lahorite | |||
| <!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion {{nobold|(])}} | |||
| | demographics2_title1 = ] | |||
| | demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list | |||
| | 94.7% ] | |||
| | 5.14% ] | |||
| | 0.12% ] | |||
| | 0.02% ] | |||
| | 0.01% ] | |||
| | 0.01% ] | |||
| }} | |||
| <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | |||
| <!-- Commented out because --------------->| blank_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| <!-- source does not provide explicit GDP number --------------->| blank_info_sec1 = $84 billion (2019)<ref name="thebusinessyear.com">{{cite web |title=Pakistan: 4 Top Cities |publisher=The Business Year |date=2020-10-16 |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120144202/https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="finance.gov.pk">{{Cite web |title= |publisher=Finance Division | Government of Pakistan |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=www.finance.gov.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306072840/http://www.finance.gov.pk/|archive-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> | |||
| | blank1_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank1_info_sec1 = ] (]) | |||
| | blank2_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank2_info_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank3_name_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank3_info_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank4_name_sec1 = Development Authority | |||
| | blank4_info_sec1 = ] | |||
| | blank5_name_sec1 = ] {{nobold|(2018)}} | |||
| | blank5_info_sec1 = 0.877<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusive growth and human development |url=https://www.undp.org/pakistan/inclusive-growth-and-human-development#:~:text=The%20HDI%20of%200.877%20for,the%20Very%20High%20Development%20Category. |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) · ] | |||
| | blank6_name_sec1 = Growth | |||
| | blank6_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 8.06% | |||
| | blank7_name_sec1 = ] {{nobold|(])}} | |||
| | blank7_info_sec1 = 81% | |||
| <!-- blank fields (section 2) -->| blank_name_sec2 = Constituencies in the ] | |||
| | blank_info_sec2 = {{Composition bar|14|336|hex=#000}} | |||
| | blank1_name_sec2 = ] {{nobold|(])}} | |||
| | blank1_info_sec2 = 912 ]/1000 ] | |||
| | blank2_name_sec2 = ] | |||
| | blank2_info_sec2 = ] | |||
| | blank3_name_sec2 = Abbreviation | |||
| | blank3_info_sec2 = LHR/ایل ایچ آر | |||
| | blank4_name_sec2 = ] | |||
| | blank4_info_sec2 = ]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-11 |title=LAHORE: The patron saint of Lahore |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/393313/lahore-the-patron-saint-of-lahore |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazrat Data Gunj Bukhsh (RA), Lahore |url=https://auqaf.punjab.gov.pk/shrine-data-darbar |website=Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department}}</ref> | |||
| | postal_code_type = ] | |||
| | postal_code = 53XXX – 55XXX | |||
| | area_code = 042<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |title = National Dialing Codes | |||
| |url = http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125 | |||
| |publisher = ] | |||
| |access-date = 28 August 2014 | |||
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092141/http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125 | |||
| |archive-date = 3 September 2014 | |||
| |url-status = dead | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | area_code_type = ] | |||
| | leader_title1 = ] | |||
| | leader_name1 = ] | |||
| <!-- General information --------------->| timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset = +5 | |||
| | timezone_DST = | |||
| | utc_offset_DST = | |||
| | module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | |||
| | child = yes | |||
| | official_name = ] | |||
| | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)}}(i)(ii)(iii) | |||
| | ID = 171-002 | |||
| | year = 1981 | |||
| | extension = 2009 | |||
| | area = {{convert|36|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | |||
| }} | |||
| | website = {{URL|lahore.punjab.gov.pk}} | |||
| | mapsize = 230px | |||
| | pushpin_map_alt = Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast | |||
| | pushpin_relief = | |||
| | image_seal = Seal of Lahore.SVG | |||
| | seal_size = 120px | |||
| | area_rank = {{ubl|]|]}} | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Lahore''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|h|ɔr}} {{respell|lə|HOR}}; {{langx|pnb|{{nq|لہور}}}} {{IPA-pa|lɔː˩˥ɾ|}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|لاہور}}}} {{IPA-ur|laːˈɦɔːɾ||LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-لاہور.wav}}) is the capital and largest city of the ] of ]. It is the ] city in ], after ], and 27th ], with a population of over 14 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore, Pakistan Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22046/lahore/population |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs.<ref name="thebusinessyear.com" /><ref name="finance.gov.pk" /> It has been the historic capital and cultural center of the wider ],<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2008 |url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-date=29 December 2008|access-date=16 September 2011|title=History }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|last1=Shelley |first1=Fred|date=16 December 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-506-0 |page=356|quote=Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent}}</ref><ref name="Luther1990">{{cite book|author=Usha Masson Luther|title=Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sagar Publications}}</ref> and is one of Pakistan's most ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKb9cFFu1xAC&pg=PA209|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|date=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67031-9|quote="Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city..."|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan's Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=9 May 2015 |newspaper=]|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0190-8286|quote="We now want to dress like the people of Punjab," said Abid Ibrahim, 19, referring to the eastern province that includes Lahore, often referred to as Pakistan's most progressive city.|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124151103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ] cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|title=Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror|date=28 March 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|work=BBC|quote=Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216102726/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Lahore's |
] dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two ], although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the ], its fortified interior.<ref name=antiquity>{{Cite web |author=Majid Sheikh|title=The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1066357 |date=22 August 2004 |access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306034504/https://www.dawn.com/news/1066357|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore served as the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the ]s, ] and ]. It reached the height of its splendor under the ] between the late 16th and early 18th centuries, being its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world.<ref name="Dyson">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025722/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] by the forces of the ] ruler ] in 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the Afghans and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798. Lahore eventually became the capital of the ] in the early 19th century, regaining some of its lost grandeur.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Lahore was annexed to the ] in 1849 and became the capital of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan/ |title=Rising Lahore and reviving Pakistan |date=21 July 2013 |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510222233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the ] and the ]. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the ] period preceding Pakistan's independence.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Following the success of the ] and the subsequent partition of British India in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province. | ||
| Lahore exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan.<ref |
Located in central-eastern Punjab, along the ], it is the largest ]-speaking city in the world. Lahore exerts a strong cultural and political influence over Pakistan.<ref>{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Chicago Sister Cities International''</ref> A UNESCO ] and major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education sector,<ref name=2005_pg7_15>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |title=Lahore book fair opens to rave reviews |work=Daily Times |author=Shoaib Ahmed |date=4 March 2005 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212140647/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination |title=Lahore's domination|author=S. Akbar Zaidi|date=15 October 2012|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172316/https://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore is home to Pakistan's ], and is a major centre of ].<ref name="Windsor all">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|title=Out of the rubble|last=Windsor|first=Antonia|date=22 November 2006|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105083416/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts much of ],<ref name="Windsor all" /><ref name="Planet">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore/introduction|title=Lahore, Pakistan|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174039/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore|url-status=dead}}</ref> with major attractions including the ], the famous ] and ] mosques, as well as several ] and ] shrines. Lahore is also home to the ] and ], both of which are ] ]s.<ref name="Planet" /> | ||
| == Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
| {{Main|Etymology of Lahore|}} | |||
| The |
The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as ''Luhawar'', ''Lūhār'', and ''Rahwar''.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} The Iranian polymath and geographer, ], referred to the city as ''Luhāwar'' in his 11th century work, ''Qanun'',{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} while the poet ], who lived during the ] period, recorded the city's name as ''Lāhanūr''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Suvorova|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cI1_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries|date=22 July 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134370059}}</ref> ] records the city's name as ''Lawhūr'', mentioning that it was famously known as ''Lahāwar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Hamawi|first=Yaqut|title=Mu'jam al-Buldan |url=http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231217/http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53 |archive-date=2 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Persian historian ] mentions the city as ''Alahwar'' in his work, with ''al-Ahwar'' being another variation.<ref name="briggs">Briggs, J. trans. ], "History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India Till the Year A.D. 1612", Volume VI</ref>{{sfnp|Wink|2002a|p=121}} | ||
| One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word ''Ravāwar,'' as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from ].<ref name=": |
One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word ''Ravāwar,'' as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from ].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sdgrE8pn-cC&q=iravatyawar |title=Journal of Central Asia |date=1978|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University}}</ref> ''Ravāwar'' is the simplified pronunciation of the name ''Iravatyāwar,'' a name possibly derived from the ], known as the Iravati River in the '']''.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Boltz|first1=William G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-hJB2279EAC&pg=PA136 |title=Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages |last2=Shapiro|first2=Michael C.|date=1991|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9027235740}}</ref> Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word ''Lohar'', meaning "blacksmith".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Journal of Asian Civilisations|date=2001|publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfhwAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+blacksmith+etymology}}</ref> | ||
| According to |
According to a legend,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA131 |title=Gazetteer of the Ferozpur District: 1883 |date=1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Haroon Khalid |date=31 December 2018 |title=How old is Lahore? The clues lie in a blend of historical fact and expedient legend |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665/ |quote=A legend subsequently grew that connected the history of the city with Valmiki's Ramayana. According to this narrative, Valmiki lived on a mound on the banks of the Ravi when he hosted Ram's consort Sita after she was banished from Ayodhya. It is here that she gave birth Lav and Kush, the princes of Ayodhya, who later founded the twin cities of Lahore and Kasur. |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101120014/https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's name derives from ''Lavpur'' or ''Lavapuri'' (City of '']''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Lahore+Lavapuri |title=Annual bibliography of Indian history and Indology, Volume 4 |publisher=Bombay Historical Society |year=1946 |page=257 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baqir |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pAcAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+Lava |title=Lahore, past and present |publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp |year=1985 |pages=19–20 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> the son of ] and ]. The same account attributes the founding of nearby ] to his twin brother ],<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kasur+Kusha |title=Punjab: land, history, people |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |year=2005 |isbn=9789695032831 |page=111 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> though it was actually established in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=kasur+pashtun |title=Punjab: Land, History, People |year=2005 |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |isbn=9789695034347}}</ref> | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| {{Quote box | |||
| {{Main|History of Lahore|Timeline of Lahore}} | |||
| | title = Historical affiliations | |||
| | quote = ] 550–950<br/>] 1001–1020<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Ghaznavids Empire.png}} ] 1020–1186<br/>{{flagicon image|Ghurid.Empire.png}} ] 1186–1206<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1206–1214<br/>] 1214–1217<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1217–1223<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Khwarazmia.svg}} ] 1223–1228<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1228–1241<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} ] 1241– 1266<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1266–1287<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} ] 1287–1305<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1305–1329<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Chagatai Khanate.svg}} ] 1329<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1329–1342<br/>]s 1342<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1342–1394<br>]s 1394–1398<br/>{{flagicon image| Timurid Empire flag.svg}} ] 1398–1414<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1414–1431<br/>]s 1431–1432<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} ] 1432–1524<br/>{{flagicon image| Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} ] 1524–1540<br/>] 1540–1550<br/> {{flagicon image| Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} ] 1550–1739<br/> {{flagicon image| Imperial Flag of Nader Shah (1st Series) - No. 2.svg}} ] 1739<br>{{flagicon image| Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire (3).svg}} ] 1739–1748 <br/> {{flagicon image| Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} ] 1748–1758 <br> ] 1758 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Maratha Empire.png}} ] 1758–1759 <br/> {{flagicon image|Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} ] 1759–1765 <br> ] ] & ] 1765–1799 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Sikh Empire.png}} ] 1799–1849 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} ] 1849–1858 <br/> {{flagicon image| British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} {{flagicon image| Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg}}] / ] 1858–1947 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of Pakistan.svg}} ] 1947– present | |||
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| {{Main|History of Lahore}} | |||
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| === |
=== Origins === | ||
| {{Main|Origins of Lahore}} | {{Main|Origins of Lahore}} | ||
| No definitive records exist to elucidate Lahore's earliest history, and Lahore's ambiguous early history have given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. ] states that Keneksen, the founder of the mythological ] dynasty, is believed to have migrated out from the city.<ref name="Neville, p.xii">Neville, p.xii</ref> Early records of Lahore are scant, but ]'s historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point, or was unimportant.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q=lahore%20lohar|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs, &c|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|date=1892|publisher=Printed at the New Imperial Press}}</ref> | |||
| No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the ], migrated out from the city.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}} | |||
| ] mentions in his '']'' a city called ''Labokla'' situated near the ] and ] which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Umpherston Aitchison|title=Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788177551730|page=54}}</ref> Chinese pilgrim ] gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city when he visited the region in 630 CE that has been identified as Lahore.<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.spx |title=LAHORE |last=Kerr |first=Ian J |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=3 April 2016 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| ]'s historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=352}} ] mentions in his '']'' a city called ''Labokla'' situated near the ] and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Umpherston Aitchison|title=Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing |isbn=9788177551730|page=54}}</ref> Chinese pilgrim ] gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he ] in 630 CE during his tour of India.<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the '']'' ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 C.E.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |title=Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. |last=unknown author from Jōzjān |translator=V. Minorsky |year=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London}}</ref> in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards."<ref>Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/22/fea.htm |title=Dawn Pakistan – The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref> | |||
| The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the '']'' ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |title=Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. |translator=V. Minorsky |year=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015541/http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".<ref name=antiquity/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the ] Sultan ] in the 11th century. Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab during this time under ] of the ] empire, who had moved the capital there from ''Waihind''.<ref>Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink PAGE 235</ref> The capital would later be moved to ] following Ghaznavid incursions.<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of Sufi saint ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amjad |first=Yaḥyá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P60yAAAAIAAJ&q=tarikh+i+pakistan+yahya |title=Tārīḵẖ-i Pākistān: qadīm daur : zamānah-yi mā qabl az tārīḵẖ : Pākistān kī sarzamīn par āj se paune do kaṛoṛ sāl pahle... |date=1989 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Pablīkeshanz |language=ur}}</ref> Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the ] Sultan ] in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja ] of the ] empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.<ref name=bosworth/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p=235}} | |||
| ===Medieval=== | |||
| ===Medieval era=== | |||
| {{Main|Early Muslim period in Lahore}} | {{Main|Early Muslim period in Lahore}} | ||
| ==== Ghaznavid ==== | ==== Ghaznavid ==== | ||
| ] shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate |
] shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate saint ], who lived in the city during 11th century.]] | ||
| Sultan ] captured Lahore on an uncertain date, but under Ghaznavid rule, Lahore emerged effectively as the empire's second capital.<ref name=bosworth/> In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed ] to the Throne of Lahore—a governorship of the ]. The city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious Governor of ], in 1034, although his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 106.|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.<ref name=bosworth/> He appointed ] as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of ]. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=106 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| With the support of Sultan ], Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. Ayaz erected city walls and a masonry fort built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,<ref name="Petersen1996">{{cite book|author=Andrew Petersen|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06084-4|page=159}}</ref> which had been demolished during the Ghaznavid invasion. A confederation of Hindu princes then unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043-44 during Ayaz' rule.<ref name=bosworth>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=9047423836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q=Lahore|accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref> The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry under Malik Ayaz' reign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |title=:.GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |accessdate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173139/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |archivedate= 8 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996">{{cite book|author1=James L. Wescoat|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn|title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-235-0|page=149}}</ref> | |||
| With the support of Sultan ], Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.<ref name="Petersen1996">{{cite book|author=Andrew Petersen |year=1996|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |page=}}</ref> A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule.<ref name=bosworth>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for ].<ref>{{cite web |title=GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173139/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |archive-date= 8 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996">{{cite book|author1=James L. Wescoat|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn|date=1996 |title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |page=149 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-235-0}}</ref> | |||
| Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1152,<ref name=modern/> under the reign of ''Khusrau Shah''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical|date=1872|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA590#v=onepage&q=lahore%201152|accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref> The city then became the sole capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1163 after the fall of ].<ref> ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami, and north of the ].<ref name=modern/> | |||
| Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of ] in 1152.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical|date=1872|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood|page=|quote=lahore 1152. |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lahore |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052043/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.<ref name="Ikram">{{cite book|last1=Ikram |first1=S. M.|date=1964|title=Muslim Civilization in India |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimcivilizati00ikra |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |author1-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern ] and north of the ].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| ====Mamluk ==== | |||
| In 1187, the ]s invaded Lahore,<ref name=bosworth/> ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made capital of the ] of the ] following the assassination of ] in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan ], Lahore attracted poets and scholars from as far away as ], ], ], and ]. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any city in Persia or Khorasan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |title=Once upon a time |publisher=Apnaorg.com |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref>]. ABC-CLIO, 22 July 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-59884-337-8}} pp 269–270</ref> | |||
| ==== Mamluk ==== | |||
| Following the death of Aibak, Lahore came to be disputed among Ghurid officers. The city first came under control of the Governor of ], ], before being briefly captured by the sultan of the Mamluks in Delhi, ], in 1217.<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| Following the ] in 1186, the ] ruler ] captured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik,<ref name=bosworth/> thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of the ] of the Delhi Sultanate following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan ], Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval ]. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |title=Once upon a time |publisher=Apnaorg.com |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615113959/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025723/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=delhi+sultanate+turko-afghan&pg=PA269 |date=4 April 2023 }} ABC-CLIO, 22 July 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-59884-337-8}} pp 269–270</ref> Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan, ], and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, ].<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| In an alliance with local ]s in 1223, ] |
In an alliance with local ]s in 1223, ] sultan ] captured Lahore after fleeing from ]'s invasion of his realm.<ref name=bosworth/> Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of ] after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.<ref name=bosworth/> | ||
| The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future |
The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,<ref name="jackson"/> even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.<ref name="jackson"/> | ||
| Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite |
Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi |date=2010 |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief ].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=16 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521543290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> | ||
| In 1266, ] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler ],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern |
In 1266, sultan ] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler ],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to ].<ref name=bosworth/> The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab ], though their advance was eventually stopped by ], brother of Sultan ] of Delhi.<ref name="jackson"/> The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xiii}} | ||
| ====Tughluq==== | ====Tughluq==== | ||
| Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of ] (Ghazi Malik) of the ] between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by ] of the Central Asian ], and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.<ref name=bosworth/> Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=107 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, ].<ref name=bosworth/> The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, ] in 1394.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> By the time the Mongol conqueror ] captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}} | |||
| ====Late Sultanates==== | ====Late Sultanates==== | ||
| ] is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.]] | |||
| Timur gave control of the Lahore region to ], Governor of ], who later established the ] in 1414 — the fourth dynasty of the ].<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref> Lahore was briefly occupied by the ] Governor of Kabul in 1432-33.<ref name="jackson"/> Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again the Khokhar tribe, and so the city was granted to ] in 1441 by the Sayyid dynasty in Delhi, though Lodi would displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| Timur gave control of the Lahore region to ], governor of Multan, who later established the ] in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref> The city was twice besieged by ], ruler of ], during the reign of ], the longest of which being in 1431–32.<ref name="jackson"/> To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to ] in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.<ref name=bosworth/> | |||
| Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with ] in 1485.<ref name="dhillon"/> Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. |
Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with ] in 1485.<ref name="dhillon"/> Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of ], son of Tatar Khan and former employer of ] (the founder of ]).<ref name="dhillon">{{cite book |last1=Dhillon|first1=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|date=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA9|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> | ||
| === |
===Mughals=== | ||
| {{Main|Mughal period in Lahore}}<gallery mode="packed |
{{Main|Subah of Lahore|Mughal period in Lahore}} | ||
| <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | |||
| File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|] | File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|] | ||
| File: |
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|] | ||
| File:Wazir Khan's hammams (4).JPG|] | File:Wazir Khan's hammams (4).JPG|] | ||
| File:Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash 01.jpg|] | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| ] | |||
| ]|Lahore's ] is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.<ref name=Masson>{{cite book|last1=Masson|first1=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century|date=2003|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231038761}}</ref>]] | |||
| ] in Lahore is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.<ref name=Masson>{{cite book|last1=Masson|first1=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century|date=2003|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231038761}}</ref>]] | |||
| ] was completed in 1614 in honour of ]'s mother, ].]] | |||
| ] was completed in 1614 in honour of ]'s mother, ].]] | |||
| ====Early Mughal==== | ====Early Mughal==== | ||
| ], the founder of the ], captured |
], the founder of the ], captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.<ref name=bosworth/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=32 |language=en}}</ref> The city became a refuge to ] and his cousin ] when ] rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.<ref name=bosworth/> The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either ] or ].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts |access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed. |archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819161514/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| By the time of rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself |
By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as ''guzars'', were located within the city walls during the ] period.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as ''qasbahs'', such as ] and ], as well as ], and ] in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each ''qasbah''.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| ====Akbar==== | ====Akbar==== | ||
| Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the ].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve '']'' provinces,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to ], brother of ], who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ] reflects ] on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar. Islam forbids ].]] | |||
| Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when ] began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the ].<ref name=modern/> Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve '']'' provinces,<ref name=modern/> and in 1585-86 relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to ], brother of ], who was commonly known as ''Jodhabhai''.<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28#v=snippet&q=bhagwant%20das%20lahore|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Akbari Mandi ] was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar also established the ] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra |date=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many ]s date from the Akbari era.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city. | |||
| Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls, and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated ''Rarra Maidan''.<ref name=modern/> The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during this era, and continues to function until present-day.<ref name=modern/> Akbar also established the ] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra|date=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many ]s date from the Akbari era.<ref name=modern/> Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under Akbar's reign of several emperors,<ref name=modern/> and Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed during this period. | |||
| ====Jahangir==== | ====Jahangir==== | ||
| During the reign of Emperor ] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods. |
During the reign of Emperor ] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son ] laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh ].<ref name="Holt">{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521291372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA45 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.<ref name="Holt"/> Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life, and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and ] was built in Lahore's ] suburb in 1637 by his wife ], ] is also nearby. | ||
| ====Shah Jahan==== | ====Shah Jahan==== | ||
| Jahangir's son, ] reigned |
Jahangir's son, ] (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the ] with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic ] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO |title=International council on monuments and sites|url= https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf |access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710195232/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the ] in 1635, and both the ] and the extravagantly decorated ] in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the ].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| ====Aurangzeb==== | ====Aurangzeb==== | ||
| ] was built in 1674 |
] | ||
| ] (1866)]] | |||
| Shah Jahan's son, and last of the great Mughal Emperors, ], further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the ''Alamgiri Bund'' embankment along the ] in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.<ref name=modern/> The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several pleasure gardens laid near the ''bund'' by Lahore's gentry.<ref name=modern/> The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments was raised during his reign, the ] in 1673, as well as the iconic ''Alamgiri'' gate of the Lahore Fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=28 December 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Shah Jahan's son, ], last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the ], was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171934/http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ====Late Mughal==== | ====Late Mughal==== | ||
| ] was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.]] | |||
| Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following ]'s death in 1707 lead to weakening control over Lahore from ], and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> Mughal preoccupation with the ] in the ] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever weaker Mughal emperors of Delhi.<ref name=modern/> | |||
| Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Mughal preoccupation with the ] in the ] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| Mughal Emperor ] died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of ].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with ] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of ] |
Mughal Emperor ] died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of ].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with ] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of ] when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.<ref name=bosworth/> | ||
| ]'s brief ] wrested control away from ]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> |
]'s brief invasion of the Mughal Empire ] wrested control away from ]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards ] instead.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref> | Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref> | ||
| === Durrani |
=== Durrani invasions === | ||
| ] |
The ] ruler ] occupied Lahore ].<ref name=bosworth/> Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk ].<ref name=bosworth/> Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah ]. The Mughal ] Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, ].<ref name=bosworth/> | ||
| Durrani rule was |
Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by ] ] with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their ].<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref> After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, ] occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it.<ref>Mehta, J.L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. {{ISBN|978-1-932705-54-6}}. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</ref> After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it.<ref name=bosworth/> By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under ], but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.<ref name=bosworth/> | ||
| === Sikh=== | === Sikh === | ||
| {{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}}<gallery mode="packed |
{{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}} | ||
| <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | |||
| File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|] | File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh Golden Dome.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:Nau Nihal Singh's haveli, now Victoria Girls High School, Lahore.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:Hazuri Bagh Baradari & Ground.JPG|] | ||
| File: |
File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|] | ||
| File:Temple associated with Loh.JPG|The ] at the ] dates from the Sikh period,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|title=Heritage: the Lonely Little Temple|author=Sufia Zamir|date=14 January 2018 |access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|url-status=live |work=Dawn}}</ref> and is dedicated to the Hindu deity '']'' | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| ] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period. |
] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="GHF">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Asif Khan |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |url=http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072423/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf}}</ref>]] | ||
| ====Early==== | ====Early==== | ||
| Expanding Sikh |
Expanding Sikh ]s secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the ] state captured the city.<ref name="eos">{{Citation|title=Pakistani Sikhs reopen temple after 73 years| date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBW1s597tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5mBW1s597tw |archive-date=2021-12-11|url-status=live|language=en|access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: ], Lahna Singh, and ]. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby ] to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, |
Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.<ref name=bosworth/> ] negotiated with the Afghans for the post of '']'' to control Lahore following the second invasion.<ref name=bosworth/> | ||
| By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining |
By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| ====Sikh Empire==== | ====Sikh Empire==== | ||
| ] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the ], ], ], and the ].]] | ] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the ], ], ], and the ].]] | ||
| ] was built in 1818 to celebrate ]'s acquisition of the ] diamond.<ref name="bansal"/>]] | ] was built in 1818 to celebrate ]'s acquisition of the ] diamond.<ref name="bansal"/>]] | ||
| In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby ], began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.<ref name=bosworth/><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book |last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak |first3=S.R. Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1 |pages=272–274}}</ref> His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the ], Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Bhagata|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service}}</ref> | |||
| Ranjit Singh's rule restored |
Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} He established a mint in the city in 1800,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |date=1989 |isbn=8170172446 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, he established a ] to mark the site where ] was born in 1534. | ||
| Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though nearby Amritsar had been established as the empire's |
Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/ |title=Pakistan – Lahore – Hindukush Karakuram Tours & Treks |access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042553/http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and built the ] in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the ] diamond from ] in 1813.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> He erected the ] to mark the site of ]'s death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh ]s, Hindu temples, and ]s.<ref>Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.</ref><ref>Masson, Charles. 1842. ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab'', 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</ref> | ||
| While much of Lahore's Mughal |
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite book|last1=Marshall |first1=John Hubert |date=1906|title=Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref> Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The ] in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present |year=1988|volume=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=sunehri+ |access-date=28 August 2016|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University}}</ref> while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.<ref>{{cite news |author=Farooq Soomro |title=A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Dawn |date=13 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032600/https://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ====Late ==== | ==== Late ==== | ||
| The Sikh royal court |
The Sikh royal court (''Lahore Durbar'') underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son ] died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, ], died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Maharaja ] was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by ], widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic ''Diwan-e-Aam''.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's ''Chah Miran'' neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.<ref name=bansal/> Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} ] was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his ''wazir'', but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} as well as confrontations against the British during the two ]. | ||
| After the conclusion of two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh |
After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the ''Lahore Durbar'', and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| === British === | === British colonial period === | ||
| <gallery mode="packed |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | ||
| File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|] | File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|] | ||
| File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|] | |||
| File:Front_View_of_Lahore_Museum.jpg|] | |||
| File:Front View of Lahore Museum.jpg|] | |||
| File:Government College University.jpg|] | |||
| File:Lahore High Court Building.jpg|] | File:Lahore High Court Building.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:King Edward Medical University.jpg|] | ||
| </gallery> | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The ] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state |
The ] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the ], British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a ] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{ |
At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a ] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901."</ref> Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the ] surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as ] and ], which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair."</ref> | ||
| The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas |
The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore."</ref> The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed |
Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the ], which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an ] church in 1851.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church."</ref> The 17th-century ] was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop."</ref> The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road."</ref> | ||
| ], the design of the ] was highly militarised |
], the design of the ] was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.]] | ||
| The British built the ] just outside the Walled City shortly after the ] |
The British built the ] just outside the Walled City shortly after the ]; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city."</ref> Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking ], where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.<ref name="Mall Road">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other."</ref> The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious ] to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races. | ||
| Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by ] ] |
Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by ], ] – a visit in which he received delegations from the ] of ], Maharajas of ], the Nawab of ], and other rulers from various Punjabi states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA341|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, Khān Bahādur)|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.<ref name=":0" /> British authorities built several important structures around the time of the ] (1887) in the distinctive ], including the ] and ].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894)."</ref> | ||
| The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{ |
The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"."</ref> An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press" /> Lahore's posh ] was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while ] locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City. | ||
| ], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]] | ], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]] | ||
| Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref |
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref name="Mall Road"/> and Pakistan. The ] was moved by ] and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |title=Republic Day |work=The Tribune |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129021853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian '']'' ] was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as ], and was also where ] was hanged in 1931.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729120941/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 |date=29 July 2012 }} ''Daily Times Pakistan''. 2 September 2007.</ref> Under the leadership of ], the ] passed the ] in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126002501/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |date=26 January 2012 }}, Jin Technologies. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref> | ||
| === Partition === | === Partition === | ||
| The 1941 census showed that Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder being |
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Khaled Ahmed|title=The City that wanted to know |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|access-date=28 December 2017 |agency=Indian Express|date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224043630/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the ] to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Kuldip Nayyar claimed that ] had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new ],<ref name="Dabas2017"/><ref name="Nayar2018">{{cite web |author1=] |title='I nearly gave you Lahore': When Kuldip Nayar asked Cyril Radcliffe about deciding Indo-Pak border |url=https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |website=Scroll.in |publisher=] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025001/https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaul1991">{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Pyarelal |title=Crisis in Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Suman Publications |page=42|quote=Under Radcliffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan. The Arbitrator Radcliffe, announced to the representatives of India and Pakistan that Lahore had fallen to the lot of India.}}</ref> but decided to place it within the ], which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded ] to India.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Line of Division: Real and Imagined |newspaper=] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 September 2006 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dabas2017">{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Maninder |title=Here's How Radcliffe Line Was Drawn On This Day And Lahore Could Not Become A Part of India |newspaper=] |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |language=en |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021247/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nayar2018"/> | ||
| As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots. |
As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced ]'s worst riots.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh |first1=Elena |last2=Loescher |first2=Gil |last3=Long |first3=Katy |last4=Sigona |first4=Nando |title=The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191645884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLkBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT314 |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city ''en masse'' as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.<ref name=dejonge>{{cite book|last1=de Jonge|first1=Rene|title=Urban planning in Lahore: a confrontation with real development|date=1989|publisher=Peter Groote|isbn=9789036701839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqG6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP35|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> | ||
| When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of |
When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live ]" throughout the night.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| === Modern === | === Modern === | ||
| <gallery mode="packed |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | ||
| File:The Minar-e-Pakistan.jpg|] | |||
| File:Islamic Summit Minar.JPG|] | File:Islamic Summit Minar.JPG|] | ||
| File:The Minar-e-Pakistan (vertical).jpg|] | |||
| File:Grand_Jamia_Masjid.jpg|] | |||
| File:Punjab Assembly as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|] | File:Punjab Assembly as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|] | ||
| File:'Pakistan'-Islamic Summit Minar-Lahore- By @ibneazhar- Sep 2016 (72).jpg|] | File:'Pakistan'-Islamic Summit Minar-Lahore- By @ibneazhar- Sep 2016 (72).jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:Arfa Karim Tower Lahore.jpg|Arfa Karim tower in Lahore | ||
| File:Behria_Town_Mosque_build_by_Malik_Riaz.jpg|] | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| ] ] and President ] travelled by car in Lahore, 1962]] | |||
| ] left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} ] further weakened the city's economy while ] industrialized and became more prosperous.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| ] have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the ] Trust for Culture.]] | |||
| After |
After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots.<ref name=dejonge/> The ] was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all ] during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic ] was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the ] was passed.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} With support from the ], the ] was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated. | ||
| The second ] was held in the city in 1974.<ref name="oic conf">{{cite web |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |title=Second Islamic Summit Conference |publisher=Oic-oci.org | |
The second ] was held in the city in 1974.<ref name="oic conf">{{cite web |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |title=Second Islamic Summit Conference |publisher=Oic-oci.org |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014111124/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 }}</ref> In retaliation for the destruction of the ] in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja ],<ref name=bansal/> and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the ] ] final match was held at the ] in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf |title=Political History and Administrative History of the Punjab |access-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194352/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| The ] restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from ] to the ] with money from the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/ |title=Lahore – History of Lahore|publisher=thelahorecity.com |access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032556/http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| == Geography == | == Geography == | ||
| ] flows from North to West. The city is rapidly growing towards the south.]] | |||
| {{Climate chart | |||
| |Lahore | |||
| |7.1|19.6| 23 | |||
| |8.9|22.4| 29 | |||
| |11.3|25.8| 41 | |||
| |14.2|28.6| 20 | |||
| |16.5|31.2| 22 | |||
| |19.4|34.1| 36 | |||
| |20.1|35.5|202 | |||
| |19.8|35.4|164 | |||
| |18.6|33.2| 61 | |||
| |14.1|29.1| 12 | |||
| |11.6|24.1| 4 | |||
| |8.7|21.3| 14 | |||
| |source =Hong Kong Observatory<ref name="HKO">{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm | |||
| | title = Climatological Normals of Lahore | |||
| | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | |||
| | publisher = ] }}</ref> | |||
| |float=right | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Main|Geography of Lahore}} | {{Main|Geography of Lahore}} | ||
| Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by the ], on the east by ], and on the south by ]. The ] flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of {{convert|404|km²|0|abbr=out}}. | |||
| === Climate === | === Climate === | ||
| {{Main|Climate of Lahore}} | {{Main|Climate of Lahore}} | ||
| Lahore has a ] (] ''BSh''). The hottest month is June, |
Lahore has a ] (] ''BSh''), bordering on a ]. The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed {{convert|45|C|F}}. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September.<ref name="HKO">{{cite web | ||
| | url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm | |||
| | title = Climatological Normals of Lahore | |||
| | access-date = 6 May 2010 | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | archive-date = 13 October 2018 | |||
| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013021248/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm | |||
| | url-status = dead | |||
| }}</ref> with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|title=Smoke not smog|date=6 November 2016|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154315/http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| The city's record high temperature was {{convert| |
The city's record high temperature was {{convert|50.4|C|F}}, recorded on 5 June 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Quetta |publisher=Pakmet.com.pk |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144256/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> On 10 June 2007, a temperature of {{convert|48|C|F}} was recorded;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |title=Highest temperature in 78 years: Four die as city sizzles at 48o C |work=Daily Times |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193450/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |title=Heatwave to persist for 4–5 days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230001853/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |archive-date=30 December 2008 |work=Dawn |date=10 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of {{convert|55|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Lahore Extremes (1881-2022) |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224185713/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is {{convert|337|mm|in}}, recorded on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716143942/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainaug.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pakmet.com.pk - Pakistan's Biggest Property Website|archive-date=16 July 2011|website=PakMet}}</ref> | ||
| {{Lahore weatherbox}} | {{Lahore weatherbox}} | ||
| == Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
| {{Main|Demographics of Lahore}} | |||
| {{Historical populations | {{Historical populations | ||
| |align = right | |align = right | ||
| Line 314: | Line 452: | ||
| |1951|1130000 | |1951|1130000 | ||
| |1961|1630000 | |1961|1630000 | ||
| |1972|2198890<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|title=Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728172813/http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| |1972|2590000 | |||
| |1981|2988486<ref name="citypopulation.de" /> | |||
| |1981|3540000 | |||
| |1998|5209088<ref name="citypopulation.de" /> | |||
| |1998|6320000 | |||
| |2017|11126285 | |2017|11126285<ref name="citypopulation.de" /> | ||
| |2023|13004135<ref name="citypopulation.de" />}} | |||
| }} | |||
| === Population === | === Population === | ||
| The results of the ] determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,<ref name="census2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|title=Population of Major Cities Census – 2017|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since ].<ref name="census2017-district">{{cite web| publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| title=District Wise Population by Sex and Rural/Urban – Census 2017| access-date=30 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.<ref name="census2017-district" /> Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081736/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/}}</ref> | |||
| The results of the ] determined the population to be at 11,126,285,<ref name="census2017" /> with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since [[1998 Pakistan Census| | |||
| 1998]].<ref name="census2017-district">{{cite web| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| title=DISTRICT WISE POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN – CENSUS 2017 | publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| accessdate=30 August 2017| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| archivedate=29 August 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population is male, while 47.64% is female and transgenders make only 0.01% of the population.<ref name="census2017-district" /> Lahore is a young city with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15. The average life expectancy stand at less than 60 years of age. Another statistic is that less than 40% of the population of the city are literate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|title=Lahore Population 2018|date=18 October 2017|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> | |||
| === Tribes and background === | |||
| At the time of the ], the largest tribal group were ], constituting 40%, followed by ] at 30% with other tribes such as ] ] and ] at 5% each. The majority of the rest 20% is constituted by other ], with a minority constituted by other ] such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - ]}}</ref> | |||
| {{Pie chart|thumb=left|caption=Tribes and backgrounds in the ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |website=District Lahore |publisher=] |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> | |||
| |label1=]—]s|value1=40|color1=red | |||
| |label2=]|value2=30|color2=blue | |||
| |label3=Punjabi—]|value3=5|color3=green | |||
| |label4=Punjabi—]|value4=5|color4=orange | |||
| |label5=''Others''|value5=20|color5=purple}} | |||
| ==== Controversy about the city's Pashtun population ==== | |||
| Some ] parties argue that the ] population of Lahore in the 2017 census has been underestimated, with Ameer Bahadur Khan, provincial general secretary of ], putting their numbers at 1.5 million, while Gul Muhammad Regwal, a member of ], claiming more than 1 million including 300,000 in the ] alone, most of these having moved over the last 20 years, including due to military operations, but remaining uncounted as they're not considered permanent residents of Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ullah |first=Kaleem |date=27 September 2021 |title=Pakhtuns of Lahore: 'We have been deliberately undercounted in the census.' |url=https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817190152/https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-date=17 August 2024 |website=Lok Sujag}}</ref> | |||
| === Religion === | === Religion === | ||
| {{Main|Religion in Lahore}} | {{Main|Religion in Lahore}} | ||
| {{bar box|width = 250px | |||
| The city has a Muslim majority and ] minority population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christiansinpakistan.com/largest-christian-community-of-pakistan-resides-in-lahore-district/|title=Largest Christian Community of Pakistan resides in Lahore District|publisher=christiansinpakistan.com|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> There is also a small but longstanding ] community. Additionally, Lahore contains some of ]'s holiest sites, and is a major Sikh pilgrimage site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|title=Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Lahore/|title=Lahore – SikhiWikhi, free Sikh encyclopedia|publisher=sikhiwikhi.org|access-date=23 September 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923104134/http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Lahore|archivedate=23 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
| |barwidth = 200px |cellpadding="0" | |||
| |title=Religion in Lahore District 2023<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| |titlebar=#Fcd116 | |||
| |left1=Religion | |||
| |right1=Percent | |||
| |float=right | |||
| |bars= | |||
| {{bar percent| | |||
| ]|green|95.26}} | |||
| {{bar percent| | |||
| ]|blue|4.64}} | |||
| {{bar percent|Others|grey|0.1}}}} | |||
| According to the 2023 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are ] (95.26%), up from 94.7% in 2017. Other religions include ] (4.64%, slightly less than 5.14% in 2017)<ref name="2023 Census" /> and small numbers of ], ], ], ], and ]. There is also a small but longstanding ] community. | |||
| Since Lahore contains some of ]'s holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221210 |title=Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore |website=Dawn |date=21 November 2015 |location=Pakistan |access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010040803/https://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|archive-date=10 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor ] in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by ] in 1632.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry |first1=Nazir Ahmad|title=Lahore|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=969351047X}}</ref> Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|title=Lahore's only functional Hindu temple: Persecution amidst lights|author=Sehyr Mirza |date=31 October 2014|work=Dawn|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202002919/https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em"> | |||
| == Cityscape == | |||
| {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" | |||
| ] | |||
| |+ Religious groups in Lahore City (1868−2023){{efn|1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|32}}|name="LahoreCity1881to1941"}} | |||
| ! rowspan="2" |]<br>group | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}</ref>{{efn|Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|520}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090448/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|68}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090447/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|44}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007223437/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|20}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090446/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|23}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090447/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|26}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011130147/https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|32}} | |||
| ! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017214726/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | |||
| !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | 70,974 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 70974 | 126329 | 2 }} | |||
| | 86,413 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 86413 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 102,280 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 102280 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 119,601 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 119601 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 129,801 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 129801 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 149,044 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 149044 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 249,315 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 249315 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 433,170 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 433170 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | 10,530,816 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 10530816 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| | 12,363,149 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 12363149 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931–1941: Including ]s}} | |||
| | 40,551 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 40551 | 126329 | 2 }} | |||
| | 53,641 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 53641 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 62,077 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 62077 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 70,196 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 70196 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 77,267 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 77267 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 107,783 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 107783 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 139,125 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 139125 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 179,422 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 179422 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | 2,670 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 2670 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| | 2,811 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 2811 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | 3,520 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 3520 | 126329 | 2 }} | |||
| | 4,627 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 4627 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 7,306 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 7306 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 7,023 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 7023 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 12,877 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 12877 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 12,833 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 12833 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 23,477 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 23477 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 34,021 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 34021 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 715 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 715 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 529{{efn|Only includes protestant population.<ref name="Census1881"/>{{rp|152}}}} | |||
| | {{Percentage | 529 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 4,697 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 4697 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 5,558 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 5558 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 8,436 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 8436 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 11,287 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 11287 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 16,875 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 16875 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 21,495 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 21495 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | 571,365 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 571365 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| | 602,431 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 602431 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 227 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 227 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 339 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 339 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 420 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 420 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 467 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 467 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 474 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 474 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 791 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 791 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 1,094 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 1094 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 132 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 132 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 166 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 166 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 198 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 198 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 177 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 177 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 150 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 150 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 77 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 77 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 14 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 14 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 13 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 13 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 13 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 13 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 128 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 128 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 170 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 170 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 14 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 14 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | {{N/a}} | |||
| | 13,433 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 13433 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| | 7,139 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 7139 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| | Others | |||
| | 11,284 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 11284 | 126329 | 2 }} | |||
| | 3,932 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 3932 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| | 9 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 9 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| | 0 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| | 2,457 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 2457 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| | 1,701 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 1701 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| | 2,339 | |||
| | {{Percentage | 2339 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Total population | |||
| ! 126,329 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 126329 | 126329 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 149,369 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 149369 | 149369 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 176,854 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 176854 | 176854 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 202,964 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 202964 | 202964 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 228,687 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 228687 | 228687 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 281,781 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 281781 | 281781 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 429,747 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 429747 | 429747 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 671,659 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 671659 | 671659 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 11,119,985 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 11119985 | 11119985 | 2 }} | |||
| ! 12,978,661 | |||
| ! {{Percentage | 12978661 | 12978661 | 2 }} | |||
| |} | |||
| </div> | |||
| === |
===Languages=== | ||
| {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages by number of native speakers in the ]<ref name="PBC 2017">{{Cite book|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|title=PBC 2017 Statistics|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|label1=]|value1=73.58|color1=maroon|label2=]|value2=21.1|color2=green|value3=5.22|color3=red|label3=Other}}The ] is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 73.58% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2023 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAHORE DISTRICT - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the ] 21.1% speak ], 2.06% ], 2.01% ] and 2.78% other mother tongues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720212925/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore District - 2017 Pakistan Census |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730121149/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| ] exemplifies the ]'s urban form]] | |||
| Lahore's modern ] consists of the historic ] in the northern part of the city, which contains several ] and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design, but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.<ref name=modern/> Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse, and were not dominated by the namesake group.<ref name=modern/> | |||
| ] and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.<ref> | |||
| Lahore has more Mughal-era monuments than ], India,<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|accessdate=19 August 2016|work=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed.}}</ref> and structures from this era are now amongst the most iconic features of Lahore. | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |publisher=University of the Punjab|title=B.A. Two-year (pass course) Examinations|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}} | |||
| </ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Punjabi|date=2015 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi |publisher=University of the Punjab |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the ], Lahore.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP |date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> | |||
| == Cityscape == | |||
| By the end of Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive ] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathran Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name that was built by Mian Khan.<ref name=modern/> By 1831, all Mughal havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,<ref name=modern/> leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal havelis in Lahore. | |||
| === Old City === | |||
| ] | |||
| Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic ] in the northern part of the city, which contains several ]s and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | |||
| ] exemplifies the ]'s urban form]] | |||
| Thirteen gates surrounded the history walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era ]. | |||
| Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as ], ] and ] – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel. | |||
| By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive ] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore. | |||
| A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era ]. | |||
| === Architecture === | === Architecture === | ||
| {{Further|Architecture of Lahore}} | {{Further|Architecture of Lahore}} | ||
| ] in |
] in southern Lahore is a blend of ] and modern architecture.]] | ||
| Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the ], ], and ]. The architectural style of the ] has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.<ref>"]." Misplaced Pages: The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 19 August 2016.</ref> The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues. | |||
| Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the ], ], and the ]. The architectural style of the ] has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.<ref>"]." Misplaced Pages: The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 19 August 2016.</ref> | |||
| ====Sikh period==== | ====Sikh period==== | ||
| By the arrival of the Sikh Empire, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref>http://nation.com.pk/columns/23-Sep-2010/Some-vanished-gardens-of-Lahore, The Nation newspaper, Published 23 September 2010, Retrieved 27 February 2017</ref><ref>http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |title=Hazori Bagh |website=lahore.city-history.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163950/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals. | ||
| While much of Lahore's Mughal |
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered of their marble include the ] and the ]; the ] was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly ] gate was stripped.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/> The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=87}} | ||
| Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule |
Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} | ||
| ====British period==== | ====British period==== | ||
| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| As capital of British Punjab, |
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the ] style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of ] and ] o r in the distinct ]. The British also built ] Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the ].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and "rinking"floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore;the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society."</ref> | ||
| ] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's ].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew."</ref> | |||
| The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues. | |||
| The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the ] in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the ] and ].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894" /> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious ], the Punjab Chief Court (today the ]), ], and the ]. | |||
| ] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.}}</ref> | |||
| Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect ], who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".<ref name="Ahmed2001">{{cite book |author=Khaled Ahmed |title=Pakistan: behind the ideological mask : facts about great men we don't want to know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=] |year=2001 |isbn=978-969-402-353-3}}</ref><ref name="HaroonKhalid">{{cite web |author=Haroon Khalid |date=April 25, 2018 |title=Lahore owes Hindu philanthropist Ganga Ram more than it would care to admit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522083126/https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="TheMilliGazette">{{cite web |author=Special Reports |date=September 4, 2015 |title='Father of Modern Lahore' remembered |work=] |language=en |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227085526/https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheSiasatDaily">{{cite web |last=Siraj |first=M.A. |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Pakistan reopens Samadhi of Ganga Ram, iconic engineer, philanthropist who rebuilt Lahore |url=https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915081729/https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blogspot.com">{{cite web |last=Luqman |first=Tariq |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Sir Ganga Ram: The Father of Modern Lahore, our Khadim-Ala Punjab |url=https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227091728/https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Sir Ganga Ram's descendant Kesha Ram celebrates US senate seat in salwar kameez to show the way |url=https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227093358/https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |author=] |date=July 18, 2021 |title=A hard call—II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226063657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="USCGLahoreTweet">{{cite tweet |number=1354046370303385601|user=USCGLahore |title=#DYK "the father of modern #Lahore", Sir Ganga Ram's great granddaughter Kesha Ram has become the State Senator of #Vermont #USA? She was sworn in on January 6 and wore shalwar kameez during the swearing-in ceremony. Good luck for your endeavors, Kesha! 📸 @KeshaRam/ Misplaced Pages|author=U.S. Consulate General Lahore |date=Jan 26, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117142431/https://twitter.com/USCGLahore/status/1354046370303385601|archive-date=January 17, 2022|url-status=live|lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Anjum |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |title=Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=12 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> | |||
| The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the ] in 1887 in the distinct ]. The ] and ] were both established around this in this style.<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894"/> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious ], the Punjab Chief Court (today the ]), ] and ]. Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by Sir ], who is sometimes called the "Father of modern Lahore."<ref>Gill, Anjum. ''Daily Times'' (Pakistan). 12 July 2004. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |date=3 November 2013 }}</ref> | |||
| === Parks and gardens === | === Parks and gardens === | ||
| ] was laid in 1862.]] | |||
| {{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}} | {{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}} | ||
| ] was laid in 1862 as the ].]] | |||
| The ] were laid out during the reign of ] and were designed to mimic the ] paradise of the afterlife described in the ]. The gardens follow the familiar ] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. | |||
| Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The ] was one of the earliest ]s, laid out in 15th century, and contains the ]. The ] were laid out during the reign of ] and were designed to mimic the ] paradise of the afterlife described in the ]. The gardens follow the familiar ] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, ] was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the ] diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani. | |||
| The ] was established in 1862 and was originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds |
The ] was established in 1862 and was originally named after ], late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as ], which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park. | ||
| The many other gardens and parks in the city include ], ], Mochi Bagh, ], ], ], Nasir Bagh Lahore, ], ], and ], a |
The many other gardens and parks in the city include ], ], Mochi Bagh, ], ], ], Nasir Bagh Lahore, ], ], and ], a human-made forest near Lahore in the ] district. Another example is the ], a {{convert|141|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence Gardens (Bagh-e-Jinnah) |url=http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025455/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |website=Gardenvisit.com |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|title=Bagh-E-Jinnah / Lawrence Gardens|date=12 February 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183128/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| == Economy == | == Economy == | ||
| {{Main|Economy of Lahore}} | {{Main|Economy of Lahore}} | ||
| <gallery mode="packed |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | ||
| File:Lahore Expo Centre.jpg|] | |||
| File:PIA Head Office, Lahore.jpg|] | |||
| File:Emporium Mall.jpg|] | File:Emporium Mall.jpg|] | ||
| File: |
File:MCB-HQ (square).jpg|] headquarters | ||
| File:Lahore Expo Centre.jpg|] | |||
| File:PIA Head Office, Lahore.jpg|] | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| {{As of|2008}}, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by ] (PPP) was estimated at $40 |
{{As of|2008}}, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by ] (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008).<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190317/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate/ |title=Lahore's Shahbaz growth rate |newspaper=Express Tribune |date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207041511/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate |url-status=live }}</ref> As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date,{{As of?|date=January 2023}} only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144{{Of what|date=January 2023}}.<ref name="pwc1" />{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.<ref name="pwc1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |title=Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP |publisher=City Mayors |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174033/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf |
A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|title=Rapid Mass Transit System Project |author=Asian Development Bank |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf |access-date=1 January 2009|archive-date=16 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816144832/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf}}</ref> Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.<ref name="adb" /> The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,<ref name="adb" /> and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.<ref name="adb" /> The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.<ref name=2005_pg7_15/> | ||
| The ] is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.<ref name="expolahore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |title=Expo Centre Lahore |publisher=LahoreExpo | |
The ] is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.<ref name="expolahore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |title=Expo Centre Lahore |publisher=LahoreExpo |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702085110/http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Defence Raya Golf Resort, now fully operational (as of the 2024), boasts Pakistan’s largest and Asia's premier golf course. This luxurious project is a result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia, offering world-class residential, recreational, and commercial facilities. The development of such large-scale projects continues to elevate Lahore’s profile, contributing significantly to the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEFENCE RAYA GOLF RESORT - Pakistan {{!}} BRDB {{!}} BRDB |url=https://www.brdb.com.my/portfolio/defence-raya-golf-resort |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.brdb.com.my}}</ref> Ferozepur Road of the ]s of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and ]. | ||
| == Transport == | == Transport == | ||
| {{main|Transport in Lahore}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| === Public transportation === | === Public transportation === | ||
| {{See|List of bus routes in Lahore}} | |||
| [[File:Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg|thumb| | |||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the ] (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's ] and the ] of the ] train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} around the city and operates at a speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. | |||
| ====City buses==== | |||
| Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the ] (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's ] and soon to be ] of the ]. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. | |||
| ====Metrobus==== | |||
| The ] is a ] service operating in Lahore, ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with ]'s local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing seamless transit service across ] with connections to neighboring suburban communities. | |||
| {{main|Lahore Metrobus}} | |||
| The ] is a ] service operating in Lahore, ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with ]'s local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service across ] with connections to neighboring suburban communities. | |||
| ==== Low occupancy vehicles ==== | |||
| ===Metro=== | |||
| Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban (LOV) Wagon / Mini Bus - Routes & Fares {{!}} Lahore Transport Company |url=https://ltc.gop.pk/lov_routes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130117/https://ltc.gop.pk/lov_routes |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=ltc.gop.pk}}</ref> | |||
| ===Metro Train=== | |||
| ] is Pakistan's first metro rail line.]] | |||
| ====Orange Line==== | ====Orange Line==== | ||
| {{Main|Orange Line (Lahore Metro)}} | {{Main|Orange Line (Lahore Metro)}} | ||
| The Orange Line is an automated ] system under construction in Lahore.<ref>, '']'', Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|title=Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal - The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> When operational, the Orange line will become Pakistan's first metro rail line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Need for speed: Pakistan’s first metro train to roar to life in March|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/171472-need-for-speed-pakistans-first-metro-train-to-roar-to-life-in-march|accessdate=9 December 2017|agency=Geo News|date=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the ]. The line will span {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground.<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12}}</ref> The line will be served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passenger daily. Though it is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider ], the Orange line is being financed by the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Orange Line not part of CPEC: NA body|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/17-Jan-2017/orange-line-lahore-not-part-of-cpec-na-body|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The Nation|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> ] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out - The Express Tribune|date=16 May 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> Successful test trials were run in mid 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | |||
| The ] is an automated ] system in Lahore.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613152814/https://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ |date=13 June 2018 }}, '']'', Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|title=Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal – The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2015|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214626/https://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the ]. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground,<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and had a cost of 251.06 billion ] ($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. ] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out – The Express Tribune|date=16 May 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213001/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> The train has speed up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. For improved durability, its ]s are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=Lahore opens Pakistan's first metro line|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134906/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|url-status=live}}</ref> Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175757/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|url-status=live}}</ref> and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.<ref name="Lahore Metro Train">{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|publisher=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213320/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ====Blue Line==== | ====Blue Line==== | ||
| The Blue Line is a proposed {{convert|24|km|mi}} line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.<ref name="railway-technology.com">{{cite web|title=Lahore Rapid Mass Transit Rail - Railway Technology|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/lahorerapidmasstrans/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.railway-technology.com|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309121009/https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/lahorerapidmasstrans/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The ''Blue Line'' is a proposed {{convert|24|km|mi}} line from Chauburji to College Road, Township. | |||
| ====Purple Line==== | ====Purple Line==== | ||
| The Purple Line is a proposed {{convert|19|km|mi}} line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.<ref name="railway-technology.com"/> | |||
| The ''Purple Line'' is a proposed 32 km ]. | |||
| === |
=== Taxi and rickshaw === | ||
| Ride-sharing services such as ] and ] are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies. | |||
| ] play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city.<ref name="The Express Tribune 2019 c467">{{cite news |last=Asif |first=Rizwan | title=Bumper to bumper: One car too many on Lahore's roads | website=The Express Tribune | date=March 26, 2019 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1938097/bumper-bumper-one-car-many-lahores-roads | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called '']''<ref name="Khan 2023 j517">{{cite news | last=Khan | first=Abid | title=Punjab Govt decides to impose ban on Qingqi rickshaws | website=BOL News | date=December 2, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2023/12/punjab-govt-decides-to-impose-ban-on-qingqi-rickshaws/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market){{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} or ''chand gari'' ('moon car')<ref name="BOL News 2023 a520">{{cite web | title=Behind the wheel | website=BOL News | date=March 31, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/newspaper/urban-insight/2023/01/behind-the-wheel/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare.{{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use ] as fuel,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2020|title=2020 Ultimate Guide To Lahore|url=https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|access-date=16 July 2020|website=Visit Lahore|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152503/https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.<ref name="Sheikh 2023 x607">{{cite news | last=Sheikh | first=Hamza | title=Lahore Gears Up for Greener Streets: Introducing Electric Rickshaw | website=BOL News | date=December 27, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/business/2023/12/lahore-gears-up-for-greener-streets-introducing-electric-rickshaw/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> | |||
| ] play an important role of public transport in Lahore. There are 246,458 auto rickshaws, often simply called ''autos'', in the city. Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi" (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to the market) are also a very common means of domestic travel. Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use ] as fuel. | |||
| === Intercity transportation === | === Intercity transportation === | ||
| ] serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all ] services in northern Pakistan. It includes services to ] and national capital ]-], and long distance services to ] and ]. ] also operates a few trains. | |||
| ==== Railways ==== | |||
| The ] serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in ] and neighboring provinces. | |||
| {{see also|Lahore Junction railway station}} | |||
| ] serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all ] services in ]. It includes services to ] and the national capital metropolitan area of ]–], and long-distance services to ] and ]. ] also operates a few trains. | |||
| ==== Buses ==== | |||
| ] (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. ] is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels. | |||
| === Airports === | === Airports === | ||
| {{ |
{{Further|Allama Iqbal International Airport|Walton Airport}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Pakistan's third busiest airport, ] (]: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, ] |
Pakistan's third busiest airport, ] (]: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx/ |title=History of Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore |publisher=lahoreairport.com.pk |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622023425/http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, ].<ref>{{cite web | ||
| |publisher=lahoreairport.com.pk |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> and is a secondary hub for the national flag carrier, ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.piac.com.pk/ | |url=http://www.piac.com.pk/ | ||
| |title=Pakistan International Airlines | |title=Pakistan International Airlines | ||
| |access-date=3 October 2015 | |access-date=3 October 2015 | ||
| |url-status=dead | |||
| |deadurl=yes | |||
| | |
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123211900/http://www.piac.com.pk/ | ||
| | |
|archive-date=23 January 2011 | ||
| }}</ref> ] in Askari neighbourhood provides ] facilities. ] (IATA: SKT) and ] (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities. | |||
| |df= | |||
| }}</ref> ] in ] provides ] facilities. In addition, ] (IATA: SKT) and ] (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area in addition to serving their respective cities. | |||
| Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including ], ] (begins 28 August 2018),<ref>{{ |
Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including ], ] (begins 28 August 2018),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|title=China Southern adds Guangzhou – Lahore route from Aug 2018|website=Routes|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624072440/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|title=China Southern adds plans Lahore launch from late-June 2018|author=Liu, Jim|date=18 March 2018|access-date=18 March 2018|website=Routesonline|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318155230/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> ], ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg|title=PIA advertisement promoting Barcelona resumption|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061703/https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg?oh=15579c834ea244a3dcdb980a910cf249&oe=58AC4175&__gda__=1487737463_8b00fa6bdbfdff08a38910633e323afe|archive-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|title=Pakistan International W16 International route additions|website=Routes|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040014/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|url-status=live}}</ref> ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|title=Uzbek Airways resumes flight from Tashkent to Lahore|date=5 April 2017|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213648/https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| === Roads === | === Roads === | ||
| {{see also|List of streets in Lahore}} | {{see also|List of streets in Lahore}} | ||
| ] is located near the ].]] | ] is located near the ].]] | ||
| ] | ]]] | ||
| There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal ] that serve Lahore. | There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal ] that serve Lahore. | ||
| *Municipal roads | *Municipal roads | ||
| **] |
**] – serves as the major north–south artery | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| **] | **] | ||
| Line 454: | Line 917: | ||
| **Lahore–Sharaqpur Road (Sagianwala Bypass Road) | **Lahore–Sharaqpur Road (Sagianwala Bypass Road) | ||
| **Lahore–Wagah Road | **Lahore–Wagah Road | ||
| **Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road ) | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| **] | **] | ||
| **] | **] | ||
| **] | |||
| **] (Multan Road) | **] (Multan Road) | ||
| **] (]–Lahore road) | |||
| == Government == | == Government == | ||
| ===Metropolitan Corporation=== | ===Metropolitan Corporation=== | ||
| Under Punjab Local Government Act |
Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is a ] under the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.gop.pk/MunicipalCorporation.php|title=Metropolitan Corporation Lahore|website=lahore.gop.pk|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220201642/http://www.lahore.gop.pk/MunicipalCorporation.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services. | ||
| ====Mayor==== | ====Mayor==== | ||
| {{main|Mayor of Lahore}} | {{main|Mayor of Lahore}} | ||
| As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the ] is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly |
As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the ] is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy ] mayors. Mubashir Javed of the ] was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing ] departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas. | ||
| === Neighbourhoods === | === Neighbourhoods === | ||
| {{ |
{{further|List of zones in Lahore}} | ||
| ] is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.<ref name="NRB2">{{cite web | |
] is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.<ref name="NRB2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html |title=City District Governments |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005024105/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html}}</ref> Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.<ref name="NRB3">{{cite web |title=City District |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065059/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref> | ||
| {{Lahore City District}} | {{Lahore City District}} | ||
| === Politics === | === Politics === | ||
| The 2015 |
The 2015 local government elections for ] in Lahore yielded the following results:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti|title=LG polls results: a nightmare for PTI |website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=31 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226091808/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti}}</ref> | ||
| {{Pie chart|value1=84.5|label1=]|color1=green|value2=9.9|label2=Independents|color2=#a6caf0|value3=4.4|label3=]|value4=0.4|label4=]|color4=#000000}} | |||
| {{Pie chart|value1=84.5|label1=]|value2=9.9|label2=Independents|value3=4.4|label3=]|value4=0.4|label4=]}} | |||
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti|title=LG polls results: a nightmare for PTI|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| !{{diagonal split header|Parties|MCL/Zones}} | !{{diagonal split header|Parties|MCL/Zones}} | ||
| Line 491: | Line 957: | ||
| |12 | |12 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | |
|] | ||
| |1 | |1 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 502: | Line 968: | ||
| == Festivals == | == Festivals == | ||
| ] during the spring ] festival]] | |||
| The people of Lahore celebrate many ]s and events throughout the year, blending Mughal-Indian, Western, and other traditions. ] and ] are celebrated. Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. The mausoleum of ], also known as Data Ganj Bakhsh (Punjabi: {{Nastaliq|داتا گنج بخش}}) or Data Sahib, is located in Lahore, and an annual '']'' is held every year as a big festival. ] is a ] festival marking the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and from abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. ]-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant. Courts have banned the kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by ], sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |title=11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured |accessdate=2 August 2007 |date=26 February 2007 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> | |||
| The people of Lahore ] and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals. | |||
| Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of ] shrines hold annual festivals called '']'' to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of ] at the ] shrine has an annual ''urs'' that attracts up to one million visitors per year.<ref name="linus">{{cite book|first=Linus|last=Strothman|chapter=The politics of Sufism on the ground: The political dimension of Pakistan's largest shrine|editor1-last=Tschacher|editor1-first=Torsten|editor2-last=Dandekar|editor2-first=Deepra |title=Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317435969 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&q=data+ganj+-bomb+-bombers+-suicide+-attack&pg=PA232|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> The popular ] festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of ], while other large ''urs'' take place at the shrines of ], and at the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devotees throng Lahore shrine for Mian Mir Sahab's Urs|website=Samaa TV |url=https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/ |date=7 November 2019|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052036/https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/|url-status=live}}</ref> ] and ] are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of ] at ] with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of ].<ref>{{cite web|author1=QAM |author2=Sheharyar Rizwan |author3=Kalbe Ali |author4=Shakeel Ahmed |author5=Mohammad Hussain Khan |author6=Zulfiqar Ali |author7=Saleem Shahid|date=8 September 2019 |title=Muharram: Walking the Mourners' Path |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|access-date=18 June 2020 |work=Dawn|archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618143653/https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ] is a traditional ] festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. ]-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the ] is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by ], sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured |date=26 February 2007|work=CBS News|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184108/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for ] and ] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan|title=In pictures: Christmas celebrations across Pakistan|website=www.geo.tv|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619041918/https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 5.1% of the total population of Lahore in 2024. ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1|title=Christmas festivities all set to begin in Lahore |date=22 December 2018|website=The Express Tribune |access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140313/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| == Tourism == | == Tourism == | ||
| {{main|Tourism in Lahore}} | |||
| Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The ] was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of ] ]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|title=Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2 January 2016|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Among the most popular sights are the ], adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the ], the ], the ], and the ]. The fort along with the adjoining ] has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|title=Historical mosques of Lahore|access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
| <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> | |||
| File:Wazir Khan Mosque by Moiz.jpg|] | |||
| File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|] | |||
| File:Lahore Fort.jpg|] (Shahi Qila) | |||
| File:Minar e Pakistan night image.jpg|] at night | |||
| File:Reflection of Farah Baksh Terrace (Upper Terrace) main building.jpg|] | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The ] was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of ] ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|title=Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City|date=2 January 2016|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412232613/http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most popular sights are the ], adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the ], the ], the ], and the ]. The fort and adjoining ] have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical mosques of Lahore |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/ |access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The city is home to several ancient religious sites including prominent Hindu temples, the ] and ]. The ], also located near the Walled City, houses the ] of the ] ruler ]. The most prominent religious building is the ], constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|title=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - A Guide For Travelers - The Tourist|date=29 September 2017|work=The Tourist|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> known for its extensive ''faience'' tile work and constructed in 1635.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Blanshard Asher|first=Catherine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|location=|pages=}}</ref> | |||
| The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the ] and ]. The ], also located near the Walled City, houses the ] of the ] ruler ]. The most prominent religious building is the ], constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|title=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan – A Guide For Travelers – The Tourist|date=29 September 2017|work=The Tourist|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109210329/http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive ''faience'' tile work.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Blanshard Asher|first=Catherine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref> | |||
| Whereas the Walled City reflects Lahore's historic grandeur, Defence Raya Golf Resort contributes to the city’s modern side, showcasing its rapid urban development and modern lifestyles. | |||
| === Cuisine === | |||
| {{Main|Lahori cuisine}} | |||
| === Religious sites === | === Religious sites === | ||
| Well-known religious sites in the city include: | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *Masjid Shuhada | |||
| *] | |||
| *Lohari Gate Mosque | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| === Museums=== | |||
| *] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| *National History Museum | |||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| * ] | |||
| *Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Lohari Gate Mosque | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Masjid Shuhada | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| === Museums === | |||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * House of NANNA's by Dr. Ejaz Anwar | |||
| * Como Museum of Art | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| === Tombs |
=== Tombs === | ||
| {{ |
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 551: | Line 1,051: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * Buddhu | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Cypress Tomb or Sarowala Maqbara | * Cypress Tomb or Sarowala Maqbara | ||
| * Tomb of ] Begum | |||
| * Tomb of Gul Begum | |||
| * Tomb of ] | |||
| * Kuri Bagh | * Kuri Bagh | ||
| * Mai Dai | * Mai Dai | ||
| Line 562: | Line 1,066: | ||
| * Mir Niamat Khan | * Mir Niamat Khan | ||
| * Rasul Shahyun | * Rasul Shahyun | ||
| * Gul Begam | |||
| * Malik Ayaz | |||
| * Zafar Jang Kokaltash | * Zafar Jang Kokaltash | ||
| {{colend}} | |||
| * Zeb-un-Nisa | |||
| === Shrines === | === Shrines === | ||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| * Bibi Pak Daman | * Bibi Pak Daman | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 580: | Line 1,082: | ||
| * Siraj-ud-Din Gilani | * Siraj-ud-Din Gilani | ||
| * peer makki | * peer makki | ||
| * Baba Shah Jamal | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| === Samadhis === | === Samadhis === | ||
| * Bhai Vasti Ram | * Bhai Vasti Ram | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * Samadhi of ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| {{Div col end}} | |||
| === Havelis === | === Havelis === | ||
| There are many ]s inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of ] and ] |
There are many ]s inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of ] and ] architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include: | ||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| * Mubarak Begum Haveli Bhatti Gate | |||
| * Chuna Mandi Havelis | * Chuna Mandi Havelis | ||
| * Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh | |||
| * Nisar Haveli | |||
| * Haveli Barood Khana | |||
| * Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli | |||
| * Dina Nath Ki Haveli | * Dina Nath Ki Haveli | ||
| * Haveli Barood Khana | |||
| * Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate | |||
| * Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh | |||
| * Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh) | |||
| * Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli) | |||
| * Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal) | * Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal) | ||
| * Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh | |||
| * Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou) | * Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou) | ||
| * Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli) | |||
| * Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh | |||
| * Mubarak Begum Haveli – Bhatti Gate | |||
| * Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate | |||
| * Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh) | |||
| * Nisar Haveli | |||
| * Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| === Other landmarks === | === Other landmarks === | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| === Historic neighbourhoods === | === Historic neighbourhoods === | ||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| == Education == | == Education == | ||
| {{Main|Education in Lahore}} | {{Main|Education in Lahore}} | ||
| {{See also|List of educational institutions in Lahore|List of special schools in Lahore|List of libraries in Lahore}} | {{See also|List of educational institutions in Lahore|List of special schools in Lahore|List of libraries in Lahore}} | ||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| ], Main Block]] | |||
| Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. Lahore is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, law, IT, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology and microelectronics, nanotechnology and the only future hyper high-tech center of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| ], Old Campus]] | |||
| Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center{{Clarify|date=January 2023|reason=What does "future hyper" mean? Is this high-tech center even better than normal in some way?}} in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Raza | | last = Raza | ||
| | first = M. Hanif | | first = M. Hanif | ||
| Line 628: | Line 1,140: | ||
| | year = 1999 | | year = 1999 | ||
| | location = Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan | | location = Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan | ||
| | page = | |||
| | page = 155 | |||
| | isbn = 969-0-01545-1 | |||
| | isbn =969-0-01545-1}}</ref> Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes: | |||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| * ], established in 1986 | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/portraitofpakist00raza/page/155 | |||
| * ], established in 1842 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * ], established in 1860 | |||
| Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the only ] accredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including: | |||
| * ], established in 1886 | |||
| * ], established in 2003 | |||
| * ], established in 1883 | |||
| * ], established in 1968 | |||
| * ], established in 1955 | |||
| * ], established in 1950 | |||
| * ], established in 1867 | |||
| * ], established in 1910 | |||
| * ], established in 1929 | |||
| * ], established in 1948 | |||
| * ], established in 1864 | * ], established in 1864 | ||
| * ], established in 1864 | * ], established in 1864 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 1927 | ||
| * ], established in 1868 | |||
| * ], established in 1875 | |||
| * ], established in 1876 | |||
| * ], established in 1882<ref>{{cite web | title = University of the Punjab – Introduction | publisher = University of the Punjab | url = http://www.pu.edu.pk/about/ | accessdate = 6 June 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519064738/http://www.pu.edu.pk/about/ | archivedate = 19 May 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
| * ], established in 1882 | |||
| * ], established in 1883 | |||
| * ], established in 1886 | |||
| * ], established in 1890 | |||
| * ], established in 1892 | * ], established in 1892 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 1947 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 1860 | ||
| * ], established in 1908 | |||
| * ], established 1910 | |||
| * ], established in 1913 | * ], established in 1913 | ||
| * ], established in 1921 | |||
| * ], established in 1922 | |||
| * ], established in 1927 | |||
| * ], established in 1929 | |||
| * ], established in 1933 | |||
| * ], established in 1933 | * ], established in 1933 | ||
| * ], established in 1933 | * ], established in 1933 | ||
| * ], established in 1922 | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ], established in 1979 | |||
| * ], established in 1997 | |||
| * ], established in 1993 | |||
| * ], established in 1986 | |||
| * ], established in 1933 | |||
| * ], established in 1890 | |||
| * ], established in 1875 | |||
| * ], established in 1876 | |||
| * ], established in 1994 | |||
| * ], established in 2006 | |||
| * ], established in 1908 | |||
| * ], established in 1906 | |||
| * ], established in 2009 | |||
| * ], established in 1892 | |||
| * ], established in 1842 | |||
| * ], established in 1944 | * ], established in 1944 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 1868 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 2002 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 2002 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 1921 | ||
| * ], established in |
* ], established in 2002 | ||
| * |
* ], established in 1999 | ||
| *], established in |
* ], established in 2002 | ||
| * ], established in 1882 | |||
| * ], established in 1882 | |||
| == |
== Notable people == | ||
| {{Main|List of people from Lahore}} | |||
| The Pakistan Fashion Design Council organised the ] 2010<ref>{{cite web |author=Kiran Khalid |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-23/world/pakistan.lahore.fashion.weel_1_first-fashion-week-pakistan-institute-models?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Pakistan's fashionistas: We aren't revolutionaries |publisher=CNN |date=23 February 2010 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009171901/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-23/world/pakistan.lahore.fashion.weel_1_first-fashion-week-pakistan-institute-models?_s=PM:WORLD |archivedate=9 October 2012 }}</ref> as well as the ] Lahore 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fashioncentral.pk/tags/pfdc-sunsilk-fashion-week-lahore-2011/ |title=PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week Lahore 2011, Lahore Fashion Week 2011 |publisher=Fashioncentral.pk |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
| <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Misplaced Pages ♦♦♦---> | |||
| <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> | |||
| == Sports == | == Sports == | ||
| {{Main|List of sports venues in Lahore}} | {{Main|List of sports venues in Lahore}} | ||
| <gallery mode="packed |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Sports venues"> | ||
| File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|] is one of the largest ], with a capacity of 27,000 spectators. | |||
| File:HOCKEY_ARGENTINA_PAKISTAN.jpg|Pakistan playing against ] in 2005. | |||
| File: |
File:Stadium f.jpg|] | ||
| File:HOCKEY ARGENTINA PAKISTAN.jpg|Pakistan playing against ] in 2005 | |||
| File:Gymkhana Club, Lahore.jpg|] | |||
| File:Lahore Garrison Shooting Gallery.jpg|Lahore Garrison Shooting Gallery | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events including the finals of the ] and the ]. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies are located |
Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the ] and the ]. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Lahore is also home to the head office of the ]. | ||
| ] is a ] in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect ] in the 1990s. | |||
| The multi purpose ] located near the headquarters of the ], is mainly used for ] matches and has hosted several events including ] and ]. | |||
| Lahore is home to several ] courses, including the ], the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby ] Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery. | |||
| ] is a ] in Lahore. It was completed in 1959 and later in 1990's, renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect ]. | |||
| The ] is part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored by ] across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lahoremarathon.com |title=Lahore Marathon Website |publisher=Lahoremarathon.com |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118195349/http://www.lahoremarathon.com/ |archive-date=18 January 2011 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2016}} Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahore.metblogs.com/2006/07/31/lahore-soon-to-get-a-sports-city/ |title=Lahore soon to get a Sports City |publisher=Lahore Metblogs |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080800/http://lahore.metblogs.com/2006/07/31/lahore-soon-to-get-a-sports-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2016}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ;Professional sports teams from Lahore | ;Professional sports teams from Lahore | ||
| Line 695: | Line 1,226: | ||
| ! scope="col" | Established | ! scope="col" | Established | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ] | ||
| | |
|Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 704: | Line 1,235: | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | 2015 | | 2015 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 716: | Line 1,247: | ||
| | ]/] | | ]/] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | 2006 | | 2006 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ] | ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | |
| 1982 | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| == Twin towns and sister cities == | == Twin towns and sister cities == | ||
| {{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}} | |||
| The following international cities have been declared ] of Lahore. | The following international cities have been declared ] of Lahore. | ||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=25em}} | |||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| *{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey (1975)<ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |title=No committee to develop ties with Lahore’s twins |publisher=Daily Times of Pakistan |date=2 March 2007 |accessdate=8 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |archivedate=29 September 2013 }}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagdeco|TUR}} ], Turkey (1975)<ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |title=No committee to develop ties with Lahore's twins |publisher=Daily Times of Pakistan |date=2 March 2007 |access-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagicon|North Korea}} ], North Korea (1988)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | |||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|North Korea}} ], North Korea (1988)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} ], ], China (1992)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|BEL}} ], Belgium (1993)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{flagdeco|Morocco}} ], Morocco (1994)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | |||
| *{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} ], Uzbekistan<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016|newspaper=]|editor-last=Abbas|editor-first=Zaffar|editor-link=Zaffar Abbas|publisher=]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagdeco|UZB}} ], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016 |newspaper=]|publisher=]|location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842}}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} ], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | |||
| *{{flagdeco|UZB}} ], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | |||
| *{{flagicon|Iran}} ], Iran (2010)<ref name=Shayan>{{cite web|url=http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|title=Ground Realities 4|last1=Syed Shayan|date=February 2015|website=|publisher=Akhbar Peela|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094736/http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | |||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} ], Iran (2004)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} ], Iran (2006)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{flagicon|UK}} ], Scotland (2006)<ref name="heraldscotland">{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12436106.glasgow-finds-another-new-twin-punjab/ |title=Glasgow finds another new twin in Punjab |publisher=] |date=26 May 2006 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112213028/https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12436106.glasgow-finds-another-new-twin-punjab/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagicon|SCO}} ], Scotland, United Kingdom (2006)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | |||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|USA}} ], ], United States (2007)<ref name="chicago2">{{cite web|url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/news/english/english-news.aspx?id=168 |title=Lahore and Chicago declared sister cities |publisher=City District Government of Lahore |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501235446/http://lahore.gov.pk/news/english/english-news.aspx?id=168 |archive-date=1 May 2008 }}</ref> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|Serbia}} ], Serbia (2007)<ref name="dailytimes"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|POL}} ], Poland (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|POR}} ], Portugal (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|TJK}} ], Tajikistan (2008)<ref name="dawn-sister"/> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} ], Spain (2008)<ref name="cordoba-lahore">{{cite news|newspaper=] |title=Musharraf for Lahore-Cordoba liaison to promote ties with Spain|date=27 April 2007|editor-last=Aslam|editor-first=Talat |publisher=]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref> | ||
| *{{ |
*{{flagdeco|COL}} ], Colombia (2009)<ref name="Shayan"/> | ||
| *{{flagdeco|IRN}} ], Iran (2010)<ref name=Shayan>{{cite web|url=http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|title=Ground Realities 4 |last1=Syed Shayan|date=February 2015|publisher=Akhbar Peela|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094736/http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagicon|Brazil}} ], Brazil (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016|date=25 November 2016 |access-date=28 November 2016}} (in ])</ref> | |||
| *{{flagdeco|BRA}} ], Brazil (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |date=25 November 2016 |language=pt |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025115/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| {{colend}} | {{colend}} | ||
| == |
==Awards== | ||
| In 1966, the ] awarded a special flag, the ], to the cities of Lahore, ], and ] for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the ], as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1 |title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|date=6 September 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234144/https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on ] (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges |date=7 September 2002|work=Dawn|access-date=7 December 2020 |url-status=live|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093031/https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| * {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Pakistan}} | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 772: | Line 1,311: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| {{colend}} | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist| |
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
| == Bibliography == | === Bibliography === | ||
| {{See also|Timeline of Lahore#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lahore}} | {{See also|Timeline of Lahore#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lahore}} | ||
| * {{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=2008 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author=Syad Muhammad Latif|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, with an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs Etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f3JSAAACAAJ|year=1892|publisher=New Imperial Press}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh|author-link=Gyanesh Kudaisya |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai|author-link2=Tan Tai Yong |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134440481 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author=Pran Neville|title=Lahore : A Sentimental Journey|isbn=978-0-14-306197-7|publisher=Penguin Books}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author-link=Syad Muhammad Latif|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities |publisher=New Imperial Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ |year=1892}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Neville|first=Pran|author-link=Pran Nevile|year=2006|title=Lahore: A Sentimental Journey|isbn=978-0-14-306197-7|publisher=Penguin Books}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Sidhwa|author-link=Bapsi Sidhwa|first=Bapsi|date=2005|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303166-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxnjJp_kpFkC&pg=PA23}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002a|author-link=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. I, early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |location=Boston and Leiden}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002b |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. II, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |location=Boston and Leiden}} | |||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| {{Sister project links|Lahore|voy=Lahore}} | {{Sister project links|Lahore|voy=Lahore}} | ||
| * {{Official website|1= |
* {{Official website|1=https://lahore-mc.punjab.gov.pk}} | ||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{LahoreTopics}} | {{LahoreTopics}} | ||
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| ] {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|display=inline}} | ] {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|display=inline}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}} | |||
| {{PakistanCities}} | {{PakistanCities}} | ||
| {{Capitals in Pakistan}} | |||
| {{Million-plus cities in Pakistan}} | |||
| {{World's most populated urban areas}} | {{World's most populated urban areas}} | ||
| {{Megacities}} | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:08, 10 January 2025
Capital of Punjab, Pakistan This article is about the city in Punjab, Pakistan. For other uses, see Lahore (disambiguation).Megacity in Punjab, Pakistan
LahoreMap of LahoreShow map of Lahore
8.06%Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/ lə-HOR; Punjabi: لہور [lɔː˩˥ɾ]; Urdu: لاہور [laːˈɦɔːɾ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and 27th largest in the world, with a population of over 14 million. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs. It has been the historic capital and cultural center of the wider Punjab region, and is one of Pakistan's most socially liberal, progressive, and cosmopolitan cities.
Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two millennia, although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the Walled City, its fortified interior. Lahore served as the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavid Empire and Delhi Sultanate. It reached the height of its splendor under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th centuries, being its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world. The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the Afghans and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798. Lahore eventually became the capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, regaining some of its lost grandeur. Lahore was annexed to the British Raj in 1849 and became the capital of British Punjab. Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan's independence. Following the success of the Pakistan Movement and the subsequent partition of British India in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.
Located in central-eastern Punjab, along the River Ravi, it is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. Lahore exerts a strong cultural and political influence over Pakistan. A UNESCO City of Literature and major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education sector, with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city. Lahore is home to Pakistan's Punjabi film industry, and is a major centre of Qawwali music. The city also hosts much of Pakistan's tourist industry, with major attractions including the Walled City, the famous Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques, as well as several Sikh and Sufi shrines. Lahore is also home to the Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Etymology
Main article: Etymology of LahoreThe origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as Luhawar, Lūhār, and Rahwar. The Iranian polymath and geographer, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, referred to the city as Luhāwar in his 11th century work, Qanun, while the poet Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate period, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr. Yaqut al-Hamawi records the city's name as Lawhūr, mentioning that it was famously known as Lahāwar. Persian historian Firishta mentions the city as Alahwar in his work, with al-Ahwar being another variation.
One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word Ravāwar, as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from Sanskrit. Ravāwar is the simplified pronunciation of the name Iravatyāwar, a name possibly derived from the Ravi River, known as the Iravati River in the Vedas. Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word Lohar, meaning "blacksmith".
According to a legend, Lahore's name derives from Lavpur or Lavapuri (City of Lava), and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava, the son of Sita and Rama. The same account attributes the founding of nearby Kasur to his twin brother Kusha, though it was actually established in the 16th century.
History
Historical affiliationsMain article: History of Lahore For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Lahore.Taank Kingdom 550–950
Hindu Shahis 1001–1020
Ghaznavid Empire 1020–1186
Ghurid Empire 1186–1206
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1214
Multan State 1214–1217Khwarazmian Empire 1223–1228
Mongol Empire 1241– 1266
Chagatai Khanate 1329
Khokhars 1342
Khokhars 1394–1398Timurid Empire 1398–1414
Khokhars 1431–1432Mughal Empire 1524–1540
Sur Empire 1540–1550
Afsharid Empire 1739
Mughal Empire 1739–1748
Durrani Empire 1748–1758
Nawab of Punjab 1758
Maratha Empire 1758–1759
Bhangi Misl & Kanhaiya Misl 1765–1799
Sikh Empire 1799–1849
British East India Company 1849–1858
British Raj / British Empire 1858–1947
Pakistan 1947– present
.svg){kind=small}
Origins
Main article: Origins of LahoreNo definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the Solar dynasty, migrated out from the city.
Alexander the Great's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy. Ptolemy mentions in his Geography a city called Labokla situated near the Chenab and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city. Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India.
The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE, in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".
Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of Sufi saint Ali al-Hajvery. Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja Anandapala of the Üdi Shahi empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.
Medieval era
Main article: Early Muslim period in LahoreGhaznavid
Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire. He appointed Malik Ayaz as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of Multan. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.
With the support of Sultan Ibrahim, Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one. A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule. The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry.
Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of Khusrau Shah in 1152. After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital. Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore. The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami Bazaar and north of the Bhatti Gate.
Mamluk
Following the Siege of Lahore in 1186, the Ghurid ruler Muhammad captured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik, thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval Muslim World. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city. Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, Iltutmish.
In an alliance with local Khokhars in 1223, Khwarazmian sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni captured Lahore after fleeing from Genghis Khan's invasion of his realm. Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of Uch Sharif after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.
The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate, even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.
Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy. Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241. Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols, while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief Toghrul.
In 1266, sultan Balban reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler Temür Khan, the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to Dipalpur. The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab in 1298, though their advance was eventually stopped by Ulugh Khan, brother of Sultan Alauddin Khalji of Delhi. The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.
Tughluq
Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) of the Tughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by Tarmashirin of the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü. Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342, but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, Muhammad bin Tughluq. The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, Shaikha in 1394. By the time the Mongol conqueror Timur captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.
Late Sultanates
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Timur gave control of the Lahore region to Khizr Khan, governor of Multan, who later established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The city was twice besieged by Jasrat, ruler of Sialkot, during the reign of Mubarak Shah, the longest of which being in 1431–32. To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to Bahlul Lodi in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.
Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with Sikandar Lodi in 1485. Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer of Guru Nanak (the founder of Sikhism).
Mughals
Main articles: Subah of Lahore and Mughal period in Lahore
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Early Mughal
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him. The city became a refuge to Humayun and his cousin Kamran Mirza when Sher Shah Suri rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555. The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either Delhi or Agra.
By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls. Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city walls during the Akbar period. During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as qasbahs, such as Kasur and Eminabad, as well as Amritsar, and Batala in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each qasbah.
Akbar
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the Lahore Fort. Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve subah provinces, and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and subah to Bhagwant Das, brother of Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".
Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan. The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day. Akbar also established the Dharampura neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today. The earliest of Lahore's many havelis date from the Akbari era.
Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors. Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.
Jahangir
During the reign of Emperor Jahangir in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods. In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh Guru Arjan Dev. Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew. Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion. Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and his tomb was built in Lahore's Shahdara Bagh suburb in 1637 by his wife Nur Jahan, whose tomb is also nearby.
Shah Jahan
Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the Lahore Fort with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic Naulakha Pavilion in 1633. Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the Shahi Hammam in 1635, and both the Shalimar Gardens and the extravagantly decorated Wazir Khan Mosque in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the Walled City.
Aurangzeb
Shah Jahan's son, Aurangzeb, last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls. The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry. The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the Badshahi Mosque, was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.
Late Mughal
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore. Mughal preoccupation with the Marathas in the Deccan Plateau eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur. His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with Jahandar winning the throne. Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of Farrukhsiyar when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.
Nader Shah's brief invasion of the Mughal Empire in early 1739 wrested control away from Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left, the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards Kandahar instead. Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.
Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.
Durrani invasions
The Durrani ruler Ahmad Shah occupied Lahore in 1748. Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk Mir Mannu. Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule. Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah in 1752. The Mughal Grand Vizier Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, Timur Shah.
Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by Adina Beg Arain with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their campaigns against Afghans. After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, Marathas occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it. After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it. By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under Shah Zaman, but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.
Sikh
Main article: Sikh period in Lahore-
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh
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Gurdwara Dera Sahib
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Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
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Hazuri Bagh
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Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das
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The Lava Temple at the Lahore Fort dates from the Sikh period, and is dedicated to the Hindu deity Lava
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Early
Expanding Sikh Misls secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the Bhangi Misl state captured the city. In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: Gujjar Singh, Lahna Singh, and Sobha Singh. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby Amritsar to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.
Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99. Ranjit Singh negotiated with the Afghans for the post of subahdar to control Lahore following the second invasion.
By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.
Sikh Empire
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In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby Gujranwala, began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780. His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the Lohari Gate, Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore. After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.
Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials. He established a mint in the city in 1800, and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire. In 1801, he established a Gurdwara Ram Das to mark the site where Guru Ram Das was born in 1534.
Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802. By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying Shalimar Gardens and built the Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813. He erected the Gurdwara Dera Sahib to mark the site of Guru Arjan Dev's death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and havelis.
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign. Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens. Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses. The Sunehri Mosque in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara, while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.
Late
The Sikh royal court (Lahore Durbar) underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son Kharak Singh died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, Nau Nihal Singh, died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh. Maharaja Sher Singh was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by Chand Kaur, widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne. Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam. Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's Chah Miran neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh. Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh. Duleep Singh was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his wazir, but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles, as well as confrontations against the British during the two Anglo-Sikh wars.
After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the Lahore Durbar, and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.
British colonial period
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University of the Punjab
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Government College University
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Lahore Museum
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Lahore High Court
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King Edward Medical University
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The British East India Company seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848. Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujrat, British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year. Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.
At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a population of 120,000. Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the Walled City surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as Mozang and Qila Gujar Singh, which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.
The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside. The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".
Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the Tomb of Anarkali, which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an Anglican church in 1851. The 17th-century Dai Anga Mosque was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop. The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.
The British built the Lahore Railway Station just outside the Walled City shortly after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure. Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking The Mall, where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix. The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious Lahore Cantonment to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.
Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh – a visit in which he received delegations from the Dogras of Jammu, Maharajas of Patiala, the Nawab of Bahawalpur, and other rulers from various Punjabi states. During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights. British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887) in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, including the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts.
The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City. An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time. Lahore's posh Model Town was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while Krishan Nagar locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India and Pakistan. The Declaration of the Independence of India was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's Bradlaugh Hall. The Indian Swaraj flag was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as Jatin Das, and was also where Bhagat Singh was hanged in 1931. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the All India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.
Partition
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community. The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the Radcliffe Line to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography. In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography. Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community. Kuldip Nayyar claimed that Cyril Radcliffe had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new Dominion of India, but decided to place it within the Dominion of Pakistan, which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded Calcutta to India.
As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots. Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators. Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes. Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel. Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city en masse as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city. The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.
When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live Hindustan" throughout the night. On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.
Modern
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Islamic Summit Minar
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Minar-e-Pakistan
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Grand Jamia Mosque
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Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
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WAPDA House
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Arfa Karim tower in Lahore
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Partition left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs. Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity. Capital flight further weakened the city's economy while Karachi industrialized and became more prosperous.
The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.
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After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots. The Tomb of Allama Iqbal was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement. In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all West Pakistan during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970. Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic Minar-e-Pakistan was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the Pakistan Resolution was passed. With support from the United Nations, the government was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.
The second Islamic Summit Conference was held in the city in 1974. In retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja Sher Singh, and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup final match was held at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore.
The Walled City of Lahore restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from Akbari Gate to the Lahore Fort with money from the World Bank.
Geography
Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by the Sheikhupura District, on the east by Wagah, and on the south by Kasur District. The Ravi River flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of 404 square kilometres (156 sq mi).
Climate
Main article: Climate of LahoreLahore has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), bordering on a humid subtropical climate. The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September. with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.
The city's record high temperature was 50.4 °C (122.7 °F), recorded on 5 June 2003. On 10 June 2007, a temperature of 48 °C (118 °F) was recorded; this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 °C (131 °F). The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 337 millimetres (13.3 in), recorded on 1 August 2024.
| Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
46.1 (115.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
47.2 (117.0) |
46.1 (115.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.4 (93.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
24.9 (76.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
19.2 (66.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21.9 (0.86) |
39.5 (1.56) |
43.5 (1.71) |
25.5 (1.00) |
26.7 (1.05) |
84.8 (3.34) |
195.6 (7.70) |
184.1 (7.25) |
88.6 (3.49) |
13.3 (0.52) |
6.9 (0.27) |
16.8 (0.66) |
747.2 (29.41) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 47.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 218.8 | 215.0 | 245.8 | 256.1 | 308.3 | 269.0 | 227.5 | 234.9 | 265.6 | 290.0 | 229.6 | 222.9 | 2,983.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: PMD | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Lahore| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1881 | 138,878 | — |
| 1891 | 159,947 | +15.2% |
| 1901 | 186,884 | +16.8% |
| 1911 | 228,687 | +22.4% |
| 1921 | 281,781 | +23.2% |
| 1931 | 400,075 | +42.0% |
| 1941 | 671,659 | +67.9% |
| 1951 | 1,130,000 | +68.2% |
| 1961 | 1,630,000 | +44.2% |
| 1972 | 2,198,890 | +34.9% |
| 1981 | 2,988,486 | +35.9% |
| 1998 | 5,209,088 | +74.3% |
| 2017 | 11,126,285 | +113.6% |
| 2023 | 13,004,135 | +16.9% |
Population
The results of the 2017 Census determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285, with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since 1998. Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender. Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.
Tribes and background
At the time of the 2017 Pakistani census, the largest tribal group were Arain Punjabis, constituting 40%, followed by Punjabi–Kashmiris at 30% with other tribes such as Rajput Punjabis and Kamboh Punjabis at 5% each. The majority of the rest 20% is constituted by other Punjabi tribes, with a minority constituted by other ethnic communities such as Muhajirs, Pashtuns and Meo.
Tribes and backgrounds in the Lahore district
Punjabi—Arains (40%) Punjabi–Kashmiris (30%) Punjabi—Rajputs (5%) Punjabi—Kamboj (5%) Others (20%)Controversy about the city's Pashtun population
Some Pashtun nationalist parties argue that the Pashtun population of Lahore in the 2017 census has been underestimated, with Ameer Bahadur Khan, provincial general secretary of Awami National Party, putting their numbers at 1.5 million, while Gul Muhammad Regwal, a member of Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party, claiming more than 1 million including 300,000 in the Walled City alone, most of these having moved over the last 20 years, including due to military operations, but remaining uncounted as they're not considered permanent residents of Lahore.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Lahore| Religion in Lahore District 2023 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Islam | 95.26% | |||
| Christianity | 4.64% | |||
| Others | 0.1% | |||
According to the 2023 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are Muslims (95.26%), up from 94.7% in 2017. Other religions include Christians (4.64%, slightly less than 5.14% in 2017) and small numbers of Ahmadis, Baháʼís, Hindus, Parsis, and Sikhs. There is also a small but longstanding Zoroastrian community.
Since Lahore contains some of Sikhism's holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs. Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by Shah Jahan in 1632. Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the Shri Krishna Mandir and the Valmiki Mandir.
| Religious group |
1868 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 2017 | 2023 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam 
|
70,974 | 56.18% | 86,413 | 57.85% | 102,280 | 57.83% | 119,601 | 58.93% | 129,801 | 56.76% | 149,044 | 52.89% | 249,315 | 58.01% | 433,170 | 64.49% | 10,530,816 | 94.7% | 12,363,149 | 95.26% |
Hinduism 
|
40,551 | 32.1% | 53,641 | 35.91% | 62,077 | 35.1% | 70,196 | 34.59% | 77,267 | 33.79% | 107,783 | 38.25% | 139,125 | 32.37% | 179,422 | 26.71% | 2,670 | 0.02% | 2,811 | 0.02% |
Sikhism 
|
3,520 | 2.79% | 4,627 | 3.1% | 7,306 | 4.13% | 7,023 | 3.46% | 12,877 | 5.63% | 12,833 | 4.55% | 23,477 | 5.46% | 34,021 | 5.07% | — | — | 715 | 0.01% |
Christianity 
|
— | — | 529 | 0.35% | 4,697 | 2.66% | 5,558 | 2.74% | 8,436 | 3.69% | 11,287 | 4.01% | 16,875 | 3.93% | 21,495 | 3.2% | 571,365 | 5.14% | 602,431 | 4.64% |
Jainism 
|
— | — | 227 | 0.15% | 339 | 0.19% | 420 | 0.21% | 467 | 0.2% | 474 | 0.17% | 791 | 0.18% | 1,094 | 0.16% | — | — | — | — |
Zoroastrianism 
|
— | — | — | — | 132 | 0.07% | 166 | 0.08% | 198 | 0.09% | 177 | 0.06% | 150 | 0.03% | — | — | — | — | 77 | 0% |
Judaism 
|
— | — | — | — | 14 | 0.01% | — | — | 13 | 0.01% | 13 | 0% | 0 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism .svg){kind=small}
|
— | — | — | — | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 128 | 0.06% | 170 | 0.06% | 14 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Ahmadiyya 
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13,433 | 0.12% | 7,139 | 0.06% |
| Others | 11,284 | 8.93% | 3,932 | 2.63% | 9 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2,457 | 0.37% | 1,701 | 0.02% | 2,339 | 0.02% |
| Total population | 126,329 | 100% | 149,369 | 100% | 176,854 | 100% | 202,964 | 100% | 228,687 | 100% | 281,781 | 100% | 429,747 | 100% | 671,659 | 100% | 11,119,985 | 100% | 12,978,661 | 100% |
Languages
Languages by number of native speakers in the Lahore district
Punjabi (73.58%) Urdu (21.1%) Other (5.22%)The Punjabi language is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 73.58% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2023 Census. Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the 2023 Pakistani census 21.1% speak Urdu, 2.06% Pashto, 2.01% Mewati and 2.78% other mother tongues.
Urdu and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore. Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the Punjab Assembly, Lahore.
Cityscape
Old City
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Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic Walled City of Lahore in the northern part of the city, which contains several World Heritage Sites and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as katrahs and galis developed in the context of neighbouring buildings. Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.
Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Peshawar, Multan and Delhi – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.
By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive haveli compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan. By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood, leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.
A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era Lahore Cantonment.
Architecture
Further information: Architecture of Lahore
Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the Mughal Dynasty, Sikh Empire, and the British Indian Raj. The architectural style of the Walled City of Lahore has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.
Sikh period
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period. Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire. Monuments plundered of their marble include the Tomb of Asif Khan and the Tomb of Nur Jahan; the Shalimar Gardens was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly agate gate was stripped. The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.
Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur, and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.
British period
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the Indo-Gothic style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of Victorian and Islamic architecture o r in the distinct Indo-Saracenic style. The British also built neoclassical Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the Quaid-e-Azam Library.
Lawrence Gardens were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.
The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.
The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts. Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious Aitchison College, the Punjab Chief Court (today the Lahore High Court), Lahore Museum, and the University of the Punjab.
Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect Sir Ganga Ram, who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".
Parks and gardens
Main article: List of parks and gardens in Lahore
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The Shahdara Bagh was one of the earliest Mughal gardens, laid out in 15th century, and contains the Tomb of Jahangir. The Shalimar Gardens were laid out during the reign of Shah Jahan and were designed to mimic the Islamic paradise of the afterlife described in the Qur'an. The gardens follow the familiar charbagh layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, Hazuri Bagh was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.
The Lawrence Garden was established in 1862 and was originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892. The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as Minto Park, which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.
The many other gardens and parks in the city include Hazuri Bagh, Iqbal Park, Mochi Bagh, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Model Town Park, Jilani Park, Nasir Bagh Lahore, Jallo Park, Lahore Zoo Safari Park, and Changa Manga, a human-made forest near Lahore in the Kasur district. Another example is the Bagh-e-Jinnah, a 141-acre (57 ha) botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Lahore-
Expo Centre Lahore
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PIA Head Office
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Emporium Mall
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MCB headquarters
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As of 2008, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008). It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab. As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date, only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144. Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.
A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries. Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services. The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre, and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry. The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.
The Lahore Expo Centre is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010. Defence Raya Golf Resort, now fully operational (as of the 2024), boasts Pakistan’s largest and Asia's premier golf course. This luxurious project is a result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia, offering world-class residential, recreational, and commercial facilities. The development of such large-scale projects continues to elevate Lahore’s profile, contributing significantly to the national economy. Ferozepur Road of the Central business districts of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and Arfa Software Technology Park.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Lahore
Public transportation
Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the Lahore Transport Company (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's Lahore Metrobus and the Orange Line of the Lahore Metro train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) around the city and operates at a speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).
Metrobus
Main article: Lahore MetrobusThe Lahore Metrobus is a bus rapid transit service operating in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with Lahore Transport Company's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service across Lahore District with connections to neighboring suburban communities.
Low occupancy vehicles
Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.
Metro Train
Orange Line
Main article: Orange Line (Lahore Metro)The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore. The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the Lahore Metro. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi), with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground, and had a cost of 251.06 billion rupees ($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017. The train has speed up to 80 km/h (50 mph). For improved durability, its bogies are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning. Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018, and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.
Blue Line
The Blue Line is a proposed 24 kilometres (15 mi) line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.
Purple Line
The Purple Line is a proposed 19 kilometres (12 mi) line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.
Taxi and rickshaw
Ride-sharing services such as Uber and Careem are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.
Auto rickshaws play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city. Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called chingchi (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market) or chand gari ('moon car') are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare. Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use compressed natural gas as fuel, and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.
Intercity transportation
Railways
See also: Lahore Junction railway stationLahore Junction Station serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all Pakistan Railways services in Northern Pakistan. It includes services to Peshawar and the national capital metropolitan area of Islamabad–Rawalpindi, and long-distance services to Karachi and Quetta. Lahore Cantonment Station also operates a few trains.
Buses
Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.
Airports
Further information: Allama Iqbal International Airport and Walton Airport
Pakistan's third busiest airport, Allama Iqbal International Airport (IATA: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, Muhammad Iqbal, and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, Pakistan International Airlines. Walton Airport in Askari neighbourhood provides general aviation facilities. Sialkot International Airport (IATA: SKT) and Faisalabad International Airport (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.
Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including Ras al Khaimah, Guangzhou (begins 28 August 2018), Ürümqi, Abu Dhabi, Barcelona, Beijing–Capital, Copenhagen, Dammam, Dera Ghazi Khan, Doha, Dubai–International, Islamabad, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Heathrow, Manchester, Medina, Milan–Malpensa, Multan, Muscat, Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Riyadh, Salalah, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Mashhad, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, and Tashkent.
Roads
See also: List of streets in Lahore
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There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal roads that serve Lahore.
- Municipal roads
- Canal Road – serves as the major north–south artery
- Provincial highways
- Lahore Ring Road
- Lahore–Kasur Road (Ferozepur Road)
- Lahore–Raiwind Road (Raiwind Road)
- Lahore–Sharaqpur Road (Sagianwala Bypass Road)
- Lahore–Wagah Road
- Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road )
- Federal highways
- M-2 motorway
- M-3 motorway
- M-11 motorway
- N-5 National Highway (Multan Road)
- N-60 National Highway (Sargodha–Lahore road)
Government
Metropolitan Corporation
Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is a metropolitan area under the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore. The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services.
Mayor
Main article: Mayor of LahoreAs per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the Mayor of Lahore is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy town mayors. Mubashir Javed of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing Lahore City District departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas.
Neighbourhoods
Further information: List of zones in LahoreLahore District is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones. Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.
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Politics
The 2015 local government elections for Union Councils in Lahore yielded the following results:
PML(N) (84.5%) Independents (9.9%) PTI (4.4%) PPP (0.4%)| MCL/ZonesParties | UC seats |
|---|---|
| Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 229 |
| Independents | 27 |
| Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 12 |
| Pakistan Peoples Party | 1 |
| Awaiting results | *5 |
| Total | 274 |
Festivals
The people of Lahore celebrate many festivals and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.
Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of Sufi shrines hold annual festivals called urs to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of Ali Hujwiri at the Data Darbar shrine has an annual urs that attracts up to one million visitors per year. The popular Mela Chiraghan festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of Madho Lal Hussain, while other large urs take place at the shrines of Bibi Pak Daman, and at the Shrine of Mian Mir. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Husain at Karbala with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of Muharram.
Basant is a traditional Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the Lahore Canal is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by celebratory gunfire, sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.
Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for Christmas and Easter celebrations. Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 5.1% of the total population of Lahore in 2024. Religion in Lahore
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Lahore-
Wazir Khan Mosque
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Badshahi Mosque
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Lahore Fort (Shahi Qila)
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Minar-e-Pakistan at night
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Shalimar Gardens
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Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The Walled City of Lahore was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among the most popular sights are the Lahore Fort, adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the Sheesh Mahal, the Alamgiri Gate, the Naulakha pavilion, and the Moti Masjid. The fort and adjoining Shalimar Gardens have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.
The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the Krishna Temple and Valmiki Mandir. The Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, also located near the Walled City, houses the funerary urns of the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The most prominent religious building is the Badshahi Mosque, constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the Wazir Khan Mosque, constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive faience tile work.
Whereas the Walled City reflects Lahore's historic grandeur, Defence Raya Golf Resort contributes to the city’s modern side, showcasing its rapid urban development and modern lifestyles.
Cuisine
Main article: Lahori cuisineReligious sites
Well-known religious sites in the city include:
- Badshahi Mosque
- Dai Anga Mosque
- Darbar Madho Lal Hussain
- Data Darbar Complex
- Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore
- Gurdwara Dera Sahib
- Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das
- Krishna Mandir, Lahore
- Lava Temple
- Lohari Gate Mosque
- Masjid of Mariyam Zamani
- Masjid Shuhada
- Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)
- Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Mosque
- Neevin Mosque
- Oonchi Mosque
- Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore
- Shab Bhar Mosque
- Shaheed Ganj Mosque
- St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church
- Suneri Mosque
- Valmiki Temple
- Wazir Khan Mosque
Museums
- Army Museum Lahore
- Fakir Khana
- Islamic Summit Minar
- Javed Manzil
- Lahore Museum
- National History Museum
- House of NANNA's by Dr. Ejaz Anwar
- Como Museum of Art
- National Museum of Science and Technology
- Shakir Ali Museum
- Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum
Tombs
- Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan
- Tomb of Allama Iqbal
- Tomb of Anarkali
- Tomb of Asif Khan
- Tomb of Dai Anga
- Tomb of Jani Khan
- Tomb of Jahangir
- Tomb of Nadira Begum
- Tomb of Nur Jahan
- Tomb of Dai Anga
- Buddhu's Tomb
- Cypress Tomb or Sarowala Maqbara
- Tomb of Zeb-un-Nissa Begum
- Tomb of Gul Begum
- Tomb of Malik Ayaz
- Kuri Bagh
- Mai Dai
- Mian Khan
- Nusrat Khan
- Prince Pervez
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak
- Saleh Kamboh
- Mir Niamat Khan
- Rasul Shahyun
- Zafar Jang Kokaltash
Shrines
- Bibi Pak Daman
- Ali Hujwiri
- Mian Mir
- Madho Lal Hussain
- Khawaja Tahir Bandgi
- Ghazi Ilm Din Shaheed
- Sheikh Musa Ahangar
- Khawaja Mehmud
- Nizam-ud-Din
- Siraj-ud-Din Gilani
- peer makki
- Baba Shah Jamal
Samadhis
- Bhai Vasti Ram
- Ranjit Singh
- Samadhi of Bhai Mani Singh
- Sir Ganga Ram
- Bhai Taru Singh
Havelis
There are many havelis inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of Mughal and Sikh architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:
- Chuna Mandi Havelis
- Dina Nath Ki Haveli
- Haveli Barood Khana
- Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
- Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
- Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou)
- Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
- Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
- Mubarak Begum Haveli – Bhatti Gate
- Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
- Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
- Nisar Haveli
- Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli
Other landmarks
Historic neighbourhoods
- Anarkali
- Badami Bagh
- Baghbanpura
- Begampura
- Heera Mandi
- Mughalpura
- Shahdara Bagh
- Walled City of Lahore
Education
Main article: Education in Lahore See also: List of educational institutions in Lahore, List of special schools in Lahore, and List of libraries in Lahore
Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital, with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center in Pakistan. Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the only AACSB accredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including:
- Aitchison College, established in 1886
- Beaconhouse National University, established in 2003
- Central Model School, established in 1883
- Crescent Model Higher Secondary School, established in 1968
- College of Home Economics, established in 1955
- College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, established in 1950
- Convent of Jesus and Mary, established in 1867
- Dayal Singh College, established in 1910
- De'Montmorency College of Dentistry, established in 1929
- Fatima Jinnah Medical University, established in 1948
- Forman Christian College, established in 1864
- Government College University, Lahore, established in 1864
- Hailey College of Commerce, established in 1927
- Islamia College, established in 1892
- Jamia Ashrafia, established in 1947
- King Edward Medical University, established in 1860
- Kinnaird College for Women University, established in 1913
- Lady Maclagan Training College, established in 1933
- Lady Willingdon Nursing School, established in 1933
- Lahore College for Women University, established in 1922
- Lahore Garrison University
- Lahore Grammar School, established in 1979
- Lahore Medical and Dental College, established in 1997
- Lahore School of Economics, established in 1993
- Lahore University of Management Sciences, established in 1986
- M.A.O College, established in 1933
- Muslim Model High School, established in 1890
- National College of Arts, established in 1875
- Oriental College, established in 1876
- Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design, established in 1994
- PakTurk International Schools and Colleges, established in 2006
- Queen Mary College, established in 1908
- Sacred Heart High School, established in 1906
- Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical and Dental College, established in 2009
- St. Anthony's High School, established in 1892
- St. Francis High School, established in 1842
- University College of Pharmacy, established in 1944
- University Law College, established in 1868
- University of Central Punjab, established in 2002
- University of Education, established in 2002
- University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, established in 1921
- University of Health Sciences, Lahore, established in 2002
- University of Lahore, established in 1999
- University of Management and Technology (Lahore), established in 2002
- University of the Punjab, established in 1882
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, established in 1882
Notable people
Main article: List of people from LahoreSports
Main article: List of sports venues in Lahore- Sports venues
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Gaddafi Stadium is one of the largest stadiums of Pakistan, with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.
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Punjab Stadium
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Pakistan playing against Argentina in 2005
Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup and the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football. Lahore is also home to the head office of the Pakistan Olympic Association.
Gaddafi Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada in the 1990s.
The multi purpose Punjab Stadium located near the headquarters of the Pakistan Football Federation, is mainly used for football matches and has hosted several events including AFC President's Cup and FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
Lahore is home to several golf courses, including the Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course, the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby Raiwind Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.
The Lahore Marathon is part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007. Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the Ravi River.
- Professional sports teams from Lahore
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lahore Qalandars | Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy | Cricket | Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium | 2018 |
| Lahore Qalandars | Pakistan Super League | Cricket | Gaddafi Stadium | 2015 |
| Lahore Lions | National T20 League/National One-day Championship | Cricket | Gaddafi Stadium | 2004 |
| Lahore Eagles | National T20 League/National One-day Championship | Cricket | Gaddafi Stadium | 2006 |
| Wohaib | PFF League | Football | Punjab Stadium | 1982 |
Twin towns and sister cities
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in PakistanThe following international cities have been declared twin towns and sister cities of Lahore.
Istanbul, Turkey (1975)
Sariwon, North Korea (1988)
Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (1992)
Kortrijk, Belgium (1993)
Fez, Morocco (1994)
Bukhara, Uzbekistan (1995)- Samarkand, Uzbekistan (1995)
Isfahan, Iran (2004)- Mashad, Iran (2006)
Glasgow, Scotland (2006)
Chicago, Illinois, United States (2007)
Belgrade, Serbia (2007)
Kraków, Poland (2007)
Coimbra, Portugal (2007)
Dushanbe, Tajikistan (2008)
Córdoba, Spain (2008)
Bogotá, Colombia (2009)- Amol, Iran (2010)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)
Awards
In 1966, the Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag, the Hilal-i-istaqlal, to the cities of Lahore, Sargodha, and Sialkot for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression. Every year on Defence Day (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.
See also
Pakistan portal- Lahore Fashion Week
- Lahore Knowledge Park
- Lahore Literary Festival
- Lahore Railway Station
- Lahori chaddar
- Lahori cuisine
- List of cemeteries in Lahore
- List of cities proper by population
- List of films set in Lahore
- List of hospitals in Lahore
- List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries
- List of metropolitan areas in Asia
- List of people from Lahore
- List of streets in Lahore
- List of tallest buildings in Lahore
- List of towns in Lahore
- List of urban areas by population
- Sikh period in Lahore
- Transport in Lahore
- Walled City of Lahore
Notes
- The highest point in Lahore is the Walled City
- In Punjabi, the demonyms are used as:
- Lahorī (لہوری) – general (both singular and plural) and gender-neutral
- Lahorīyā (لہوریہ) – singular and masculine
- Lahorīye (لہوریے) – plural and masculine
- Lahoran (لہورن) – general (both singular and plural) and feminine
- 1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.
- Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.
- 1931–1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
- Only includes protestant population.
References
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- Shoaib Ahmed (4 February 2021). "Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore". Dawn. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
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- "Punjab Portal". Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
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- ^ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
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- ^ "Pakistan: 4 Top Cities". The Business Year. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
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Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Lahore- Glover, William (2008). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ. of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5022-4.
- Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134440481.
- Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. New Imperial Press. Internet Archive
- Neville, Pran (2006). Lahore: A Sentimental Journey. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-306197-7.
- Sidhwa, Bapsi (2005). City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-303166-6.
- Wink, André (2002a). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. I, early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. Boston and Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-391-04173-8.
- Wink, André (2002b). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. II, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries. Boston and Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-391-04174-6.
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