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{{Short description|List of languages}}
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=jewish+languages+diaspora&source=bl&ots=X7d4nI1A5h&sig=vlzayCZ-RoS6Q4Q44UIOb7dAcd0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip_9bU_rXRAhXFJcAKHdtcCloQ6AEIhQEwEA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages|last=Rubin|first=Aaron D.|last2=Kahn|first2=Lily|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004297357|language=en}}</ref>
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004297357 |language=en}}</ref>


==Afro-Asiatic languages== == Afro-Asiatic languages ==
=== Cushitic languages ===
* ]<ref>], "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, ''Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994'', Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. {{ISBN|3-927620-28-9}}.</ref>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |year=2013 |series=New series |last=Hudson |first=Grover |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1353/nas.2013.0021 |s2cid=143577497}}</ref>


===Cushitic languages=== === Semitic languages ===
==== Arabic languages ====
* ]{{cn|date=September 2016}}
* ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/northeast_african_studies/v013/13.2.hudson.pdf|accessdate = 2015-10-09|year = 2013|series = New series|last = Hudson|first = Grover|work = Northeast African Studies | volume = 13 | number = 2}}</ref>

===Semitic languages===
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* ] :* ]
:* Judeo-] (extinct)
:* ]
:* ]
:**]
:* Judeo-] (extinct)
:** ]
:** ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Arabic |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-arabic |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]

:* Judeo-] (extinct)
* ], based on old ] * ], based on old ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=1997 |title=The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit |journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik |issue=34 |pages=53–102 |issn=0170-026X |jstor=43525685}}</ref>

* ]<ref name=":2" />
==== Aramaic languages ====
:* ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA709&lpg=PA709&dq=hulaula+jews&source=bl&ots=t4KdS7MDtr&sig=H1ewli6FyDJBRnCms97Caqq02OQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwB2oVChMI7v_-4vCFxwIVxiQeCh1S9Az2#v=onepage&q=hulaula%2520jews&f=false|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2011-12-23|isbn = 9783110251586|first = Stefan|last = Weninger|page = 709|ref = weninger}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS9CwAAQBAJ&q=%22geoffrey++khan%22&pg=PR3 |title=A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=8 June 1999 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004305045 |language=en}}</ref>

:* ]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&q=hulaula%2520jews&pg=PA709 |publisher =] |date=23 December 2011 |isbn=9783110251586 |first=Stefan |last=Weninger |page=709 |ref=weninger}}</ref>
:* ] (extinct) :* ] (extinct)
::* ] (extinct) ::* ] (extinct)
Line 24: Line 35:
:* ] :* ]


===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== === Other Afro-Asiatic languages ===
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)


==Indo-European languages== == Austronesian languages ==
* ] (extinct)


===Iranian languages=== == Dravidian languages ==
* ]<ref name=":2" />
* ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=%2522judeo+golpaygani%2522&source=bl&ots=qgwWW6rBZp&sig=UiLQynfmO7B-MbhqA21_T1bRgko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBWoVChMIp7yI-PGFxwIVCageCh2kjQkn#v=onepage&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&f=false|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-03-27|isbn = 9781139917148|first = Bernard|last = Spolsky|page = 241}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (almost extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" />
* ]<ref name=":1" />
* ]<ref name=":1" /><ref> Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295.
. </ref>
* ]<ref> Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.
. </ref>
* Judeo-] (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)


(both written in local alphabets)
===Romance languages===
* ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)


== Indo-European languages ==
=== Germanic languages ===
* ]
* ] (extinct)
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Contact Manchester |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/ELA/languages/Lekoudesch.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":2" />
** ]
** ]


=== Indo-Aryan languages ===
:* Judeo-] (extinct)
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/ |title=Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian |website=blogs.bl.uk}}</ref>
:* ] (extinct)
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu |title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India |website=Gorgias Press LLC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-003380961&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-003380961&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1508327520166&srt=rank&mode=Basic&&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Or%2014014&vid=IAMS_VU2&_ga=2.106079044.638512483.1572398805-681626015.1571658942 |title=Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era |publisher=] |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":4" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct)
* ]
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) and Judeo-] (extinct)
:* ]<ref name=":2" />
::* ]
::* ]


=== Iranian languages ===
* ]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351 |publisher=] |date=27 March 2014 |isbn=9781139917148 |first=Bernard |last=Spolsky |page=241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]
* ]<ref name=":1" />
* ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Habib |last=Borjian |chapter=Judeo-Iranian Languages |editor1-first=Lily |editor1-last=Kahn |editor2-first=Aaron D. |editor2-last=Rubin |title=A Handbook of Jewish Languages |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=] |date=2015 |pages=234–295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12266165}}</ref>
* ]<ref>Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74.
.</ref>


=== ] ===
:* ] and Judeo-] (extinct)
* ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
:* ] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* ]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Galician}}
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) :* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)
:* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99 |title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present |last1=Hary |first1=Benjamin |last2=Benor |first2=Sarah Bunin |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=] |via=] |isbn=9781501504631}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Neapolitan and Meridionali Estremi}}
:* Judeo-]<ref>Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.</ref> (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)


==== ] ====


* ]
:* Judeo-] (including the ]) (extinct)


* ]
:* ]<ref name=":2" />: a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)
** ]


==== ] ====
Source:<ref name=":2" />
:*]
:*]


==== ] ====
:* Judeo-] (almost extinct)
:* ] (almost extinct)
:* Judeo-] (almost extinct)
:* Judeo-] (almost extinct)


* ]† (''Giudeo-Ferrarese'') in ]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Italian |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
:* Judeo-] (almost extinct)
* ]† (''Giudeo-Modenese'') in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]/ ]† ''(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese)'' in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Salentino'') In ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Resab'') in the region of ] of ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Torinese'') in ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryzhik |first=Michael |date=2016-08-16 |title=Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340074 |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1163/22134638-12340074 |issn=2213-4387}}</ref>
* ]† (''Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga'') in ]<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Minervini |first=Laura |title=Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan) |date=2021-06-28 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }}</ref>
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ] (''Giudeo-Romanesco'') in ]<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Colasuonno |first=Maria Maddalena |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |date=2018-06-28 |work=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |pages=122–156 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004376588_008 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004376588_008 |isbn=978-90-04-37658-8}}</ref>


* ]/]† ''(Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Fiorentino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />


* ]† (''Giudeo-Veneziano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> with a wide range of dialects and city koinés
* ]† (''Giudeo-Triestino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
:* Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google.it/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Judeo-Sicilian&source=bl&ots=p0k7vt8ctZ&sig=ACfU3U1Rf0J_M0jamtug5lVYeCLt3JTsmw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB44TvovrgAhXKD5oKHdi0CYEQ6AEwBXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.it/books?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&source=bl&ots=G1qiLszl5E&sig=ACfU3U2irwgLXiC8b7n2tv9reEzxrLnsoA&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf6ZqVp_rgAhViwMQBHaMzAhYQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian%20translation&f=false</ref> (extinct)
* ]† (''Giudeo-Veronese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />


* ]† (''Giudeo-Reggiano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
===Other Indo-European languages===
* ]† (''Giudeo-Piemontese'') in the region of ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA3-PA83&lpg=RA3-PA83&dq=knaanic+czech&source=bl&ots=4Y3Hc0XddZ&sig=L_gPcPRQn3nrHslCdNpzuxznKOs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CF4Q6AEwDGoVChMIpYWK1o2HxwIVxjs-Ch3gWAjL#v=onepage&q=knaanic%2520czech&f=false|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9780195139778|language = en|page = 83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf|title = Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination|last = Katz|first = Dovid|date = October 2012|journal = Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 1 August 2015|editor-first = Ondřej|editor-last = Bláha|editor2-first = Robert|editor2-last = Dittman|editor3-first = Lenka|editor3-last = Uličná|pages = 164, 173}}</ref> (extinct)
* ], based on ] * ]† (''Giudeo-Mantovano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />

=== Other Indo-European languages ===
* ]<ref>{{cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=knaanic%2520czech&pg=RA3-PA83 |publisher=] |date=1 January 2003 |isbn=9780195139778 |language=en |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf |title=Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination |last=Katz |first=Dovid |date=October 2012 |journal=Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background |access-date=1 August 2015 |editor-first=Ondřej |editor-last=Bláha |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Dittman |editor3-first=Lenka |editor3-last=Uličná |pages=164, 173}}</ref> (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* ], a ] varitety of ]
* ] * ] (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" />

==Turkic languages==
* ]<ref>{{Cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|accessdate = 2015-08-01}}</ref> (almost extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct)
* Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ])

==Kartvelian languages==
* ]<ref name=":2" />
* Judeo-] (almost extinct)

==Dravidian languages==
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct)
* ], a variety of ]
(both written in local alphabets)

==Uralic languages==
* ]<ref>https://books.google.ru/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Judeo-Hungarian+language&source=bl&ots=YtxbUHG5Sw&sig=9SabIVPCHzn0s52AAjrs1OR7IUQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxjJn_uK7eAhWGVSwKHVkDC2gQ6AEwB3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Hungarian%20language&f=false</ref> (Magyaric/Magyarit, not to be confused with the modern ], spoken by Jews).

==Doubted languages==

===Indo-European languages===
====Romance languages====
* Judeo-]
** Judeo-]
====Baltic languages====
* Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google.lt/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism%20Samgitian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism%20Samogitian&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.lt/books?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian&source=bl&ots=1BCazud0a1&sig=ACfU3U2OAVeWSbwNLZC0mkQa95IO3dapWw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU-6bAqvrgAhWhyaYKHeMmADEQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism%20Samogitian&f=false</ref>
====Slavic languages====
* Judeo-]
* Judeo-]
====Indo-Arian languages====
* Judeo-]<ref>https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu</ref>
* Judeo-]<ref>https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/</ref>
====Armenian languages====
* Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google.it/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=Judeo-Armenian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Armenian&f=false</ref> (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)

===North Caucasian languages===
====Abkhazo-Adyghean languages====
*Judeo-]

===Austronesian languages===
====Malayo-Polinesian languages====
*Judeo-] (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)

==Languages of Inscriptions/Books==

There are some languages, mostly spoken by Jews as second or even third language, that could not be determined as their main communicative system. Some of them could be called languages with doubted relation to Jewish communities. Nevertheless, some of them were written or printed in Aramaic/Hebrew letters.

These languages are, e.g.: ]<ref>https://books.google.hu/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA635&dq=Judeo-Turkish&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIuOfE5oHhAhWPyKYKHVKEBdMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Turkish&f=false</ref> for Sephardic, Romaniote and Kurdistani Jews of ], whose main spoken languages were Judeo-Spanish, Yevanic and Judeo-Aramaic languages;
], ], ], ], ] and ] for Ashkenazi Yiddish-speaking communities. That was ] for Sephardic Judeo-Spanish and Judeo-Portuguese migrants.



== Kartvelian languages ==
There are also different languages, which could have some contacts with Jewish communities, e.g. different ] during the ] period, as well as in Medieval ] or ]. It could be ] for Jews with Judeo-] spoken dialects. It could be the ] for hellenophones of ]. It could be ] for Jews of eastern ]. And it could be ] and ] varieties for ] Jews.
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632 |doi=10.1163/22134638-07011146|title=Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia) |year=2019 |last1=Lomtadze |first1=Tamari |last2=Enoch |first2=Reuven |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=7 |pages=1–26 |s2cid=166295234 }}</ref>
* Judeo-] (first of all — so called ]–] dialect of Mingrelian,<ref>{{cite book |title=THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/303243/1/Gruzinskiee_Ivreii.pdf |publisher=D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia |date= |isbn= |language=Russian, Georgian, English, German |page=55}}</ref> e.g. ] and ] Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)<ref name=":3" /> (almost extinct)


== Turkic languages ==
But one shouldn’t confuse this languages with so-called newly-born Jewish languages, such as Jewish Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, Latin American Spanish and Portuguese or English<ref>https://books.google.it/books?id=t3fLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA570&dq=Judeo-Swedish&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif8dSZ5oHhAhWEwMQBHR8BAiMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Swedish&f=false</ref> varieties in modern communities, which became the main spoken languages within diaspora.
* Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* ]<ref>{{cite web|title=YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks |website=www.yivoencyclopedia.org |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> (almost extinct)
* ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=judeo-turkish&pg=PR6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004359543 |language=en}}</ref> (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Citation needed for claim about Karaim being multiple languages}}


== Creole languages ==
* ]<ref>{{cite web|author = Jacobs, Neil G.|title = Jewish Papiamentu|website = Jewish Language Project|url = https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-papiamentu|accessdate = 2023-05-29}}</ref>
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/view/60107|title=Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology|language=en-ID|date=2022|first=Sekar Ayu|last=Aryani|doi=10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226|doi-access=free|publisher=UIN Sunan Kalijaga|location=], Indonesia|journal=Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies}}</ref>


==See also== == See also ==
* ] * ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


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Latest revision as of 00:38, 29 December 2024

List of languages

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Aramaic languages

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Indo-Aryan languages

Iranian languages

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

Occitan

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

Source:

Judeo-Italian

Other Indo-European languages

Kartvelian languages

Turkic languages

  • Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
  • Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Turkish (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
  • Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

Creole languages

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
  2. Appleyard, David, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. ISBN 3-927620-28-9.
  3. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
  4. "Judeo-Arabic". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  5. Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
  6. Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
  7. ^ Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
  8. "Language Contact Manchester". languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  9. "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
  10. "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
  11. ^ "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  12. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
  13. Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 234–295.
  14. Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74. .
  15. Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ "Judeo-Italian". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  17. Ryzhik, Michael (2016-08-16). "Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012". Journal of Jewish Languages. 4 (2): 261–266. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340074. ISSN 2213-4387.
  18. ^ Minervini, Laura (2021-06-28), "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved 2024-01-19
  19. ^ Colasuonno, Maria Maddalena (2018-06-28), "Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese", Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective, BRILL, pp. 122–156, doi:10.1163/9789004376588_008, ISBN 978-90-04-37658-8, retrieved 2024-01-19
  20. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
  21. Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  22. ^ Lomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019). "Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)". Journal of Jewish Languages. 7: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146. S2CID 166295234.
  23. THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
  24. "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  25. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543.
  26. Jacobs, Neil G. "Jewish Papiamentu". Jewish Language Project. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  27. Aryani, Sekar Ayu (2022). "Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology". Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UIN Sunan Kalijaga. doi:10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226.
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