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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1564}} {{About year|1564}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{Year nav|1564}} {{Year nav|1564}}
]: ]]]
{{C16 year in topic}} {{C16 year in topic}}
Year '''1564''' (''']''') was a ] of the ].
]: ]]]
Year '''1564''' (''']''') was a ] (link will display the full calendar) of the ].


== Events == == Events ==
<onlyinclude> <onlyinclude>


=== January&ndash;June === === January&ndash;March ===
* ] &ndash; ] &ndash; ]: A ]n surprise attack results in a decisive defeat of the numerically superior ]n forces. * ] &ndash; ] &ndash; ]: A ]n surprise attack results in a decisive defeat of the numerically superior ]n forces.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giedre Mickunaite|title=Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5zKQM7eEMgC&pg=PA172|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-58-5|pages=172}}</ref>
* ] (11th waning of Tabodwe 925 ME) &ndash; ]: Invaders from Burma overcome the seaside defenses of the Siamese capital at ], capturing the batteries of cannons and a set of ships sent by ] to help defend the kingdom.<ref name=Harvey>G. E. Harvey, ''History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824'' (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1925) pp.167-168</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] in ]: ] ] ] defeats and kills the ] ].
* ] (8th waxing of Tabaung 925 ME) &ndash; The ] ends with the surrender of King ] of ] (now ]) to ]). Chhakkraphat is allowed to go into exile and his son ] is installed by Bayinnaung as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.<ref name=Harvey/>
* ] &ndash; ] settlers abandon ], the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and establish ] in ].
* ] &ndash; ] and the ], dies and is succeeded by ]
* ] &ndash; A group of four men assassinate the Spanish ], ]. López is succeeded temporarily by ].<ref>Raúl Porras Barrenechea and Rubén Vargas Ugarte, ''Historia general de los Peruanos'', Volume 2, ''El Perú Virreinal'' (Talleres Gráficos, 1977)</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] in ]: ] ] ] defeats and kills the ] ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barros Arana |first1=Diego |title=Historia general de Chile |date=2000 |publisher=Santiago de Chile University |location=Santiago |pages=256–257 |url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7986.html |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=es}}</ref>


=== July&ndash;December === === April&ndash;June ===
* ] &ndash; French explorer ] and a group of 300 Huguenot Protestants depart from ] on three ships (''L'Élisabeth'' , ''Le Faucon'' and ''Le Breton'') to colonize what is now the U.S. state of Florida.<ref>Bernard Le Nail, '' L'almanach de la Bretagne'' ("The Almanac of Brittany") (Larousse, 2003)</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] merchant ] returns to London from his second expedition to the ], having gained a considerable extension of trading rights for the English ].
* ] &ndash; The ], flagship of the Swedish Navy, catches fire while fighting against the navy of Denmark in the ] off of the coast of the island of the same name in the ], and sinks along with its crew of 350 sailors and 450 soldiers it had been transporting. The wreckage of the ship will go undiscovered for 447 years until being found on August 19, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipwreck of 16th-century Swedish vessel found in Baltic |url=https://calgaryherald.com/travel/Shipwreck+16th+century+Swedish+vessel+found+Baltic/5282851/story.html |newspaper=] |agency=] |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The ] take place in ], Denmark.
* ] &ndash; ] settlers abandon ], the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establish ] in ], near what is now the city of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowland |first1=Lawrence Sanders |last2=Moore |first2=Alexander |last3=Rogers |first3=George C. |last4=Rogers Jr. |first4=George C. |last5=Wise |first5=Stephen R. |last6=Spieler |first6=Gerhard |title=The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861 |date=1996 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-090-1 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjdhnfG0tYcC&dq=%22june+22+1564%22+Charlesfort+Fort+Caroline&pg=PA26 |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* ] In India, the Mughal Emperor Akbar departs from the capital, ] (now located in the state of ] on the pretext of hunting elephants, in order to conceal his true purpose of punishing the rebel governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Ubzeg.<ref>Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, ''Akbar the Great: Political History, 1542-1605 A.D.'' (Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1962) pp.357-364</ref>
* ] (Full moon of Wagaung 926 ME) &ndash; In Burma (now ]), ] becomes the new ] when his half-brother, King ], dies at age 31 after a long illness.
* ] &ndash; ] becomes the new ] upon the death of his father, ]. Ferdinand's son ] succeeds his father as the new Archduke of Austria.
* ] &ndash; Judge ] becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain upon the death of ].
* ] &ndash; In India ], ruler of the ], defeats the rebellious governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Uzbeg. The defeat comes the day after the Imperial Army's arrival at ], now in the Indian state of ].
* ] &ndash; Sweden's Army fights ] against Denmark and captures three Danish Navy ships (''Böse Lejonet'', ''Morian'', and ''David'') and 600 men.
* ] &ndash; King ], who has been commanding the Swedish Army himself since the start of the ], turns over the responsibility to ], who captures ] from Denmark.
* ] &ndash; The ] takes place in ], Denmark (now in Sweden).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sylvander |first1=Gustaf Volmer |title=Kalmar slotts och stads historia |date=1872 |publisher=Tryckt hos O. Westin |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8tJAQAAMAAJ&dq=Ronneby+blodbad+%224+september+1564%22&pg=PA104 |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=sv}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] in ]: ] fights the forces of ] for the final time, to a draw. * ] &ndash; ] in ]: ] fights the forces of ] for the final time, to a draw.
* ] &ndash; ] merchant ] returns to London from his second expedition to the ], having gained a considerable extension of trading rights for the English ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jenkinson |first1=Anthony |title=Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia |date=1886 |publisher=B. Franklin |page=xliv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfTD6HoTNDkC&dq=%22july+1564%22+muscovy+company+london+Anthony+Jenkinson&pg=PR44|access-date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Jenkinson, Anthony|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-14736|year=2004 |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14736}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Spanish Conquistador ] sails from ]. Later, he will conquer the ], founding ].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* ] &ndash; ], the first well-known female actress in Europe, begins her career by signing a contract with the Commedia dell'arte theatre company in Rome.
* ] &ndash; King ] of Burma leads 64,000 men, 3,600 horses and 330 elephants on an invasion of the ] kingdom (now part of ].<ref name=Yazawin>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 276–278</ref>
* ] &ndash; The Duchy of ] signs the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swiss ] and relinquishes all claims to the canton of ].
* ] &ndash; Spanish Conquistador ] sails from ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreurs |first1=Peter |title=Caraga Antigua, 1521-1910: The Hispanization and Christianization of Agusan, Surigao, and East Davao |date=2000 |publisher=Republic of the Philippines, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Institute |isbn=978-971-538-114-7 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsUuAQAAIAAJ&q=Miguel+L%C3%B3pez+de+Legazpi+mexico+%2221+november+1564%22 |access-date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Later, he will conquer the ], founding ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=HALSTEAD |first1=MURAT |title=THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES |date=1898 |publisher=Our Possessions Publishing Company |page=269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC&dq=Miguel+L%C3%B3pez+de+Legazpi+founded+manila&pg=PA269 |access-date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; When four divisions of the Burmese Army arrive at ], {{convert|12.5|mi}} from ], Chiang Mai's defenses flee the city.<ref name=Yazawin/> Bayinnaung spares the life of King Mekuti of Lan Na, and then spends next four months administering the annexed territory.
* ] &ndash; ], Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy.<ref>Isabel de Madariaga, ''Ivan the Terrible, First Tsar of Russia'' (Yale University Press, 2005) pp. 176–178</ref> Ivan leaves ] and moves to the city of ], taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.
* ] &ndash; King ] agrees to the terms of a treaty with the cantons of Switzerland, agreeing for French payment of debts owed to the Swiss for loans made to Charles's father, ].<ref>James Thompson, ''The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II'' (Chicago University Press, 1909) pp.241-242</ref>


=== Date unknown === === Date unknown ===
* First recorded report of a ']'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hart|first=Martin|title=Rats|year=1982|origyear=c. 1973|publisher=Allison & Busby|isbn=0-85031-297-3|page=66}}</ref> * The first recorded report is made of a "]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Hart|first=Martin|title=Rats|year=1982|orig-year=c. 1973|publisher=Allison & Busby|isbn=0-85031-297-3|page=66}}</ref>
* ''approx. date'' &ndash; ] starts to rule the ]. * ''approx. date'' &ndash; ] starts to rule the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kanem-Borno |date=1995 |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |isbn=978-0-7910-3129-2 |page=33 |url=https://archive.org/details/kanemborno1000ye00kosl/page/32/mode/2up?q=1564 |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref>
*The first ] is published.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Scottish Review |date=1891 |publisher=A. Gardner |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T24l6YzliL8C&dq=Scottish+Psalter+%221564%22&pg=PA7-IA1 |access-date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
</onlyinclude> </onlyinclude>


== Births == == Births ==
]]] ]]]
]]] ]]]
* ] &ndash; ], Chinese prince (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Chinese prince (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian astronomer and physicist (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Italian astronomer and physicist (d. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=Rom Harré|title=Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments that Changed Our View of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usLuAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-286036-1|page=68}}</ref>
* ] (baptized) &ndash; ], English dramatist and poet (d. ]) * ] (baptized) &ndash; ], English dramatist and poet (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Philip |title=Christopher Marlowe |date=1974 |publisher=Harvester Press |isbn=978-0-901759-14-6 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCeaAAAAIAAJ&q=%20%2226%20february%201564%22 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], French Jesuit and royal confessor (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], French Jesuit and royal confessor (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus |date=1891 |publisher=Picard |page=1539 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCHBCO3IMmcC&dq=Pierre+Coton+%227+mars+1564%22&pg=PA1539 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Frisian astronomer (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Frisian astronomer (d. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Robert Christianson|title=On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNh7SyciWPMC&pg=PA264|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00884-6|pages=264}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ] (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Vaterländisches Archiv für hannoverisch-braunschweigische Geschichte |date=1835 |publisher=Herol und Wahlstab |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbEEAAAAQAAJ&dq=Wilhelm+August+15+marz+1564&pg=PA128 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndsh; ], English bishop (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], English bishop (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Publications of the Surtees Society |date=1915 |publisher=Surtees Society |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhg8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Thomas+Morton+%2220+march+1564%22&pg=PA9 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Percy, Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-21939|year=2004 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/21939}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Irish Jesuit priest (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Irish Jesuit priest (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1907 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |location=New York |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8xJAQAAMAAJ&dq=William+Bathe+%222+april+1564%22&pg=PA348 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English dramatist and poet (d. ])
* ] (baptized) &ndash; ], English dramatist and poet (d. ])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Samuel Schoenbaum|author2=Distinguished Professor of Renaissance Literature and Director Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies S Schoenbaum|title=William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6VS_J9lVlYC&pg=PA24|year=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505161-2|pages=24}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Scottish noble (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Scottish noble (d. ])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Hay, Francis, ninth earl of Erroll|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12715|year=2004 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12715}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Italian noble, patron of the arts (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Italian noble, patron of the arts (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lazzari |first1=Alfonso |title=Le ultime tre duchesse di Ferrara e la corte estense ai tempi di Torquato Tasso |date=1952 |publisher=Società Tipografica Editrice Rodigina |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HQ5Lqhia2IC&q=%2227%20maggio%201564%22 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Swiss artist (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Die schweizerische Malerei im XVI. Jahrhundert diesseits der Alpen und unter Berücksichtigung der Glasmalerei, des Formschnittes und des Kupferstiches |date=1893 |publisher=Sauerländer |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thM6N9TpBWoC&dq=Joseph+Heintz+der+%C3%84ltere+%E2%80%9E11.+Juni+1564%E2%80%9C&pg=PA237 |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Swiss artist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=August |title=Johann Friedrich der Mittlere, Herzog zu Sachsen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts |date=1858 |publisher=Hermann Bohlau |location=Weimar |page=465 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLfE2ApyzM0C&dq=Johann+Casimir+%2212+juni+1564%22&pg=PA465 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Norwegian astronomer (d. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Cort Aslakssøn |url=https://www.snl.no/Cort_Aslakss%C3%B8n |website=Store norske leksikon |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=no |date=27 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leisner-Jensen |first1=Mogens |title=Da Holberg blev poët: tre studier i vittighedsværkernes oprindelse |date=1995 |publisher=Odense Universitetsforlag |isbn=978-87-7838-109-5 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9o9AAAAIAAJ&q=%20%2228.%20juni%201564%22 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=da}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Norwegian astronomer (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Countess consort of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Countess consort of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1587 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1587-ii.htm#Borromeo |website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], bishop in the Church of Scotland (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], bishop in the Church of Scotland (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=David |title=Scotland Under Charles I. |date=1955 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |isbn=978-7-470-00028-0 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSNIAAAAMAAJ&q=%2224%20august%201564%22 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Italian banker and art collector (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Italian banker and art collector (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bascetta |first1=Carlo |title=Sport e giuochi: trattati e scritti dal XV al XVIII secolo |date=1978 |publisher=Il Polifilo |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onUKAQAAIAAJ&q=%2213%20settembre%201564%22 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English navigator and samurai (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], English navigator and samurai (d. ])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Herald of Asia: A Review of Life and Progress in the Orient|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0c8AQAAIAAJ|year=1916|page=88}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Swedish noble (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Swedish noble (d. ])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hofberg |first1=Herman |last2=Heurlin |first2=Frithiof |last3=Millqvist |first3=Viktor |last4=Rubenson |first4=Olof |title=4. Brahe, Magnus (Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon) |url=https://runeberg.org/sbh/brahemag.html |website=runeberg.org |language=sv |date=1906}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593-1608). (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593-1608) (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamberger |first1=Julius Wilhelm |last2=Michaelis |first2=August Benedikt |title=Einleitung zu einer volständigen Geschichte der Chur- und Fürstlichen Häuser in Teutschland |date=1785 |publisher=Meyer |page=391 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EAAAAAAcAAJ&dq=Sibylla+von+Anhalt+%2228+september+1564%22&pg=PA391 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (1589-1613) (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ] (1589-1613) (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arndt |first1=Georg |title=Zur heimatkunde von Halberstadt ... |date=1910 |publisher=Verlag von J. Schimmelburg (W. Kramer) |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18hDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Heinrich+Julius+%2215+oktober+1564%22&pg=PA41 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], German composer and organist (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], German composer and organist (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lukas |first1=Viktor |title=Reclams Orgelmusikführer |date=1986 |publisher=Reclam |isbn=978-3-15-008880-7 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBE8AQAAIAAJ&q=%2226%20oktober%201564%22 |access-date=11 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] (baptized) &ndash; ], Spanish artist (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marín |first1=Francisco Rodríguez |title=Francisco Pacheco maestro de Velázquez: conferencia leída el día 29 de marzo de 1922 en la Sala de Velázquez del Museo del Prado |date=1923 |publisher=Revista de Archivos, bibliotecas y museos |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtPqAAAAMAAJ&dq=Francisco+Pacheco+%223+de+noviembre+de+1564%22&pg=PA12 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* ] (baptized) &ndash; ], Spanish artist (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English peer and traitor (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKeen |first1=David |title=A Memory of Honour: The Life of William Brooke, Lord Cobham |date=1986 |publisher=Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-PvS0NizmIC&q=%2222%20november%201564%22 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Polish philosopher (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French astronomer (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigourdan |first1=Guillaume |title=Histoire de l'astronomie d'observation et des observatoires en France |date=1918 |publisher=Gauthier-Villars et cie. |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLLtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Joseph+Gaultier+de+la+Vallette+%2224+novembre+1564%22&pg=PA50 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English peer and traitor (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French astronomer (d. ])
* ] * ]
** ], German Calvinist theologian (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buxtorf-Falkeisen |first1=Karl |title=Johannes Buxtorf Vater: Prof. ling. hebr. 1564-1629, erkannt aus seinem Briefwechsel |date=1860 |publisher=Bahnmaier's Buchhandlung (C. Detloff) |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeU5AAAAcAAJ&q=1564 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
** ], German Calvinist theologian (d. ])
** ], Dutch astronomer and medical academic (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jonckbloet |first1=Willem Jozef Andries |title=Gedenkboek der Hoogeschool te Groningen, ter gelegenheid van haar vijfde halve eeuwfeest, op last van den Akademischen Senaat |date=1864 |publisher=J.B. Wolters |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BVCAAAAcAAJ&dq=Nicolaus+Mulerius+%2225+december+1564%22&pg=RA2-PA11 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
** ], Dutch astronomer and medical academic (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German ruler (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], German ruler (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosendahl |first1=Erich |title=Geschichte Niedersachsens im Spiegel der Reichsgeschichte |date=1927 |publisher=Helwing |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHxMAQAAIAAJ&dq=Ernest+II+%2231+dezember+1564%22&pg=PA258 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ''approximate date &ndash;'' ], Chinese artist<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Kang-i Sun |last2=Saussy |first2=Haun |last3=Kwong |first3=Charles Yim-tze |title=Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism |date=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3231-4 |page=227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRNnU-SpDyYC&dq=Xue+Susu+%221564%22&pg=PA227 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' * ''date unknown''
**], Flemish painter (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=Edmund |last2=Hoppin |first2=James Mason |last3=Churchill |first3=Alfred Vance |title=The Fine Arts: A University Course in Sculpture, Painting, Architecture and Decoration in Their History, Development and Principles |date=1907 |publisher=National Art Society |page=419 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVWAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pieter+Brueghel+the+Younger+%221564%22&pg=PA419 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Flemish painter (d. ])
**], French minister of religion (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Read |first1=Charles |title=Journal de son voyage à la cour de Henri IV en 1607 et sa biographie |date=1858 |publisher=Society for the History of Protestant France |location=Paris |page=2 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510017147498&seq=8&q1=1564 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], French minister of religion (d. ])
** ], Bohemian composer and Protestant rebel (d. ]) **], Bohemian composer and Protestant rebel (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francek |first1=Jindřich |title=Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic |date=1994 |publisher=Obecní uřad |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSwiAQAAIAAJ&q=1564 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=cs}}</ref>
**], Spanish Jesuit missionary to Ethiopia (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Aubrey Fitz Gerald |title=Portuguese Literature |date=1922 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-7426-4418-2 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lSu7_VU_5kC&dq=Pedro+P%C3%A1ez+%221564%22&pg=PA205 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Spanish Jesuit missionary to Ethiopia (d. ])
**], English privateer (d. c.])<ref>{{cite web |title=SHIRLEY, Thomas II (1564-c.1630), of Wiston, Suss.; later of the I.o.W. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/shirley-thomas-ii-1564-1630 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
** ], English privateer (d. c.])
* ''probable''
** ], English dramatist (d. ])


== Deaths == == Deaths ==
]]] ]]]
]]] ]]]
]]] ]]]
]]] ]]]
]]]
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ])
]]]
* ] &ndash; ], Italian artist, architect and sculptor (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=JHoward, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13941|year=2004 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/13941}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], French classical scholar (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Italian artist, architect and sculptor (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda Murray|title=Michelangelo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5ruAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-520163-5|page=7}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Albanian-born Ottoman statesman, juridical scholar and poet of slave origin (b. c.])
* ] &ndash; ], French classical scholar (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lebreton |first1=Théodore Éloi |title=Biographie normande: recueil de notices biographiques et bibliographiques |date=1861 |publisher=A. Le Brument |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxj65fJDLP0C&dq=Guillaume+Morel+%2219+f%C3%A9vrier+1564%22&pg=PA104 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* April &ndash; ], French naturalist (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Spanish scholar (b. ])<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Saez Garcia |first=M. Angeles |date=2018 |title=Creure, Somiar, Llutiar: Barcelona en Femini I L'Aventura Espiritual D'Isabel De Josa |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2018/hdl_10803_666734/masg1de1.pdf |degree=PhD |page=364 |publisher=Autonomous University of Barcelona |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], German instrument maker (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Albanian-born Ottoman statesman, juridical scholar and poet of slave origin (b. c. ])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yavuz |first1=Hulusi |title=SADRIAZAM LÜTFi PAŞA ve OSMANLI HILAFETİC |journal=Marmara University Journal of the Faculty of Theology |date=1987 |volume=5 |page=43 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/162547 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Italian humanist (b. ])
* April &ndash; ], French naturalist (b. ])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delaunay |first1=Dr |title=L'AVENTUREUSE EXISTENCE DE PIERRE BELON DU MANS (6 e article) |journal=Revue du Seizième siècle |date=1925 |volume=12 |pages=78–97 |jstor=41851771 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41851771 |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0151-1823}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], French Protestant reformer (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], German instrument maker (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Ein Sonnenuhr-Kruzifix von Georg Hartmann (1489-1564) aus Nürnberg |url=https://www.ta-dip.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bilder/20eabd245072fb1b3dbad335fb08c964_Kruzifix%20Hartmann.pdf |website=www.ta-dip.de |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Cardinal ], Italian humanist and patron of the arts (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1536 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1536.htm |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], French Protestant reformer (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas F. Torrance|title=Theology in Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzn7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|date=19 December 1996|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-72520-786-8|pages=76}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Indian queen (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Indian queen (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], French noble (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], French noble (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delaborde |first1=Jules |title=Éléonore de Roye, princesse de Condé, 1535-1564 |date=1876 |publisher=Sandoz et Fischbacher |location=Paris |page=265 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonorederoye00delauoft/page/264/mode/2up?q=156 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferdinand I {{!}} Holy Roman emperor |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Viceroy of New Spain (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereyra |first1=Carlos |title=Historia de América española |date=1924 |publisher=Saturnino Calleja |page=440 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUhKAAAAMAAJ&dq=Luis+de+Velasco+%2231+de+julio+de+1564%22&pg=PA440 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Viceroy of New Spain (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Japanese samurai and daimyō (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Japanese samurai and daimyō (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=三好長慶(みよしながよし)とは？ 意味や使い方 |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%89%E5%A5%BD%E9%95%B7%E6%85%B6-16803 |website=コトバンク |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=ja}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Duchess ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schukraft |first1=Harald |title=Die Grablegen des Hauses Württemberg |date=1989 |publisher=Theiss |isbn=978-3-8062-0582-4 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsxVAAAAYAAJ&q=Sabina+von+Bayern+%2230+august+1564%22 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Duchess ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Flemish composer<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unger |first1=Melvin P. |title=Historical Dictionary of Choral Music |date=14 August 2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2434-5 |page=300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGjQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Pierre+de+Manchicourt+%225+october+1564%22&pg=PA300 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Flemish composer
* ] &ndash; ], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1534 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1534.htm |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Flemish anatomist (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Flemish anatomist (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=John M S Pearce|title=Fragments Of Neurological History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eu3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=24 April 2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-78326-110-9|pages=7}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], German physician and mathematician (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], German physician and mathematician (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |title=Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon |date=1784 |publisher=Gleditsch |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0e9EAAAAcAAJ&dq=Johannes+Acronius+Frisius+18+oktober+1564&pg=PA175 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], influential German reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (b. ]) * ] &ndash; ], influential German reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehmann |first1=Johannes |title=Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirche in Baden: Band 1: Reformatorische Bewegungen im Südwesten des Reichs (1518–1557): Von Luthers Heidelberger Disputation bis zum Augsburger Frieden und seinen Nachwirkungen |date=1 October 2018 |publisher=Evangelische Verlagsanstalt |isbn=978-3-374-05575-3 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTMjEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ambrosius+Blarer+%226+dezember+1564%22&pg=PA142 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' * ''date unknown''
** ], Italian painter (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Gordon |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Two-volume Set |date=9 November 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518948-3 |page=426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&dq=Giovanni+da+Udine+%221564%22&pg=PA426 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Spanish scholar (b. ])
** ], Indian musician (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tippur |first1=Raghavendra Narayanarao |title=Hymns of Purandharadasa |date=24 July 2022 |publisher=T.N.Raghavendra |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDp9EAAAQBAJ&q=1564 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Italian painter (b. ])
** ], French anatomist (b. ])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markatos |first1=Konstantinos |last2=Chytas |first2=Demetrios |last3=Korres |first3=Demetrios |last4=Laios |first4=Konstantinos |last5=Androutsos |first5=Georgios |last6=Chronopoulos |first6=Efstathios |title=Charles Estienne (1504–1564): His Life, Work, and Contribution to Anatomy and the First Description of the Canal in the Spinal Cord |journal=World Neurosurgery |date=1 April 2017 |volume=100 |pages=186–189 |doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.126 |pmid=28065877 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878875016314413 |access-date=19 November 2023 |issn=1878-8750}}</ref>
** ], Indian musician (b. ])
** ], Spanish-Italian courtesan<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shemek |first1=Deanna |title=Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy |date=1998 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-2167-5 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tndNB2-U9eAC&dq=Isabella+de+Luna+%221564%22&pg=PA158 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** ], French anatomist (b. ])
* ''probable'' &ndash; ], French poet (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulhauser |first1=Ruth E. |title=Maurice Scève |date=1977 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8057-6264-8 |page=36 |url=https://archive.org/details/mauricesceve0424mulh/page/36/mode/2up?q=1564 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
** ], Spanish-Italian courtesan
** ], Irish leader
* ''probable'' &ndash; ], French poet (b. ])


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 12:39, 3 January 2025

Calendar year
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
September 10: Battle of Kawanakajima
1564 by topic
Arts and science
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
1564 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1564
MDLXIV
Ab urbe condita2317
Armenian calendar1013
ԹՎ ՌԺԳ
Assyrian calendar6314
Balinese saka calendar1485–1486
Bengali calendar970–971
Berber calendar2514
English Regnal year6 Eliz. 1 – 7 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar2108
Burmese calendar926
Byzantine calendar7072–7073
Chinese calendar癸亥年 (Water Pig)
4261 or 4054
    — to —
甲子年 (Wood Rat)
4262 or 4055
Coptic calendar1280–1281
Discordian calendar2730
Ethiopian calendar1556–1557
Hebrew calendar5324–5325
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1620–1621
 - Shaka Samvat1485–1486
 - Kali Yuga4664–4665
Holocene calendar11564
Igbo calendar564–565
Iranian calendar942–943
Islamic calendar971–972
Japanese calendarEiroku 7
(永禄７年)
Javanese calendar1483–1484
Julian calendar1564
MDLXIV
Korean calendar3897
Minguo calendar348 before ROC
民前348年
Nanakshahi calendar96
Thai solar calendar2106–2107
Tibetan calendar阴水猪年
(female Water-Pig)
1690 or 1309 or 537
    — to —
阳木鼠年
(male Wood-Rat)
1691 or 1310 or 538

Year 1564 (MDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

April–June

  • April 20 – French explorer René Goulaine de Laudonnière and a group of 300 Huguenot Protestants depart from Le Havre on three ships (L'Élisabeth , Le Faucon and Le Breton) to colonize what is now the U.S. state of Florida.
  • May 31 – The Swedish warship Mars, flagship of the Swedish Navy, catches fire while fighting against the navy of Denmark in the battle of Öland off of the coast of the island of the same name in the Baltic Sea, and sinks along with its crew of 350 sailors and 450 soldiers it had been transporting. The wreckage of the ship will go undiscovered for 447 years until being found on August 19, 2011.
  • June 22 – French settlers abandon Charlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establish Fort Caroline in Florida, near what is now the city of Jacksonville.

July–September

October–December

  • October 10 – Lucrezia Di Siena, the first well-known female actress in Europe, begins her career by signing a contract with the Commedia dell'arte theatre company in Rome.
  • October 23 – King Bayinnaung of Burma leads 64,000 men, 3,600 horses and 330 elephants on an invasion of the Lan Na kingdom (now part of Laos.
  • October 30 – The Duchy of Savoy signs the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swiss canton of Bern and relinquishes all claims to the canton of Vaud.
  • November 21 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.
  • November 25 – When four divisions of the Burmese Army arrive at Lamphun, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai's defenses flee the city. Bayinnaung spares the life of King Mekuti of Lan Na, and then spends next four months administering the annexed territory.
  • December 3 – Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy. Ivan leaves Moscow and moves to the city of Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.
  • December 7 – King Charles IX of France agrees to the terms of a treaty with the cantons of Switzerland, agreeing for French payment of debts owed to the Swiss for loans made to Charles's father, King Henri II.

Date unknown


Births

Galileo Galilei
William Shakespeare

Deaths

Michelangelo
John Calvin
Rani Durgavati
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Luís de Velasco
Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora

References

  1. Giedre Mickunaite (January 1, 2006). Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. Central European University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-963-7326-58-5.
  2. ^ G. E. Harvey, History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1925) pp.167-168
  3. Raúl Porras Barrenechea and Rubén Vargas Ugarte, Historia general de los Peruanos, Volume 2, El Perú Virreinal (Talleres Gráficos, 1977)
  4. Barros Arana, Diego (2000). Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago: Santiago de Chile University. pp. 256–257. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  5. Bernard Le Nail, L'almanach de la Bretagne ("The Almanac of Brittany") (Larousse, 2003)
  6. "Shipwreck of 16th-century Swedish vessel found in Baltic". Calgary Herald. Agence France-Presse. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  7. Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C.; Rogers Jr., George C.; Wise, Stephen R.; Spieler, Gerhard (1996). The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-57003-090-1. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  8. Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, Akbar the Great: Political History, 1542-1605 A.D. (Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1962) pp.357-364
  9. Sylvander, Gustaf Volmer (1872). Kalmar slotts och stads historia (in Swedish). Tryckt hos O. Westin. p. 104. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  10. Jenkinson, Anthony (1886). Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia. B. Franklin. p. xliv. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  11. "Jenkinson, Anthony". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14736. Retrieved November 8, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  12. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 276–278
  13. Schreurs, Peter (2000). Caraga Antigua, 1521-1910: The Hispanization and Christianization of Agusan, Surigao, and East Davao. Republic of the Philippines, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Institute. p. 69. ISBN 978-971-538-114-7. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  14. HALSTEAD, MURAT (1898). THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. Our Possessions Publishing Company. p. 269. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  15. Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, First Tsar of Russia (Yale University Press, 2005) pp. 176–178
  16. James Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II (Chicago University Press, 1909) pp.241-242
  17. Hart, Martin (1982) . Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 66. ISBN 0-85031-297-3.
  18. Kanem-Borno. Chelsea House Publishers. 1995. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7910-3129-2. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  19. The Scottish Review. A. Gardner. 1891. p. 8. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  20. Rom Harré (1983). Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments that Changed Our View of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-286036-1.
  21. Henderson, Philip (1974). Christopher Marlowe. Harvester Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-901759-14-6. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  22. Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus (in French). Picard. 1891. p. 1539. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  23. John Robert Christianson (2003). On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-521-00884-6.
  24. Vaterländisches Archiv für hannoverisch-braunschweigische Geschichte (in German). Herol und Wahlstab. 1835. p. 128. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  25. Publications of the Surtees Society. Surtees Society. 1915. p. 9. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  26. "Percy, Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21939. Retrieved November 10, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  27. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1907. p. 348. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  28. Samuel Schoenbaum; Distinguished Professor of Renaissance Literature and Director Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies S Schoenbaum (1987). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-505161-2.
  29. "Hay, Francis, ninth earl of Erroll". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12715. Retrieved November 10, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  30. Lazzari, Alfonso (1952). Le ultime tre duchesse di Ferrara e la corte estense ai tempi di Torquato Tasso (in Italian). Società Tipografica Editrice Rodigina. p. 225. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  31. Die schweizerische Malerei im XVI. Jahrhundert diesseits der Alpen und unter Berücksichtigung der Glasmalerei, des Formschnittes und des Kupferstiches (in German). Sauerländer. 1893. p. 237. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  32. Beck, August (1858). Johann Friedrich der Mittlere, Herzog zu Sachsen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts (in German). Weimar: Hermann Bohlau. p. 465. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  33. "Cort Aslakssøn". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). April 27, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  34. Leisner-Jensen, Mogens (1995). Da Holberg blev poët: tre studier i vittighedsværkernes oprindelse (in Danish). Odense Universitetsforlag. p. 101. ISBN 978-87-7838-109-5. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  35. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1587". cardinals.fiu.edu.
  36. Mathew, David (1955). Scotland Under Charles I. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 88. ISBN 978-7-470-00028-0. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  37. Bascetta, Carlo (1978). Sport e giuochi: trattati e scritti dal XV al XVIII secolo (in Italian). Il Polifilo. p. 326. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  38. The Herald of Asia: A Review of Life and Progress in the Orient. 1916. p. 88.
  39. Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). "4. Brahe, Magnus (Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon)". runeberg.org (in Swedish).
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