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Latest revision as of 03:39, 28 August 2024 view source Dollasdal (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,609 edits {{About|the cultural description of buttocks|the anatomical description of the hip|Hip}} |
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{{Short description|Anatomical feature on the posterior of some primates}} |
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:''] commonly refers to the human buttocks but also has other uses'' |
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{{About|the cultural description of buttocks|the anatomical description of the hip|Hip}} |
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The '''buttocks''' (] nates, clunium, gluteus, regio glutealis) are rounded portions of the anatomy located on the posterior of the ] region of the ]s, humans and many other bipeds or quadrupeds. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
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| Name = Buttocks |
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| Latin = clunis |
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| Greek = |
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| Image = Human buttocks.jpg |
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| Caption = Buttocks of a human female (upper) and a human male (lower) |
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| Image2 = |
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| Caption2 = |
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| Precursor = |
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| System = |
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| Artery = ], ] |
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| Vein = |
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| Nerve = ], ], ], ], ] |
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}} |
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The '''buttocks''' ({{singular}}: '''buttock''') are two rounded portions of the exterior anatomy of most ], located on the posterior of the pelvic region. In humans, the buttocks are located between the lower back and the ]. They are composed of a layer of exterior skin and underlying ] fat superimposed on a left and right ] and ]s. The two gluteus maximus muscles are the largest muscles in the human body. They are responsible for movements such as straightening the body into the upright (standing) posture when it is bent at the waist; maintaining the body in the upright posture by keeping the hip joints extended; and propelling the body forward via further leg (hip) extension when walking or running.<ref>Norman Eizenberg et al., ''General Anatomy: Principles and Applications'' (2008), p. 17.</ref> |
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In many cultures, the buttocks play a role in ].<ref>{{cite book | title = The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages | first = Jean-Luc | last = Hennig | year = 1995 | publisher = Souvenir | location = London | isbn = 0-285-63303-1}}</ref> Many cultures have also used the buttocks as a primary target for ],<ref name="times18940322">{{cite news |url= https://www.corpun.com/uks89403.htm |title= Police. |newspaper= The Times |location= London |date=22 March 1894 |quote= Mr. Curtis Bennett deprecated caning on the hands and boxing the ears, and said they were exceedingly dangerous forms of punishment. Nature provided a special place for boys to be punished upon and it should be used. |access-date=5 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701190927/http://www.corpun.com/uks89403.htm |archive-date= 1 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> as the buttocks' layer of subcutaneous fat offers protection against injury while still allowing for the infliction of pain. |
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] |
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==Anatomy== |
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== Structure == |
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The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or 'glutes' (the ] and the ]) superimposed by a layer of ]. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the ], and the lower aspect is outlined by the ]. The ] has two insertion points: 1/3 superior portion of the ] of the ], and the superior portion of the ]. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate ] or "crack" in which the ] is situated. |
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The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or "glutes" (the ] and the ]) superimposed by a layer of ]. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the ], and the lower aspect is outlined by the ]. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: {{Frac|1|3}} superior portion of the ] of the ], and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate ] or "crack" in which the ] is situated. |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without resting their weight on their feet as ] do. Females of certain species of ] have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher ] and proportionally wider ]s. In humans they also have a role in propelling the body in a forward motion and aiding bowel movement.<ref>Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine, Page 586, Anthony G. Chila – 2010</ref><ref>Recent Advances in Pediatrics, 2013 Suraj Gupte, p 141</ref> |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their ] as ] do. |
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Some ]s and all ]s, though otherwise ]-covered, have characteristic naked ] on their buttocks. While women and boys generally have smooth so-called 'baby-bottoms', adult men have varying degrees of hairgrowth, as on other parts of their body. |
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Some baboons and all ]s, though otherwise ]-covered, have characteristic naked ] on their buttocks. While human children generally have smooth buttocks, mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth, as on other parts of their body. Females may have hair growth in the gluteal cleft (including around the anus), sometimes extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks. Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks. |
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==Connotations== |
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==Names == |
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{{hatnote|See ] for a list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages. For unrelated homophones of butt(ocks), see also ] and ].}} |
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] replica of ]'s ] of ]]] |
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Many consider well-formed buttocks to be sexually attractive. However, the definition of "well-formed" is not fixed, as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture, from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person. |
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The ] name for the buttocks is {{Lang|la|nates}} (English pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|t|iː|z}} {{respell|NAY|teez}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Nates Definitions & Meanings {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nates |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> classical pronunciation ''nătes'' {{IPA|la|ˈnateːs|}}<ref>A New Dictionary of the Latin and English Languages, published Ward, Lock & Co., London, 1908</ref>) which is plural; the singular, {{Lang|la|natis}} (buttock), is rarely used. There are many colloquial terms for them. |
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In Ancient ], various parts of the body were associated with signs of the zodiac- e.g. the buttocks to the ]. |
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==Gallery of art== |
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Depending on the context, exposure of the buttocks in non-intimate situations often causes feelings of shame, embarrassment or humiliation in a non-exhibitionist subject, and embarrassment or amusement in a non-voyeurist audience. Expression like "caught with the pants down" or, more explicit in Dutch, ''met de billen bloot'' 'with bared buttocks', use the image as a metaphor for non-physical embarrassment as well. |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" widths="200"> |
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File:Boxer or Apollo Side.jpg|Prominent, muscular buttocks are a standard feature of athletic and military artwork from ], as demonstrated by this statue of a boxer. ] ({{circa|460 BC}}) |
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File:The Motya Charioteer, made by a Greek sculptor in Sicily, about 460-450 BC, found in 1979 on the Sicilian island of Motya (Mozia), Winning at the ancient Games, British Museum (7642744838).jpg|The ], from Ancient Greece ({{circa|460}}–450 BC) |
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File:Studio Jean Jacques Lequeu.jpg|] ({{circa|1785}}) |
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File:Odalisque.jpg|] ({{circa|1874}}) |
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File:Étude de fesses.jpg|] ({{circa|1884}}) |
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File:Georges Seurat - A Sunday on La Grande Jatte -- 1884 - Google Art Project.jpg|]'s 1884 painting '']'' depicts a woman on the right with a prominent ] under her dress. |
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</gallery> |
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==Gallery== |
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] conduct a "mass-mooning" in May 1995.]] |
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] |
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Willfully exposing one's own ] buttocks as a protest, a provocation or for fun is called ]. Mooning someone is generally considered an act of and for the young, but some adults — especially intoxicated — have been known to practice mooning as well. |
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] |
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On the other hand having one's bare buttocks exposed by another unexpectedly and in public is usually a source of humiliation. |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" widths="200"> |
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A "wedgie" is pulling someone's undergarments or swimming trunks up through their buttock "crack" to be hauled over the top of the victim's trousers, sometimes partially baring the victim's buttocks. |
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File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A ] stage show with three men in Las Vegas |
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Image:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|Seattle's ] cyclists with painted buttocks |
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It is no coincidence that the English verb to spank is the only one specifically meant for physical discipline of a specific part of the body, and various other languages have terms specifically referring to ]; in many punitive traditions, the buttocks are the preferential target for painful lessons, from educational to judicial, as offering them for punishment (especially divested) adds a psychological dose of embarrassment and even sexual humiliation to the pain, which can be meted out with less risk of long-term corporal harm then elsewhere. Thus in various cultural traditions, expressions like "A black man's ears are in his buttocks" (e.g. in Uganda) or "seat of learning" clearly refer to the preferential paining of the posterior in a submissively bent and exposed position. |
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Image:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear ]-rokushaku |
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File:Posterior view of human female and male, without labels.jpg|Posterior view of human female and male to show the comparison of their buttocks |
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Many comedians, writers and others rely on the buttocks in these and other ways (such as ] and ]) as a source of amusement, camaraderie and fun, despite (or in some cases for the sake of) the risk of being in dubious taste, if not censored. |
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File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Some female clothing, such as the ] or ], show part of the female buttocks (''woman on left''). ]s, in particular, leave almost all of the buttocks exposed (''woman on right''). Photo is of a beach in ], 1999. |
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File:D6B 1320 - Got Ass? Girls (12079087053).jpg|upright|] participate in "''got ass?''", a competition to judge the woman with best buttocks, at ], Las Vegas, 2014. |
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Because in most cultures the buttocks are rarely shown naked, they are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification, but may be preferential for discreet markings, such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company (e.g. amongst lovers). |
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</gallery> |
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Quite commonly phrases use the buttocks as a ] for a whole person, but generally with a negative connotation. For example, terminating an employee may be described as "firing his ass". One might say "move your ass" as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency. Expressed as a function of punishment, defeat or assault becomes "kicking one's ass". Such phrases also may suggest a person's characteristics, e.g. difficult people are termed "hard asses". People deemed excessively puritanical or frugal may be termed "tight asses". |
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Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks -- particularly size -- are sometimes identified, controversially, as a racial characteristic (see ]). The most famous intersection of ] and buttocks may be the case of ], the so-called Hottentot Venus. |
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{{wiktionarypar|buttocks}} |
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==Synonyms== |
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The anatomical ] name for the buttocks is ''nates'' (] {{IPA|/'neɪti:z/}} in English), which is plural; the singular, ''natis'' (buttock), is rarely used. |
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As buttocks are an object of both shame and fascination, it is not surprising that there are many colloquial terms, euphemistic, ironic or other, to refer to them. These include the following: |
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* backside, posterior, behind and its derivates (hind-quarters, hinder or the childish heinie), rear or ], ''derrière'' (French for "behind") - all strictly positional descriptions, as the inaccurate use of rump (as in 'rump roast', after a 'hot' spanking), thighs, upper legs; analogous are |
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** ], ] and ], naval in origin |
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** ], originally a ship's galley in wooden cabin on deck; also the "rear end" car of a freight train considered a cute synonym suitable for any audience |
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** ] (and the shortening "bot" as well as childish diminutives "bottie" or "botty"), but the use of near-] ] (black slang for the female body since the 1920s) as famously by K.C. and the Sunshine Band's ''Shake Your Booty'', is an 'artistic liberty' |
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** ] (strictly anatomically a ], humans only have a tail-bone; also used for the even more sensual ]) and ''tail-end'' |
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** ''tush'' or ''tushy'' (from the ] / ] "tuchis" or "tochis" meaning "under" or "beneath") |
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** ], in American English, particularly when describing large buttocks "junk in the trunk". (N.B. Includes some more of the body up to the neck but not the arms.) |
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* ] or ass, and (butt-)hole - a ''pars pro toto'' (strictly only the actual anal region); also used as an insult for a person ] in ]s by ] c.].]] |
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* ] - ] slang meaning the voluptuously bouncing, large yet firm buttocks of a woman |
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* ''breech'', a metaphorical sense derived from on older form of the garment ] (as the French ''culotte'' meaning pantoloons, via ''cul'' from Latin ''culus'' 'butt'), so 'bare breech' means without breeches, i.e. trouserless butt |
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* ] - in British English a mild often humorous reference to buttocks, not necessarily in vulgar or sexual context; however also used in reference to anal intercourse, often as an insult, as in ] (for a homosexual). Also verb - to practise anal intercourse. (In U.S. the same word is used for a type of person giving a new meaning to "bums on seats") |
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* ]s, ]s (cfr. ], a geographical mound, known since 1805 in American English, from (Old) French ''butte'' "mound, knoll") and ]s - shape-metaphors, usually in the plural |
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* bund - derived from Punjabi |
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* ]s - derived from Portuguese. A bunda-lover is also called 'Bundaist' |
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* ] - the common term for buttocks in the US, used in everyday speech. It is also acceptable in print |
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* ] (a container) had an unusual development: Slang meaning "toilet" is c. 1900, said to be a shortening of piss-can, meaning "buttocks" from c. 1910, verb meaning "fire an employee" (to flush=dump?) from 1905. |
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* ], a shape-metaphor within human anatomy, but also used in the singular: left cheek and right cheek; sounds particularly naughty because of the homonym and the adjective cheeky, lending themselves to word puns |
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* ] - a socially acceptable term in print, in the United States at least, for many years before some of the bolder terms came along; and a subject of jokes, since "Fannie" can be a woman's name, diminutive of "Frances". However, in ] ''fanny'' refers to the female genitals or vulva and is considered vulgar. |
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*fourth point of contact: in military slang, because of the sequence of textbook parachute jump landing |
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* ''fundament'' (literally "foundation", not common in this general sense in English, but for the butt since 1297) |
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*], like buttocks generally as a plural, after the meat cut from the analogous part of a ] <!-- coexistent, be it anatomically confusing, with the other meaning, as in hamstrings, similar to the ]s of the ]s in the upper back of the thigh, the ]; in some cognate langages, e.g. Dutch, the only meaning is the (usual pork) butt - see http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ham and http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ham&searchmode=none-->; ''pressed ham'' refers to mooning against a window; ], a singular derived from the Frankish for ham or roast, is also used for both a muscular body part (but either on arms or legs) or boar meat, especially roast |
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*] was a common shape-metaphore for the butt in English since 1756, and the verb ''to moon'' meant 'to expose to (moon)light' since 1601, long before they were combined in US student slang in the verb(al expression) ] "to flash the buttocks" in 1968. |
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* ] (British English, origin unknown; as in ], a ] term; also a term of abuse for a person) |
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* seat (of the trousers; or metaphorically) another long-standing socially acceptable term, referring to the use for sitting - but compare the sarcastic use of ] and similar expressions, such as 'seat of learning', referring to use as target for an 'educational' ]. |
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* sit-upon |
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*] (Latin, literally 'the outer-most') was used in slang c.1820s. |
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:''For more ] terms for the buttocks, see ] — the ] list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages.'' |
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:''For unrelated homophons of butt(ocks), see also ] and ]'' |
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==Related terms== |
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* The word "callipygian" is sometimes used to describe someone with notably attractive buns. The term comes from the Greek ''kallipygos'', which literally means "beautiful buttocks"; the prefix is also a root of "calligraphy" ("beautiful writing") and "calliope" ("beautiful voice") |
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* Both the English ''(in) tails'' and the Dutch ''billentikker'' ('tapping the buttocks') are ironic terms for very formal coats with a significantly longer tail end as part of festive (especially wedding party) dress |
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* a ''pygopag(ous)'' (from the Greek ''pygè'' 'buttock' and ''pagein'' 'attached') was a monster in Ancient (Greek) mythology consisting of two bodies joint by common buttocks, now a medical term for (Siamese) twins thus joint back-to-back |
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* ] is arousal by contact with buttocks; an adept is called pygophilist |
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* ''pygoscopia'' means observing someone's rear; ''pygoscopophobia'' a pathological fear to be its unwilling object |
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* ''pygalgia'' is soreness in the buttocks, i.e. a pain in the rump. |
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* ] is a marked accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks. |
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* ''uropygial'' in ornithology mean, situated on, belonging to, the ''uropygium'', i.e. the rump of a bird |
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* "bubble butt" has at least two connotations, which are at odds with each other: either a small, round and firm pair of buttocks resembling a pair of soap bubbles next to each other, or a large rear end, seemingly about to burst from the strain. In both cases, the term implies an appealing shapeliness about the buttocks.http://img67.imageshack.us/img67/3345/imgp1907es1dj4.jpg |
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==Fashion== |
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In most cultures with a (partial) nudity taboo, this specifically applies to the buttocks (as usually to the most ]), so mainstream garments generally cover them completely, even when that is not a practical requirement. An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese ]. |
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Clothing can be used to accentuate the buttocks. Some articles are designed specifically to show off the buttocks or to expose them, both outer or single layer garments and underwear (visible only in the bedroom or locker room). Wearing only ] underwear or a black vinyl dress with a large hole cut out of the back might be examples. Wearing thong underwear with pants is done to hide "]", creases in the pant caused by certain underwear that breaks the smooth line of the body. Both of these choices are undertaken for style. However, some articles merely have utilitarian features. The ''butt flap'' in a ], used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture (as for hygiene), is a good example. That flap was so ubiquitous that it was used in cartoons and comics for generations. |
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Emphasis on one part or another of the body tends to shift with generations. The ] were well-known for the fashion trend called the ], which provided even the skinniest woman with seemingly huge buttocks. Like long underwear with its flap, this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media for generations afterward. The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous ] painting '']'' in the two women to the far left and right. |
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Later, the ] could be exposed by some women as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower. |
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==Popular culture== |
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] |
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There are endless references, e.g. dozens of movie productions with the keyword buttocks or a mention in the English title on them , even during the days of the ]. The rules seemed to be that the buttocks could be referenced, but only in a presumably non-sexual context, like spanking of a child or in a humorous situation. |
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Early in the 1939 movie '']'', Uncle Henry is holding the gate open for Miss Gulch, and at a seemingly appropriate time he lets it go, and it swats the disagreeable old lady in the rear, emphasized by a musical "thunk" on the soundtrack's underscore. |
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There is a scene in the 1942 movie '']'' in which Cohan's father wishes to punish his disobedient son. He can't hit him anywhere that would show, or that would otherwise impact the family's ] act. The frustrated father finally says, "Here's one place with no talent!". He turns young George over his knee and begins spanking, as flour (left over from a stunt in the preceding stage show) flies up and emphasizes the apparent impact of the blows. |
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Cartoons from that era frequently feature some kind of pain inflicted on the buttocks, such as sitting on a tack, or being kicked, stung or swatted. In '']'' (1940) ] plants a kick on ]'s rear so hard that it sends him up a tree, where he "dings" a branch like a "test your strength" game at a carnival sideshow. ''The Hardship of Miles Standish'' (1940) features an ] caricature, complete with Oliver's famously ample posterior. At one point she has seemingly dodged a rain of arrows, and taunts the Indians, "You never even touched me!" She then looks back and discovers her rear end resembling a pin cushion of arrows, and yelps and jumps around. |
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The comic character Ado Annie in the 1955 movie musical '']'' finds herself on the receiving end of this subject at least twice. First, she mentions something (not quite getting the point) about having been compared to a Persian cat, because they both "have soft, round tails". Then, during the song ''The Farmer and the Cowman'', she makes a funny comment, and Aunt Eller swats her on the bottom. |
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The 1956 horror film '']'' has a fairly silly postscript ending in which the mother spanks her naughty child in the butt, for having murdered several people during the course of the film's plot. |
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In 1966 ] made a roughly 90 minutes long experimental film ''No. 4'', colloquially known as ''Bottoms'' which consists of nothing more than footage of human buttocks in motion while the person walks on a turntable. |
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At one point in the 1971 ] adventure '']'', Bond (]) stashes a computer tape into the back of ]'s bikini bottom, whispering "Your problems are all behind you now." Later, the villain (]) notices this object and says, "We're showing a bit more cheek than usual, aren't we, Miss Case?" before roughing her up for her treachery. |
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By the 1970s, television was also becoming more liberal. There was an episode of '']'' in which it came out that Bob's secretary, Carol, had a tattoo on her behind, which she was now looking to have removed. Bob seemed to sympathize, and then commented with a slight smirk, "We don't want you to be the ''butt'' of any jokes!" |
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In an infamous episode of '']'' from 1977, host ] asked the husbands, "What's the most unusual place you've made love?". In the next segment, one wife who was asked that question came back with, "Is it in the ass?". The incident itself was long thought to be an urban legend, but it actually did happen, as revealed on a "Game Show Bloopers" TV special in 2002. (See .) |
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In a nighttime talk show, ] happened to mention that he had received a ] during ], and the host asked him where he was shot: "In the ass!". It being late at night, and merely truthful and not lascivious, the line was not bleeped. |
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The 1984 mockumentary '']'' contained the song "Big Bottom" featuring the lyric ''Big bottom, big bottom, Talk about bum cakes, my girl's got 'em, Big bottom drive me out of my mind, How could I leave this behind?'' |
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In the 1985 movie '']'', star ] ("Pee Wee Herman") responds to someone who says, "Yes, but..." with the comment "''Everyone'' I know has a big ''butt''!" |
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In the 1994 movie '']'', the title character has just received a medal from ] ], who asks Forrest where he was shot: "In the buttocks, sir." The ] responds, "Oh that must be a sight, I'd kinda like to see that!" and to everyone's surprise, Forrest, taking LBJ seriously, turns around and drops his ]. |
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The 1999 film '']'' was both lambasted and praised as an excuse to show a closeup image of ] raising her rear end. Zeta-Jones' buttocks are, according to one reviewer, "the true star of the film." |
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Numerous songs have been released which glorify this body part. As early as ], the American ] band ] recorded the song "Vicki Dougan" , which pays a humorous tribute to the ] star who wore infamously low-cut, backless ]. A risque song for the time, the lyrics mention her "callipygian cleft" by name. Other English language examples include: |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] contains the line "a wigglin' walk" |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "Too Much Booty (In Da Pants)" by ] |
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* "]" by ] and ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "Sumthin' For That Ass" by ] |
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* "Da Butt" by ] (E.U.) |
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* "Fatty Girl" by ], ], and ] |
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* "Honkytonk Badonkadonk" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "Rump Shaker" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "Big legs, tight skirt" by ] |
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* The 1978 singles "]" and "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "] (Shakin' That Ass)" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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* "]" by ] |
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'']'' magazine named the 1990s the "Decade of the Butt" because many of these songs were released in that decade. |
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] of ] was famous in the late 1970s for her ] pants and having "The Sexiest Bottom in Europe", as the press described it. When she asked if this was true, her rejoinder was "How can I answer that? I don't know, I haven't seen it". |
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In the latter part of the ], this body part really "came out of the closet" and has become a frequent popular culture topic, as with the famous entertainer ], whose rear end is as often discussed as ]'s breasts were at the height of her career. |
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Large trucks with highly reflective rear doors or tails are said to have a "shiny hiny". A silent reference to this fact occurs in a moment in the 2006 film '']''. A "female" car is seen using the round rear of a shiny tanker truck to check her "makeup", as if the truck's back end were the small round mirror of a ]. |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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{{wiktionary|buttock}} |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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<br style="clear:both;"> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{human anatomical features}} |
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==Sources and references== |
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* one can also search for most synonyms |
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* For synonyms: |
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*{{Catholic}} passim |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* (by Henry Gray) at , 1918. |
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{{Wiktionary|buttocks}} |
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* (by Henry Gray) at , 1918. |
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{{Human regional anatomy}} |
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{{Muscles of lower limb}} |
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{{Superficial anatomy of limbs}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without resting their weight on their feet as four-legged animals do. Females of certain species of baboon have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher subcutaneous fat and proportionally wider hips. In humans they also have a role in propelling the body in a forward motion and aiding bowel movement.