| Revision as of 21:41, 2 June 2019 editStefka Bulgaria (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users7,025 edits Tried and executed suspects for the event should be in the lede (we have SAVAK and the MEK in the lede as suspects, there is no reason to ignore the others). Also the IRI blaming the US for this is lead-worthy← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 10:21, 7 November 2024 edit undoMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);Tag: AWB | ||
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| {{Short description|1981 attack in Tehran, Iran, on the Islamic Republican Party headquarters}} | |||
| {{Multiple issues| | |||
| {{POV|date=November 2018}} | |||
| {{more citations needed|date=June 2017}} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Infobox civilian attack | {{Infobox civilian attack | ||
| | title = Hafte Tir bombing | | title = Hafte Tir bombing | ||
| | image =In the momory of martyrs of 7th Tir.JPG | | image = In the momory of martyrs of 7th Tir.JPG | ||
| | image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| | alt = | | alt = | ||
| | caption =Martyrs of 7th Tir on stamp | | caption = Martyrs of 7th Tir on stamp | ||
| | map = | | map = | ||
| | map_size = | | map_size = | ||
| Line 14: | Line 11: | ||
| | map_caption = | | map_caption = | ||
| | location = ], ] | | location = ], ] | ||
| | target = ] | | target = ] leaders | ||
| | coordinates = |
| coordinates = | ||
| | date = 28 June 1981 | | date = 28 June 1981 | ||
| | time = 20:20 local time | | time = 20:20 local time | ||
| | timezone = UTC+3 | | timezone = UTC+3 | ||
| | type = ] | | type = ] | ||
| | fatalities = |
| fatalities = 74 | ||
| | victim = | | victim = | ||
| | perps = | | perps = | ||
| Line 26: | Line 23: | ||
| | perpetrators= | | perpetrators= | ||
| | perpetrator = | | perpetrator = | ||
| | susperps = | |||
| | susperp = ], Mehdi Tafari, Iraqi agents, ], ], "international mercenaries".<ref>{{Citation|title=33 HIGH IRANIAN OFFICIALS DIE IN BOMBIMG AT PARTY MEETING; CHIEF JUDGE IS AMONG VICTIMS|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/29/world/33-high-iranian-officials-die-bombimg-party-meeting-chief-judge-among-victims.html|newspaper=NY Times}}</ref> | |||
| | weapons = | | weapons = | ||
| | numparts = | | numparts = | ||
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| | footage = | | footage = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | On 28 June 1981 (7 ] 1360 |
||
| ⚫ | On 28 June 1981 (7 ] 1360 in the ]; {{langx|fa|هفت تیر}}, {{Italic correction|'''''Hafte Tir'''''}}), a powerful bomb went off at the headquarters of the ] (IRP) in ], while a meeting of party leaders was in progress. Seventy-four leading officials of the ] were killed, including Chief Justice ] ],<ref name="Atheism">{{Citation|url=http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/countries/bl_IranRevolutionTerror.htm|publisher=About|type=FAQ|title=Atheism|contribution=Religion in Iran – Terror and Repression|access-date=2007-12-23|archive-date=2014-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705021744/http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/countries/bl_IranRevolutionTerror.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Daily News – June 1981">{{Citation|title=Eighties club|url=http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id112.htm|newspaper=The Daily News|date=June 1981|access-date=2007-12-23|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003233613/http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id112.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{Citation|url = http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=72375|title=Iran ABC News broadcast|work=The Vanderbilt Television News Archive}}</ref> who was the second most powerful figure in the ] (after Ayatollah ]). The Iranian government first blamed ] and the ]. Two days later, on 30 June, the ] was accused by Khomeini of being behind the attack.<ref name="time" /> Several non-Iranian sources also believe the bombing was conducted by the People's Mujahedin of Iran.<ref name=Petro>{{cite book |last1=Colgan |first1=Jeff |title=Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press 2013 |isbn=978-1-107-02967-5 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enReCU97-zQC&q=set+off+a+bomb+in+the+conference+hall+of+the+IRP+headquarters%2C+which+killed&pg=PA167}}</ref><ref name=source2>{{cite book |last1=S. Ismael |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Perry |first2=Glenn |last3=Y. Ismael |first3=Tareq |title=Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and change |date=5 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge (2015) |isbn=978-1-317-66283-9 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AKpCgAAQBAJ&q=From+June+through+September%2C+bombs+planted+by+MEK-notably+in+the+IRP+headquarters+and+governmental+offices%2C+killed+hundreds&pg=PA181}}</ref><ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Michael |title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia |date=17 April 2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO (2014) |isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&q=One+week+after+his+removal%2C+MEK%27s+militants+bombed+IRP+headquarters%2C+killing+70+high-ranking+members&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedde |first1=Nicola |title=ROLE AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOJAHEDIN E-KA |url=https://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/vaseteh/article/download/3153/3137 |website=ojs.uniroma1 |access-date=2019-06-01 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143527/https://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/vaseteh/article/download/3153/3137 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Q&A: what is the MEK and why did the US call it a terrorist organisation? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/sep/21/qanda-mek-us-terrorist-organisation |website=] |date=21 September 2012 |accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="rand">{{cite web |last1=Goulka |first1=Jeremiah |last2=Larson |first2=Judith |last3=Wilke |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Hansell |first4=Lydia |title=The MEK in Iraq (2009) |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf |website=rand}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | ==Bombing== | ||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| ⚫ | == Bombing == | ||
| ⚫ | On 28 June 1981 the Hafte |
||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| ⚫ | On 28 June 1981, the Hafte Tir bombing occurred, killing the chief justice and party secretary ], four cabinet ministers (health, transport, telecommunications and energy ministers), twenty-seven members of the ], including ], and many other government officials.<ref name="Atheism" /><ref name="The Daily News – June 1981" /><ref name="ABC" /> | ||
| ⚫ | ==Immediate aftermath== | ||
| Khomeini accused the PMOI to be responsible and, according to BBC journalist ], the Mujahedin were "generally perceived as the culprits" for the bombing in Iran.<ref>Moin, Baqer, ''Khomeini'', Thomas Dunne Books (2001), p. 241</ref> The Mujahedin never publicly confirmed or denied any responsibility for the deed, but stated the attack was ‘a natural and necessary reaction to the regime's atrocities.’ The bomber was identified as a young student <ref name="time">{{Citation|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954849,00.html| title=Enemies of the Clergy|newspaper=Time | date=20 July 1981}}</ref> and Mujahedin operative by the name of ], who had secured a job in the building disguised as a sound engineer.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628075550/http://www.shahsawandi.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=39&page=view&catid=8&PageNo=1&key=16&hit=1 |date=2009-06-28 }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | == Immediate aftermath == | ||
| == Iranian judicial proceedings, views and commemoration == | |||
| Khomeini accused the PMOI to be responsible and, according to BBC journalist ], the Mujahedin were "generally perceived as the culprits" for the bombing in Iran.<ref>Moin, Baqer, ''Khomeini'', Thomas Dunne Books (2001), p. 241</ref> The Mujahedin never publicly confirmed or denied any responsibility for the deed.<ref name="auto27">{{cite book |last1=O'Hern |first1=Steven K. |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps |year=2012 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1-59797-701-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk178rd9DkkC&q=bombing++Beheshti+MEK&pg=PT53}}</ref> They stated that the attack was "a natural and necessary reaction to the regime's atrocities."<ref name=radical/> | |||
| A few years later, a Kermanshah tribunal executed four "Iraqi agents" for the incident. Another tribunal in ] executed Mehdi Tafari for the same incident. In 1985, the head of military intelligence informed the press that this had been the work of royalist army officers.<ref name="Bloomfield"/>Iran's security forces blamed the United States (referring to it as the ])<ref name="Bloomfield">{{cite book|title=Mujahedin-E Khalq (MEK) Shackled by a Twisted History|author= Lincoln P. Bloomfield Jr. |year=2013|publisher=University of Baltimore College of Public Affairs|isbn=978-0615783840|pages=27}}</ref> and "internal mercenaries".<ref>{{Citation|title=33 HIGH IRANIAN OFFICIALS DIE IN BOMBIMG AT PARTY MEETING; CHIEF JUDGE IS AMONG VICTIMS|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/29/world/33-high-iranian-officials-die-bombimg-party-meeting-chief-judge-among-victims.html|newspaper=NY Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ervand |last=Abrahamian |title=Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin |publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1989|isbn=978-1-85043-077-3|pages=219-220}}</ref> Assassinations of "leading officials and active supporters of the regime by the Mujahedin were to continue for the next year or two," though they failed to overthrow the government.<ref name="Moin, Baqer 2001 p.243">Moin, Baqer, ''Khomeini'', Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.243</ref> | |||
| == Iranian investigation and judicial proceedings== | |||
| According to Tasnim, it is not possible that MEK to be fully responsible for the incident, and the bomb had been transmitted to Iran or built by military technicians in the country, with the help of Western and Israeli spy services. In other words, the United States and Israel, with the sophisticated technology of that day, designed the bomb and plan of operation then presented the bomb and plan to MEK for operating.<ref name="tasnimnews">{{cite web |title=ابهاماتی از حادثه هفت تیر که هرگز پاسخ داده نشد! |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/04/08/1448937/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF |website=tasnimnews |accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ] and Iraq were immediately held responsible by Iranian authorities, but two days later the ] (MEK) was blamed.<ref name=radical/> On 6 July, the bomber was finally identified as a 23-year-old man named ].<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |title=IRANIAN GOVERNMENT EXECUTES 27 IN CRACKDOWN ON LEFTIST GROUPS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/07/world/iranian-government-executes-27-in-crackdown-on-leftist-groups.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 July 1981 |accessdate=}}</ref> Kolahi had secured a job in the building disguised as a sound engineer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shahsawandi.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=39&page=view&catid=8&PageNo=1&key=16&hit=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628075550/http://www.shahsawandi.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=39&page=view&catid=8&PageNo=1&key=16&hit=1|url-status=dead|title=(Persian website)|archivedate=June 28, 2009}}</ref> Iran accused Kolahi of being a member of the MEK.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="time">{{Citation|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954849,00.html| title=Enemies of the Clergy|newspaper=Time | date=20 July 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |title=Death of an electrician: how luck run out for dissident who fled Iran in 1981 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/14/a-dutch-electricians-raises-issues-of-trust-in-iran |website=the guardian |date=14 January 2019 |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> But one Iranian dissident said the government did not find him having any organizational links.<ref name=radical/> | |||
| Several years later, Iran executed four "Iraqi agents" for the bombing.<ref name=radical/> In 1985, Iranian military intelligence stated that the bombing was not conducted by the MEK but by pro-monarchy officers in the Iranian army.<ref name=radical/> | |||
| ⚫ | To commemorate the event several public places in ] including major squares in ] and other cities are named “Hafte Tir”.<ref> |
||
| == |
== Aftermath == | ||
| Many scholarly sources believe the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) was responsible for the bombing.<ref name=Petro/><ref name=source2/><ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| {{cite book|title=Chronologies of Modern Terrorism|author=Barry Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin|publisher=]|year=2015|page=246}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>{{cite book|title=Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change|editor=Jonathan K. Zartman|author=Mark David Luce and Ali A Omani|quote=The MEK initially aligned with the Islamic Revolution but split from the regime in 1981 and bombed the headquarters of the Islamic Republic Party, killing 70 high ranking Iranian officials.|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Iran Divided|author=Shireen Hunter|publisher=]|page=115-116|quote=The Mojahedin continued their activities against the Islamists' hold on power, and in June 1981 they killed seventy key members of the Islamic Republic Party}}</ref> ] writes that this bombing, along with ], turned Iranian public opinion against the MEK and expanded Iranian government crackdown on the group.<ref>{{cite book|title=Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction|author=Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz|year=2009|page=326|publisher=]|quote=The MEK instigated a bombing campaign, including an attack against the head office of the Islamic Republic Party and the Prime Minister's office, which killed some 70 high-ranking Iranian officials, including Chief Justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti...These attacks resulted in a popular uprising against the MEK and expanded Iranian government crackdown which forced MEK leaders to flee to France.}}</ref> | |||
| According to ], "whatever the truth, the Islamic Republic used the incident to wage war on the Left opposition in general and the Mojahedin in particular."<ref name=radical>{{cite book|title=Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1989|isbn=978-1-85043-077-3|pages=219–220}}</ref> | |||
| ==2018 developments== | |||
| In 2018 Dutch media said that the mastermind behind the bombing, ], was assassinated in the city of ] on 15 December 2015. Samadi was living undercover as an electrician in the Netherlands since the early 1990s under the name 'Ali Motamed'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/amsterdam/in-almere-geliquideerde-ali-achter-beruchtste-aanslag-iran~acc384f7/|title=In Almere geliquideerde 'Ali' achter beruchtste aanslag Iran|publisher=Algemeen Dagblad}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to Kenneth Katzman, "there has been much speculation among academics and observers that these bombings may have actually been planned by senior IRP leaders, to rid themselves of rivals within the IRP."<ref name="Outlaw">{{cite book|title=Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?|author1=Kenneth Katzman|publisher=Nova Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-56072-954-9|editor=Albert V. Benliot|page=101|chapter=Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran}}</ref> | ||
| The 2006 ] Country report says that "In 1981, the MEK detonated bombs in the head office of the Islamic Republic Party and the Premier's office, killing some 70 high-ranking Iranian officials."<ref>{{cite web |title=Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2005/65275.htm |website=www.state.gov |accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref> | |||
| Assassinations of "leading officials and active supporters of the regime by the Mujahedin were to continue for the next year or two," though they failed to overthrow the government.<ref name="Moin, Baqer 2001 p.243">Moin, Baqer, ''Khomeini'', Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.243</ref> | |||
| ===Commemoration=== | |||
| ⚫ | To commemorate the event several public places in ] including major squares in ] and other cities are named “Hafte Tir”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps?q=hafte+tir+Tehran+map&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> | ||
| === Assassination of Mohammad-Reza Kolahi === | |||
| ], accused of being involved in the bombing, was murdered in December 2015 in front of his home in the Dutch town of Almere.<ref name="BBCKolani" /><ref name="RFE/RL" /> Kolahi was living in the Netherlands under false identity of Ali Motamed as a refugee, was married to an Afghan woman and had a 17-year-old son.<ref name="RFE/RL">{{citation|title=Another Twist In Mysterious Murder Of 1981 Tehran Bombing Suspect|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/another-twist-in-mysterious-murder-of-1981-tehran-bombing-suspect-/29259096.html|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=30 May 2018|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Iran denied its involvement in the murder.<ref name="BBCKolani">{{citation|title=The story behind Iran's 'murder plot' in Denmark|work=BBC|date=31 October 2018|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46043404}}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| ==References== | == References == | ||
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| {{coord missing|Iran}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 10:21, 7 November 2024
1981 attack in Tehran, Iran, on the Islamic Republican Party headquarters| Hafte Tir bombing | |
|---|---|
 Martyrs of 7th Tir on stamp | |
| Location | Tehran, Iran |
| Date | 28 June 1981 20:20 local time (UTC+3) |
| Target | IRP leaders |
| Attack type | Suicide bombing |
| Deaths | 74 |
On 28 June 1981 (7 Tir 1360 in the Iranian calendar; Persian: هفت تیر, Hafte Tir), a powerful bomb went off at the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party (IRP) in Tehran, while a meeting of party leaders was in progress. Seventy-four leading officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran were killed, including Chief Justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, who was the second most powerful figure in the Iranian Revolution (after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini). The Iranian government first blamed SAVAK and the Iraqi regime. Two days later, on 30 June, the People's Mujahedin of Iran was accused by Khomeini of being behind the attack. Several non-Iranian sources also believe the bombing was conducted by the People's Mujahedin of Iran.
Bombing
On 28 June 1981, the Hafte Tir bombing occurred, killing the chief justice and party secretary Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, four cabinet ministers (health, transport, telecommunications and energy ministers), twenty-seven members of the Majlis, including Mohammad Montazeri, and many other government officials.
Immediate aftermath
Khomeini accused the PMOI to be responsible and, according to BBC journalist Baqer Moin, the Mujahedin were "generally perceived as the culprits" for the bombing in Iran. The Mujahedin never publicly confirmed or denied any responsibility for the deed. They stated that the attack was "a natural and necessary reaction to the regime's atrocities."
Iranian investigation and judicial proceedings
SAVAK and Iraq were immediately held responsible by Iranian authorities, but two days later the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) was blamed. On 6 July, the bomber was finally identified as a 23-year-old man named Mohammad Reza Kolahi. Kolahi had secured a job in the building disguised as a sound engineer. Iran accused Kolahi of being a member of the MEK. But one Iranian dissident said the government did not find him having any organizational links.
Several years later, Iran executed four "Iraqi agents" for the bombing. In 1985, Iranian military intelligence stated that the bombing was not conducted by the MEK but by pro-monarchy officers in the Iranian army.
Aftermath
Many scholarly sources believe the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) was responsible for the bombing. Anthony Cordesman writes that this bombing, along with 1981 Iranian Prime Minister's office bombing, turned Iranian public opinion against the MEK and expanded Iranian government crackdown on the group.
According to Ervand Abrahamian, "whatever the truth, the Islamic Republic used the incident to wage war on the Left opposition in general and the Mojahedin in particular."
According to Kenneth Katzman, "there has been much speculation among academics and observers that these bombings may have actually been planned by senior IRP leaders, to rid themselves of rivals within the IRP."
The 2006 U.S. department of state Country report says that "In 1981, the MEK detonated bombs in the head office of the Islamic Republic Party and the Premier's office, killing some 70 high-ranking Iranian officials."
Assassinations of "leading officials and active supporters of the regime by the Mujahedin were to continue for the next year or two," though they failed to overthrow the government.
Commemoration
To commemorate the event several public places in Iran including major squares in Tehran and other cities are named “Hafte Tir”.
Assassination of Mohammad-Reza Kolahi
Mohammad-Reza Kolahi, accused of being involved in the bombing, was murdered in December 2015 in front of his home in the Dutch town of Almere. Kolahi was living in the Netherlands under false identity of Ali Motamed as a refugee, was married to an Afghan woman and had a 17-year-old son. Iran denied its involvement in the murder.
See also
References
- ^ "Religion in Iran – Terror and Repression", Atheism (FAQ), About, archived from the original on 2014-07-05, retrieved 2007-12-23
- ^ "Eighties club", The Daily News, June 1981, archived from the original on 2018-10-03, retrieved 2007-12-23
- ^ "Iran ABC News broadcast", The Vanderbilt Television News Archive
- ^ "Enemies of the Clergy", Time, 20 July 1981
- ^ Colgan, Jeff (31 January 2013). Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press 2013. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-107-02967-5.
- ^ S. Ismael, Jacqueline; Perry, Glenn; Y. Ismael, Tareq (5 October 2015). Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and change. Routledge (2015). p. 181. ISBN 978-1-317-66283-9.
- Newton, Michael (17 April 2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO (2014). p. 27. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.
- Pedde, Nicola. "ROLE AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOJAHEDIN E-KA". ojs.uniroma1. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
- McGreal, Chris (21 September 2012). "Q&A: what is the MEK and why did the US call it a terrorist organisation?". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- Goulka, Jeremiah; Larson, Judith; Wilke, Elizabeth; Hansell, Lydia. "The MEK in Iraq (2009)" (PDF). rand.
- Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, Thomas Dunne Books (2001), p. 241
- O'Hern, Steven K. (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-701-2.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-1-85043-077-3.
- ^ "IRANIAN GOVERNMENT EXECUTES 27 IN CRACKDOWN ON LEFTIST GROUPS". The New York Times. 7 July 1981.
- "(Persian website)". Archived from the original on June 28, 2009.
- Boffey, Daniel (14 January 2019). "Death of an electrician: how luck run out for dissident who fled Iran in 1981". the guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- Barry Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin (2015). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Taylor & Francis. p. 246.
- Mark David Luce and Ali A Omani. Jonathan K. Zartman (ed.). Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. p. 209.
The MEK initially aligned with the Islamic Revolution but split from the regime in 1981 and bombed the headquarters of the Islamic Republic Party, killing 70 high ranking Iranian officials.
- Shireen Hunter. Iran Divided. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115-116.
The Mojahedin continued their activities against the Islamists' hold on power, and in June 1981 they killed seventy key members of the Islamic Republic Party
- Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz (2009). Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction. Praeger. p. 326.
The MEK instigated a bombing campaign, including an attack against the head office of the Islamic Republic Party and the Prime Minister's office, which killed some 70 high-ranking Iranian officials, including Chief Justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti...These attacks resulted in a popular uprising against the MEK and expanded Iranian government crackdown which forced MEK leaders to flee to France.
- Kenneth Katzman (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Albert V. Benliot (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-56072-954-9.
- "Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations". www.state.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.243
- "Google Maps". Google Maps.
- ^ "The story behind Iran's 'murder plot' in Denmark", BBC, 31 October 2018
- ^ "Another Twist In Mysterious Murder Of 1981 Tehran Bombing Suspect", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 30 May 2018, retrieved 1 June 2018
Categories:
- 1981 murders in Iran
- Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1981
- 1980s in Tehran
- Attacks on government buildings and structures in Iran
- Crime in Tehran
- Building bombings in Iran
- 1981 building bombings
- History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Assassinations in Iran
- June 1981 events in Asia
- Mass murder in 1981
- 20th-century mass murder in Iran
- Terrorist incidents in Iran in 1981
- 1981 controversies
- Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran