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			{{Short description\|Type of dog}}
	Hounds that primarily hunt by sight instead of scent.
			]: characteristic long legs, deep chest, and narrow waist of a sighthound]]

			'''Sighthounds''' (also called '''gazehounds''') are a ] of ] ] that hunts primarily by sight and speed, unlike ], which rely on scent and endurance.
	This family includes

	*]
			==Appearance==
	*]
			] head proportions of a typical sighthound]]
	*]

	*]
			These dogs specialize in pursuing prey, keeping it in sight, and overpowering it by their great speed and agility. They must be able to detect motion quickly, so they have keen vision. Sighthounds must be able to capture fast, agile prey, such as ] and ]s, so they have a very flexible back and long legs for a long stride, a deep chest to support an unusually (compared to other dogs) large heart, very efficient lungs for both ] and ] sprints, and a lean, wiry body to keep their weight at a minimum. Sighthounds have unique anatomical and physiological features, likely due to intentional selection for hunting by speed and sight; laboratory studies have established reference intervals for ] and serum biochemical profiles in sighthounds, some of which are shared by all sighthounds and some of which may be unique to one breed.<ref>"Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds" S. Zaldívar‐López L.M. Marín M.C. Iazbik N. Westendorf‐Stingle S. Hensley C.G. Couto ''Veterinary Clinical Pathology'' Volume 40, Issue 4, first published: 24 October 2011</ref>
	*]

	*]
			The typical sighthound ] has a light, lean head, which is ] in proportion. This shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual. ] and other ]s are dolichocephalic or ], but some ]s have become ] (short-headed) due to ] by humans over the course of 12,000 years.<ref name="Roberts">{{Citation \|last1=Roberts \|first1=Taryn \|last2=McGreevy \|first2=Paul \|last3=Valenzuela \|first3=Michael \|date=July 2010 \|title=Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs \|journal=PLOS ONE \|volume=5 \|issue=#7 \|page=e11946 \|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011946 \|pmid=20668685 \|pmc=2909913\|bibcode=2010PLoSO...511946R \|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dolichocephalic dogs have a wider ] but smaller overlap between the eyes and therefore possibly poorer ] in some of their field of view than brachycephalic dogs; most, if not all, dogs have less visual acuity than their antecedent, the wolf.<ref>{{Citation \|last1=Miller \|first1=Paul E. \|last2=Murphy \|first2=Christopher J. \|date=December 15, 1995 \|title=Vision in Dogs \|url=http://redwood.berkeley.edu/bruno/animal-eyes/dog-vision-miller-murphy.pdf \|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association \|volume=207 \|issue=#12 \|pages=1623–1634 \|doi=10.2460/javma.1995.207.12.1623 \|pmid=7493905 \|access-date=2012-12-24}}</ref> There is no science-based evidence to confirm the popular belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs. However, there is increasing evidence that dolichocephalic dogs, thanks to a higher number of ]s in their “visual streak”, retain more heightened sensitivity than other dog types to objects and rapid movement in the horizontal field of vision.<ref>{{Citation \|first1=Paul \|last1=McGreevy \|first2=Tanya D. \|last2=Grassia \|first3=Alison M. \|last3=Harman \|date=December 2004 \|volume=63 \|number=#1 \|title=A strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog \|journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution \|pages=13–22 \|doi=10.1159/000073756\|pmid=14673195 \|s2cid=24772865 }}</ref>
	*]

	*]
			]]]
	*]

	*]
			==History==
	*]
			Sighthounds such as the Saluki/Sloughi type (both named after the ]) may have existed for at least 5,000 years, with the earliest presumed sighthound remains of a male with a shoulder height around 54 cm, comparable to a Saluki, appearing in the excavations of ] dated approximately 4,000 years before present.<ref>Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. ''Iraq'', 51, pp.217-224.</ref> The earliest complete European description of a sighthound and its work, the Celtic ''vertragus''<ref> via wikimedia.org</ref> from Roman Spain of the 2nd century C.E., comes from ]'s '']''.
	*]
			A similar type, possibly a moderately sized male sighthound, with a height of 61–63 cm, of approximately the same historic period, the ''Warmington Roman dog'' is described from a well-preserved skeleton found in England.<ref>Schoenebeck, J.J., Hamilton‐Dyer, S., Baxter, I.L., Schwarz, T. and Nussbaumer, M., (2021). ‘’The Anatomical Record’’, 304(1), pp.63-77. </ref>
	*]
			Sighthound type "gracile" bones, dating from the 8th to 9th century CE, anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm (28 in) high "greyhound", were genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds and found to be almost identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of sighthound.<ref> SVOBODOVÁ, H., BARTOŠ, M., NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ, M. and KOUŘIL, P., (2015). Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD. SbNM B, 71, pp.17-24.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|author=Miriam Nyvltova Fisakova \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miriam_Nyvltova_Fisakova/publication/283696817_Genetic_analysis_of_possibly_the_oldest_greyhound_remains_within_the_territory_of_the_Czech_Republic_as_a_proof_of_a_local_elite_presence_at_Hotebuz-Podobora_hillfort_in_t \|title=Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Hotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD \|via=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>
	*]
			Population genomic analysis proposes that true sighthounds originated independently from native dogs and were comprehensively admixed among breeds, supporting the multiple origins hypothesis of sighthounds.<ref>Li, Wu-Lue, et al. "Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' (2023): msad158.</ref><ref> at watermark.silverchair.com {{dead link\|date=July 2024}}</ref>

			Although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as ]s, some of them may have been bred for as many as thousands of years to detect movement of prey, then chase, capture, and kill it primarily by speed. They thrive on physical activity. Some have mellow personalities, others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers, but the instinct to chase running animals remains strong.<ref name=fogle>{{cite book\|last=Fogle\|first=Bruce\|author-link=Bruce Fogle\|title=The Encyclopedia of the Dog\|publisher=]\|isbn=0-7513-0471-9\|date=2000\|orig-year=1995}}</ref>

			Apart from ] and ], various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds, and sometimes with ]s and ]s. Such sports include ], ], and other events.

			==List of sighthound breeds==
			{{div col\|colwidth=15em}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]{{extinct}}
			* Patagonian Greyhound<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.kennelclubargentino.org.ar/estandar-galgo-barbucho/ \|work=Kennel Club Argentino\|title=Estándar GALGO BARBUCHO PATAGONIC O\|date=28 June 2015 \|lang=es \|trans-title=Standard PATAGONIAN BARBUCHO GREYHOUND \|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{div col end}}

			===Crossbreed sighthound types===
			{{div col\|colwidth=15em}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* American Staghound
			{{div col end}}

			== Breeds considered to be controversial, not having by origin a sighthound function ==
			A number of breeds or types of dogs which do not hunt solely by speed and sight, as well as a number of non-hunting breeds, are currently being recognized as sighthounds, either formally or informally<ref>Bengtson, Bo. "How Many Sighthound Breeds? Would you believe more than 50?" ''Sighthound Review'' Vol. 5, Issue 4, Winter 2014–2015</ref> by kennel clubs, or lure and live coursing clubs. These include:

			{{div col\|colwidth=20em}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ] (Podenco Ibicenco)
			* ]
			* ] (Kelb tal-fenek)
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]{{div col end}}

			==Kennel club classification==
			When competing in ]s, most Anglophone ]s, including the ] and ] (]), group pedigree sighthound breeds together with ]s in a Hound Group,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/hound/ \|title=Hound Group \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|website=American Kennel Club \|access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/Default.aspx?group=HDS \|title=Hound \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|website=The Kennel Club \|access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> the ] groups them in a dedicated Sighthound Group,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/10-Sighthounds.html \|title=Group 10: Sighthounds \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|website=Fédération Cynologique Internationale \|access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> whilst the ] groups them in a Sighthound and Pariah Group.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/breed-groups \|title=Breed Group Designations \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|website=United Kennel Club \|access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref>

			==See also==
			{{Portal\|Dogs\|Mammals}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			{{div col\|colwidth=40em}}
			* Almirall, Leon V. ''Canines and Coyotes''. Caldwell, Id.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941.
			* Anderson, John Kinlock. ''Hunting in the Ancient World''. University of California Press 1985.
			* Belkin, Dan. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226055022/http://saluqi.home.netcom.com/belkin.htm \|date=2012-12-26 }}. ''Field Advisory News'', November/December 1993.
			* Bengtson, Bo. "What IS a Sighthound?" ''Sighthound Review'', charter Issue, May–June 1984.
			* Bengtson, Bo. "What ''is'' a Sighthound?" ''Sighthound Review''. January 2011.
			* Bennett, D. & Timm, R.M., The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part IV: Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs. ''Archaeofauna'' (30) 2021, 185-216
			* Brown, Curtis. ''Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis''. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1986.
			* Burnham, Pat Gail. "Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and the Question of What Is a Sighthound?". ''Field Advisory News'', March/April 1992.
			* Copold, Steve. ''The Complete Book of Coursing: Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures'', rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1996.
			* Copold, Steve. ''Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures: The Complete Book of Coursing'' (1st ed.). Arvada, Colo.: D. R. Hoflin, 1977 (1996).
			* Couto Veterinary Consultants.
			* Cunliffe, Juliette. ''Popular Sight Hounds''. London: Popular Dogs Publishing Co. Ltd., 1992. {{ISBN\|0-09-175025-3}}.
			* Dansey, William. . London: J. Bohn, 1831
			* Grant-Rennick, Richard (ed.). ''Coursing: The Pursuit of Game with Gazehounds''. Saul, Gloucestershire: The Standfast Sporting Library, 1977. {{ISBN\|0-9502148-9-2}}.
			* Hancock, David. ''Sighthounds: Their Form, their Function and their Future''. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ltd, 2012. {{ISBN\|978-1-84797-392-4}}.
			* Hawkins, Richard. "What Is A Sighthound". ''Dogs in Canada'', April 2006.
			* Hawkins, Richard. . ''The Performance Sighthound Journal'', July–September 2007.
			* Hull, Denison B. ''Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1964.
			* Miller, Constance O. ''Gazehounds: The Search for Truth''. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1988.
			* Nichols, Christopher. Three Dogs from the Late Iron Age Boat Grave Cemetery at Gamla Uppsala Prästgården, Sweden. ''European Journal of Archaeology'' 2023: 1-18.
			* Parker, Heidi G. et al. . ''Cell Reports'' (#19) 697–708, 2017.
			* Phillips, A. A., and M. M. Willcock, (eds.). ''Xenophon & Arrian on Hunting with Hounds''. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. {{ISBN\|0-85668-706-5}}.
			* Recum, Andreas F. von, ''Hunting with Hounds in North America''. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co. 2002. {{ISBN\|1-58980-043-5}}
			* Russell, Joanna. ''All about Gazehounds''. London: Pelham, 1976. {{ISBN\|0-7207-0926-1}}.
			* ] ("Dutch"). ''Gazehounds & Coursing''. St. Cloud, Minn.: North Star Press, 1977. {{ISBN\|0-87839-024-3}}.
			* ] ("Dutch"). ''Gazehounds & Coursing: The History, Art, and Sport of Hunting with Sighthounds'', Rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Silver City, N.M.: High-Lonesome Books, 1999. {{ISBN\|0-944383-49-1}}.
			* Severtsov, A. S. Shubkina, A. V., . ''Science in Russia'' 2014 No. 5 (#203)
			* Severtsov, A. S., Rosenzweig, M. L. and Shubkina, A. V., . ''Evolutionary Ecology Research'', 2017 18 (#5), pp. 555–569.
			* Suchanova, J. & Tovstucha, R. E., . ''Coactivity: Philology, Educology'' 2016, 24 (#2): 113–121.
			* Uhrikova, I. et al. "Haematological and biochemical variations among eight Sighthound breeds". ''Australian Veterinary Journal'', Vol. 91 (#11), 2013. by Dr. Dominique de Caprona.
			* Wimmer, Barbara. . See by Dr. Dominique de Caprona
			{{div col end}}

			==External links==
			{{Wiktionary\|sighthound\|gazehound}}
			* {{Commons category-inline\|Sighthounds}}

			{{Domestic dog}}
			{{Hounds}}
			{{Authority control}}

			]

Latest revision as of 00:53, 23 December 2024

Type of dog

Sighthounds (also called gazehounds) are a type of hound dog that hunts primarily by sight and speed, unlike scent hounds, which rely on scent and endurance.

Appearance

These dogs specialize in pursuing prey, keeping it in sight, and overpowering it by their great speed and agility. They must be able to detect motion quickly, so they have keen vision. Sighthounds must be able to capture fast, agile prey, such as deer and hares, so they have a very flexible back and long legs for a long stride, a deep chest to support an unusually (compared to other dogs) large heart, very efficient lungs for both anaerobic and aerobic sprints, and a lean, wiry body to keep their weight at a minimum. Sighthounds have unique anatomical and physiological features, likely due to intentional selection for hunting by speed and sight; laboratory studies have established reference intervals for hematology and serum biochemical profiles in sighthounds, some of which are shared by all sighthounds and some of which may be unique to one breed.

The typical sighthound type has a light, lean head, which is dolichocephalic in proportion. This shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual. Wolves and other wild dogs are dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic, but some domestic dogs have become brachycephalic (short-headed) due to artificial selection by humans over the course of 12,000 years. Dolichocephalic dogs have a wider field of vision but smaller overlap between the eyes and therefore possibly poorer depth perception in some of their field of view than brachycephalic dogs; most, if not all, dogs have less visual acuity than their antecedent, the wolf. There is no science-based evidence to confirm the popular belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs. However, there is increasing evidence that dolichocephalic dogs, thanks to a higher number of retinal ganglion cells in their “visual streak”, retain more heightened sensitivity than other dog types to objects and rapid movement in the horizontal field of vision.

History

Sighthounds such as the Saluki/Sloughi type (both named after the Seleucid Empire) may have existed for at least 5,000 years, with the earliest presumed sighthound remains of a male with a shoulder height around 54 cm, comparable to a Saluki, appearing in the excavations of Tell Brak dated approximately 4,000 years before present. The earliest complete European description of a sighthound and its work, the Celtic vertragus from Roman Spain of the 2nd century C.E., comes from Arrian's Cynegeticus. A similar type, possibly a moderately sized male sighthound, with a height of 61–63 cm, of approximately the same historic period, the Warmington Roman dog is described from a well-preserved skeleton found in England. Sighthound type "gracile" bones, dating from the 8th to 9th century CE, anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm (28 in) high "greyhound", were genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds and found to be almost identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of sighthound. Population genomic analysis proposes that true sighthounds originated independently from native dogs and were comprehensively admixed among breeds, supporting the multiple origins hypothesis of sighthounds.

Although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as pets, some of them may have been bred for as many as thousands of years to detect movement of prey, then chase, capture, and kill it primarily by speed. They thrive on physical activity. Some have mellow personalities, others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers, but the instinct to chase running animals remains strong.

Apart from coursing and hunting, various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds, and sometimes with lurchers and longdogs. Such sports include racing, lure coursing, and other events.

List of sighthound breeds

Crossbreed sighthound types

Kangaroo hound
Longdog
Lurcher
American Staghound

Breeds considered to be controversial, not having by origin a sighthound function

A number of breeds or types of dogs which do not hunt solely by speed and sight, as well as a number of non-hunting breeds, are currently being recognized as sighthounds, either formally or informally by kennel clubs, or lure and live coursing clubs. These include:

Kennel club classification

When competing in conformation shows, most Anglophone kennel clubs, including the American Kennel Club and The Kennel Club (UK), group pedigree sighthound breeds together with scent hounds in a Hound Group, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale groups them in a dedicated Sighthound Group, whilst the United Kennel Club groups them in a Sighthound and Pariah Group.

References

"Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds" S. Zaldívar‐López L.M. Marín M.C. Iazbik N. Westendorf‐Stingle S. Hensley C.G. Couto Veterinary Clinical Pathology Volume 40, Issue 4, first published: 24 October 2011
Roberts, Taryn; McGreevy, Paul; Valenzuela, Michael (July 2010), "Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs", PLOS ONE, 5 (#7): e11946, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511946R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011946, PMC 2909913, PMID 20668685
Miller, Paul E.; Murphy, Christopher J. (December 15, 1995), "Vision in Dogs" (PDF), Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207 (#12): 1623–1634, doi:10.2460/javma.1995.207.12.1623, PMID 7493905, retrieved 2012-12-24
McGreevy, Paul; Grassia, Tanya D.; Harman, Alison M. (December 2004), "A strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog", Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 63 (#1): 13–22, doi:10.1159/000073756, PMID 14673195, S2CID 24772865
Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. Iraq, 51, pp.217-224.
Bronze statue beeldje_hazewindhond_ForumHadriani_015501_RMO_Leiden via wikimedia.org
Schoenebeck, J.J., Hamilton‐Dyer, S., Baxter, I.L., Schwarz, T. and Nussbaumer, M., (2021). From head to hind: Elucidating function through contrasting morphometrics of ancient and modern pedigree dogs. ‘’The Anatomical Record’’, 304(1), pp.63-77.
SVOBODOVÁ, H., BARTOŠ, M., NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ, M. and KOUŘIL, P., (2015). Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD. SbNM B, 71, pp.17-24.
Miriam Nyvltova Fisakova. "Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Hotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD" – via www.researchgate.net.
Li, Wu-Lue, et al. "Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds". Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023): msad158.
msad158.pdf at watermark.silverchair.com
Fogle, Bruce (2000) . The Encyclopedia of the Dog. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0471-9.
"Estándar GALGO BARBUCHO PATAGONIC O" [Standard PATAGONIAN BARBUCHO GREYHOUND]. Kennel Club Argentino (in Spanish). 28 June 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
Bengtson, Bo. "How Many Sighthound Breeds? Would you believe more than 50?" Sighthound Review Vol. 5, Issue 4, Winter 2014–2015
"Hound Group". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"Hound". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"Group 10: Sighthounds". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"Breed Group Designations". United Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links

Media related to Sighthounds at Wikimedia Commons

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v t e Hounds
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Sighthounds	Afghan Hound American Staghound Azawakh Bakhmull Banjara Hound Borzoi Chippiparai Chortai Galgo Español Greyhound Hortaya borzaya Irish Wolfhound Italian Greyhound Kaikadi Kangaroo dog Kanni Kombai Levriero Sardo Longdog Magyar agár Mahratta Hound Mudhol Hound Polish Greyhound Rajapalayam Rampur Greyhound Saluki Scottish Deerhound Silken Windhound Sloughi Taigan Whippet Xigou
Cur-type hunting breeds	Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Catahoula Leopard Dog Feist Lurcher Mountain Cur Mountain Feist Stephens Stock Treeing Cur Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Miscellaneous	American Leopard Hound Basenji Cirneco dell'Etna Cretan Hound Haofa Tangkhul Hui Ibizan Hound Maneto Pampas Deerhound Pharaoh Hound Phu Quoc Ridgeback Podenco Andaluz Podenco Canario Portuguese Podengo Rhodesian Ridgeback Thai Ridgeback Xarnego Valenciano Xiasi Dog
Extinct	Buckhound Celtic Hound Chien-gris Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound Grand Fauve de Bretagne King's White Hound Laconian Limer Norman Hound North Country Beagle Old Croatian Sighthound Potsdam Greyhound Rache Sleuth hound Southern Hound Staghound Talbot Hound
Types: Anglo-French hounds, Bassets, Coonhounds, Feists, Lurchers

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