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{{short description|Formation of new bone on the surface of a bone}} |
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
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| name = Exostosis |
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| name = Exostosis |
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| image = EXOSTOSE.jpg |
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| image = EXOSTOSE.jpg |
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| caption = X-ray of the left femur of a 5-year-old boy with an exostosis at the lateral side, just above the knee. |
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| caption = X-ray of the left femur of a 5-year-old boy with an exostosis at the lateral side, just above the knee. |
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An '''exostosis''', also known as '''bone spur''', is the formation of new ] on the surface of a bone.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000037747|exostosis}}</ref> Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitatingly severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion. It is most commonly found in places like the ribs, where small bone growths form, but sometimes larger growths can grow on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders, elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull. |
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An '''exostosis''', also known as a '''bone spur''', is the formation of new ] on the surface of a bone.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000037747|Exostosis}}</ref> Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitatingly severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion. It is most commonly found in places like the ribs, where small bone growths form, but sometimes larger growths can grow on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders, elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull. |
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Exostoses are sometimes shaped like ]s, such as ]s. |
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Exostoses are sometimes shaped like ]s, such as ]s. |
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], a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. ], the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in ], can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic. |
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], a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. ], the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in ], can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic. |
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They normally form on the bones of joints, and can grow upwards. For example, if an extra bone formed on the ankle, it might grow up to the shin. |
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They normally form on the bones of joints, and can grow upwards. For example, if an extra bone formed on the ankle, it might grow up to the shin. |
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When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with ]. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal. |
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When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with ]. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal. |
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On December 18th, 2019 Donald Trump became the first person with a confirmed history of exostosis to be impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives. |
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==Osteophytes== |
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==Osteophytes== |
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]s are bone spurs that develop on the margins of joints secondary to external stimuli such as ].<ref>in: {{cite book|title=Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse - E-Book|author=Michael W. Ross, Sue J. Dyson|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2010|isbn=9781437711769}}</ref> However, these are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Medico-chirurgical Review and Journal of Medical Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhgUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=is+an+exostosis+the+same+as+an+osteophyte&source=bl&ots=ASn3xU7oY0&sig=s7q0R1QkHEwXiSvv9ldrKAqRBKM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi03cb1tP7RAhWMIcAKHV90DNEQ6AEISjAI#v=onepage&q=is%20an%20exostosis%20the%20same%20as%20an%20osteophyte&f=false|publisher=Burgess and Hill|language=en|date=1 January 1844}}</ref> |
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]s are bone spurs that develop on the margins of joints secondary to external stimuli such as ].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dyson SJ | chapter = Radiography and Radiology | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy18dfDKYNEC&pg=PA171 | page = 171 | veditors = Dyson SJ, Ross MW |title=Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse - E-Book | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2010 |isbn=9781437711769 }}</ref> However, these are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way.<ref name="pmid29918999">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = On Healthy and Diseased Bone, According to the Investigations of Frerichs, Marchand, Nasse, Ragsky, and Simon | journal = The Medico-Chirurgical Review | volume = 40 | issue = 79 | pages = 87–98 | date = January 1844 | pmid = 29918999 | pmc = 5100073 | doi = | url = }}</ref> |
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==Fossil record== |
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==Fossil record== |
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{{Main|Paleopathology}} |
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{{Main|Paleopathology}} |
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Evidence for exostosis found in the fossil record is studied by ], specialists in ancient disease and injury. Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref name="molnar-pathology">Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.</ref> |
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Evidence for exostosis found in the fossil record is studied by ], specialists in ancient disease and injury. Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref name="molnar-pathology">{{cite book | vauthors = Molnar RE | date = 2001 | chapter = Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey | title = Mesozoic Vertebrate Life | veditors = Tanke DH, Carpenter K | publisher = Indiana University Press | pages = 337–363 }}</ref> |
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==Hereditary multiple exostoses== |
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==Hereditary multiple exostoses== |
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] (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals. Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. ] (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations.<ref name=elsobky2018>{{cite journal|last1=EL-Sobky|first1=TA|last2=Samir|first2=S|last3=Atiyya|first3=AN|last4=Mahmoud|first4=S|last5=Aly |first5=AS|last6=Soliman|first6=R|title=Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review.|journal=SICOT-J.|date=21 March 2018|doi=10.1051/sicotj/2018002|pmid=29565244 |pmc=5863686}}</ref> |
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] (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals. Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) at about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. ] (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations.<ref name=elsobky2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Sobky TA, Samir S, Atiyya AN, Mahmoud S, Aly AS, Soliman R | title = Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review | journal = SICOT-J | volume = 4 | pages = 10 | date = 21 March 2018 | pmid = 29565244 | pmc = 5863686 | doi = 10.1051/sicotj/2018002 }}</ref> |
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==Types == |
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==Types== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] (exotosis of the ankle bone) |
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* ] (exotosis of the ankle bone) |
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* ] (HME) |
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* ] (HME)<ref name=elsobky2018>{{cite journal|last1=EL-Sobky|first1=TA|last2=Samir|first2=S|last3=Atiyya|first3=AN|last4=Mahmoud|first4=S|last5=Aly |first5=AS|last6=Soliman|first6=R|title=Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review.|journal=SICOT-J.|date=21 March 2018|doi=10.1051/sicotj/2018002|pmid=29565244 |pmc=5863686}}</ref><ref name=Genereviews>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1235/ |title=Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas.|last1=Wuyts |first1=W |last2=Schmale |first2=GA |last3=Chansky |first3=HA |display-authors=etal| date=21 November 2013|website=GeneReviews|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] (exostosis of the ear canal) |
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* ] (exostosis of the ear canal) |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] (heel spur) |
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==See also== |
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== See also == |
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==References== |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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== External links == |
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{{Medical resources |
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{{Medical resources |
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| DiseasesDB = 18621 |
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| DiseasesDB = 18621 |
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| ICD10 = |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|726.91}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|726.91}} |
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| MeshID = D005096 |
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| MeshID = D005096 |
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* , The Sonos Group |
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* (Multiple Hereditary Exostoses) |
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{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue}} |
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{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue}} |
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{{Osteochondropathy}} |
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{{Osteochondropathy}} |
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] |
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They normally form on the bones of joints, and can grow upwards. For example, if an extra bone formed on the ankle, it might grow up to the shin.
When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with osteochondroma. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal.
