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| ⚫ | A '''primary mineral''' is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host ] ] and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals.<ref>Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby. "primary mineral." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. ]. 1 Oct. 2016.</ref> In ] deposit ], ] processes occur deep below the Earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to ] processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form '''secondary minerals'''.<ref name="Rakovan2003">{{cite journal | title=A Word to the Wise: Hypogene & Supergene | author=Rakovan, John | journal=Rocks & Minerals | year=2003 | volume=78 | issue=6 | page=419 | doi=10.1080/00357529.2003.9926759| s2cid=128609800 }}</ref> | ||
| {{Cleanup bare URLs|date=January 2020}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | A '''primary mineral''' is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host igneous ] and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals.<ref>Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby. "primary mineral." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Oct. 2016.</ref> In ] deposit ], ] processes occur deep below the |
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| The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the ] or ]tic flow from which it is formed. ] (such as ], ], ] and ]) and ] (such as ], ], ] and ]) contain primary minerals including ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in varying concentrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/Ssc219/biogeo/prim.htm |title=Primary and Secondary Minerals |publisher=Lawr.ucdavis.edu |date= |accessdate=2020-01-30}}</ref> Additionally, primary sulfate minerals occur in igneous rocks. Primary sulfate minerals may occur in veins, these minerals include; ], ], ], ], ] (primary and secondary mineral), ], ] (primary and secondary mineral), ], and ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Bert |date=December 1, 1919 |title=Primary (Hypogene) Sulphate Minerals in Ore Deposits |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/14/8/581/14319/Primary-hypogene-sulphate-minerals-in-ore-deposits?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=581–609 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.14.8.581 |via=GeoscienceWorld}}</ref> | |||
| Primary minerals can be used to analyze geochemical dispersion halos, and indicator minerals. Furthermore, the most dominant primary minerals in soils are ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Nanzyo, Kanno |first=Masami, Hitoshi |title=Inorganic Constituents in Soil |publisher=] Singapore Pte Ltd. |year=2018 |isbn=978-981-13-1214-4 |location=Singapore |pages=11–14}}</ref> A variety of silica groups have been discovered, and are controlled by their bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
| The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the ] or ]tic flow from which it is formed. Extrusive rocks (such as ], ], ] and ]) and intrusive rocks (such as ], ], ] and ]) contain primary minerals including ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in varying concentrations.<ref>http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/Ssc219/biogeo/prim.htm</ref> | |||
| == Geochemistry == | |||
| ⚫ | For the classical discussions of the origin of primary ores, see the two publications "Ore Deposits" (1903 and 1913).<ref>Rickard, T.F.; Ore Deposits: Engineering and Mining Journal, 1903; and Emmons, S.F.; Ore Deposits: A. I. M. E., 1913: pp. 837-846.</ref> According to W.A. Tarr (1938) the primary mineral deposits are the result of direct magmatic action; he states that the splitting of magmas results in the basic igneous rocks and their accompanying group of accessory minerals formed by the first crystallization in the magma, on the one hand, and in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual ]s.<ref>Tarr, W.A.; 1938: Introductory Economic Geology; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., p. 31.</ref> | ||
| === Geochemical dispersion halos === | |||
| Modern soil science offers the following definition: "Primary Minerals: The thickness of the earth's crust varies from 10 km under the ocean to 30 km under the continents. Of the 88 naturally occurring elements on earth, only 8 make most of the crust. The earth's crust and soils are dominated by the silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. ...Those elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components of parent rocks. There are almost 3000 known minerals, but only 20 are common and just 10 minerals make up 90 % of the earth's crust. Primary minerals are defined as minerals found in soil but not formed in soil. This definition is different from that of secondary minerals, which are defined as minerals formed in soils."<ref>https://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/faculty/grunwald/teaching/eSoilScience/primary.shtml#parent</ref> This is further defined by Dr. Broome of North Carolina State:<ref>http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic4.htm</ref> | |||
| Primary ore deposits contain primary ores that may develop a geochemical dispersion halo known as primary dispersion expressions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mcqueen|first=Kenneth|title=ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND THEIR PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS|publisher=CRC LEME|year=2005|isbn=9781921039287|location=Bentley, WA|pages=3}}</ref> "These primary expressions are syndepositional in nature, and thus can occur at or close to the time of ore formation".<ref name=":0" /> Primary ore expressions may show alteration of the host rocks. These alterations include; ], ], ], ], ] alteration, tourmalinization, and ].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| === Indicator minerals === | |||
| Two types of minerals are found in natural systems: primary and secondary. | |||
| Heavy indicator minerals can lead to a good approximation of primary geology and presence of mineral deposits. Primary indicator minerals can be used to identify ] deposits, ], and massive sulfide deposits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bowell, Cohen |first=R.J., D.R. |title=Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) Chapter 13.24 Exploration Geochemistry |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=9780080983004 |location=Amsterdam ; San Diego, CA, USA. |pages=635}}</ref> The indicator minerals are further used to track dispersal trains in streams, which may determine the location of primary ores/minerals, and their source.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| *Whether the mineral is primary or secondary depends on the mode of formation and not on the mineral composition. | |||
| *minerals that crystallize from cooling magma are called primary. | |||
| *minerals that crystallize during the weathering of primary minerals are called secondary minerals. | |||
| == Characteristics == | |||
| Primary rocks are the source of primary minerals and ]. | |||
| Minerals in soils are found in two types; primary and secondary.<ref name=":2" /> "A primary mineral has not been altered chemically since its crystallization from a cooling magma."<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, a primary mineral is defined as a mineral that is found in soil but not formed in soil, whereas secondary minerals are formed during weathering of | |||
| ], Brazil]] | |||
| primary minerals.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/faculty/grunwald/teaching/eSoilScience/primary.shtml#parent|title=Sabine Grunwald - Soil and Water Sciences Department - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - UF/IFAS|date=2019-07-31|publisher=Soils.ifas.ufl.edu|accessdate=2020-01-30}}</ref> The latter is further defined by Dr. Broome of North Carolina State:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic4.htm |title=Topic 4 Rocks and Minerals |access-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014174526/http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic4.htm |archive-date=2016-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the particle size of primary minerals is primarily larger than 2μm, which includes; silt, sand, and gravel.<ref name=":2" /> The most dominant primary minerals in soil are the ]s. Silicate minerals consist of more than 90% of the minerals in the Earth's crust.<ref name=":2" /> There are six silica mineral groups, based on bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron.<ref name=":2" /> The silica groups include: nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates.<ref name=":2" /> Tectosilicates such as ], and ] are common in soils.<ref name=":2" /> Phyllosilicates are known as the sheet silicates, and include ], ], and clay minerals.<ref name=":2" /> Cyclosilicates are known as ring silicates, and include ].<ref name=":2" /> Inosilicates are known as single/double chain silicates, and include amphiboles, and pyroxenes.<ref name=":2" /> Sorosilicates contain double silica tetrahedra, such as ].<ref name=":2" /> Nesosilicates have one silica tetrahedra, such as ].<ref name=":2" /> | |||
| ⚫ | The earth's crust and soils are dominated by ] in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. The following elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components of parent rocks. Primary rocks are the source of primary minerals and ]. For the classical discussions of the origin of primary ores, see the two publications "Ore Deposits" (1903 and 1913).<ref>Rickard, T.F.; Ore Deposits: Engineering and Mining Journal, 1903; and Emmons, S.F.; Ore Deposits: A. I. M. E., 1913: pp. 837-846.</ref> According to W.A. Tarr (1938) the primary mineral deposits are the result of direct magmatic action; he states that the splitting of magmas results in the basic igneous rocks and their accompanying group of accessory minerals formed by the first crystallization in the magma, on the one hand, and in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual ]s.<ref>Tarr, W.A.; 1938: Introductory Economic Geology; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., p. 31.</ref> | ||
| == Beneficiation of primary ores == | |||
| Leaching of primary sulfate minerals occurs through the process of ] for the separation of primary sulfide ores.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Tadesse, Makuei, Albijanic, Dyer|first=Bogale, Fidele, Boris, Laurence|date=2019|title=The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review|journal=Minerals Engineering|volume=131|pages=170–184|doi=10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.023|s2cid=105940721 }}</ref> Primary ores are also extracted through dense media separation (DMS), which is a technique that involves the removal of ] through the variation of specific gravity within particles.<ref name=":4" /> The dense minerals (high specific gravity) containing primary ores sink, and the lighter gangue minerals float to the surface.<ref name=":4" /> DMS plants have been widely used for different mining applications, such as the beneficiation of lithium bearing ores from pegmatites, like the main lithium-bearing mineral known as ].<ref name=":4" /> Another method of beneficiation is through magnetic separation. Magnetic separation involves the separation of iron-bearing gangue, such as ].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Yu, Han, Li, Gao|first=Jianwen, Yuexin, Yanjun, Peng|date=2017|title=Beneficiation of an iron ore fines by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301751617302053|journal=International Journal of Mineral Processing|volume=168|pages=1|doi=10.1016/j.minpro.2017.02.001|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Hematite cannot be used in the iron and steel industry without beneficiation.<ref name=":5" /> Roasting of primary low grade ores, such as ] and hematite occurs further forming ].<ref name=":5" /> Once the conversion of iron-oxides occurs, magnetic separation may proceed to extract magnetic ores.<ref name=":5" /> Additionally, another beneficiation technique used for primary ores is froth flotation.<ref name=":5" /> Froth flotation is used after roasting of primary ores, where the magnetite (or other primary ore) is further separated forming a concentrate.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:09, 17 March 2024
A primary mineral is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host igneous primary rock and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals. In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the Earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals.
The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the volcanic or magmatic flow from which it is formed. Extrusive rocks (such as basalt, rhyolite, andesite and obsidian) and intrusive rocks (such as granite, granodiorite, gabbro and peridotite) contain primary minerals including quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene and olivine in varying concentrations. Additionally, primary sulfate minerals occur in igneous rocks. Primary sulfate minerals may occur in veins, these minerals include; hauynite, noselite, barite, anhydrite, gypsum (primary and secondary mineral), celestite, alunite (primary and secondary mineral), creedite, and thaumasite.
Primary minerals can be used to analyze geochemical dispersion halos, and indicator minerals. Furthermore, the most dominant primary minerals in soils are silicate minerals. A variety of silica groups have been discovered, and are controlled by their bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron.
Geochemistry
Geochemical dispersion halos
Primary ore deposits contain primary ores that may develop a geochemical dispersion halo known as primary dispersion expressions. "These primary expressions are syndepositional in nature, and thus can occur at or close to the time of ore formation". Primary ore expressions may show alteration of the host rocks. These alterations include; silicification, pyritization, sericitization, chloritization, carbonate alteration, tourmalinization, and greisens.
Indicator minerals
Heavy indicator minerals can lead to a good approximation of primary geology and presence of mineral deposits. Primary indicator minerals can be used to identify gold deposits, kimberlites, and massive sulfide deposits. The indicator minerals are further used to track dispersal trains in streams, which may determine the location of primary ores/minerals, and their source.
Characteristics
Minerals in soils are found in two types; primary and secondary. "A primary mineral has not been altered chemically since its crystallization from a cooling magma." Additionally, a primary mineral is defined as a mineral that is found in soil but not formed in soil, whereas secondary minerals are formed during weathering of
primary minerals. The latter is further defined by Dr. Broome of North Carolina State: the particle size of primary minerals is primarily larger than 2μm, which includes; silt, sand, and gravel. The most dominant primary minerals in soil are the silicate minerals. Silicate minerals consist of more than 90% of the minerals in the Earth's crust. There are six silica mineral groups, based on bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron. The silica groups include: nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates. Tectosilicates such as quartz, and cristobalite are common in soils. Phyllosilicates are known as the sheet silicates, and include muscovite, biotite, and clay minerals. Cyclosilicates are known as ring silicates, and include tourmaline. Inosilicates are known as single/double chain silicates, and include amphiboles, and pyroxenes. Sorosilicates contain double silica tetrahedra, such as vesuvianite. Nesosilicates have one silica tetrahedra, such as olivine.
The earth's crust and soils are dominated by silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. The following elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components of parent rocks. Primary rocks are the source of primary minerals and primary water. For the classical discussions of the origin of primary ores, see the two publications "Ore Deposits" (1903 and 1913). According to W.A. Tarr (1938) the primary mineral deposits are the result of direct magmatic action; he states that the splitting of magmas results in the basic igneous rocks and their accompanying group of accessory minerals formed by the first crystallization in the magma, on the one hand, and in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual mother liquors.
Beneficiation of primary ores
Leaching of primary sulfate minerals occurs through the process of bioleaching for the separation of primary sulfide ores. Primary ores are also extracted through dense media separation (DMS), which is a technique that involves the removal of gangue through the variation of specific gravity within particles. The dense minerals (high specific gravity) containing primary ores sink, and the lighter gangue minerals float to the surface. DMS plants have been widely used for different mining applications, such as the beneficiation of lithium bearing ores from pegmatites, like the main lithium-bearing mineral known as spodumene. Another method of beneficiation is through magnetic separation. Magnetic separation involves the separation of iron-bearing gangue, such as hematite. Hematite cannot be used in the iron and steel industry without beneficiation. Roasting of primary low grade ores, such as siderite and hematite occurs further forming magnetite. Once the conversion of iron-oxides occurs, magnetic separation may proceed to extract magnetic ores. Additionally, another beneficiation technique used for primary ores is froth flotation. Froth flotation is used after roasting of primary ores, where the magnetite (or other primary ore) is further separated forming a concentrate.
References
- Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby. "primary mineral." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Oct. 2016.
- Rakovan, John (2003). "A Word to the Wise: Hypogene & Supergene". Rocks & Minerals. 78 (6): 419. doi:10.1080/00357529.2003.9926759. S2CID 128609800.
- "Primary and Secondary Minerals". Lawr.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
- Butler, Bert (December 1, 1919). "Primary (Hypogene) Sulphate Minerals in Ore Deposits". Economic Geology. 14 (8): 581–609. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.14.8.581 – via GeoscienceWorld.
- ^ Nanzyo, Kanno, Masami, Hitoshi (2018). Inorganic Constituents in Soil. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-981-13-1214-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mcqueen, Kenneth (2005). ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND THEIR PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS. Bentley, WA: CRC LEME. p. 3. ISBN 9781921039287.
- ^ Bowell, Cohen, R.J., D.R. (2014). Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) Chapter 13.24 Exploration Geochemistry. Amsterdam ; San Diego, CA, USA.: Elsevier Ltd. p. 635. ISBN 9780080983004.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Sabine Grunwald - Soil and Water Sciences Department - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - UF/IFAS". Soils.ifas.ufl.edu. 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
- "Topic 4 Rocks and Minerals". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- Rickard, T.F.; Ore Deposits: Engineering and Mining Journal, 1903; and Emmons, S.F.; Ore Deposits: A. I. M. E., 1913: pp. 837-846.
- Tarr, W.A.; 1938: Introductory Economic Geology; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., p. 31.
- ^ Tadesse, Makuei, Albijanic, Dyer, Bogale, Fidele, Boris, Laurence (2019). "The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review". Minerals Engineering. 131: 170–184. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.023. S2CID 105940721.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yu, Han, Li, Gao, Jianwen, Yuexin, Yanjun, Peng (2017). "Beneficiation of an iron ore fines by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation". International Journal of Mineral Processing. 168: 1. doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2017.02.001 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bibliography
- Tarr, W.A.; 1938: Introductory Economic Geology; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.