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{{Short description|None}}
India has faced a number of religious riots both before and after its independence. Here is '''list of riots in India''':
India has faced a number of riots both before and after its independence. Here is a '''list of riots in India''':


== Riots in Pre-Independent India ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Riots in India
|- |-
! width="15%" | Name ! style="width:15%;" | Name
! Year ! Year
! Locations ! Locations
Line 14: Line 15:
! Ref ! Ref
|- |-
| ]
| Communal riots due to ]’s religious policy
| 1671-1681
| ], Narnaul, ]
| Protest against ]’s religious policy
| Hindus, Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Destroyed temples and mosques
| <ref>Ali Muhammad Khan Bahadur, Mirat-i-Ahmadi, Calcutta, 1928; English trs. by Lokhandvala, 2 vols., Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1965. I, p. 261. Lal, K. S. (1992). The legacy of Muslim rule in India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. Chapter 6</ref>
|-
| ]
| 1832 (6 to 7 June) | 1832 (6 to 7 June)
| South Mumbai | ]
| Protest by Parsis against the British government's killing of stray dogs | Protest by Punjab against the British government's killing of stray dogs

| ] | ]
| None | None
| None | None
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="maddog">Pg 125 {{cite book|last=Palsetia|first=Jesse S.|title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City|publisher=BRILL|year=2001|pages=368|isbn=978-90-04-12114-0}}</ref> | <ref name="maddog">Pg 125 {{cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0 |page=368}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] 1851 | ]
| October 1851 | October 1851
|]
|
| Protests by Muslims against the ''Chitra Dynan Darpan'' owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of ] and his history. | Protests by Muslims against the ''Chitra Dynan Darpan'' owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of the ] ] and his history.
| Parsis <br />Muslims | Parsis <br />Muslims
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
|<ref name="maddog2">Pg 188&ndash;189 {{cite book|last=Palsetia|first=Jesse S.|title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City|publisher=BRILL|year=2001|pages=368|isbn=978-90-04-12114-0}}</ref> |<ref name="maddog2">Pg 188–189 {{cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0 |page=368}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 49: Line 41:
| Linked to the Broach riots | Linked to the Broach riots
| Parsis <br /> Muslims | Parsis <br /> Muslims
| 2 Parsis murdered | 2 Parsis murdered
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="maddog2" /> | <ref name="maddog2" />
|- |-
| ] 1874 | ] 1874
| 13 February 1874 | 13 February 1874
| |
Line 62: Line 54:
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="maddog2" /> | <ref name="maddog2" />
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1882 | 1882
| ], ] | ]
| Objection by Muslims to a Hindu religious procession through a Mosque
| Objection of Hindus to the construction of a mosque by the Muslims on the path of a Hindu religious procession
| ] <br /> ] | Hindus <br />Muslims
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| N/A | N/A
| |
|- |-
|Shahabad Riots
| ]
|1917
| 1920-1921
|], ]
|Communal harmony disrupted due to the practice of cow slaughter on ]
|''Hindus,Muslims''
|''Unknown''
|''Unknown''
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=9781317559825 |pages=98 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|Katarpur Riot
|1918
|], ]
|Various
|Hindus
|Muslims
|N/A
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thursby |first=Gene |title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=978-90-04-04380-0 |location=Netherlands |pages=82 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 1920–1921
| ] | ]
| Religious leaders spearheaded the Hindu genocide of 1921, which led to the massacre of thousands of Hindus, forcible conversions, rape of Hindu women and children and destruction of Hindu properties and places of worship, many call it Khilafat aftermath in the ] of ].
| Against ] in India, rose to make freedom from British rule
| ]s<br />
| Hindus and <br /> Muslims Vs <br /> ]
]<br />
| N/A
]
| N/A
| approx 10000 hindus killed and 100k have to leave their homeland{{cn|date=October 2023}}

| <ref> ''The Future of Indian politics'', Annie Besant,</ref><ref name="Ambedkar">{{citation|last=Ambedkar|first=B.R.|title=Pakistan, or the partition of India. |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307c.html#part_4|year=1945}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite book |last=Besant |first=Annie Wood |url=http://archive.org/details/futureofindianpo00besarich |title=The future of Indian politics; a contribution to the understanding of present-day problems |date=1922 |publisher=Adyar, India, Theosophical Pub. House |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref name="Ambedkar">{{citation |last=Ambedkar |first=B.R. |title=Pakistan, or the partition of India. |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307c.html#part_4 |year=1945}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| Peshawar riots
| March 21–24, 1910
| ], ], ]
| Annual Hindu festival of ] coincided with ], the annual Muslim day of mourning.
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| At least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus
| Hundreds
| At least 451 shops and homes, Rs. 50 lakhs of damage
| <ref name="1910Riots">Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "" In ''''. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020</ref><ref name="1921Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163|jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=10 February 2023 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables |year=1922 }}</ref>{{efn|"The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."<ref name="1921Census"/>{{rp|92–93}}}}{{efn|"On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|23–24}}}}{{efn|On 21st March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|24}}}}{{efn|Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21st March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|24}}}}{{efn|When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23rd March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan “Maro Hindu Ko”.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|25}}}}
|- |-
| 1921 - 1922 riots | 1921–1922 riots
| April 1921- March 1922 | April 1921–March 1922
| Bengal, ], Multan | ], ], ]
| Many riots occurred during ], other causes | Many riots occurred during ], other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| Unknown | Unknown
| Unknown | Unknown
| Various | Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| Riots in Kohat | Riots in Kohat
| 1924 | 1924
| ] | ]
| Hindu–Muslim tension
| Riots were triggered by the publication of an anti-Islamic pamphlet
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br />
| 155 | 155
| Unknown | Unknown
| Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage | Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| 1924-1925 riots | 1924–1925 riots
| April 1924- March 1925 | April 1924- March 1925
| Delhi, Nagpur, Lahore, Lucknow, Moradabad, Bhagalpur, Gulbarga,Shahajahanpur, Kankinarah, Kohat and Allahabad | ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Kankinarah, Kohat and ]
| Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Various | Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/>
| Unknown
|-
| Unknown
| 1925-1926 riots
| Various
| April 1925- March 1926
| <ref name="Ambedkar" />
| ], the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Berar, Gujarat, Sholapur
|-
| 1925–1926 riots
| April 1925–March 1926
| ], the ], the ], ], ], ], ]
| Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes | Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 44+ | 44+
| 584+ | 584+
| Damage to temples and mosques | Damage to temples and mosques
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| 1926-1927 riots | 1926–1927 riots
| April 1926- March 1927 | April 1926–March 1927
| ],Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces , Bombay Presidency, Sind | Delhi, Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, ]
| Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes | Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 28+ | 28+
| 226+ | 226+
| Unknown | Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| 1927-1928 riots | 1927–1928 riots
| April 1927- March 1928 | April 1927- March 1928
| ], Bihar(2), Orissa(2), Punjab (2), Bettiah, United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal(2), Delhi(1) | ], ] (2), ](2), Punjab (2), ], United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal (2), Delhi(1)
| Caused by the publication of ] and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes | Caused by the publication of ] and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 103+ | 103+
| 1084+ | 1084+
| Unknown | Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| ] | ]
| September 4, 1927 | September 4, 1927
| ], ] | Nagpur, Maharashtra
| Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots | Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots
| Hindus <br />Muslims | Hindus <br />Muslims
Line 153: Line 177:
| |
|- |-
| 1928-1929 riots | 1928–1929 riots
| April 1928 - March 1929 | April 1928–March 1929
| 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the ] riots. Other riots in Punjab, Kharagpur, and other places. | 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the ] riots. Other riots in Punjab, ], and other places.
| Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes | Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 204+ (149 in Bombay) | 204+ (149 in Bombay)
| Nearly 1000 | Nearly 1000
| Unknown | Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|-
| 1929-1930 riots
| April 1929 - March 1930
| 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places.
| Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 35+
| 200+
| Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/>
|- |-
| ] | 1929–1930 riots
| April 1929–March 1930
| 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places.
| Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 35+
| 200+
| Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|-
| Bombay riots of 1930
| 1930 | 1930
| various | various
| Protests against the ] | Protests against the ]
| Indian <br /> British government | Indian <br /> British government
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="nty">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/23/archives/troops-called-out-for-bombay-riots-but-deluge-sends-crowd-on-run.html|title=Troops called out for Bombay Riots|date=1930-06-23|work=]|accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref> | <ref name="nty">{{cite news |date=1930-06-23 |title=Troops called out for Bombay Riots |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/23/archives/troops-called-out-for-bombay-riots-but-deluge-sends-crowd-on-run.html |accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1930-1931 riots | 1930–1931 riots
| April 1930 - March 1931 | April 1930 – March 1931
| Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, Assam, Sukkur (Sind) | Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, ], ] (Sind)
| Various | Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| Unknown | Unknown
| Unknown | Unknown
| Unknown | Unknown
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| 1931-1932 riots | 1931–1932 riots
| April 1931 - March 1932 | April 1931–March 1932
| Cawnpore, other places | ], other places
| Various | Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 300-500 | 300-500
| Unknown | Unknown
| Damage to temples and other property | Damage to temples and other property
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| 1933-1934 riots | 1933–1934 riots
| April 1933 - March 1934 | April 1933–March 1934
| Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, Peshawar, Ayodhya,... | Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, ], ],...
| During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the ] in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal | During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the ] in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal in court.
| Hindus, Sikhs <br /> Muslims | Hindus, Sikhs <br /> Muslims
| Unknown | Unknown
| Unknown | Unknown
| Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/>
|-
| 1936 riots
| 1936
| Firozabad, Bombay, other
| Various | Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|-
| 1936 riots
| 1936
| ], Bombay, other
| Various
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|-
| 1937 riots
| 1937
| ], ], Amritsar
| During Holi, other causes
| Hindus, Sikhs <br /> Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|-
| 1939 riots
| 1939
| Benares, Cawnpore, Sukkur (Sind), other
| Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at ] over a mosque, a temple vandalized by Muslims, other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/>
|-
| 1937 riots
| 1937
| Panipat, Madras, Amritsar
| During Holi, other causes
| Hindus, Sikhs <br /> Muslims
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/>
|-
| 1939 riots
| 1939
| Benares,Cawnpore,Sukkur (Sind), other
| Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at ] over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus, other causes
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 151+ | 151+
| 58+ | 58+
| Various | Various
| <ref name="Ambedkar"/> | <ref name="Ambedkar" />
|- |-
| ] | ]
| August 1946 | August 1946
| ], ] | Calcutta, Bengal
| Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims feared that if the British just pulled out, Muslims would surely suffer at the hands of overwhelming Hindu majority. | Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims wanted a separate country for Muslims fearing that Hindus will suppress their community and that fear lead to killing and looting of Hindus.
| Hindus <br> Muslims | Hindus <br />Muslims <br />
| 4,000 | 4,000
| N/A | N/A
| 100,000 homeless | 100,000 homeless
| <ref name="Burrows">{{cite book|last=Burrows|first=Frederick|authorlink=Frederick Burrows|title=Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell|publisher=The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107|year=1946}}</ref> | <ref name="Burrows">{{cite book |last=Burrows |first=Frederick |title=Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell |publisher=The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107 |year=1946 |author-link=Frederick Burrows}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| October–November 1946 | October–November 1946
| ], ] (now in ]) | ] and ] districts of Bengal (now in Bangladesh)
| Widespread killing of Hindus and looting of Hindu shops, businesses, and homes. An attempt to either kill or make the Hindus flee from Noakhali and go to newly founded republic of India.
|
| Hindus <br> Muslims | Hindus <br />Muslims <br />
| 5,000 | 5,000 killed
| N/A | N/A
| 50,000 Hindus remained marooned | 50,000 remained marooned
| <ref name="time">{{cite magazine |title=India: Written in Blood |author= |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804007,00.html |magazine=Time |date=28 October 1946 |page=42 |url-access=subscription |quote=Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed}}</ref><ref name="khan68-69">{{cite book |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=9780300120783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC |pages=68–69}}</ref> | <ref name="time">{{cite magazine |date=28 October 1946 |title=India: Written in Blood |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804007,00.html |magazine=Time |page=42 |quote=Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="khan68-69">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780300120783 |pages=–69 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
|}

== Riots In Post-Independent India ==

=== From Independence to 2000 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Name
! Year
! Locations
! Cause
! Factions
! Deaths
! Wounded
! Damage
! Ref
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1957 | 1957
| ] | ]
| After ] people objected to electoral victory of ] candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections | After ] people objected to electoral victory of ] candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections
| ]<br /> ] <br /> Tamil Nadu police | ]<br /> ] <br /> Tamil Nadu police
| 38 | 38
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| 2,842 houses burnt | 2,841 houses burnt
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-agitation-by-backward-vanniyar-community-rocks-tamil-nadu-799377-1987-10-14 | title=Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu }}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 4-9 February, 1961
| ], ]
| This riot was linked to the emergence of a small class of successful Muslim entrepreneurs who created a new economic rivalry between Hindu and Muslim communities. Also, media and press gave communal tone to crime incident by two Muslim boys, which lead to widespread violence.
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 55<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXr5AAAAIAAJ |title=Communal Riots After Independence: A Comprehensive Account |date=2004 |publisher=Shipra |isbn=9788175411500|page=32|language=en}}</ref>
| 200+
| These riots shook ] as he never expected communal riots of such intensity in independent India. Hindu nationalist organizations including ABVP, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh played a major role in this riot. Officially 55 were killed, though according to unofficial accounts, 200 were killed. Nehru responded by lambasting the Bhopal Congress government which was being headed by Chief Minister ]. He angrily noted that Congress leaders were found to be 'sitting inside their houses like purdah ladies' during riots<ref name="Another India: The Making of the World's Largest Muslim Minority, 1947–77 - Pratinav Anil - Google Books">{{cite book | author = Pratinav Anil | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Hurst Publishers | title= Another India: The Making of the World's Largest Muslim Minority, 1947–77 | year=2023| isbn = 978-1-80526-074-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YUK5EAAAQBAJ }}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite book | author = Christophe Jaffrelot | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Penguin Books India | title= The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation | year=1999|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC| page = 165 | isbn = 978-0-14-024602-5 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-india-must-recall-1961-madhya-pradesh-communal-violence-today|title=Why India Must Recall 1961 Madhya Pradesh Communal Violence Today|work=NewsClick|access-date=2023-09-17}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| October 3, 1961
| ]
| Rumor a Hindu student was killed on the campus of Aligarh University
| Hindu and Muslim student organizations
| 14
| |
| "After the Jabalpur riots, which badly shook the Indian leadership and the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, further violence flared up in Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), just before the 1962 general elections. The city is famous for the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), whose students are predominantly Muslim and which has claimed minority status for years. During the student-union elections of October 1961, not a single Hindu student was elected. Muslims held a victory procession, provoking counter-demonstrations by activists from the BJS (Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Indian People’s Alliance) and the ABVP. A clash subsequently broke out between Muslim and Hindu students in a university hostel. A rumor that a Hindu student had been killed on campus sparked off violence in the city on October 3. University employees were assaulted by students from the town’s Hindu colleges. The riot claimed 14 lives, mostly Muslim."
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947-1986) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-i-1947-1986.html |website=]}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| January 1964
| ]
| Retaliation for Muslim attacks on Hindus during ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 264<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Home Affairs |first=Government of India |author-link=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |date=11 February 1964 |title=Communal Disturbances in West Bengal: Shri G. L. Nanda's Statement in Parliament |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveFirstPhase/HOME%20AFFAIRS/1964/HOM-1964-02-11-6015.pdf |website=] |page=3 |id=6015}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=25 July 1964 |title=Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan |page=1 |work=] |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1310-1962-xx-xx-KS-a-JZW.pdf |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huda |first=Kashif ul |date=2009-05-23 |title=Communal Riots and Jamshedpur |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/21/commentary/communal-riots-and-jamshedpur.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 1965 |title=Recurrent Exodus of Minorities from East Pakistan and Disturbances in India |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/India-minorities-East-Pakistan-fact-finding-report-1965-eng.pdf |website=] |page=307}}</ref>
| 430+
| The Muslim community in Calcutta felt more segregated and fearful than ever before. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 residents fled their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Anwesha |title=Calcutta's Muslims after Partition |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/calcuttas-muslims-after-partition-2961151 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Daily Star |date=14 February 2022 |language=en |quote=more than 70,000 Calcutta hindus fled their homes during these riots}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-01-12 |title=TOLL IN CALCUTTA PUT AT 60 IN RIOTS; Mob Kills 3 Policemen —Army Units Moved In |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/12/archives/toll-in-calcutta-put-at-60-in-riots-hindu-mob-kills-3-policemen.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANNEX II (7) Survey on Hindu Muslim Riots (1917 to 1977) {{!}} Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying |url=https://dahd.nic.in/related-links/annex-ii-7-survey-hindu-muslim-riots-1917-1977 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=dahd.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| 1966 Hindu Sikh riots
| 9 March 1966
| Old Delhi|]
| March 14 Hindus and Sikhs battled in New Delhi's streets today as a wave of violence over proposals for a Punjabi-speaking state spread. Following violence in Delhi stoning and casual violence also erupted in Ludhiana, Patiala, Jalandhar and in Panipat 3 congressmen were burnt alive including close associate of Bhagat Singh generally believed to be orchestrated by Jan Sangh who were anti of Punjabi speaking state.
| Sikhs
Hindus
| 3 people died and around hundreds were injured,
| N/A
| N/A
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 277: Line 357:
| ] | ]
| Anti-Urdu agitations | Anti-Urdu agitations
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus
Muslims
| 184 | 184
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. | 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.
| <ref name="sghosh1"> ''State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat'',Srikanta Ghosh,1997</ref> | <ref name="sghosh1">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Srikanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGyO0E86X1oC&q=hatia&pg=PA81 |title=Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians |date=1997 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-866-8 |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| September - October 1969 | September – October 1969
| ] | Gujarat
| Desecration of ] and ] | Desecration of a ] and subsequently of a Hindu ].
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus<br /> Muslims
| 512 | 512
| 1084 | 1084
| Property worth 42 million Rupees destroyed | Property of muslims worth 42 million Rupees destroyed
| <ref name="costa1"> ''Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians'',Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai, Wilfred D'Costa, 1994</ref> | <ref name="costa1">{{Cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Akshayakumar Ramanlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubk4qXLI9AQC&pg=PA99 |title=State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat |last2=D'Costa |first2=Wilfred |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-702-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| February – 1969
| Bombay
| KA-MH border dispute.
| Kannadigas<br />Marathis
| 59
| 274
| February 1969 Thackeray unleashes his goons against Kannadigas. 59 dead, 274 wounded, 151 cops injured in week of riots.
| <ref>.</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1974 | 1974
| ], ] | Mumbai, Maharashtra
| Police attempting to disperse a ] rally where speaker allegedly made objectionable remarks about Hindu deities
| Reservation issue
| Shiv Sena<br />Buddhist | Shiv Sena <br/> Dalit
| 1 | 1
| |
|<ref>, ''Tooth and Claw'', Outlook, 2012</ref> |<ref>.</ref>
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| August 1980 | August 1980
| ] | Moradabad
| Policemen's refusal to remove pig from ] | Policemen's refusal to remove pig from ]
| ] <br /> Muslims | ] <br /> Muslims
| 400 | 400
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. | 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.
| <ref name="kgandhi1"> ''Economic and Political Weekly'',Krishna Gandhi ,1980</ref> | <ref name="kgandhi1">{{Cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Krishna |date=1980 |title=Anatomy of the Moradabad Riots |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369047 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=15 |issue=36 |pages=1505–1507 |jstor=4369047 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
|-
| 1981 Bihar riots
| May 1981
| ]
| Dispute over land between Yadavs (an agricultural caste) and Muslims .
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 45
| 70
| N/A
|
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/bihar-violence-biharsharif-indira-gandhi-forty-years-ago-7302177 | title=May 5, 1981, Forty Years Ago: Bihar violence | date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 1982 Meerut riots
| July 1982
| ]
| Dispute over land between Muslim advocate and Municipality .
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 100
| 126
| N/A
| <ref name="aneeschisti1">{{Cite journal |last=Chisti |first=Anees |date=1982|title=Meerut: Anatomy of a Riot|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4371519 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=17 |issue=44 |pages=1765-1768 |jstor=4371519}}</ref>
|-
|- |-
| ] | ]
| February 1983 | February 1983
| ] | ]
| Kidnapping and murder of 5 ] tribals and alleged rape of two Lalung girls by Bengali Muslims. More broadly, ].
| Tensions between Hindus and Muslims
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Assamese ]
| 2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+) | 2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+)
| ''Unknown'' | ''Unknown''
| |
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=2023-02-11 |title=Bloodstained road to Nellie: Trail of destruction I saw after the 1983 massacre in Assam |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/first-person-second-draft/bloodstained-road-to-nellie-trail-of-destruction-i-saw-after-the-1983-massacre-in-assam/1365974/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| May 1984 | May 1984
| ] | ]
| Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque | Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque.
| ] <br /> Muslims | ] <br /> Muslims
| 278 | 278
| 1,115 | 1,115
| N/A | N/A
| <ref> ''Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay'',Thomas Blom Hansen ,2001</ref> | <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Thomas Blom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&q=bhiwandi |title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay |date=2001-11-18 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08840-2 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1984 Hyderabad riots
| August-September 1984
| ]
| Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event in Old City caused violence .
| Hindus
Muslims
| 4
| 100
|Mobs set fire to 100 shops and houses in the capital of Andhra Pradesh state
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Suryasarathi |date=2 March 2020 |title=In Deepa Dhanraj's 1984 film on Hyderabad riots, a record of early signs of communalism in Indian politics|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/in-deepa-dhanrajs-1984-film-on-hyderabad-riots-a-record-of-early-signs-of-communalism-in-indian-politics-7466891.html |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984 | 31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984
| Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar
| ] and ]
| ] by her two Sikh bodyguards | ] by her two Sikh bodyguards
| ]
| Indian National Congress (INC) <br /> Sikhs
]
| 2,800
|3,350 (Government figures)
8,000‐17,000 (Independent estimate)
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/1984-anti-sikh-riots-calls-justice-india-160815061930857.html |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Calls for justice in India |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Shriya |date=8 October 2016 |publisher=]}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Shriya |date=8 October 2016 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Calls for justice in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/1984-anti-sikh-riots-calls-justice-india-160815061930857.html |publisher=]}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
|February –August 1985
|
| ] | ]
|Anger among upper castes about proposed increases to reservation for backward classes. Later the riot turned communal and Bhartiya Janta Party and Vishwa Hindu Parishad workers attacked Muslims houses. Muslims who had no role to play in the reservation policy of ] government were victimized.
|
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 275 | 275
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| |
|-
| ]
| February–March 1986
| ]
| Construction of a mosque at the site of an ancient Hindu Temple
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
|
|
| Hindu Temples, shops vandalised
| <ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 1986 |title=India's Kashmir Torn by Its Attraction to Pakistan - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-19-mn-6190-story.html |website=]}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 360: Line 497:
| 159 | 159
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="hansen1"> ''Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres'',Brenda.K.Uekert ,1995</ref> | <ref name="hansen1">{{Cite book |last=Uekert |first=Brenda K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&dq=Meerut+1987+riots+Maliana&pg=PA97 |title=Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres |date=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-95165-8 |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | 1987 Delhi riots
| 19–22 May 1987 | 19–22 May 1987
| ] | Delhi
| Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi | Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 8 - 15 | 8 – 15
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref> | <ref name="sciencespo1986">{{cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | 1988 Aurangabad violence
| 17–20 May 1988 | 17–20 May 1988
| ] | ]
Line 380: Line 517:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | 1988 Muzaffarnagar
| 8–11 October 1988 | 8–11 October 1988
| ] | ]
Line 390: Line 527:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1988 Karnataka Bidar riots
| 1989 Bombay (Maharashtra)
| 14–16 September 1988
| ]
| Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event and over demanding donations from Sikhs
| Sikhs <br /> Hindus(VHP)
| 6 Sikh students killed, 30 injured and
| N/A
| Property worth lakhs destroyed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka: Sikhs students killed by mobs of local residents in Bidar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19881015-karnataka-sikhs-students-killed-by-mobs-of-local-residents-in-bidar-797799-1988-10-14 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1989 Jammu anti-Sikh riots
| 13 January 1989
| ]
| Some Sikh pilgrims displaying Satwant Singh and Beant Singh posters during Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti
| Sikhs <br /> Shiv Sena
| 15 Sikhs killed, hundreds injured and property worth crores destroyed
| N/A
| N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
|-
| 1989 Bombay
| 24 February 1989 | 24 February 1989
| ] | Bombay
| Protests against book The Satanic Verses | Protests against book The Satanic Verses
| Muslims | Muslims
Line 400: Line 557:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1989 Kota Rajasthan violence | 1989 Kota violence
| 14 September 1989 | 14 September 1989
| ] | ]
| Religious procession | Religious procession
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 410: Line 567:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1989 Badaun (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1989 Badaun violence
| 28 September 1989 | 28 September 1989
| ] | ]
| Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language | Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 420: Line 577:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1989 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) violence | 1989 Indore violence
| 14 October 1989 | 14 October 1989
| ] | ]
Line 430: Line 587:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 22-28 October 1989 | 22–28 October 1989
| ] | Bhagalpur
| Religious procession | Religious procession and false rumors about the killing of Hindu students
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 1000+ | 1000+
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
|1989 Kashmir |]
|1989–1990
Violence
|Kashmir
|1989-1990
|Radical Islamist Militancy in valley
|Kashmir
|Jihad spread by Muslims in valley |Militants <br /> Muslims
Kashmiri Hindus
|
|200-1341 |200-1341
| |
Line 453: Line 610:
| |
|- |-
| ] | 1990 Gujarat violence
| April - October 1990 | April–October 1990
| ] | Gujarat
| Political procession | Political procession
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 461: Line 618:
| N/A | N/A
| Looting of shops | Looting of shops
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Colonelganj (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1990 Colonelganj violence
| 30 September 1990 | 30 September 1990
| ] | ]
Line 471: Line 628:
| N/A | N/A
| Looting of shops | Looting of shops
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Karnataka violence | 1990 Karnataka violence
| October 1990 | October 1990
| ], ], ], ], ] | ], ], ], ], ]
| Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state | Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 481: Line 638:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://puclkarnataka.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Events.of_.December.1992.pdf|title=Karnataka: Events of December 1992 |}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka: Events of December 1992 |url=http://puclkarnataka.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Events.of_.December.1992.pdf}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Rajasthan violence | 1990 Rajasthan violence
Line 491: Line 648:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 ] | 1990 ]
| October, November 1990 | October, November 1990
| ] | Ayodhya
| Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians | Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians
| Hindus | Hindus
| 60+ | 16
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1990 | 1990
| ] | ]
| Due to Hindus partly demolishing ] | Due to Hindus partly demolishing ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 511: Line 668:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="htimes1"> ''Hindustan Times'', 2008</ref><ref name="nytimes"> ''NYTimes'', 1990</ref> | <ref name="htimes1">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Hyderabad (AP) December 8, 1990 over 200 dead - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hyderabad-ap-december-8-1990-over-200-dead/article1-348781.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114050520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hyderabad-ap-december-8-1990-over-200-dead/article1-348781.aspx |archive-date=2014-01-14 |access-date=2022-10-06 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1990-12-10 |title=Muslim-Hindu Riots in India Leave 93 Dead in 3 Days |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/10/world/muslim-hindu-riots-in-india-leave-93-dead-in-3-days.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Aligarh riots | ]
| 1990 | 1990
| ] | ]
Line 523: Line 680:
| <ref>The Hindu, 9/12/1990. Frontline, 22/12/1990.</ref> | <ref>The Hindu, 9/12/1990. Frontline, 22/12/1990.</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) riots | 1990 Kanpur riots
| 1990 | 1990
| ] | Kanpur
| Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned | Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 531: Line 688:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Agra (Uttar Pradesh) riots | 1990 Agra riots
| 1990 | 1990
| ] | ]
Line 541: Line 698:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-349-24867-4_6|title=Dharma Yudh: Communal Violence, Riots and Public Space in Ayodhya and Agra City, 1990 and 1992|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Jayati |title=Riots and Pogroms |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Gyaneshwar |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-333-66976-1 |pages=177–200 |chapter=Dharma Yudh: Communal Violence, Riots and Public Space in Ayodhya and Agra City, 1990 and 1992 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-24867-4_6}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 Gonda riots | 1990 Gonda riots
Line 553: Line 710:
| <ref>(Frontline 27/10–09/11/1990); (Sunday 14–20/10/1990); (India Today 31/10/1990)</ref> | <ref>(Frontline 27/10–09/11/1990); (Sunday 14–20/10/1990); (India Today 31/10/1990)</ref>
|- |-
| 1990 ] (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1990 Khurja violence
| 1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5 | 1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5
| ] | ]
Line 561: Line 718:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397832?seq=1|title=Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Uma |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Prem |last3=Dutta |first3=Pradip |last4=Hasan |first4=Zoya |last5=Sangari |first5=Kumkum |last6=Sarkar |first6=Tanika |year=1992 |title=Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=27 |issue=18 |pages=951–965 |jstor=4397832}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 571: Line 728:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/O91EFRDbElQs3UQIoryARL/In-Odisha-a-riot-postmortem-you-dont-hear-often.html|title=In Odisha, a riot postmortem you don’t hear often|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=In Odisha, a riot postmortem you don't hear often |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/O91EFRDbElQs3UQIoryARL/In-Odisha-a-riot-postmortem-you-dont-hear-often.html}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1991 Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1991 Saharanpur violence
| 1991; March 27 | 1991; March 27
| ] | ]
Line 581: Line 738:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1991 Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1991 Kanpur violence
| 1991; May 19 | 1991; May 19
| ] | Kanpur
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 591: Line 748:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1991 Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1991 Meerut violence
| 1991; May 20 | 1991; May 20
| ] | Meerut
| Election violence | Election violence
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 601: Line 758:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1991 Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) violence | 1991 Varanasi violence
| 1991; November 8 and 13 | 1991; November 8 and 13
| ] | Meerut
| ] procession attacked | ] procession attacked
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 611: Line 768:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo1986" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 1991
| ]
| Tensions between ] and ] after ]
| Kannadigas
Tamils
| 16
| N/A
| Officially 16 Tamils were killed but real estimate is much higher and Mass exodus of Tamils, more than 200,000 from various parts of Karnataka
|<ref>{{cite web |title=result of anti-tamil riots
|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/09/12/cauvery-violence-mayhem-in-bengaluru-attacks-on-kannadigas-and-tamils}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Sitamarhi (Bihar) violence | 1992 Sitamarhi violence
| 1992; October 2–9 | 1992; October 2–9
| ] | ]
Line 621: Line 790:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19921031-communal-riots-expose-laloos-promises-in-bihar-767078-2012-12-27|title=Communal riots expose Laloo's promises in Bihar|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |title=Communal riots expose Laloo's promises in Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19921031-communal-riots-expose-laloos-promises-in-bihar-767078-2012-12-27}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Surat (Gujarat) | 1992 Surat
| 1992; October 2–9 | 1992; October 2–9
| ] | ]
Line 631: Line 800:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2074-75/the_nightmare_of_surat.pdf|title=The Nightmare of Surat | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Nightmare of Surat |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2074-75/the_nightmare_of_surat.pdf}}</ref><ref name="sciencespo1986" />
|}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]
| ]
| 6 December 1992 – 26 January 1993
| 1991
| ] |]
| Tensions between ] and ] after ]
| Tamils <br /> Kannadigas
| 16
| N/A
| Mass exodus of Tamils, up to 50000, from Karnataka
| <ref name="nytimes1"> ''New York Times'', 1992</ref>
|-
| 1992 ]
| December 1992, January 1993
| Various
| Protests over the demolition of the ] | Protests over the demolition of the ]
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus<br /> Muslims
| 250 | 900
| |
| |
| |
|-
| 1992 Surat (Gujarat)
| 1992; October 2–9
| ]
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 200+
| N/A
| N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Karnataka | 1992 Karnataka
| 1992; December 6–13 | 1992; December 6–13
| ], ], ], ] | ], ], ], ]
| After Urdu News is broadcast in ] | Commencement of ]-language news broadcasts in ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 30 | 30
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence |url=https://www.questia.com/read/9049486/legacy-of-a-divided-nation-india-s-muslims-since |publisher=Westview Press |accessdate=27 July 2014 |year=1997}} {{Subscription required |via=]}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |year=1997 |title=Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence |url=https://www.questia.com/read/9049486/legacy-of-a-divided-nation-india-s-muslims-since |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309054726/https://www.questia.com/read/9049486/legacy-of-a-divided-nation-india-s-muslims-since |archive-date=2016-03-09 |publisher=Westview Press |accessdate=}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Kanpur | 1992 Kanpur
| 1992; December 6–11 | 1992; December 6–11
| ] | Kanpur
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 254 | 254
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kanpur-up-december-8-1992-254-dead/story-uGV4h8BANZbfv5wf1BKZQO.html|title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)|publisher=Hindustan Times|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2008 |title=Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011) |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kanpur-up-december-8-1992-254-dead/story-uGV4h8BANZbfv5wf1BKZQO.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Assam | ]
| 1992; December 7–8 | 1992; December 7–8
| ] and ] districts
| ]
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 90+ | 90+
| N/A | N/A
| As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged | As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/assam-reopens-92-riots-case/cid/885436|title=ASSAM REOPENS '92 RIOTS CASE|publisher=Telegraph India|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |title=Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/assam-reopens-92-riots-case/cid/885436 |publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Rajasthan | 1992 Rajasthan
| 1992; December 7–9 | 1992; December 7–9
| ] | ]
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 60 | 60
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2|title=ASSAM REOPENS '92 RIOTS CASE|publisher=Telegraph India|}}</ref> | <ref name="sciencespoii">{{cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2 |publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Calcutta | 1992 Calcutta
| 1992; December 7–1 | 1992; December 7–1
| ] | Calcutta
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 35 | 35
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespoii" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2|title=ASSAM REOPENS '92 RIOTS CASE|publisher=Telegraph India|}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Bhopal | 1992 Bhopal
| 1992; December 7–15 | 1992; December 7–15
| ] | ]
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy | ]
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 175 | 175
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/when-all-hell-broke-loose-in-bhopal/story-cn0BTC9BMAokDHUwGsi8HK.html|title=When all hell broke loose in Bhopal|publisher=Hindustan Times|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2012 |title=When all hell broke loose in Bhopal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/when-all-hell-broke-loose-in-bhopal/story-cn0BTC9BMAokDHUwGsi8HK.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1992 Delhi | 1992 Delhi
| 1992; December 10 | 1992; December 10
| ] | Delhi
| False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence | False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 20 | 53
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2|title=HINDU-MUSLIM COMMUNAL RIOTS IN INDIA II (1986-2011)|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref> | <ref name="sciencespo2">{{cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2 |publisher=SciencesPo}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1994 Hubli
| 1993 ]
| 1993; January 6–20
| ]
| Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy
| Hindus <br /> Muslims
| 1500
| N/A
| N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title2|title=HINDU-MUSLIM COMMUNAL RIOTS IN INDIA II (1986-2011)|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref>
|-
| 1994 Hubli (Karnataka)
| 1994; August 15 | 1994; August 15
| ] | ]
| National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli | National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 752: Line 890:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/04%20COMMUNAL%20RIOTS/A%20-%20%20ANTI-MUSLIM%20RIOTS/05%20-%20KARNATAKA/05.pdf|title=The flag without tears|publisher=University of Pune|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |title=The flag without tears |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/04%20COMMUNAL%20RIOTS/A%20-%20%20ANTI-MUSLIM%20RIOTS/05%20-%20KARNATAKA/05.pdf |publisher=University of Pune}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1994 Bangalore (Karnataka) | 1994 Bangalore
| 1994; October 6–8 | 1994; October 6–8
| ] | Bangalore
| Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program | Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 762: Line 900:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3|title=Hindu Muslim riots in India|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref> | <ref name="sciencespo3">{{cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Hindu Muslim riots in India |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3 |publisher=SciencesPo}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1997 Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) | ]
| 1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14 | 1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14
| ] | ]
Line 772: Line 910:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo3" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3|title=Hindu Muslim riots in India|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref>
|}

=== Post 2000 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Name
! Year
! Locations
! Cause
! Factions
! Deaths
! Wounded
! Damage
! Ref
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 27 February - 2 March 2002 | 27 February – 2 March 2002
| ] | Gujarat
| The ] in ] on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims ] returning from ] triggered the violence. | The ] in ] on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 69 Hindu pilgrims ] returning from ] triggered the violence. The Naroda Patiya massacre took place on 28 February 2002 at Naroda, in Ahmedabad. 97 Muslims were killed by a mob of approximately 5,000 people .
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindu <br /> Muslims
| 1044 Official Figure, 2000 Unofficial
| 2000+
| 2500 | 2500+ official

| |
|<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/14/new-india-gujarat-massacre</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/14/new-india-gujarat-massacre|title = The Gujarat massacre: New India's blood rite {{pipe}} Pankaj Mishra|website = ]|date = 14 March 2012}}</ref>
|- |-
| 2005 Mau (Uttar Pradesh) | 2005 Mau riots
| 2005; October 13–14 | 2005; October 13–14
| ] | ]
| Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims | Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 792: Line 946:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/comm-khan291005.htm|title=Communal Riot in Mau: A Report|publisher=CounterCurrents|}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/comm-khan291005.htm|title=Communal Riot in Mau: A Report|publisher=CounterCurrents}}</ref>
|- |-
| 2005 Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) | 2005 Lucknow riots
| 2006, March 3 | 2006, March 3
| ] | Lucknow
| Danish Mohammed cartoons | Danish Mohammed cartoons
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 802: Line 956:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3|title=2006, March 3: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref> | <ref name="sciencespo4">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3|title=2006, March 3: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)|date=16 April 2019|publisher=SciencesPo}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006 | 1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006
| ] | Gujarat
| Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin | Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus<br /> Muslims
| 8 | 8
| 42 | 42
| |
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Secular Lies of Vadodara |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |url-status=dead |newspaper=Tehelka |date=20 May 2006 |accessdate=2013-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022625/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> |<ref>{{cite news |title=The Secular Lies of Vadodara |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |url-status=dead |newspaper=Tehelka |date=20 May 2006 |accessdate=2013-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022625/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 2007, Dec 24-27
| ]
| Christmas celebrations
| Hindus, Christians
|
| 3-50
|100+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,
100+ Christian institutions burnt down or vandalized,
837+ families left homeless,
700-730 houses (120 belonging to Hindus) were burnt or damaged.
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kandhamal-rises-above-violent-past-on-christmas/article30398875.ece|title = Kandhamal rises above violent past on Christmas|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 December 2019|last1 = Das|first1 = Sib Kumar}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 2008, Aug 25-28
| Kandhamal district
| Murder of ]
| Hindus, Christians
|39-90
|18,000+
|395+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,
54,000+ left homeless,
5,600+ houses ransacked or burnt down,
600+ Villages ransacked
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/10-years-post-kandhamal-riots-let-us-not-forget-how-it-tore-secular-fabric|title=10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric|date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
|- |-
| 2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) | 2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh)
| 2008, July 3–4 | 2008, July 3–4
| ] | Indore
| Conflict revocation of land allotment for the ] in Kashmir | Conflict revocation of land allotment for the ] in Kashmir
| Hindus <br /> Muslims | Hindus <br /> Muslims
Line 822: Line 1,002:
| N/A | N/A
| N/A | N/A
| <ref name="sciencespo4" />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011.html#title3|title=2006, March 3: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)|publisher=SciencesPo|}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 20 July – 15 September 2012
| Assam
| Killing of 4 Bodo youths by unidentified miscreants
| Bodos, Bengali Muslims
| 77+
|
| 4 lakhs displaced temporarily
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Timeline-of-the-Bodo-conflict/articleshow/53561499.cms|title=A Timeline of the Bodo conflict|website=]|date=5 August 2016 }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 21 February 2013 | 21 February 2013
| ] | ]
| Muslim cleric was killed by unidentified assailants | Killing of Muslim cleric by unidentified assailants
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Muslims
Hindus
| |
| |
| 200 homes torched | 200 Hindu homes burnt.
|<ref> ''West Bengal: 200 homes torched, shops ransacked in riots'', One India, 2013</ref> |<ref>http://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/21/west-bengal-homes-torched-shops-ransacked-in-riots-1155624.html ''West Bengal: 200 homes torched, shops ransacked in riots'', One India, 2013</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 | 27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013
| ], ] | Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh
| Disputed | Disputed
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus<br /> Muslims
| 62 | 60+
| 93 | 93
| |
|<ref name="arrest">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muzaffarnagar-violence-Over-10000-displaced-10000-arrested/articleshow/22499187.cms | title=Muzaffarnagar violence: Over 10,000 displaced; 10,000 arrested | work=Times of India | date=12 September 2013 | accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> |<ref name="arrest">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muzaffarnagar-violence-Over-10000-displaced-10000-arrested/articleshow/22499187.cms | title=Muzaffarnagar violence: Over 10,000 displaced; 10,000 arrested | work=Times of India | date=12 September 2013 | access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014 | 25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014
| ] | Saharanpur
| Disputed land | Disputed land
| Muslims<br /> Sikhs | Muslims<br /> Sikhs
Line 852: Line 1,043:
| 33 | 33
| |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/saharanpur-clashes-pre-planned-eid-curfew-police-administration/1/374710.html|title=UP cops say Saharanpur riots were well-planned|author=|date=|work=InToday.in|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/saharanpur-clashes-pre-planned-eid-curfew-police-administration/1/374710.html|title=UP cops say Saharanpur riots were well-planned|work=InToday.in|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 Nadia riots
| 5 May 2015
| ], West Bengal
| Religious procession
| Muslims<br /> Hindus
| 4
| 8
| Houses burnt
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vicky|date=2015-05-07|title=Nadia riots: Scale of destruction immense as police study pattern|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nadia-riots-scale-destruction-immense-as-police-study-pattern-1739636.html|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 3 January 2016 | 3 January 2016
| ], ] | ], ]
| Muslim protest against the alleged derogatory remarks towards Muhammad .
| Muslims were protesting the remark of Hindu Mahasabha leader ] made on 3 December 2015 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which allegedly made derogatory remarks against the Muslim prophet Muhammad
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Muslims
Hindus and police
|
|0
| 30+ | 30+
| 500 homes torched | 500 homes torched, destruction of police stations and Hindu temples
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kaliachak-in-malda-turns-ghost-town-48-hrs-after-violence/1/563443.html|title=48 hours after communal riots, Kaliachak in Malda turns ghost town|work=India Today|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/801459/it-was-localised-violence-in-a-crime-prone-area-why-some-newspapers-were-low-key-on-the-malda-violence|title=Why did the media ignore the Malda communal violence?|work=scroll.in|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kaliachak-in-malda-turns-ghost-town-48-hrs-after-violence/1/563443.html|title=48 hours after communal riots, Kaliachak in Malda turns ghost town|work=India Today|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/801459/it-was-localised-violence-in-a-crime-prone-area-why-some-newspapers-were-low-key-on-the-malda-violence|title=Why did the media ignore the Malda communal violence?|work=scroll.in|date=6 January 2016 |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2016 anti-Tamil riots
|13-14 September 2016
|Bengaluru
|Tensions between ] and ] after ]
|Mob, Public
|2 protesters because of police firing
|N/A
|100+ cars, buses, trucks and shops belonging to Tamilians torched in Bangalore thousands of Tamil people flee the city as violence engulfed and ravaged the city
|<ref>{{cite web |title=anti-Tamil riots ravages the Tamil populace once again in the city
|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/13/asia/india-water-dispute/index.html}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| September 22 – 26
| Coimbatore
| Death of ] leader
| Police
Munnani supporters
|
|12
| Destruction of police vans, Muslim-owned properties, Hindu temples
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 12 December 2016 | 12 December 2016
| ] | ]
| refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march | Refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Hindus<br /> Muslims
| |
Line 876: Line 1,100:
| ] | ]
| 2 July 2017 | 2 July 2017
| ], ] | ], West Bengal
| Facebook post by a 11 Class student | Alleged derogatory facebook post by a Hindu student
| Hindus<br /> Muslims | Muslims<br /> Hindus
| |
| 23+ | 23+
| 65 year old Hindu man stabbed to death by a Muslim mob.
| N/A
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh Violence In West Bengal's Basirhat After Police Lathicharge, Several Injured: 10 Updates|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengals-basirhat-tense-after-police-lathicharge-several-injured-10-updates-1721517|work=NDTV.com}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh Violence In West Bengal's Basirhat After Police Lathicharge, Several Injured: 10 Updates|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengals-basirhat-tense-after-police-lathicharge-several-injured-10-updates-1721517|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 25 August 2017 | 25 August 2017
| ], ], ], ] and ] | ], ], ], ] and New Delhi
| Rape conviction of ] | Rape conviction of ]
| ] Followers | ] Followers
| 41+ | 41+
| 300+ | 300+
|Mostly in Police firing to suppress the Destruction.
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Families torn apart in Haryana violence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/families-torn-apart-in-haryana-violence/article19571335.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=4 December 2017|work=]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dera violence: Chargesheet against Honeypreet, 14 others|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-violence-chargesheet-against-honeypreet-14-others/articleshow/61838629.cms|accessdate=4 December 2017|work=]|date=28 November 2017}}</ref> |<ref>{{cite news|title=Families torn apart in Haryana violence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/families-torn-apart-in-haryana-violence/article19571335.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=4 December 2017|work=]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dera violence: Chargesheet against Honeypreet, 14 others|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-violence-chargesheet-against-honeypreet-14-others/articleshow/61838629.cms|accessdate=4 December 2017|work=]|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 17 March 2018, 24 March 2018,
| 24 February 2020 - 27 February 2020

| ]
25 March 2018, 27 March 2018, 28 March
| CAA Protests

| ]<br /> ]
2018 &
| 43

30 March 2018
| Bihar
(17 March Bhagalpur, 24 March Siwan, 25 March ], 27 March Samastipur, 27 March ], 28 March Silao(]), 28 March ], 30 March ])
| Clashes erupted during Ram Navami processions between Hindus and Muslims
| Hindus

Muslims

| 0
| 35+
| 4 Hindu temples vandalized including the Hanuman idols and murtis inside of them broken and one mosque also vandalised, vehicles, shops were burnt
|<ref>{{cite news|title=A fortnight of riots timeline Bihar Violence|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-fortnight-of-riots-timeline-bihar-violence-1703919.html|accessdate=31 May 2017|work=]|date=31 Mar 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020
| ]
| CAA-NRC Protests
| Muslims, Hindu
| 53
| 200+ | 200+
| Hundred of Shops, houses, Bikes burned. | Shops, houses vehicles and mosque
| <ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1">{{citation|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|date=1 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|accessdate=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-1">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=6 March 2020|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-violence-death-toll-rises-to-53/article30992113.ece|title=Delhi violence {{!}} Death toll rises to 53|date=2020-03-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/delhi-riots-official-toll-hurt-cases|title=It's Official: Police Says 53 Dead, 200+ Injured, 2200 Arrests in Delhi Riots|website=The Wire|date=8 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>
|<ref></ref>
|-
| ]
| 11–12 August 2020
| KG Halli and ], eastern Bengaluru
| Protest by Muslims against a derogatory social media post about ].
| Muslims
Police
| 5
| Unknown
| Homes, shops, vehicles and police station
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/article/bengaluru-violence-what-happened-in-bengaluru-last-night-here-s-all-you-need-to-know/635668|title=Bengaluru violence: What happened in Bengaluru last night? Here's all you need to know|date=12 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021 Assam eviction violence
| 24 September 2021
| Dholpur, Darrang district
| Eviction drive against alleged illegal settlers
| Assam police, Illegal settlers
| 2
| 9 policemen injured
| 2 people shot dead by police including 12 year old boy
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-die-in-assam-eviction-drive/article36638255.ece|title = 2 die in Assam eviction drive|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 20 February 2022 – 22 February 2022
| Shivamogga, Karnataka
| Murder of Bajrang Dal activist Harsha
| Bajrang Dal workers
Muslims
| 0
| 20 injured
| 100 vehicles torched, Houses and shops vandalised
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bajrang-dal-worker-killing-curfew-extended-in-shivamogga-for-two-more-days-101645533312251.html|title = Bajrang Dal worker killing: Curfew extended in Shivamogga for two more days|date = 22 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|]
|3 June 2022
|Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
|]
|Muslims
Police
|0
|40+ injured
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People |url=https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|2022 Ranchi violence
|10 June 2022
|Ranchi, Jharkhand
|]
|Muslims
Police
|2
|24 injured
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2022 |first=Satyajeet |last=Kumar |title=Prophet row rocks Ranchi: 2 dead, people warned not to venture out day after violent protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prophet-row-protests-ranchi-2-dead-people-warned-not-to-venture-out-curfew-internet-shutdown-1961055-2022-06-11 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|3 May 2023 - 25 July 2024
|Meitei and Kuki-dominated districts of ]
|Various: Attempt to give Meiteis ST reservation, Manipur govt crackdown on land encroachment, Meitei fears of illegal immigration
|Meiteis
Kukis
|60+
|230+
|Churches, temples, schools, houses, vehicles, public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2023-05-05 |title=Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/indian-troops-ordered-to-shoot-on-sight-amid-violence-in-manipur |access-date=2023-05-06 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=253 churches burnt down during continuing unrest in Manipur: Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/253-churches-burnt-down-during-continuing-unrest-in-manipur-indigenous-tribal-leaders-forum/cid/1944597 |work=Telegraph India |date=13 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-deaths-houses-burnt-police-8941007/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|31 July 2023 - 3 August 2023
|], later ] and ]
|Passage of Hindu procession with rumoured participation of Monu Manesar, a cow vigilante known for murder of several Muslims
|]
Hindus
|7
|200+
|Mosque and public properties were set ablaze by the violent mobs.
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nuh: Mosque set on fire, cleric killed in religious clashes in India's Haryana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66368899 |work=BBC News |date=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Rupam |title=Hindu-Muslim riots expose risk at major Indian business hub |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/hindu-muslim-riots-expose-risk-major-indian-business-hub-2023-08-03/ |work=Reuters |date=3 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023 Shivamogga violence
|28 September 2023 - 3 October 2023
|]
|Cutout of Tipu Sultan being covered by police for being inciteful
|Muslims
police
|0
|230+
|Murders, attacking innocent people, police and public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.
|<ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2023 e977">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Shivamogga violence: Complaints reveal divergent details on turn of events | website=The Hindu | date=2023-10-04 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivamogga-violence-complaints-reveal-divergent-details-on-turn-of-events/article67380729.ece | access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref>
|-
|]
|10 September 2023
|]
|Riots by Hindus who were provoked by abusive comments made by Muslims against Hindu deities Lord Ram & Lady Sita, as well as against the Maratha ruler ]
|Hindus
Muslims
|1
|10
|Shops, houses vehicles and mosques burned or targeted
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 killed, 10 injured in clash over social media post in Maharashtra; 23 held |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-communal-clash-objectionable-social-media-post-satara-2434355-2023-09-11 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|9 February 2024
|]
| Demolition of a madrasa and Masjid as part of a district anti-encroachment drive
| Local residents (mainly Muslim)
Police
| 5
| 100+
| Police station, vehicles, and houses burnt
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Haldwani Violence: 5 dead after demolition of 'illegal' structures|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-dead-14-critically-injured-in-uttarakhand-haldwani-protest-against-demolition-of-madrasa-masjid-curfew-imposed-shoot-on-sight-orders-issued/article67829947.ece}}</ref>
|-
|]
|October 2024
|]
|Communal violence between the Hindus and the Muslims following heated argument over taking procession into a minority-dominated area
|Muslims and Hindus
|
|
|arson
| <ref name="r234">{{cite web | title=Over 25 detained for Bahraich violence during immersion procession; SHO suspended | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-10-14 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/over-25-detained-for-bahraich-violence-during-immersion-procession-sho-suspended-101728885761021.html | access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>
|-
|]
|November 2024
|]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|} |}


Line 908: Line 1,281:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist}}

* https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-agitation-by-backward-vanniyar-community-rocks-tamil-nadu-799377-1987-10-15
==Further reading==


{{Riots in India}} {{Riots in India}}

]
]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 17:05, 14 December 2024

India has faced a number of riots both before and after its independence. Here is a list of riots in India:

Riots in Pre-Independent India

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
Bombay Dog Riots 1832 (6 to 7 June) South Mumbai Protest by Punjab against the British government's killing of stray dogs Parsis None None N/A
Parsi–Muslim riots October 1851 Bombay Protests by Muslims against the Chitra Dynan Darpan owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his history. Parsis
Muslims 		N/A N/A N/A
1857 Bharuch riot May 1857 Broach and Mumbai Linked to the Broach riots Parsis
Muslims 		2 Parsis murdered N/A N/A
Parsi–Muslim riots 1874 13 February 1874 N/A N/A N/A
Salem riots of 1882 1882 Salem, Tamil Nadu Objection by Muslims to a Hindu religious procession through a Mosque Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown N/A
Shahabad Riots 1917 Shahabad, Bihar Communal harmony disrupted due to the practice of cow slaughter on Eid al-Adha Hindus,Muslims Unknown Unknown
Katarpur Riot 1918 Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Various Hindus Muslims N/A
Malabar rebellion 1920–1921 Malabar Religious leaders spearheaded the Hindu genocide of 1921, which led to the massacre of thousands of Hindus, forcible conversions, rape of Hindu women and children and destruction of Hindu properties and places of worship, many call it Khilafat aftermath in the Malabar District of Madras Presidency. Mappilas

Hindus
British Raj

approx 10000 hindus killed and 100k have to leave their homeland
Peshawar riots March 21–24, 1910 Peshawar, Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province Annual Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the annual Muslim day of mourning. Hindus
Muslims 		At least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus Hundreds At least 451 shops and homes, Rs. 50 lakhs of damage
1921–1922 riots April 1921–March 1922 Bengal, Punjab, Multan Many riots occurred during Muharram, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various
Riots in Kohat 1924 Kohat Hindu–Muslim tension Hindus
155 Unknown Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage
1924–1925 riots April 1924- March 1925 Delhi, Nagpur, Lahore, Lucknow, Moradabad, Bhagalpur, Gulbarga, Shahajahanpur, Kankinarah, Kohat and Allahabad Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various
1925–1926 riots April 1925–March 1926 Calcutta, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Berar, Gujarat, Sholapur Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		44+ 584+ Damage to temples and mosques
1926–1927 riots April 1926–March 1927 Delhi, Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Sind Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes Hindus
Muslims 		28+ 226+ Unknown
1927–1928 riots April 1927- March 1928 Lahore, Bihar (2), Orissa(2), Punjab (2), Bettiah, United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal (2), Delhi(1) Caused by the publication of Rangila Rasul and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes Hindus
Muslims 		103+ 1084+ Unknown
1927 Nagpur riots September 4, 1927 Nagpur, Maharashtra Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots Hindus
Muslims 		22 100 N/A
1928–1929 riots April 1928–March 1929 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the Bombay riots. Other riots in Punjab, Kharagpur, and other places. Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		204+ (149 in Bombay) Nearly 1000 Unknown
1929–1930 riots April 1929–March 1930 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places. Various Hindus
Muslims 		35+ 200+ Unknown
Bombay riots of 1930 1930 various Protests against the Salt tax Indian
British government 		N/A N/A N/A
1930–1931 riots April 1930 – March 1931 Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, Assam, Sukkur (Sind) Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Unknown
1931–1932 riots April 1931–March 1932 Cawnpore, other places Various Hindus
Muslims 		300-500 Unknown Damage to temples and other property
1933–1934 riots April 1933–March 1934 Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, Peshawar, Ayodhya,... During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the Shaheed Ganj Mosque in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal in court. Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various
1936 riots 1936 Firozabad, Bombay, other Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various
1937 riots 1937 Panipat, Madras, Amritsar During Holi, other causes Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various
1939 riots 1939 Benares, Cawnpore, Sukkur (Sind), other Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at Manzilgah over a mosque, a temple vandalized by Muslims, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		151+ 58+ Various
Direct Action Day August 1946 Calcutta, Bengal Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims wanted a separate country for Muslims fearing that Hindus will suppress their community and that fear lead to killing and looting of Hindus. Hindus
Muslims
4,000 N/A 100,000 homeless
Noakhali riots October–November 1946 Noakhali and Tippera districts of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) Widespread killing of Hindus and looting of Hindu shops, businesses, and homes. An attempt to either kill or make the Hindus flee from Noakhali and go to newly founded republic of India. Hindus
Muslims
5,000 killed N/A 50,000 remained marooned

Riots In Post-Independent India

From Independence to 2000

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
1957 Ramnad riots 1957 Ramnad After Devendrar people objected to electoral victory of Maravar candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections Devendrar
Maravar
Tamil Nadu police 		38 Unknown 2,841 houses burnt
1961 Jabalpur riots 4-9 February, 1961 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh This riot was linked to the emergence of a small class of successful Muslim entrepreneurs who created a new economic rivalry between Hindu and Muslim communities. Also, media and press gave communal tone to crime incident by two Muslim boys, which lead to widespread violence. Hindus
Muslims 		55 200+ These riots shook Jawaharlal Nehru as he never expected communal riots of such intensity in independent India. Hindu nationalist organizations including ABVP, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh played a major role in this riot. Officially 55 were killed, though according to unofficial accounts, 200 were killed. Nehru responded by lambasting the Bhopal Congress government which was being headed by Chief Minister Kailash Nath Katju. He angrily noted that Congress leaders were found to be 'sitting inside their houses like purdah ladies' during riots
1961 Aligarh riots October 3, 1961 Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh Rumor a Hindu student was killed on the campus of Aligarh University Hindu and Muslim student organizations 14 "After the Jabalpur riots, which badly shook the Indian leadership and the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, further violence flared up in Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), just before the 1962 general elections. The city is famous for the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), whose students are predominantly Muslim and which has claimed minority status for years. During the student-union elections of October 1961, not a single Hindu student was elected. Muslims held a victory procession, provoking counter-demonstrations by activists from the BJS (Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Indian People’s Alliance) and the ABVP. A clash subsequently broke out between Muslim and Hindu students in a university hostel. A rumor that a Hindu student had been killed on campus sparked off violence in the city on October 3. University employees were assaulted by students from the town’s Hindu colleges. The riot claimed 14 lives, mostly Muslim."
1964 Calcutta riots January 1964 Culcutta and rural parts of West Bengal Retaliation for Muslim attacks on Hindus during 1964 East Pakistan riots Hindus
Muslims 		264 430+ The Muslim community in Calcutta felt more segregated and fearful than ever before. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 residents fled their homes.
1966 Hindu Sikh riots 9 March 1966 Delhi March 14 Hindus and Sikhs battled in New Delhi's streets today as a wave of violence over proposals for a Punjabi-speaking state spread. Following violence in Delhi stoning and casual violence also erupted in Ludhiana, Patiala, Jalandhar and in Panipat 3 congressmen were burnt alive including close associate of Bhagat Singh generally believed to be orchestrated by Jan Sangh who were anti of Punjabi speaking state. Sikhs

Hindus

3 people died and around hundreds were injured, N/A N/A
1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots August 22–29, 1967 Ranchi Anti-Urdu agitations Hindus

Muslims

184 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.
1969 Gujarat riots September – October 1969 Gujarat Desecration of a dargah and subsequently of a Hindu temple. Hindus
Muslims 		512 1084 Property of muslims worth 42 million Rupees destroyed
1969 Anti-Kannada Riots February – 1969 Bombay KA-MH border dispute. Kannadigas
Marathis 		59 274 February 1969 Thackeray unleashes his goons against Kannadigas. 59 dead, 274 wounded, 151 cops injured in week of riots.
Worli riots 1974 Mumbai, Maharashtra Police attempting to disperse a Dalit Panthers rally where speaker allegedly made objectionable remarks about Hindu deities Shiv Sena
Dalit 		1
1980 Moradabad riots August 1980 Moradabad Policemen's refusal to remove pig from Idgah PAC
Muslims 		400 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.
1981 Bihar riots May 1981 Bihar Sharif Dispute over land between Yadavs (an agricultural caste) and Muslims . Hindus
Muslims 		45 70 N/A

1982 Meerut riots July 1982 Meerut Dispute over land between Muslim advocate and Municipality . Hindus
Muslims 		100 126 N/A
Nellie massacre February 1983 Nellie Kidnapping and murder of 5 Lalung tribals and alleged rape of two Lalung girls by Bengali Muslims. More broadly, Assam Agitation. Assamese Bengali Muslims 2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+) Unknown
1984 Bhiwandi riot May 1984 Bhiwandi Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque. Hindus
Muslims 		278 1,115 N/A
1984 Hyderabad riots August-September 1984 Hyderabad Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event in Old City caused violence . Hindus

Muslims

4 100 Mobs set fire to 100 shops and houses in the capital of Andhra Pradesh state
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984 Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar Assassination of Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards Hindus

Sikhs

3,350 (Government figures)

8,000‐17,000 (Independent estimate)

N/A N/A
1985 Gujarat riots February –August 1985 Ahmedabad Anger among upper castes about proposed increases to reservation for backward classes. Later the riot turned communal and Bhartiya Janta Party and Vishwa Hindu Parishad workers attacked Muslims houses. Muslims who had no role to play in the reservation policy of Madhav Singh Solanki government were victimized. Hindus
Muslims 		275 N/A N/A
1986 Jammu and Kashmir riots February–March 1986 Jammu and Kashmir Construction of a mosque at the site of an ancient Hindu Temple Hindus
Muslims 		Hindu Temples, shops vandalised
1987 Meerut riots April–May 1987 Meerut Babri Mosque reopened for Hindu worship Hindus
Muslims
PAC 		346 (includes 42 killed in Hashimpura massacre) 159 N/A
1987 Delhi riots 19–22 May 1987 Delhi Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi Hindus
Muslims 		8 – 15 N/A N/A
1988 Aurangabad violence 17–20 May 1988 Aurangabad Objection to Election results Hindus
Muslims 		26 N/A N/A
1988 Muzaffarnagar 8–11 October 1988 Muzaffarnagar Rally by the BMAC (Babri Masjid Action Committee) Hindus
Muslims 		37 N/A N/A
1988 Karnataka Bidar riots 14–16 September 1988 Bidar Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event and over demanding donations from Sikhs Sikhs
Hindus(VHP) 		6 Sikh students killed, 30 injured and N/A Property worth lakhs destroyed
1989 Jammu anti-Sikh riots 13 January 1989 Jammu Some Sikh pilgrims displaying Satwant Singh and Beant Singh posters during Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti Sikhs
Shiv Sena 		15 Sikhs killed, hundreds injured and property worth crores destroyed N/A N/A
1989 Bombay 24 February 1989 Bombay Protests against book The Satanic Verses Muslims 11 N/A N/A
1989 Kota violence 14 September 1989 Kota Religious procession Hindus
Muslims 		26 N/A N/A
1989 Badaun violence 28 September 1989 Badaun Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language Hindus
Muslims 		24 N/A N/A
1989 Indore violence 14 October 1989 Indore Political rally Hindus
Muslims 		23 N/A N/A
1989 Bhagalpur violence 22–28 October 1989 Bhagalpur Religious procession and false rumors about the killing of Hindu students Hindus
Muslims 		1000+ N/A N/A
1989 Kashmir violence 1989–1990 Kashmir Radical Islamist Militancy in valley Militants
Muslims

Kashmiri Hindus

200-1341 Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1990 Gujarat violence April–October 1990 Gujarat Political procession Hindus
Muslims 		12 N/A Looting of shops
1990 Colonelganj violence 30 September 1990 Colonelganj Stones and petrol bombs thrown at Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims 		100 N/A Looting of shops
1990 Karnataka violence October 1990 Ramnagaram, Channapatna, Kolar, Davanagere, Tumkur Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state Hindus
Muslims 		46 N/A N/A
1990 Rajasthan violence October 1990 Udaipur, Jaipur Hindu Ram Jyoti procession (bearing the light of Ram) was stoned & attacked in Udaipur Hindus
Muslims 		50 N/A N/A
1990 Ayodhya firing incident October, November 1990 Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians Hindus 16 N/A N/A
1990 Hyderabad riots 1990 Hyderabad Due to Hindus partly demolishing Babri Mosque Hindus
Muslims 		200+ N/A N/A
1990 Aligarh riots 1990 Aligarh Started with an attack on a group of people bound for Etah from the house of Manawwar Hussain, ex- chairman of the Nagar Palika, and from a nearby Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		11+ Unknown Unknown
1990 Kanpur riots 1990 Kanpur Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A
1990 Agra riots 1990 Agra Unknown Hindus
Muslims 		22 N/A N/A
1990 Gonda riots 1990 Gonda Throwing of stones and petrol bombs at a Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Unknown
1990 Khurja violence 1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5 Khurja Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims 		96 N/A N/A
1991 Bhadrak riot 1991; March 24 Bhadrak Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims 		33 N/A N/A
1991 Saharanpur violence 1991; March 27 Saharanpur Ram Navami procession was prevented from passing near a mosque Hindus
Muslims 		40+ N/A N/A
1991 Kanpur violence 1991; May 19 Kanpur Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A
1991 Meerut violence 1991; May 20 Meerut Election violence Hindus
Muslims 		30 N/A N/A
1991 Varanasi violence 1991; November 8 and 13 Meerut Kali Puja procession attacked Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka 1991 Bangalore Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Kannadigas

Tamils

16 N/A Officially 16 Tamils were killed but real estimate is much higher and Mass exodus of Tamils, more than 200,000 from various parts of Karnataka
1992 Sitamarhi violence 1992; October 2–9 Sitamarhi Durga Puja procession shouting slogans such as Jai Shri Ram near a mosque was stopped by some Muslim youths Hindus
Muslims 		65 N/A N/A
1992 Surat 1992; October 2–9 Surat Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims 		200+ N/A N/A
1992 Bombay riots 6 December 1992 – 26 January 1993 Mumbai Protests over the demolition of the Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		900
1992 Karnataka 1992; December 6–13 Bangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli, Dharwad Commencement of Urdu-language news broadcasts in Doordarshan Hindus
Muslims 		30 N/A N/A
1992 Kanpur 1992; December 6–11 Kanpur Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		254 N/A N/A
1992 Assam 1992; December 7–8 Nagaon and Dhubri districts Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		90+ N/A As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged
1992 Rajasthan 1992; December 7–9 Rajasthan Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		60 N/A N/A
1992 Calcutta 1992; December 7–1 Calcutta Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		35 N/A N/A
1992 Bhopal 1992; December 7–15 Bhopal Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		175 N/A N/A
1992 Delhi 1992; December 10 Delhi False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence Hindus
Muslims 		53 N/A N/A
1994 Hubli 1994; August 15 Hubli National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli Hindus
Muslims 		6 N/A N/A
1994 Bangalore 1994; October 6–8 Bangalore Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program Hindus
Muslims 		25 N/A N/A
1997 Coimbatore riots 1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14 Coimbatore Murder of a police constable by three Muslim youths belonging to the Al-Umma Hindus
Muslims 		60 N/A N/A

Post 2000

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
2002 Gujarat riots 27 February – 2 March 2002 Gujarat The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 69 Hindu pilgrims karsevaks returning from Ayodhya triggered the violence. The Naroda Patiya massacre took place on 28 February 2002 at Naroda, in Ahmedabad. 97 Muslims were killed by a mob of approximately 5,000 people . Hindu
Muslims 		1044 Official Figure, 2000 Unofficial 2500+ official
2005 Mau riots 2005; October 13–14 Mau Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims Hindus
Muslims 		14 N/A N/A
2005 Lucknow riots 2006, March 3 Lucknow Danish Mohammed cartoons Hindus
Muslims 		4 N/A N/A
2006 Vadodara riots 1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006 Gujarat Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin Hindus
Muslims 		8 42
2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 2007, Dec 24-27 Kandhamal district Christmas celebrations Hindus, Christians 3-50 100+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

100+ Christian institutions burnt down or vandalized, 837+ families left homeless, 700-730 houses (120 belonging to Hindus) were burnt or damaged.

2008 Kandhamal violence 2008, Aug 25-28 Kandhamal district Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati Hindus, Christians 39-90 18,000+ 395+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

54,000+ left homeless, 5,600+ houses ransacked or burnt down, 600+ Villages ransacked

2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) 2008, July 3–4 Indore Conflict revocation of land allotment for the Amarnath Temple in Kashmir Hindus
Muslims 		8 N/A N/A
2012 Assam violence 20 July – 15 September 2012 Assam Killing of 4 Bodo youths by unidentified miscreants Bodos, Bengali Muslims 77+ 4 lakhs displaced temporarily
2013 Canning riots 21 February 2013 West Bengal Killing of Muslim cleric by unidentified assailants Muslims

Hindus

200 Hindu homes burnt.
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh Disputed Hindus
Muslims 		60+ 93
2014 Saharanpur riots 25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014 Saharanpur Disputed land Muslims
Sikhs 		3 33
2015 Nadia riots 5 May 2015 Nadia district, West Bengal Religious procession Muslims
Hindus 		4 8 Houses burnt
2016 Kaliachak riots 3 January 2016 Kaliachak, Malda district Muslim protest against the alleged derogatory remarks towards Muhammad . Muslims

Hindus and police

0 30+ 500 homes torched, destruction of police stations and Hindu temples
2016 anti-Tamil riots 13-14 September 2016 Bengaluru Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Mob, Public 2 protesters because of police firing N/A 100+ cars, buses, trucks and shops belonging to Tamilians torched in Bangalore thousands of Tamil people flee the city as violence engulfed and ravaged the city
2016 Coimbatore riots September 22 – 26 Coimbatore Death of Munnani leader Police

Munnani supporters

12 Destruction of police vans, Muslim-owned properties, Hindu temples
2016 Dhulagarh riots 12 December 2016 Panchla, Howrah Refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march Hindus
Muslims
2017 Baduria riots 2 July 2017 Baduria, West Bengal Alleged derogatory facebook post by a Hindu student Muslims
Hindus 		23+ 65 year old Hindu man stabbed to death by a Muslim mob.
2017 Northern India riots 25 August 2017 Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and New Delhi Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Dera Sacha Sauda Followers 41+ 300+ Mostly in Police firing to suppress the Destruction.
2018 Bihar riots 17 March 2018, 24 March 2018,

25 March 2018, 27 March 2018, 28 March

2018 &

30 March 2018

Bihar

(17 March Bhagalpur, 24 March Siwan, 25 March Aurangabad, 27 March Samastipur, 27 March Munger, 28 March Silao(Nalanda), 28 March Sheikhpura, 30 March Nawada)

Clashes erupted during Ram Navami processions between Hindus and Muslims Hindus

Muslims

0 35+ 4 Hindu temples vandalized including the Hanuman idols and murtis inside of them broken and one mosque also vandalised, vehicles, shops were burnt
2020 Delhi riots 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020 North East Delhi CAA-NRC Protests Muslims, Hindu 53 200+ Shops, houses vehicles and mosque
2020 Bangalore riots 11–12 August 2020 KG Halli and DJ Halli, eastern Bengaluru Protest by Muslims against a derogatory social media post about Muhammad. Muslims

Police

5 Unknown Homes, shops, vehicles and police station
2021 Assam eviction violence 24 September 2021 Dholpur, Darrang district Eviction drive against alleged illegal settlers Assam police, Illegal settlers 2 9 policemen injured 2 people shot dead by police including 12 year old boy
2022 Shivamogga riots 20 February 2022 – 22 February 2022 Shivamogga, Karnataka Murder of Bajrang Dal activist Harsha Bajrang Dal workers

Muslims

0 20 injured 100 vehicles torched, Houses and shops vandalised
2022 Kanpur violence 3 June 2022 Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy Muslims

Police

0 40+ injured
2022 Ranchi violence 10 June 2022 Ranchi, Jharkhand 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy Muslims

Police

2 24 injured
2023-24 Manipur violence 3 May 2023 - 25 July 2024 Meitei and Kuki-dominated districts of Manipur Various: Attempt to give Meiteis ST reservation, Manipur govt crackdown on land encroachment, Meitei fears of illegal immigration Meiteis

Kukis

60+ 230+ Churches, temples, schools, houses, vehicles, public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.
2023 Haryana riots 31 July 2023 - 3 August 2023 Nuh, later Gurgaon and Sohna Passage of Hindu procession with rumoured participation of Monu Manesar, a cow vigilante known for murder of several Muslims Meo Muslims

Hindus

7 200+ Mosque and public properties were set ablaze by the violent mobs.
2023 Shivamogga violence 28 September 2023 - 3 October 2023 Shimoga Cutout of Tipu Sultan being covered by police for being inciteful Muslims

police

0 230+ Murders, attacking innocent people, police and public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.
2023 Satara riots 10 September 2023 Satara Riots by Hindus who were provoked by abusive comments made by Muslims against Hindu deities Lord Ram & Lady Sita, as well as against the Maratha ruler Shivaji Maharaj Hindus

Muslims

1 10 Shops, houses vehicles and mosques burned or targeted
2024 Haldwani riots 9 February 2024 Haldwani Demolition of a madrasa and Masjid as part of a district anti-encroachment drive Local residents (mainly Muslim)

Police

5 100+ Police station, vehicles, and houses burnt
2024 Bahraich violence October 2024 Bahraich Communal violence between the Hindus and the Muslims following heated argument over taking procession into a minority-dominated area Muslims and Hindus arson
2024 Sambhal violence November 2024 Sambhal

See also

Notes

  1. "The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."
  2. "On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."
  3. On 21st March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.
  4. Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21st March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.
  5. When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23rd March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan “Maro Hindu Ko”.

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Further reading

Riots in India
19th century
20th century
21st century
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