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{{Short description|1970 Soviet test spaceflight to the Moon}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}} {{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight {{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Zond 8 | name = Zond 8
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<!--image of the spacecraft/mission--> <!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image = Zond L1 drawing.png | image = Zond L1 drawing.svg
| image_caption = Zond 8 | image_caption = A drawing of Zond 8 spacecraft.
| image_alt = | image_alt =
| image_size = 175px | image_size = 175px
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| manufacturer = ] | manufacturer = ]


| launch_mass = 5,375 kg <ref name="Zond 8">{{cite book|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif|publisher=NASA History Program Office|edition=second|year=2018}}</ref>
| launch_mass = 5375 kg <ref name="Cosmos"/>
| landing_mass = | landing_mass =
| dry_mass = | dry_mass =
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<!--Launch details--> <!--Launch details-->
| launch_date = 20 October 1970<br/>19:55:39 GMT <ref name="Trajectory"/> | launch_date = 20 October 1970<br/>19:55:39 UTC <ref name="Zond 8"/>
| launch_rocket = ] / ] | launch_rocket = ] / ]
| launch_site = ]<br/>] | launch_site = ]<br/>]
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| recovery_date = 27 October 1970 (]) | recovery_date = 27 October 1970 (])
| decay_date = | decay_date =
| landing_date = 27 October 1970, 13:55 GMT <ref>https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf</ref> | landing_date = 27 October 1970, 13:55 GMT <ref name="Zond 8"/>
| landing_site = ]<br/>(730 km at SE) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/sov-luna/sovets-luna.pdf|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration |last=|first=|date=|website=|page=314|access-date=}}</ref> | landing_site = ]<br/>(730 km at SE) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/sov-luna/sovets-luna.pdf|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration |page=314}}</ref>


<!--orbit parameters--> <!--orbit parameters-->
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|departure_date = |departure_date =
|location = |location =
|distance = 1110.4 km |distance = 1110 km
|sample_mass = |sample_mass =
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| trans_coverage = <!--area covered--> | trans_coverage = <!--area covered-->


<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions. <!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions. -->
| programme = | programme =
| previous_mission = | previous_mission =
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}} }}


'''Zond 8''', a formal member of the Soviet ] and uncrewed version of ] crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft, was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a ] / ] launcher since the ] of the ], towards the ], from an Earth-orbiting platform, ] (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of {{convert|5375|kg}}.<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-021A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> '''Zond 8''', also known as '''L-1 No.14''', was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet ], designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of ] crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft. The project was initiated in 1965 to compete with the Americans in the race to the Moon but lost its importance once three astronauts orbited the Moon on the ] mission in December 1968.


==Mission== ==Mission==
Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a ] / ] launcher from Site 81/23 of the ], towards the ]. Zond 8 had a mass of {{convert|5375|kg}}.<ref name="Zond 8"/> The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name=Zond_8>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-088A |title=Zond 8 |publisher=] |access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>


The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A| url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 flew past the Moon on 24 October 1970, at a distance of {{convert|1110.4|km}} and obtained both ] and ] of the lunar surface.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight. The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. After a mid-course correction on 22 October 1970 at a distance of {{convert|250000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 reached the Moon without any apparent problems, circling its target on 24 October at a range of {{convert|1110|km}} and took both ] and ] of the lunar surface during two separate sessions.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Experiments 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> The minimum distance from the Moon during the mission was 1,120 kilometres (696 miles) from the lunar surface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zond-8 flies last mission of the L1 project|url=http://russianspaceweb.com/zond8.html|access-date=2021-01-05|website=russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight.<ref name="Zond 8"/>


After two mid-course corrections on the return leg, Zond 8 achieved a return trajectory over Earth's northern hemisphere instead of the standard southern approach profile, allowing Soviet ground control stations to maintain near-continuous contact with the craft. The guidance system, however, malfunctioned on the return leg, and the spacecraft performed a simple ballistic (instead of a guided) reentry into Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="Zond 8"/> The reentry was different from other reentries in the Zond program as it went over the north pole and landed in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":0" />
Zond 8 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down {{convert|730|km}} at SE of the ], in the Indian Ocean on 27 October 1970, {{convert|24|km}} from the USSR recovery ship ''Taman''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Harvey|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&pg=PA218|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73976-2 |page=218}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021728/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Chron&MCode=Zond_08&StartYear=1970&EndYear=1979&Display=ReadMore|date=September 27, 2011}}, ''NASA Solar System Exploration - Zond 8, Splashdown area.''</ref>


Zond 8 descent module reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down safely in the Indian Ocean at 13:55 GMT on 27 October 1970 at {{convert|730|km}} southeast of the Chagos Islands, {{convert|24|km}} from its original target point. The USSR recovery ship ''Taman'' was on hand to collect it and bring it back to Moscow.<ref name="Zond 8"/>
⚫ ===Scientific instruments===


The Soviet Kremlin officials finally decided to cancel the L1 project in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

⚫ ===Scientific instruments===
* Imaging system * Imaging system
* Solar wind collector packages * Solar wind collector packages


==Zond 9== ==Zond 9==
Zond 9, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10, was planned but cancelled. Zond 9 was planned to launch on July of 1969, carrying a crew of ] and ], but never flew.<ref></ref> Zond 9, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10, was planned but cancelled. Zond 9 was planned to launch in July 1969, carrying a crew of ] and ], but never flew.<ref></ref>


==Zond 10== ==Zond 10==
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* *
* {{APOD |date=16 July 2013 |title=The Moon from Zond 8}} * {{APOD |date=16 July 2013 |title=The Moon from Zond 8}}
* and on the Bruce Murray Space Image Library


{{Zond program}} {{Zond program}}

Latest revision as of 17:55, 19 May 2024

1970 Soviet test spaceflight to the Moon

Zond 8
A drawing of Zond 8 spacecraft.
Mission typeSpacecraft test
OperatorTsKBEM
COSPAR ID1970-088A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.04591
Mission duration7 days
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSoyuz 7K-L1 s/n 14
Spacecraft typeUncrewed version
BusSoyuz 7K-L1
ManufacturerOKB-1
Launch mass5,375 kg
Start of mission
Launch date20 October 1970
19:55:39 UTC
RocketProton-K / Blok D
Launch siteBaikonur Cosmodrome
Site 81/23
ContractorOKB-1
End of mission
Recovered bySoviet recovery vessel Taman
Recovery date27 October 1970 (Indian Ocean)
Landing date27 October 1970, 13:55 GMT
Landing siteChagos Archipelago
(730 km at SE)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeCircumlunar
Flyby of Moon
Closest approach24 October 1970
Distance1110 km

Zond 8, also known as L-1 No.14, was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet Zond program, designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft. The project was initiated in 1965 to compete with the Americans in the race to the Moon but lost its importance once three astronauts orbited the Moon on the Apollo 8 mission in December 1968.

Mission

Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a Proton-K / Blok D launcher from Site 81/23 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, towards the Moon. Zond 8 had a mass of 5,375 kilograms (11,850 lb). The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.

The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of 64,480 kilometres (40,070 mi). After a mid-course correction on 22 October 1970 at a distance of 250,000 kilometres (160,000 mi) from Earth. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 reached the Moon without any apparent problems, circling its target on 24 October at a range of 1,110 kilometres (690 mi) and took both black-and-white and color photographs of the lunar surface during two separate sessions. The minimum distance from the Moon during the mission was 1,120 kilometres (696 miles) from the lunar surface. Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight.

After two mid-course corrections on the return leg, Zond 8 achieved a return trajectory over Earth's northern hemisphere instead of the standard southern approach profile, allowing Soviet ground control stations to maintain near-continuous contact with the craft. The guidance system, however, malfunctioned on the return leg, and the spacecraft performed a simple ballistic (instead of a guided) reentry into Earth's atmosphere. The reentry was different from other reentries in the Zond program as it went over the north pole and landed in the Indian Ocean.

Zond 8 descent module reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down safely in the Indian Ocean at 13:55 GMT on 27 October 1970 at 730 kilometres (450 mi) southeast of the Chagos Islands, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from its original target point. The USSR recovery ship Taman was on hand to collect it and bring it back to Moscow.

The Soviet Kremlin officials finally decided to cancel the L1 project in 1970.

Scientific instruments

  • Imaging system
  • Solar wind collector packages

Zond 9

Zond 9, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10, was planned but cancelled. Zond 9 was planned to launch in July 1969, carrying a crew of Pavel Popovich and Vitali Sevastyanov, but never flew.

Zond 10

Zond 10, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 15, was planned but cancelled.

See also

References

  1. ^ Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
  2. "Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration" (PDF). p. 314.
  3. "Zond 8". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  4. "Zond 8: Experiments 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Zond-8 flies last mission of the L1 project". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  6. Soviet Manned Lunar Exploration Program
  7. globalsecurity.org L-1 Lunar Circumnavigation Mission

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