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⚫ {{Short description|Brand of plywood by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation}}
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] ]


''' Haskelite ''' is the brand name of a plywood, once made by the Michigan-based ]. It was made from waterproof glue developed by ]. The moldable plywood was originally called Ser-O-Ply. It was used in the construction of various vehicles including ], boats, airplanes, buses, trucks, and automobiles. The plywood was manufactured with different characteristics depending on particular needs and then given a brand name. ''' Haskelite ''' is the brand name of a plywood, once made by the Michigan-based Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation. It was made from waterproof glue developed by {{Interlanguage link|Henry L. Haskell|fr}}. The moldable ] was originally called Ser-O-Ply. It was used in the construction of various vehicles including ], boats, airplanes, buses, trucks, and automobiles. The plywood was manufactured with different characteristics depending on particular needs and then given a brand name.


== Background == == Background ==


Haskell invented a process for making glue from ]. The process used slaughterhouse blood from the ].{{sfn|Smith|1930|p=18}} The inexpensive waterproof adhesive was called "black albumin glue."<ref name=blackglue>{{cite web |url=https://www.wcha.org/content/haskell-boat-company |title=Manufacturers:Haskell Boat Company |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |website= W C H A|publisher= Wooden Canoe Heritage Association |access-date=May 12, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> It was used to bond wood pieces.{{sfn|Dunbar|1955|p=439}} One product Haskell made from this was a lightweight waterproof plywood, first known as Ser-O-Ply.{{sfn|Smith|1930|p=19}} He applied this glue to ]s and manufactured plywood for various applications. Some of these applications were boats, airplanes, tanks, trucks, automobiles and rail cars.{{sfn|Smith|1930|p=19}} The plywood panels were from 1/8th inch up to an inch thick and had various layers of crossed grain ply veneers to create the thickness and strength. Typical moldable plywood panels were about five feet wide by twenty feet long and 3/16th of an inch thick.<ref name=PlyBus>{{cite news |last=Williams |first= Leonard P. |date= December 22, 1952 |title= Carrom Industries / Into Plywood Business (page 7) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5153556// |newspaper= Daily News |location= Ludington, Michigan |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> The plywood sheets made this way were eventually given the brand trade name of "Haskelite."{{sfn|Motor_Body|1919|p=54}} It is named after Henry L. Haskell, inventor of the glue bonding the plywood.{{sfn|Motor_Boat|1920|p=38}} Haskell invented a process for making a waterproof glue called "black ] glue"<ref name=blackglue>{{cite web |url=https://www.wcha.org/content/haskell-boat-company |title=Manufacturers: Haskell Boat Company |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |website=W C H A |publisher=Wooden Canoe Heritage Association |access-date=May 12, 2016 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028192149/http://www.wcha.org/content/haskell-boat-company |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was used to ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r_kAAAAMAAJ&q=Haskelite |title=Veneers and Plywood |date=1930 |publisher=S.H. Smith. |volume=24 |page=19 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=PlyBus>{{cite news |last=Williams |first= Leonard P. |date= December 22, 1952 |title= Into Plywood Business |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5153556// |newspaper=] |location= Ludington, Michigan |page=7 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> The sheets made this way were eventually given the brand trade name of "Haskelite" after the inventor.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Motor Boat |title=Haskelite, a Plywood for Boat Construction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-k_AQAAMAAJ&q=canoe&pg=RA7-PA38 |page=38 |date=November 10, 1920 |volume=17}}</ref>

Haskell formed a company for making plywood that ultimately became the ] in ] and the ] in ]. The glue was applied cold and spread onto wood veneers with rollers. A stack of three sheets of veneer was then put through a press, where each panel was subjected to a pressure of 150 psi between metal plates at {{convert|210|F|C}}.{{sfn|Motor_Body|1919|p=54}} This pressure and heat made the bond between the veneers permanent and the glue became ].{{sfn|Dunbar|1955|p=439}} The plywood was given brand names depending on its characteristics.{{sfn|Hardwood_Record|1920|p=30}} Plymetl had metal faces and was used in construction of ] for storing furs and expensive garments.<ref name=Plymetl>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Plymetl "Air-Tite" cloths vault |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50083230/ |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, Illinois|date=November 9, 1923 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> Plymold was a plastic-based plywood that could be molded, and Phemaloid was a fire-resistant paneling.{{sfn|Marine_Engineering|1933|p=208-213}}

== Boats ==
⚫ {{Main|Haskell canoe}}
⚫ ]
⚫ Thinner moldable plywood was used to make watercraft.<ref name=NewMaterial>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=New Material Used in Boats |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5240989// |newspaper= The News-Palladium |location= Benton Harbor, Michigan |date=June 24, 1939 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> One model was the ]. It was made from a type of plywood Haskell produced, consisting of veneers of birch on the outside and a redwood core. The unseamed canoe was made from a single piece of plywood; thousands were sold in the US. There were no ribs used in the building of the canoe.{{sfn|Dunbar|1955|p=439}}


== Airplanes == == Airplanes ==
{{Main|Fairchild F-46}} {{See also|Fairchild F-46}}
] ]
Haskel plywood was used for aircraft parts, especially ]s and wings.{{sfn|Dunbar|1955|p=439}} The first plane made with moldable plywood was constructed with Haskelite, and was the ] ''Whistling Bill.''{{sfn|Kane||p=70}} Haskell plywood was used for construction of experimental and commercial aircraft.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Haskelite, Hughes to Build Planes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5240634// |newspaper=Daily News |location=Ludington, Michigan |date=August 1, 1939 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> A ] experimental airplane was built in 1927 that had 85% Haskelite plywood in its wings, seats, instrument board, and fuselage parts.<ref name=Twin60>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=1927 |title= New Johnson Twin 60 adopts Haskelite |url=https://archive.org/stream/aerodigest1019unse/aerodigest1019unse_djvu.txt |journal= Aero-Digest |publisher= |volume=10 |issue= |page= 2|doi= |access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> The first successful commercial airplane it was used on was the 1937 ] model ].<ref name=firstplane>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Ludington is Birthplace of Plywood Airplanes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5239496// |newspaper=Daily News |location=Ludington, Michigan |date=July 15, 1943 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> Haskell plywood was used for construction of experimental and commercial aircraft.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Haskelite, Hughes to Build Planes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5240634// |newspaper=The Ludington Daily News |date=August 1, 1939 |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=Twin60>{{cite journal |date=1927 |title= New Johnson Twin 60 adopts Haskelite |url=https://archive.org/stream/aerodigest1019unse/aerodigest1019unse_djvu.txt |journal= Aero-Digest |volume=10 |page= 2|access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> The first successful commercial airplane it was used on was the 1937 ] ].<ref name=firstplane>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Ludington is Birthplace of Plywood Airplanes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5239496// |newspaper=The Ludington Daily News |date=July 15, 1943 |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref>


The Haskelite company was considered Ludington's most important industry during World War I.<ref name=war_effort>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=June 26, 1993 |title=Local Company Contributed to war effort |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19930626&id=ljVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3lUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2161,7253929&hl=en |newspaper=Daily News |location=Ludington, Michigan |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=Diversified>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Carrom Company Is Diversified |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5229992// |newspaper=Daily News |location=Ludington, Michigan |date=September 3, 1965 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> The company made 5,000 military aircraft for the US and allies from 5,000,000 square feet of plywood produced. In 1927, the company manufactured aircraft body parts for Charles Linbergh's '']'' single engine plane. Haskelite's contributions during World War II were wooden aircraft body parts for US and ally airplanes. It made plywood parts for airplane trainers, gliders, bombers, and transports. Among these were plywood components for Britain's De Havilland Mosquito (]) fighter bombers. The manufacturing company also made wooden parts for ] to use on their ].{{sfn|Beld|2012|p=99}} The company produced plywood for use in ] aircraft.<ref name=war_effort>{{cite news |first=James L. |last=Cabot |date=June 26, 1993 |title=Local Company Contributed to war effort |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19930626&id=ljVQAAAAIBAJ&pg=2161,7253929&hl=en |newspaper=The Ludington Daily News |page=4 }}</ref><ref name=Diversified>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Carrom Company Is Diversified |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5229992// |newspaper=The Ludington Daily News |date=September 3, 1965 |page=13 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref>{{sfn|Beld|2012|p=99}}


=== Duramold === === Duramold ===
{{main|Duramold}}
A Haskelite specialty plywood designed for aircraft construction called Duramold was invented in 1939. The new plastic plywood consisted of thin veneers of wood and cloth that were impregnated with ] and ] and sandwiched with a synthetic resin. Heat and pressure were used to bold the materials together. The specialty plywood was only about one-third as heavy as the aluminum alloys then used in manufacturing airplanes. ] tests proved that for its weight it was stronger than metal. The plastic plywood was waterproof and could readily be formed into compound curvatures. Processes had been developed so that an entire fuselage could be turned out in two halves. They then were sealed together mechanically. Wing assemblies also were molded with this process.<ref name=Duramold>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= New Process Developed by Chicago Firm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50067134/chicago-tribune/ |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |location= Chicago, Illinois|date=January 22, 1939 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref>
In 1939 a waterproof plywood called Duramold, consisting of thin ] and cloth joined using glue, heat and pressure, and designed for aircraft construction was invented.<ref name=Duramold>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= New Process Developed by Chicago Firm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50067134/chicago-tribune/ |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |date=January 22, 1939 |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref>


The ] and Haskelite Manufacturing joined the Clark Aircraft Company of ] in manufacturing planes using duramold. Aeronautical engineer ] designed the planes.<ref name=Speedy>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Speedy Production of Planes is Seen |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50079347/ |newspaper= The Miami News |location= Miami, Flordia|date=July 9, 1939 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> Aviator industrialist ] helped finance the venture.<ref name=PlasticPlane>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Plastic Airplane Industry is near |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50078408/ |newspaper= Lansing State Journal |location= Lansing, Michigan |date=August 10, 1939 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref> One of these airplanes had received a commercial license to fly daily and 500 hours of testing proved its worthiness. The fuselage was molded in 2 hours 35 minutes, which was 1/30th the time required to construct an ordinary fuselage. It was without longitudinal or cross bracing. The entire fuselage weighed less than 120 pounds. It did not have rivet, screw, or nail heads projecting into the air stream. The plane had a 450 horsepower motor, fixed landing gear, and accommodations for five persons. It's top speed was {{convert|235|mph}} and it cruised at {{convert|198|mph}}. A typical airplane factory could manufacture parts of ten of these type planes a day. Then the specialty designed plywood wooden body parts could be assembled to complete the aircraft itself.<ref name=Duramold/> The ] and Haskelite Manufacturing joined the ] of ] to manufacture planes designed by ] using ].<ref name=Speedy>{{cite news |author=] |title= Speedy Production of Planes is Seen |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50079347/ |newspaper= ] |date=July 9, 1939 |page=9|via= Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref>


== See also == == Boats and canoes ==
⚫ ]]]


⚫ Haskelite was also used to make watercraft.<ref name=NewMaterial>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=New Material Used in Boats |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5240989/ |newspaper= ] |location= Benton Harbor, Michigan |date=June 24, 1939 |pages=1, 3|via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}</ref>
* ]
* ]
⚫ * ]


== References == == References ==
Line 38: Line 31:
== Sources == == Sources ==


*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Beld|first=Gordon G.|title= The Early Days of Aviation in Grand Rapids|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n5l2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT110&lpg=PT110&dq=%22World+War+I%22+haskelite+airplanes&source=bl&ots=3fAs-Y9Zzm&sig=ACfU3U1N_AC6wliXy5tQ0xo4gEuE4h3qVQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie1sjog5XpAhWaW80KHdnsBMgQ6AEwAnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22World%20War%20I%22%20haskelite%20airplanes&f=false |year=2012|isbn=1614238057 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, South Carolina}} *{{cite book |last=Beld |first=Gordon G. |title= The Early Days of Aviation in Grand Rapids |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5l2CQAAQBAJ&q=Haskelite |year=2012|isbn=978-1-61423-805-8 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location=Charleston, South Carolina |oclc=945368042 }}

⚫ *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dunbar|first=Willis Frederick |title=Michigan Through the Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn3hAAAAMAAJ|year=1955|publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company|location=Detroit, Michigan}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hardwood_Record|first=|title=Hardwood Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgI3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA29|year=1920|publisher=Hardwood Company|location=Chicago, Illinois}}
⚫ *{{cite book |last=Dunbar |first=Willis Frederick |title=Michigan Through the Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn3hAAAAMAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |location=Detroit, Michigan}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kane|first=Joseph Nathan|title=Famoue First Facts and Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NttiC-UaOTMC|quote= The first airplane of molded plywood was the "Whistling Bill," a two-place fighter, built in 1918 by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, Garden City, Long Island, N.Y. The fuselage was made of four 3/32nd-inch longitudinal sheets of Haskelite, three-ply birch plywood, steamed and formed to contour in a concrete die.|publisher=The ]|location= New York City}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Marine_Engineering|first=|title=Marine Engineering|url=|year=1933|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation}} * {{cite magazine |title=Marine Engineering and Shipping Age |volume=38 |date=June 1933 |pages=208–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW3mAAAAMAAJ&q=Haskelite }}
* {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Plastic Airplane Industry is near |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50078408/ |newspaper= ] |location= Lansing, Michigan |date=August 10, 1939 |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Motor_Boat|first=|title=Motor Boat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-k_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA38|year=1920|publisher=Motor Boat Publishing Company}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Motor_Body|first=|title=Motor Body, Paint and Trim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--w_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA54|year=1919|publisher=Motor Boat Publishing Company}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Smith|first=S.H.|title=Veneers and Plywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r_kAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=S.H. Smith.}}


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons}} *{{Commons category-inline|Haskelite}}
⚫ *{{Commons category-inline|Haskell canoe}}


] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 14:28, 15 July 2024

Brand of plywood by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation
Haskelite and PlyMetl plywood panels advertised in a 1922 company catalog

Haskelite is the brand name of a plywood, once made by the Michigan-based Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation. It was made from waterproof glue developed by Henry L. Haskell [fr]. The moldable plywood was originally called Ser-O-Ply. It was used in the construction of various vehicles including military tanks, boats, airplanes, buses, trucks, and automobiles. The plywood was manufactured with different characteristics depending on particular needs and then given a brand name.

Background

Haskell invented a process for making a waterproof glue called "black albumin glue" which was used to bond wood. The sheets made this way were eventually given the brand trade name of "Haskelite" after the inventor.

Airplanes

See also: Fairchild F-46
Fairchild F-46 aircraft of 1938

Haskell plywood was used for construction of experimental and commercial aircraft. The first successful commercial airplane it was used on was the 1937 Fairchild Aircraft F-46.

The company produced plywood for use in World War I aircraft.

Duramold

Main article: Duramold

In 1939 a waterproof plywood called Duramold, consisting of thin veneers of wood and cloth joined using glue, heat and pressure, and designed for aircraft construction was invented.

The General Bakelite Company and Haskelite Manufacturing joined the Clark Aircraft Company of Hagerstown, Maryland to manufacture planes designed by Virginius E. Clark using Duramold.

Boats and canoes

A 1917 Haskell canoe

Haskelite was also used to make watercraft.

References

  1. "Manufacturers: Haskell Boat Company". W C H A. Wooden Canoe Heritage Association. 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  2. Veneers and Plywood. Vol. 24. S.H. Smith. 1930. p. 19.
  3. Williams, Leonard P. (December 22, 1952). "Into Plywood Business". The Ludington Daily News. Ludington, Michigan. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  4. "Haskelite, a Plywood for Boat Construction". Motor Boat. Vol. 17. November 10, 1920. p. 38.
  5. "Haskelite, Hughes to Build Planes". The Ludington Daily News. August 1, 1939. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  6. "New Johnson Twin 60 adopts Haskelite". Aero-Digest. 10: 2. 1927. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  7. "Ludington is Birthplace of Plywood Airplanes". The Ludington Daily News. July 15, 1943. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  8. Cabot, James L. (June 26, 1993). "Local Company Contributed to war effort". The Ludington Daily News. p. 4.
  9. "Carrom Company Is Diversified". The Ludington Daily News. September 3, 1965. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  10. Beld 2012, p. 99.
  11. "New Process Developed by Chicago Firm". Chicago Tribune. January 22, 1939. p. 25 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  12. New York Herald Tribune (July 9, 1939). "Speedy Production of Planes is Seen". The Miami News. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  13. "New Material Used in Boats". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. June 24, 1939. pp. 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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