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			{{short description\|Dialect of Norwegian used in Arendal}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=Arendalsk		\|name=Arendalsk
			\|altname=Arendal dialect, Arendal Norwegian
			\|nativename={{lang\|no-NO\|Ændalsk}}
	\|region=]		\|region=]
	\|speakers=?		\|speakers=?
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\|familycolor=Indo-European
	\|fam2=]		\|fam2=]
			\|fam3=]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1239 \|title=Older Runic \|date=2022-05-24 \|access-date=2022-11-13 \|website=] \|last=Hammarström \|first=Harald \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113105941/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1239 \|archive-date=2022-11-13 \|url-status=live \|publisher=] \|last2=Forkel \|first2=Robert \|last3=Haspelmath \|first3=Martin \|last4=Bank \|first4=Sebastian}}</ref>
	\|fam3=]
	\|fam4=]		\|fam4=]
	\|fam5=]		\|fam5=]
			\|fam6=]
	\|isoexception=dialect		\|isoexception=dialect
	\|glotto=none		\|glotto=none
	}}		}}

	'''Arendalsk''', '''Arendal dialect''' or '''Arendal Norwegian''' (] and ]: ''Arendalsk'', ''Arendalsdialekten''; the Arendal dialect: ''Ændalsk'') is a dialect of ] used in ].		'''Arendalsk''', '''Arendal dialect''' or '''Arendal Norwegian''' (] and ]: {{lang\|no\|Arendalsk}}, {{lang\|no\|Arendalsdialekten}}; the Arendal dialect: {{lang\|no-NO\|Ændalsk}}) is a dialect of ] used in ].

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

	* Intervocalic {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} are realized as voiced {{IPA\|}}. This feature appeared in this dialect in the 20th century.<ref name="ehp">{{cite web\|title="E kåmmår hen te du i sta" — Eydehavnportalen\|url=http://www.aaks.no/Eydehavn/samfunnet/dialekt/\|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="kommune">{{cite web\|title=Litt om arendalsdialekten - Arendal kommune \|url=http://www.arendal.kommune.no/Innbygger/Tjenester/Kultur-idrett-og-fritid/Kulturhistorie/Manedens-kulturminne/Manedens-kulturminne-juliaugust-2011-Arendalsdialekten/Litt-om-arendalsdialekten/ \|accessdate=24 July 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725071529/http://www.arendal.kommune.no/Innbygger/Tjenester/Kultur-idrett-og-fritid/Kulturhistorie/Manedens-kulturminne/Manedens-kulturminne-juliaugust-2011-Arendalsdialekten/Litt-om-arendalsdialekten/ \|archivedate=25 July 2015 }}</ref>		* Intervocalic {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} are realized as voiced {{IPA\|}}. This feature appeared in this dialect in the 20th century.<ref name="ehp">{{cite web\|title="E kåmmår hen te du i sta" — Eydehavnportalen\|url=http://www.aaks.no/Eydehavn/samfunnet/dialekt/\|accessdate=24 July 2015\|archive-date=3 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503053429/http://www.aaks.no/Eydehavn/samfunnet/dialekt/\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kommune">{{cite web\|title=Litt om arendalsdialekten - Arendal kommune \|url=http://www.arendal.kommune.no/Innbygger/Tjenester/Kultur-idrett-og-fritid/Kulturhistorie/Manedens-kulturminne/Manedens-kulturminne-juliaugust-2011-Arendalsdialekten/Litt-om-arendalsdialekten/ \|accessdate=24 July 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725071529/http://www.arendal.kommune.no/Innbygger/Tjenester/Kultur-idrett-og-fritid/Kulturhistorie/Manedens-kulturminne/Manedens-kulturminne-juliaugust-2011-Arendalsdialekten/Litt-om-arendalsdialekten/ \|archivedate=25 July 2015 }}</ref>
	* A uvular {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} was established in Arendal before the 20th century.<ref name="ehp"/><ref name="kommune"/>		* A uvular {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} was established in Arendal before the 20th century.<ref name="ehp"/><ref name="kommune"/>
	* {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} is frequently dropped, so that e.g. ''Lars'' becomes ''Læs''.<ref name="kommune"/>		* {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} is frequently dropped, so that e.g. ''Lars'' becomes ''Læs''.<ref name="kommune"/>
	* The ending {{~~angbr~~\|~~–er~~}} is pronounced {{~~IPA~~\|}}, so that the word for 'basement' is ''kjeller'' in Bokmål, but ''kjellå'' in the Arendal dialect.<ref name="ehp"/><ref name="kommune"/>		* The ending {{IPA\|/əʀ/}} is pronounced {{IPAblink\|ɔ}} (as in Danish), so that the word for 'basement' is ''kjeller'' in Bokmål, but ''kjellå'' in the Arendal dialect.<ref name="ehp"/><ref name="kommune"/>

	According to the linguist Gjert Kristoffersen, a recent change is that the postvocalic {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} is ''vocalized'' to {{IPA\|}}, rather than dropped. The phonetic diphthongs {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|}} may be monophthongized and lowered to, respectively, {{~~IPA~~\|}} and {{~~IPA~~\|}}, so that the words for 'to do gymnastics' and 'thorn' (which phonemically are, respectively, {{IPA\|/~~ˇtʉʀne~~/}} and {{IPA\|/~~ˇtuʀne~~/}}) vary in their phonetic realization between, respectively, {{IPA\| ~ }} and {{IPA\| ~ }}. This process may be extended to mid vowels.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=36}}		According to the linguist Gjert Kristoffersen, a recent change is that the postvocalic {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} is ''vocalized'' to {{IPA\|}}, rather than dropped. The phonetic diphthongs {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|}} may be monophthongized and lowered to, respectively, {{IPAblink\|œː}} and {{IPAblink\|ɔː}}, so that the words for 'to do gymnastics' and 'thorn' (which phonemically are, respectively, {{IPA\|/ˈtʉ̂ʀne/}} and {{IPA\|/ˈtûʀne/}}) vary in their phonetic realization between, respectively, {{IPA\| ~ }} and {{IPA\| ~ }}. This process may be extended to mid vowels.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=36}}

	===Tonemes===		===Tonemes===
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	==Notable speakers==		==Notable speakers==
	* ]{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=36}}		* ]{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=36}}
	* Rockebandet Ændal, a heavy metal band that sings in the Arendal dialect		* Rockebandet Ændal, a heavy metal band that sings in the Arendal dialect<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ROCKEBANDET ÆNDAL \|url=http://urbansound.no/thomas/rockebandet/ \|access-date=2023-06-24 \|website=urbansound.no}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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Latest revision as of 11:46, 24 June 2023

Dialect of Norwegian used in Arendal

Arendalsk
Arendal dialect, Arendal Norwegian
Ændalsk
Region	Arendal
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Arendalsk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Arendalsk, Arendal dialect or Arendal Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk: Arendalsk, Arendalsdialekten; the Arendal dialect: Ændalsk) is a dialect of Norwegian used in Arendal.

Phonology

Intervocalic /p, t, k/ are realized as voiced . This feature appeared in this dialect in the 20th century.
A uvular [ʀ] realization of /r/ was established in Arendal before the 20th century.
/ʀ/ is frequently dropped, so that e.g. Lars becomes Læs.
The ending /əʀ/ is pronounced [ɔ] (as in Danish), so that the word for 'basement' is kjeller in Bokmål, but kjellå in the Arendal dialect.

According to the linguist Gjert Kristoffersen, a recent change is that the postvocalic /ʀ/ is vocalized to , rather than dropped. The phonetic diphthongs and may be monophthongized and lowered to, respectively, [œː] and [ɔː], so that the words for 'to do gymnastics' and 'thorn' (which phonemically are, respectively, /ˈtʉ̂ʀne/ and /ˈtûʀne/) vary in their phonetic realization between, respectively, ~ and ~ . This process may be extended to mid vowels.

Tonemes

Phonetic realization

Tonemes of the Arendal dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.

Notable speakers

Gjert Kristoffersen
Rockebandet Ændal, a heavy metal band that sings in the Arendal dialect

References

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ ""E kåmmår hen te du i sta" — Eydehavnportalen". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ "Litt om arendalsdialekten - Arendal kommune". Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 36.
Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 236–237.
"ROCKEBANDET ÆNDAL". urbansound.no. Retrieved 2023-06-24.

Bibliography

Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5

Norwegian language

Varieties

Written

Official	Bokmål Nynorsk Samnorsk (discontinued)
Unofficial	Høgnorsk Riksmål

Spoken

West and south	Arendalsk Bergensk Sandnesmål Sognamål Stavangersk etc.
East	Bohusmål Gudbrandsdalsmål Hallingmål-Valdris Särna-Idremål [sv] Urban East Norwegian Vikværsk Oslo dialect etc.
Trøndersk	Herjedalsk [sv] Jemtlansk Medalsk Trondheimsk etc.
North	Brønnøymål etc.
Non-dialectical	Kebabnorsk Modern Norwegian Svorsk American Norwegian
Extinct	Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Dano-Norwegian Russenorsk