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			{{Short description\|River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain}}
	: ''For the town in Karnataka, India, see ].''
			{{Other uses}}
	: ''For the town in Maharashtra, India, see ].''
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2021}}
	: ''For the Australian Aboriginal war club, see ].''
			{{More citations needed\|date=April 2018}}

	]]]		]

			'''Wadi''' ({{langx\|ar\|وَادِي\|wādī}}, alternatively ''wād''; {{langx\|ar\|وَاد}}, ] '''oued''', {{Langx\|he\|וָאדִי\|link=Hebrew\|lit=wadi\|translit=vadi}}) is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a ]. In some instances, it may refer to a wet (]) ] that contains water only when heavy ] occurs.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Insight on the Scriptures \|date=1988 \|publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York \|volume=2: Jehova – Zuzim and Index \|url=https://archive.org/details/insightonscriptu02inte/page/1115/mode/2up \|url-access=registration \|entry=Torrent valley \|page=1115 \|quote="The term "wadi" (Arabic) is also used to designate a torrent valley{{nbsp}}... whereas others are torrents during the rainy season but dry up completely during the rainless season."}}</ref>
	A '''wadi''' ({{lang-ar\|وادي}} ''{{ArabDIN\|wādī}}'') is a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain. Compare ], ] and ].

			'']'' (]) is used in the ] for similar landforms.<ref>{{cite web
	The term ''{{ArabDIN\|wādī}}'' is very widely found in ] ]s. Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because of the availability of sub-surface water.
			\|title=Arroyo Definition \|publisher=MSN Encarta \|access-date=2009-10-02 \|url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/arroyo.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406213157/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/arroyo.html \|archive-date=2009-04-06 \|url-status=dead
			}}</ref>

			==Etymology==
	Crossing wide wadis at certain times of the year can be very dangerous, because of unexpected ]s. Such flash floods cause numerous deaths each year in ] and many other ]ern countries.
			The term ''{{transl\|ar\|DIN\|wādī}}'' is very widely found in Arabic ]s. Some Spanish toponyms are derived from ] where ''{{transl\|ar\|DIN\|wādī}}'' was used to mean a permanent river,{{citation needed\|date=March 2016}} for example: ] from ''wādī al-qanāl'' ({{langx\|ar\|وَادِي الْقَنَال}}, "river of refreshment stalls"), ] from ''wādī al-ḥijārah'' ({{langx\|ar\|وَادِي الْحِجَارَة}}, "river of stones"),<ref>Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara, {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701172107/http://www.guadalajara.es/recursos/doc/Turismo/Guias/32521_2222201291352.pdf \|date=1 July 2012 }}, retrieved 17 August 2013</ref> or ], from ''al-wādī al-kabīr'' ({{langx\|ar\|اَلْوَادِي الْكَبِير}}, "the great river").

			==General morphology and processes==
	In ] the French ] '''oued''' is often used, although it is also employed to refer to true rivers. In southwestern Africa, the term '''rivier''' is used.
			Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the distal portions of ]s and extend to inland ]s or ]. In ], wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have ] patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of ]s. Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change the stream patterns in the next ].

			]
	Some names of Spanish rivers are derived from ] toponyms where ''{{ArabDIN\|wādī}}'' was used to mean a permanent river, for example ] from ''al-wādī al-kabīr'' = "the great river".
			Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments.

			==Sediments and sedimentary structures==
			Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments.

			Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in a wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display ], and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about {{convert\|10\|–\|30\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}}. Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal ] may also be present.
	==List of Wadis==
	*Wādī al-Ḥaǧārah (]), ]
	*]
	*Wadi ]
	*], ], ]
	*]
	*Wadi ], ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ] in ]
	*Wadi ], ], ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ] in ]
	*] or Nachal ], cutting through ]).
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ], ]
	*]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*Wadi ]
	*], ]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

			==Hydrological action==
	]
			]s are ].]]
	]
	]

			Modern English usage differentiates wadis from ] or ] by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in ]s. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as a result.
	]

	]
			Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the ], as they travel in complex ] routes.
	]

	]
			The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in the 1990s.<ref>, UNESCO – Technical documents in hydrology vol 55, SC.2002/WS/33,(2002).</ref>
	]

	]
			===Deposits===
	]
			Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream ] and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by ] processes.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Achite\|first1=Mohamed\|last2=Ouillon\|first2=Sylvain\|title=Suspended sediment transport in a semiarid watershed, Wadi Abd, Algeria (1973–1995)\|journal=]\|date=September 2007\|volume=343\|issue=3–4\|pages=187–202\|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.026\|bibcode=2007JHyd..343..187A}}</ref>
	]

	]
			Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis," where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions.
	]

	]
			==Gallery==
	]
			{{gallery\|mode="packed"
	]
			\|File:Wadi Bani Khalid East RB.jpg\|] in the ] of ],<ref name="OmanTripper2013">{{cite web\|author=Alimsk\|title=Wadi Bani Khalid & Wadi Hawer\| website= omantripper.com \| publisher= Oman Tripper\|url=http://www.omantripper.com/wadi-bani-khalid/\|date=2013-12-20\| access-date= 2018-03-25}}</ref><ref name= "Pedro">{{cite web\| author=Pedro\|title= Visiting Wadi Bani Khalid, Oman: A Desert Paradise\|date=5 September 2014 \| website= travelwithpedro.com \|publisher=Travel With Pedro\| url=http://www.travelwithpedro.com/visiting-wadi-bani-khalid-oman-desert-paradise/\|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> ]
	]
			\|File:Wadi Jib - Tributary of Wadi Shah.jpg\|], a tributary of Wadi Shah, in the ]
			\|File:NachalParan1.jpg\|Wadi in ], ], ]
			\|File:Oued Tissint.jpg\|Oued Tissint, ]
			\|File:Dry riverbed and basalt columns (Namibia).jpg\|Dry fluvial channel cutting through columnar ] in ]
			\|File:Al Bithnah Fort viewed from the Wadi Ham.jpg\|The ] in the ], United Arab Emirates
			\|File:Wadi Shawka looking North.jpg\|The ]h in the United Arab Emirates
			\|File:Wadi East Egypt.jpg\|Wadis in northeastern ]
			\|Wadi, Socotra Island (14495206039).jpg\|A wadi in ]}}

			==See also==
			{{div col}}
			* {{annotated link\|Desert pavement\|Alluvial desert}}
			* {{annotated link\|Arroyo (watercourse)}}
			* {{annotated link\|Canyon}}
			* {{annotated link\|Coulee}}
			* {{annotated link\|Gulch}}
			* {{annotated link\|Gully}}
			* {{annotated link\|Intermittent river}}
			* {{annotated link\|Oasis}}
			* {{annotated link\|Valley of Tuwa\|''Wād Ṭuwā''}} in the Sinai peninsula, holy Muslim site
			{{div col end}}

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			===Bibliography===
			* . United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-26.
			* . United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-2onments
			* Gelennie, K. W., 1970 Deserts sedimentary Environments. Developments in Sedimentology, v.14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 222p.

			==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Wadis}}
			{{wiktionary}}
			* , ], ].
			* : Water resources division.

			{{Rivers, streams and springs}}
			{{Authority control}}

			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]

Latest revision as of 01:29, 19 December 2024

River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain For other uses, see Wadi (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Wadi (Arabic: وَادِي, romanized: wādī, alternatively wād; Arabic: وَاد, Maghrebi Arabic oued, Hebrew: וָאדִי, romanized: vadi, lit. 'wadi') is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a river valley. In some instances, it may refer to a wet (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs.

Arroyo (Spanish) is used in the Americas for similar landforms.

Etymology

The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms. Some Spanish toponyms are derived from Andalusian Arabic where wādī was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal from wādī al-qanāl (Arabic: وَادِي الْقَنَال, "river of refreshment stalls"), Guadalajara from wādī al-ḥijārah (Arabic: وَادِي الْحِجَارَة, "river of stones"), or Guadalquivir, from al-wādī al-kabīr (Arabic: اَلْوَادِي الْكَبِير, "the great river").

General morphology and processes

Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the distal portions of alluvial fans and extend to inland sabkhas or dry lakes. In basin and range topography, wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have braided stream patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of sediments. Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change the stream patterns in the next flash flood.

Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments.

Sediments and sedimentary structures

Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments.

Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in a wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display imbrications, and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about 10–30 cm (4–12 in). Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal loess may also be present.

Hydrological action

Modern English usage differentiates wadis from canyons or washes by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in flash floods. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as a result.

Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara, as they travel in complex transhumance routes.

The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in the 1990s.

Deposits

Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream velocity and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by eolian processes.

Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis," where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions.

Gallery

Wadi Bani Khalid in the Northern Governorate of Ash-Sharqiyyah Region, Oman, Arabian Peninsula
Wadi Jib, a tributary of Wadi Shah, in the United Arab Emirates
Wadi in Nahal Paran, Negev, Israel
Oued Tissint, Morocco
Dry fluvial channel cutting through columnar basalt in Namibia
The Al Bithnah Fort in the Wadi Ham, United Arab Emirates
The Wadi Shawkah in the United Arab Emirates
Wadis in northeastern Egypt
A wadi in Socotra

References

"Torrent valley". Insight on the Scriptures. Vol. 2: Jehova – Zuzim and Index. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York. 1988. p. 1115. The term "wadi" (Arabic) is also used to designate a torrent valley ... whereas others are torrents during the rainy season but dry up completely during the rainless season.
"Arroyo Definition". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara, Guadalajara tourist guide, p.5. Archived 1 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 17 August 2013
Review of Wheater, Howard; Al Weshah, Radwan, Hydrology of Wadi systems -IHP Regional Network on Wadi Hydrology in the Arab Region, UNESCO – Technical documents in hydrology vol 55, SC.2002/WS/33,(2002).
Achite, Mohamed; Ouillon, Sylvain (September 2007). "Suspended sediment transport in a semiarid watershed, Wadi Abd, Algeria (1973–1995)". Journal of Hydrology. 343 (3–4): 187–202. Bibcode:2007JHyd..343..187A. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.026.
Alimsk (20 December 2013). "Wadi Bani Khalid & Wadi Hawer". omantripper.com. Oman Tripper. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Pedro (5 September 2014). "Visiting Wadi Bani Khalid, Oman: A Desert Paradise". travelwithpedro.com. Travel With Pedro. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

Bibliography

Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-26.
Summary: Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis – Inverted. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-2onments
Gelennie, K. W., 1970 Deserts sedimentary Environments. Developments in Sedimentology, v.14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 222p.

External links

IHP REGIONAL WADI HYDROLOGY NETWORK, International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO.
Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry lands (ACSAD): Water resources division.

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