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{{Short description|Type of international school}}
{{Distinguish|text=the ], the intergovernmental organisation, which administers the educational establishments that are the topic of this article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2019}} {{Use British English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = European School
| native_name = École Européenne
| latin_name = Schola Europaea
| logo = Insigne Scholae Europaeae.svg
| address = Office of the Secretary-General of the European Schools, rue de la Science 23
| postcode = B-1040
| city = Brussels
| country = Belgium
| type = network of schools, recognised as public bodies, established by international treaty
| established = {{bulleted list
| 4 October 1953, Luxembourg by employees of the ] (initial establishment)
| 22 February 1960 (entry into force of international legal basis, signed in 1957 by the "]" countries)
}}
| category = Nursery, Primary and Secondary Education
| oversight = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
| title = 32 members
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| bullets = on
| 1 = Ministers of Education of the ] and the UK
| 2 = representative of the ] on behalf of the ] and ]
| 3 = representative of the ] on behalf of the ]
| 4 = representative of the Staff Committee
| 5 = representative of the federated Parents' Associations
}}
| oversight_label = Board of Governors
| gender = ]
| website = http://www.eursc.eu
| enrolment = 27,176<ref>{{cite web|author1=Board of Governors of the European Schools|authorlink1=European_Schools#Board_of_Governors|title=Facts and figures on the beginning of the 2018-2019 school year in the European Schools|url=https://www.eursc.eu/Documents/2018-10-D-17-en-3.pdf|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary-General of the European Schools|accessdate=8 February 2019|page=7}}</ref>
| enrolment_as_of = 2018-2019
| free_label = Main Regulatory Text
| free_text = 1994 Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools
| free_label2 = Diploma
| free_text2 = ]
| free_label3 = European Schools
| free_text3 = {{unbulleted list
|] {{Flagicon|ESP}}
|] {{Flagicon|NLD}}
|] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
|] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
|] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
|] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
|] {{Flagicon|DE}}
|] {{Flagicon|DE}}
|] {{Flagicon|LUX}}
|] {{Flagicon|LUX}}
|] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
|] {{Flagicon|DE}}
|] {{Flagicon|ITA}}
}}
| free_label4 = Future European Schools
| free_text4 = ] {{Flagicon|BEL}}
| free_label5 = Former European Schools
| free_text5 = ] {{Flagicon|UK}}
}}


The '''European Schools''' ({{lang-la|Schola Europaea}}) is a network of schools, which emphasise a multilingual and multicultural pedagogical approach to the teaching of nursery, primary and secondary students, leading to the ] as their ]. A '''European School''' ({{langx|la|Schola Europaea}}) is a type of ] emphasising a multilingual and multicultural pedagogical approach to the teaching of nursery, primary and secondary students, leading to the ] as their ]. Each European School is set up, financed, and operated by the international organisation, the "]", controlled jointly by the member states of the European Union and the European Commission. The schools prioritise, for enrolment purposes, the children of EU staff.


The first European School, founded in ], in 1953, had the objective of providing an education to the children of employees of the institutions of the ] — a forerunner of today's ]. Originally, a private initiative of employees of the ECSC, the concept attracted the attention of EU founding father, ] as capturing the spirit of the post-] effort to reconcile and ] ]. The first European School, founded in ], in 1953, had the objective of providing an education to the children of employees of the institutions of the ] — a forerunner of today's ]. Originally, a private initiative of employees of the ECSC, the concept attracted the attention of EU founding father, ] as capturing the spirit of the post-] effort to reconcile and ] ].


As of September 2017, there are thirteen European Schools located in six EU member states in close proximity to European institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/locations|title=Locations of the European Schools|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|language=en|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Schools are neither EU bodies, nor under the full jurisdiction of the individual ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gruber|first=Joachim|date=1 January 2011|title=European schools: A subject of International Law Integrated into the European Union|journal=International Organizations Law Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=175–196|doi=10.1163/157237411x587388|issn=1572-3747|quote=Despite their name, the "European Schools" are not a European Union institution, but an independent, autonomous subject of international law.}}</ref> They are instead administered and financed through the international organisation "The European Schools", established by means of an intergovernmental ], the 1957 Statute of the European School, since repealed and replaced by the 1994 Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools. All ], as well as the EU itself, and the ] (Euratom) are party to this agreement. As part of the ], it will remain party to the Convention until the end of the academic year ongoing at the end of the transition period. The Schools are legally recognised in all participating jurisdictions as public bodies. As of September 2017, there are thirteen European Schools located in six EU member states in close proximity to European institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/locations|title=Locations of the European Schools|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|language=en|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>


Since 2005, upon a recommendation of the ], the title of an "Accredited European School" has been available for schools under national jurisdiction, which have been approved, by the ] of the European Schools, to offer the European Schools' curriculum and the European Baccalaureate.<ref name="AccreditedSchools">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/Accredited-European-Schools/About|title=About the Accredited European Schools |website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|language=en|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> As of May 2020, there are eighteen Accredited European Schools located in twelve EU countries and the UK, with a further six schools engaged in the accreditation process.<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/Accredited-European-Schools/locations|title=Locations of the Accredited European Schools|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Since 2005, upon a recommendation of the ], the title of an "]" has been available for schools under national jurisdiction and financing, which have been approved, by the ] of the European Schools, to offer the European Schools' curriculum and the European Baccalaureate.<ref name="AccreditedSchools">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/Accredited-European-Schools/About|title=About the Accredited European Schools |website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|language=en|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>


==History== ==Legal status==
The schools, despite their close connection to the EU, are neither EU bodies, nor under the full jurisdiction of the individual ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gruber|first=Joachim|date=1 January 2011|title=European schools: A subject of International Law Integrated into the European Union|journal=International Organizations Law Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=175–196|doi=10.1163/157237411x587388|issn=1572-3747|quote=Despite their name, the "European Schools" are not a European Union institution, but an independent, autonomous subject of international law.}}</ref> They are instead administered and financed through the international organisation "The European Schools", established by means of an intergovernmental ], the 1957 Statute of the European School, since repealed and replaced by the 1994 Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools. All ], as well as the EU itself, and the ] (Euratom) are party to this agreement. As part of the ], it will remain party to the convention until the end of the academic year ongoing at the end of the transition period. The Schools are legally recognised in all participating jurisdictions as public bodies.


==Locations==
=== Foundation: An intergovernmental enterprise ===
Following the establishment of the institutions of the ] (ECSC) in ], in 1952,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_seats_of_the_institutions_of_the_european_union-en-cd672879-aeb1-4cad-a0c1-9e4ff75ff660.html|title=The seats and institutions of the European Union|last=|first=|date=8 July 2016|website=cvce.eu|access-date=19 August 2017|quote=At the Conference of the Founding States of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) held on 23 July 1952, Luxembourg was chosen as the provisional place of work for its institutions.}}</ref> it became apparent that it was necessary to provide an education to the children of the officials of those institutions in their ]. The lack of such provisions posed challenges in building an administration that reflected the diverse makeup of the ECSC's ], discouraging potential employees who heralded from outside the jurisdiction in which the institutions were based from relocating with their families.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Ronsheim|first=Sally Bober|title=A Study of Two International Cultural Schools in Western Europe|date=15 February 1967|degree=Ph.D.|publisher=]|doi=|id={{ProQuest|302242827}}}} pp. 294-295. "The problem was first recognized at the end of 1952 when the families of the first functionaries of the European Coal and Steel Community settled in Luxembourg. An extremely complex and delicate problem arose; that of providing the kind of instruction needed for youngsters originating from five different countries. It was necessary to assure without discrimination, a way for them to follow their national studies within a multinational framework. The limited number of students from each country did not allow for the creation of as many schools as nationalities represented. A new kind of school had to be organized to allow for cultural diversity and the special needs of the Community population."</ref> In 1953, employees of the ECSC established an association, financed by the ], for the purpose of founding a school in Luxembourg providing nursery and primary education to the children of the institutions' officials. The school begun to operate on 4 October 1953, with teachers recruited and paid by the association.


There are thirteen European Schools, (sometimes designated as "Type 1" European Schools in official documents) found in eight municipalities, across six EU countries, in close proximity to ], or in the case of the European School, Munich, the ]. There are currently five European Schools in Belgium (four in ] and one in ]) and discussions are currently being held about building a fifth school in Brussels, to open in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-15|title=Temporary European school opens on Brussels' former NATO site|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium-education/183958/temporary-european-school-opens-on-brussels-former-nato-site/|access-date=2023-09-15|website=The Brussels Times|language=en}}</ref>
However, by the spring of 1954, it was apparent that the solution was inadequate, with the school unable to provide a secondary education to its enrolees. The President of the High Authority of the ECSC, ], invited representatives of the ]s of the ] to Luxembourg for discussions on a school with ] status. The member state representatives transformed themselves into a ], who would oversee the establishment of such a school. It was agreed that teaching staff would be seconded from the member states, who would continue to pay their salary, and that salaries would be harmonised by means of an additional supplement. On 12 October 1954, the first two years of the secondary school began to operate.


In 2017, with the relocation of European Union-seconded researchers and their families following the formation of the successor project to the ] fusion energy research programme, the ] was closed. The school affirmed this move was not connected with ].<ref>{{cite web|title=We are now closed |url=https://www.esculham.eu/ |website=European School Culham |access-date=23 September 2018 |language=en|quote=Today, an observer reporting superficially about the closure of our school in Culham could easily weave an imagined narrative around the result of a British referendum that took place a year ago. We all know this couldn’t be further from the truth.}}</ref>
On 12 April 1957, the governments of the six ECSC member states signed the Statute of the European School, which took the form of an ]. Following ratification, the agreement entered into force on 22 February 1960.<ref name=1957ST>{{cite web|url=https://treatydatabase.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/008502.html|title=Statute of the European School|accessdate=23 March 2019|publisher=]}}</ref> Under Article 6 of the Statute, the European School was to have the status of a public institution in the law of each of the contracting parties and was to have ] to the extent requisite for the attainment of its objectives. The organs of the school were to be a Board of Governors, which would have executive authority over the School, a Boards of Inspectors, an Administrative Board and a ]. Article 8 provided that the Board of Governors of the European School was to consist of the "] or Ministers of each contracting party whose responsibilities include national education and/or external cultural relations", with the Board able to confer a position to a representative of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, as per Article 27.


On 9 July 2021 the decision was made to move the Netherlands-based school from ], to ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esbergen.eu/preliminary-decision-relocation-esb/|title = Preliminary decision relocation ESB|date = 9 July 2021}}</ref>
=== The spread of the European Schools ===
Following the foundation of the ] (EEC) and the ] (Euratom) in 1957 and the establishment of the school in Luxembourg, other European Schools were set up in ] and then in ], ] in 1958, in ], ] in 1960, ], ] in 1962, in ], ] in 1963, and a second school in Brussels in 1974. In order to facilitate the setting-up of those new schools and to provide them with a legal basis, the governments of the member states signed on 13 April 1962 in Luxembourg a Protocol on the setting-up of European Schools with reference to the 1957 Statute of the European School.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
In 1967, the institutions of the EEC, ECSC and Euratom were merged to form the ]. Consequently, the three organisations were represented on the Board of Governors by the ] of the European Communities, the successor institution to the High Authority of the ECSC. Taking advantage of the powers conferred to it by the 1957 Statute, the Board of Governors signed an agreement with the ] — a separate intergovernmental organisation — in December 1975 allowing for the creation, in 1977, of a European School in ], Germany for the education and instruction together of children of its staff. In 1973, the first ] of the European Communities sawthe United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland join, who all likewise acceded to the 1957 Statute.<ref name=1957ST/> In 1978, a European School was established at ], UK in order to serve the children of the staff posted to the ] Joint Undertaking (JET), supervised by Euratom, for the development of a common ] programme. By 1986, following the enlargement of the European Communities to include ], ] and ] and their ratification of the Statute,<ref name=1957ST/> the Schools were obliged to provide an education to the students of officials originating from the 12 EC member states. Finland acceded to the Statute in 1995 after its accession to the European Union.<ref name=1957ST/>
! School !! Country !! Founded/Opened in

|-
=== Coping with EU enlargement ===
| ] (Kirchberg) || Luxembourg ||1953
Pursuant to the ] into the ] in 1993, and envisioning the ] following the end of the ], it was decided that the legal and organisational framework of the Schools needed an overhaul. On 21 June 1994 the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools, which repealed and replaced the 1957 Statute of the European School and its accompanying 1962 Protocol, was signed by all 12 then EU member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1993110&DocLanguage=en|title=Convention defining the Statute of the European schools|accessdate=23 March 2019|publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="1994ST">{{cite web|url=https://treatydatabase.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/005451.html|title=Convention defining the Statute of the European Schools|accessdate=23 March 2019|publisher=]}}</ref> On 1 October 2002 it came into effect, following ratification by all signatories. Following the subsequent enlargements of the EU, the acceding states have also acceded to the 1994 Convention, which, as of February 2020, includes amongst its contracting parties (following the most recent accession of ] to the EU in 2013) all 27 EU member states — and the UK <!--See the section Brexit--> — as well as the EU itself, and Euratom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/Documents/2014-01-D-23-en-2.pdf|title=Report of the Secretary-General to the Board of Governors of the European Schools for the year 2013|date=8 April 2014|accessdate=23 March 2019|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|quote=Croatia acceded to the European School Convention as the 28th Member State}}</ref><!--Croatia not listed by EU/NL lists?-->
|-

| ] (Uccle/Ukkel) || Belgium ||1958
=== Brexit ===
|-

| ] || Belgium ||1960
As part of the UK's withdrawal from the EU, better known as ], the UK government notified its intention to withdraw from the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools.<ref name="withdrawal act">{{cite web |title=Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/840655/Agreement_on_the_withdrawal_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_from_the_European_Union_and_the_European_Atomic_Energy_Community.pdf |website=gov.uk |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |accessdate=2 February 2020}}</ref> Under the ], which entered into effect on 1 February 2020, the UK will remain a member of the European Schools and be bound by the Convention, as well as regulations adopted by the Board of Governors on Accredited European Schools until the end of the school year that is ongoing at the end of the transition period.<ref name="withdrawal act" /> The UK also commits itself in the Withdrawal Agreement to maintain the legal rights, as laid out in Article 5(2) of the Convention, of any former pupils, as well as those who are enrolled in a cycle of secondary studies in a European School before 31 August 2021 and acquire a European Baccalaureate after that date.<ref name="withdrawal act" />
|-

| ] || Italy ||1960
Brexit poses substantial challenges for the Europa School UK — an ] based Accredited European School formed by stakeholders of the former ], as accredited status may only be awarded to schools within an EU member state.<ref name="HoC">{{cite web |title=Europa School: 10 Jan 2019: House of Commons debates |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2019-01-10c.687.0#g687.1 |website=TheyWorkForYou |accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en |date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
|-

| ] || Germany ||1962
== Principles and objectives ==
|-
The historical significance of the first European School, founded a mere 8 years after the end of ], was not lost on its architects. Children, whose parents had fought on opposite sides of the conflict, would not only be taught together, but, as per the curriculum of the School, learn history and geography in a foreign language and from a foreign point of view. "May the Europe of the European schools definitively take the place of the Europe of the war cemeteries," ], head of the ECSC proclaimed upon the opening of a new custom building for the School on ] in Luxembourg, on 11 December 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n12/peter-pomerantsev/diary|title=Diary|last1=Pomerantsev|first1=Peter|authorlink=Peter Pomerantsev|date=16 June 2016|website=London Review of Books|pages=46–47|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> This sentiment is echoed in the words inscribed in Latin on parchment and sealed in each of the European Schools' foundation stones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/principles|title=Principles and objectives|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> Translated into English, it reads:
| ] || Netherlands ||1963
{{Quote|text=Educated side by side, untroubled from infancy by divisive prejudices, acquainted with all that is great and good in the different cultures, it will be borne in upon them as they mature that they belong together. Without ceasing to look to their own lands with love and pride, they will become in mind Europeans, schooled and ready to complete and consolidate the work of their fathers before them, to bring into being a united and thriving Europe.|sign=|source=Marcel Decombis, member of the cabinet of ] and Head of the European School, Luxembourg between 1953 and 1960}}
|-
| ] (Woluwe; Evere) || Belgium ||1974
|-
| ] || Germany ||1977
|-
| ] (Ixelles/Elsene) || Belgium ||2000
|-
| ] || Germany ||2002
|-
| ] || Spain ||2002
|-
| ] (Bertrange/Mamer) || Luxembourg ||2004
|-
| ] (Laeken/Laken) || Belgium ||2006
|-
|] || United Kingdom || 1978 (closed on 31 August 2017)
|}


==Curriculum== ==Curriculum==
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! Abbreviation ! Abbreviation
|- |-
! 11-12 ! 11–12
| ''First Year'' | ''First Year''
| S1 | S1
|- |-
! 12-13 ! 12–13
|''Second Year'' |''Second Year''
| S2 | S2
|- |-
! 13-14 ! 13–14
| ''Third Year'' | ''Third Year''
| S3 | S3
|- |-
! 14-15 ! 14–15
| ''Fourth Year'' | ''Fourth Year''
| S4 | S4
|- |-
! 15-16 ! 15–16
| ''Fifth Year'' | ''Fifth Year''
| S5 | S5
|- |-
! 16-17 ! 16–17
| ''Sixth Year'' | ''Sixth Year''
| S6 | S6
|- |-
! 17-18 ! 17–18
| ''Seventh Year'' | ''Seventh Year''
| S7 | S7
|} |}
The ] is common to all thirteen schools and is centrally controlled by the ] and the ]. The ] is common to all thirteen schools and is centrally controlled by the ] and the ].


=== Secondary level === === Secondary level ===
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* Geography (instructed in second language from Year 3) * Geography (instructed in second language from Year 3)
* Ethics/religion (instructed in second language from Year 3) * Ethics/religion (instructed in second language from Year 3)
* Physical education (instruction in second language is possible from year 3) * Physical education (instruction in second language is possible from Year 3)
Compulsory for Years 1–3 of the secondary school: Compulsory for Years 1–3 of the secondary school:
*Art *Art
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Compulsory subjects for Years 1–5 of the secondary school: Compulsory subjects for Years 1–5 of the secondary school:
*Third language (any EU official language, as long as a minimum number of students choose it in the same school) *Third language (any EU official language, as long as a minimum number of students choose it in the same school)
*Natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry and Biology (usually combined for Years 1-3) *Natural sciences: physics, chemistry and biology (usually combined for Years 1–3)
Compulsory subjects for Years 6–7 of the secondary school: Compulsory subjects for Years 6–7 of the secondary school:
* Philosophy * Philosophy
* Physics and/or Chemistry and/or Biology (at least one science subject is obligatory) * Physics and/or chemistry and/or biology (at least one science subject is obligatory)
Optional subjects: Optional subjects:
* ICT (instructed in second language) and Latin in Year 3 * ICT (instructed in second language) and Latin in Year 2—3 and 4—5 (you can stop between the first and second cycle of Latin)
*Economics (instructed in second language), Music, or a Fourth and Fifth language in Years 4–7 *Economics (instructed in second language), music, or a fourth and fifth language in Years 4–7


=== Foreign language education === === Foreign language education ===
All modern foreign languages offered are taught using the ] where the lessons are taught in the language being learned, and the use of the student's native tongue is discouraged. These foreign languages lessons are shared with pupils from other language streams. The idea is to encourage the pupils to use the language they are learning as a means of crossing the communication barrier between themselves and pupils from other language streams. From Year 3 onwards of the secondary school, History and Geography as well as other secondary subjects such as Music are taught in each student's second language. Many of the pupils find themselves in a foreign country, so are surrounded by a foreign language. Some pick it up through ], hence some lessons are taught in the national language of the host country.<ref name=":0" /> All modern foreign languages offered are taught using the ] where the lessons are taught in the language being learned, and the use of the student's native tongue is discouraged. These foreign languages lessons are shared with pupils from other language streams. The idea is to encourage the pupils to use the language they are learning as a means of crossing the communication barrier between themselves and pupils from other language streams. From Year 3 onwards of the secondary school, History and Geography as well as other secondary subjects such as Music are taught in each student's second language. Many of the pupils find themselves in a foreign country, so are surrounded by a foreign language. Some pick it up through ], hence some lessons are taught in the national language of the host country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/principles|title=Principles and objectives|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>


===European Baccalaureate=== ===European Baccalaureate===
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The ] is the ] of the European Schools, and should be distinguished from the ] (IB) and the baccalaureates of various national systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/European-Baccalaureate|title=The European Baccalaureate|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> It is a two-year course assessing the performance of students in the subjects taught in Years 6–7, and culminating in a final series exams taken at the end of Year 7.<ref name=":1" /> As per the multilingual ethos of the Schools, certain subjects are instructed and assessed in each student's respective second language. Details of the examinations are set out in the Annex of the Statute of the European School and in the regulations for the European Baccalaureate.<ref name=":1" /> The ] is the ] of the European Schools, and should be distinguished from the ] (IB) and the baccalaureates of various national systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/en/European-Schools/European-Baccalaureate|title=The European Baccalaureate|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> It is a two-year course assessing the performance of students in the subjects taught in Years 6–7, and culminating in a final series exams taken at the end of Year 7.<ref name=":1" /> As per the multilingual ethos of the Schools, certain subjects are instructed and assessed in each student's respective second language. Details of the examinations are set out in the Annex of the Statute of the European School and in the regulations for the European Baccalaureate.<ref name=":1" />


Those students undertaking the European Baccalaureate are required to study at least 8 and up to a maximum of 11 academic subjects, in addition to physical education and moral/religion, with different weightings according to the course choices made when commencing the Baccaluareate. The final mark is calculated as a percentage, where 60% is the minimum for a pass.<ref name=":1" /> Those students undertaking the European Baccalaureate are required to study at least 8 and up to a maximum of 11 academic subjects, in addition to physical education and moral/religion, with different weightings according to the course choices made when commencing the Baccaluareate. The final mark is calculated as a percentage, where 50% is the minimum for a pass.<ref name=":1" />


The European Baccalaureate is administered and directly supervised by an external examining board appointed annually by the Board of Governors.<ref name=":1" /> The examining board consists of up to three representatives of each member state, who must satisfy the conditions governing the appointment of equivalent examining boards in their respective countries. It is presided over by a senior university educator appointed by each member state in turn, assisted by a member of the Board of Inspectors of the Schools.<ref name=":1" /> The European Baccalaureate is administered and directly supervised by an external examining board appointed annually by the Board of Governors.<ref name=":1" /> The examining board consists of up to three representatives of each member state, who must satisfy the conditions governing the appointment of equivalent examining boards in their respective countries. It is presided over by a senior university educator appointed by each member state in turn, assisted by a member of the Board of Inspectors of the Schools.<ref name=":1" />
Line 201: Line 163:
The first awards of the European Baccalaureate were made in 1959. The first awards of the European Baccalaureate were made in 1959.


==Common extra-curricula activities and events== ==Common extracurricular activities and events==
Sports teams of the European Schools compete in the biennial Eurosport event, with the Schools alternating as hosts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euroschool.lu/eses2015/Documents/Eurosport-handbook/2014-09-D-49-en-2.pdf|title=Eurosport Handbook : Approved By The Joint Teaching Committee On 9 And 10 October 2014 In Brussels|date=September 2014|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> In addition, students of the Schools have the opportunity to take part in the annual European Schools Science Composium, the winners of which represent the European Schools in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euroschool.lu/esss/|title=European School Science Symposium|website=euroschool.lu|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Sports teams of the European Schools compete in the biennial Eurosport event, with the schools alternating as hosts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euroschool.lu/eses2015/Documents/Eurosport-handbook/2014-09-D-49-en-2.pdf|title=Eurosport Handbook : Approved By The Joint Teaching Committee On 9 And 10 October 2014 In Brussels|date=September 2014|publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> In addition, students of the schools have the opportunity to take part in the annual European Schools Science Composium, the winners of which represent the European Schools in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euroschool.lu/esss/|title=European School Science Symposium|website=euroschool.lu|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>


The European Schools also cooperate to take advantage of their unique relationship to EU institutions, to provide students on an annual basis with the opportunity to take part in political simulations of EU meetings, held on the premises of the institutions themselves. Students get the opportunity to role-play as delegates of EU member state governments in a Model ], MEPs in a Model ], or international journalists covering the meetings. The European Schools also cooperate to take advantage of their unique relationship to EU institutions to provide students on an annual basis with the opportunity to take part in political simulations of EU meetings, held on the premises of the institutions themselves. Students get the opportunity to role-play as delegates of EU member state governments in a Model ], MEPs in a Model ], or international journalists covering the meetings.


The federation of student representatives of the Schools, ], organises a "Europarty", held in a different European city each academic year, and open to any student of the European Schools over 16 years of age to attend. The federation of student representatives of the schools, CoSup, organises a "Europarty", held in a different European city each academic year, and open to any student of the European Schools over 16 years of age to attend.

== Organs ==

=== Board of Governors ===
The Board of Governors is the common executive body of the European Schools, determining educational, administrative and financial matters. When it is not in session, its powers are exercised by its officially appointed Secretary-General.

==== Membership ====
The ] is composed of the ] of each of the ], normally represented by senior civil servants from the ministries of education or foreign affairs, together with the representative of the ], representing the ] and ], and the representative of the ]. A representative designated by the Staff Committee and a representative of the parents designated by the Parents’ Associations are also members of the Board of Governors.

==== Preparatory Committees ====
Matters to be discussed by the Board of Governors first make their way through a range of preparatory committees, the most important of which are the Joint Teaching Committee and the Budgetary Committee. The Joint Teaching Committee gathers Inspectors and directors, together with representatives of teachers, parents and pupils and a representative of the European Commission and the European Patent Office. It examines proposals concerning the organisation and curricula of the schools. The Budgetary Committee, likewise, gathers finance officials from the EU member states, together with representatives of the European Commission and European Patent Office to examine the financial implications of educational proposals and the budgets of individual schools and of the General Secretariat in Brussels.

=== Boards of Inspectors ===
Supervision of the education provided by the European Schools is conducted by two Boards of Inspectors, one for the primary and nursery sections and one for the secondary section. One Inspector from each of the 28 EU member states sits on each Board.

=== Administrative Boards ===
Each European School has an Administrative Board responsible for the day-to-day administration and functioning of the each respective School. Chaired by the Secretary-General of the European Schools. Its other members are the director of the School, a representative of the European Commission, two elected representatives of the teachers, two representatives of the Parents’ Association, a representative of the administrative and socially staff and, at the European School of Munich, a representative of the European Patent Office. It is common practice to also have two representatives of the Student's Associations invited and present.

=== Directors (Head teachers) and teachers ===
Each head teacher is appointed by the Board of Governors for nine years. There are generally two deputy-head teachers, one for the secondary section and one for the primary and nursery sections. They are also appointed for nine years. Head and deputy-head teachers are appointed directly by the Board of Governors. While some full-time teachers are seconded by their national governments for a period up to nine years, others are hired locally within the member states in which the schools reside. Due to recruitment issues within the member states, these teachers are increasingly used as the primary category of teachers within the schools.

=== Staff Committees ===
Each European School elects, annually, two representatives of the teaching staff (one primary, one secondary) to form a European School Staff Committee which is represented on the Board of Governors, in the Preparatory Committees and on the Administrative Board of each School. In 2016, these roles were enlarged to include Locally Recruited Teachers (LRT) and two further representatives are elected annually.<ref name="LRT">{{cite web |title=Service Regulations For The Locally Recruited Teachers In The European Schools : Approved by the Board of Governors by Written Procedure 2016/12 |url=https://www.eursc.eu/BasicTexts/2016-05-D-11-en-4.pdf |publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools |accessdate=27 March 2019}}</ref> These representatives do not have voting rights, however they are able to attend meetings and represent the interests of LRTs vis-a-vis the School.<ref name="LRT" />

=== Complaints Board ===
In the European Schools system, the Complaints Board, an independent administrative court, represents the judiciary, owing to the Schools' unique intergovernmental legal basis.

===Parents' Associations===

Common to each European School, the respective Parents' Associations are responsible for overseeing the provision of school transportation, the running of canteen services and extra-curricula activities. Each Parents' Association is open to any parent or legal guardian who has a child enrolled in the Schools, and possesses a place on the Administrative Board of their respective European School. Via a body which federates all the Parents' Associations of the European Schools, InterParents, they participate in meetings of the Board of Governors of the European Schools, enabling them a voice in intergovernmental meetings which set the future direction of the organisation as a whole. Each Parents' Association is also a member of the ''Groupe Unitaire pour la Défense des Ecoles Européennes'' (GUDEE), which groups Parents’Associations, Trades-Unions and other organisations possessing an interest in the future of the European Schools together.

===Pupils' Committees and CoSup===

Regulations agreed by the Board of Governors of the European Schools recognise the right of the students of each School to organise and represent themselves in the administration and functioning of the Schools via a Pupils' Committee. Each European Schools' Pupils' Committee is democratically elected at the start of each academic year, headed by a president.

The Pupils' Committees of the European Schools are federated via CoSup, an acronym formed from its French title, '''''Co'''nseil '''Sup'''érieur des Elèves''. Each Pupils' Committee elects two representatives to send to meetings of CoSup. Accredited European Schools may also send representatives. As of 2006, CoSup is recognised by the Board of Governors of the European Schools as an official body. It is able to represent common student interests on the European Schools' Joint Teaching Committee and at the Board of Governors. CoSup possesses a common fund, able to financially support represented Pupils' Committees, when necessary. Amongst other duties, CoSup is responsible for organising the annual Europarty, held in a different European city each year, and open to any student of the European Schools over the age of 16 to attend.

CoSup meets four times per academic year and utilises a Qualified Majority Voting system, endowing each European School represented a number of votes proportional to its share of the total number of students enrolled across all European Schools. Each School receives an equal vote weighting for matters concerning the functioning of CoSup, such as its presidential elections, which occur at the last meeting of each academic year.

==Locations==

===European Schools===

There are thirteen European Schools, (sometimes designated as "Type 1" European Schools in official documents) found in eight municipalities, across six EU countries, in close proximity to ], or in the case of the European School, Munich, the ]. There are currently five European Schools in Belgium (four in ] and one in ]) and discussions are currently being held about building a fifth school in Brussels at an undetermined future date.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! School !! Country !! Founded/Opened in
|-
| ] (Kirchberg) || Luxembourg ||1953
|-
| ] (Uccle/Ukkel) || Belgium ||1958
|-
| ] || Belgium ||1960
|-
| ] || Italy ||1960
|-
| ] || Germany ||1962
|-
| ] || Netherlands ||1963
|-
| ] (Woluwe) || Belgium ||1974
|-
| ] || Germany ||1977
|-
| ] (Ixelles/Elsene) || Belgium ||2000
|-
| ] || Germany ||2002
|-
| ] || Spain ||2002
|-
| ] (Bertrange/Mamer) || Luxembourg ||2004
|-
| ] (Laeken/Laken) || Belgium ||2006
|-
| ] || Belgium || originally due in 2019<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hope |first1=Alan |title=Fifth European School to take over former site of NATO |url=http://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/education/12099/fifth-european-school-to-take-over-former-site-of-nato |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=The Brussels Times |date=29 July 2018}}</ref>, delayed until 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=New European School will open in Brussels in 2021 |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/93008/new-european-school-will-open-in-brussels-in-2021/ |accessdate=1 June 2020 |work=The Brussels Times |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Green light for new European School in Evere |url=https://www.thebulletin.be/green-light-new-european-school-evere |accessdate=1 June 2020 |work=The Bulletin |date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|}

] - United Kingdom - was opened in 1978 and closed on 31 August 2017.

===Accredited European Schools===
Since 2005, the title of an "Accredited European School" has been available for schools under national jurisdiction, which have been approved, by the ] of the European Schools, to offer the European Schools' curriculum and the European Baccalaureate.<ref name="AccreditedSchools" /> This accredited status groups together, what were formerly known as "Type II" and "Type III" European Schools, with the only difference being that "Type II" European Schools give priority, for enrolment purposes, to children of staff of the EU institutions and are therefore entitled to receive funding from the European Commission in proportion to the number of such EU staff pupils enrolled.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Board of Governors of the European Schools |title=Accredited European Schools |url=https://www.eursc.eu/Documents/2013-01-D-64-en-4.pdf |website= |publisher=Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools |accessdate=30 March 2019 |date=January 2013 |page=3 |quote=In various documents different terms were used to define Accredited European Schools: TYPE II and TYPE III European Schools, European Schooling, and Associate Schools. European Schools established pursuant to Article 2 of the Convention are denominated Type I European Schools, while both Type II and Type III European Schools are schools accredited by the Board of Governors as offering European schooling equivalent to that in Type I European Schools. A distinction was made between TYPE II and TYPE III European Schools on the grounds that, unlike the latter, the TYPE II European Schools give priority for enrolment purposes to children of staff of the EU institutions and other bodies as defined by the relevant EU legislation and are therefore entitled to receive funding from the European Commission in proportion to the number of such EU staff pupils enrolled pursuant to the applicable legislation. However, from the point of view of the European School system, which is exclusively responsible for the pedagogical accreditation, there is no difference between the two. For the sake of simplification and harmonisation, in the context of the pedagogical accreditation it is proposed from now on to use the term "Accredited European Schools", which includes both TYPE II and TYPE III Schools.}}</ref> As of May 2020, there are eighteen Accredited European Schools located in twelve EU countries and the UK, with a further six schools engaged in the accreditation process.<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eursc.eu/Documents/2020-01-D-16-en-1.pdf|title=Accredited European Schools Data {{!}} Data valid on 15 October 2019|website=eursc.eu|publisher=Office of the Secretary-General of the European Schools|accessdate=30 May 2020}}</ref>
! Country
! Date first accreditation agreement signed
! Date first additional accreditation agreement signed
! Current agreement situation
! Year groups active September 2019
|-
| ]
| ]
| 13 March 2018
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022
| ⁠N1–S5
|-
| European School Brindsi
| ]
| 11 January 2017
| 19 January 2017
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| P1–S7
|-
| ]
| ]
| 10 September 2015
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| N2–S4
|-
| ]
| ]
| 11 January 2013
| 9 January 2019
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020
| N1–S7
|-
| International School of Differdange and Esch-sur-Alzette
| ]
| 16 May 2017
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022
| P1–S4
|-
| Centre for European Schooling
| ]
| 16 August 2007
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020
| N1–S5
|-
| International School Edward Steichen
| ]
| 14 May 2019
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| S1 & S2
|-
| Europa School UK
| ]
| 26 January 2015
| 9 March 2018
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2019
| N1–S7
|-
| European School of Helsinki
| ]
| 20 January 2009
| 26 May 2011
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020
| N1–S7
|-
| School of European Education of Heraklion
| ]
| 15 October 2008
| 14 May 2014
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022
| N1–S7
|-
| International School Junglinster
| ]
| 14 May 2019
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| N1–S3
|-
| European School Lille Métropole
| ]
| In the process of accreditation
| N/A
| N/A
| N1 & N2, P1 & S1
|-
| ]
| ]
| 20 June 2019
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| P1–P5
|-
| International School Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
| ]
| 24 May 2011
| 4 September 2012
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| S1–S7
|-
| Mondorf-les-Bains International School
| ]
| 14 May 2019
| N/A
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| P1–2, S1–2
|-
| School for Europe of Parma
| ]
| 26 July 2007
| 14 January 2009
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| N1–S7
|-
| ]
| ]
| In the process of accreditation
| N/A
| N/A
| N1–P5, S1,2,4 & 5
|-
| European School RheinMain
| ]
| 8 May 2013
| 4 September 2015
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2018–31.08.2021
| N1–S7
|-
| ]
| ]
| 16 November 2009
| 21 May 2013
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2017–31.08.2020
| N1–S7
|-
| ]
| ]
| 11 February 2014
| 30 August 2017
| Accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022<br /><br />Additional accreditation valid from 01.09.2019–31.08.2022
| N1–S7
|-
| European School Templin
| ]
| Pending accreditation<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation" />
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| European School, Saarland
| ]
| Pending accreditation<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation" />
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| International European School Warsaw
| ]
| Pending accreditation<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation" />
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| European School, Lisbon
| ]
| Pending accreditation<ref name="AccreditedSchoolsLocation" />
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|}


==Notable alumni== ==Notable alumni==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023}}
* ] (Brussels I) is a German professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, as well as professor of physics and astronomy at ]. * ] (Brussels I) is a German professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, as well as professor of physics and astronomy at ].
* ] (Culham) is a ] player for ] and ] * ] (Culham) is a ] player for ] and ]
* ] (Brussels I) is a Dutch songwriter who worked most of the time in France. In his youth he lived in Brussels and he celebrated this city in his most famous song, called "Bruxelles". * ] (Brussels I) is a Dutch songwriter who worked most of the time in France. In his youth he lived in Brussels and he celebrated this city in his most famous song, called "Bruxelles".
* ] (Brussels I) is a Mexican journalist and TV anchor. * ] (Brussels I) is a Mexican journalist and TV anchor.
* ] (Culham) is a British champion polo player.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/polo/3035025/My-Sport-Henry-Brett.html|title=My Sport: Henry Brett|last=Davies|first=Gareth A.|date=23 September 2002|work=|access-date=13 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> * ] (Culham) is a British champion polo player.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/polo/3035025/My-Sport-Henry-Brett.html|title=My Sport: Henry Brett|last=Davies|first=Gareth A.|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=23 September 2002|access-date=13 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
* ] (Brussels I) is a German politician and academic. He is Professor of Business Administration and International Management at the ] and a former Mayor of ] (1994-1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=Daldrup {{!}} Curriculum |url=http://www.daldrup.org/biographie.html |website=www.daldrup.org |accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a German politician and academic. He is Professor of Business Administration and International Management at the ] and a former Mayor of ] (1994–1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=Daldrup {{!}} Curriculum |url=http://www.daldrup.org/biographie.html |website=www.daldrup.org |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>
* ] (Brussels and Luxembourg I) is a Belgian manager, who created in 1988 the European Student's Fair. In 1997 he founded Artexis, one of the largest organizers of exhibitions and trade fairs in Europe. * ] (Brussels and Luxembourg I) is a Belgian manager, who created in 1988 the European Student's Fair. In 1997 he founded Artexis, one of the largest organizers of exhibitions and trade fairs in Europe.
*] (Brussels) is an Italian business manager, chief executive of ] *] (Brussels) is an Italian business manager, chief executive of ]
Line 479: Line 183:
* ] (Varese) is a German actress, who worked in Italy, Germany, Switzerland and France. * ] (Varese) is a German actress, who worked in Italy, Germany, Switzerland and France.
* ] (Brussels I) is a German film director who worked in Germany and in the United States. He is best known for writing and directing the 2007 ] film ] and ]. * ] (Brussels I) is a German film director who worked in Germany and in the United States. He is best known for writing and directing the 2007 ] film ] and ].
* ] (Brussels I) is a British politician, ], and ] (July 2019 - ). He previously held the offices of ] (2008–2016), and ] (July 2016 – July 2018).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Francis |title=Boris Johnson profile: Stage is set for the showman prime minister |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/boris-profile-showman-prime-minister-uk-ctkzbx6mj |accessdate=23 July 2019 |work=The Times |date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a British politician, former ], and former ] (July 2019 – September 2022). He previously held the offices of ] (2008–2016), and ] (July 2016 – July 2018).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Francis |title=Boris Johnson profile: Stage is set for the showman prime minister |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/boris-profile-showman-prime-minister-uk-ctkzbx6mj |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The Times |date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] (Brussels I) is a British politician and former UK Minister for Universities and Science (May 2015 – January 2019) (July 2019 - September 2019), and Transport (January 2018 - November 2018). * ] (Brussels I) is a British politician and former UK Minister for Universities and Science (May 2015 – January 2019) (July – September 2019), and Transport (January – November 2018).
* ] (Brussels I) is a British editor, journalist, television presenter, and author.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Rachel |title=Rachel Johnson: Boarding school made me |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/8494933/Rachel-Johnson-Boarding-school-made-me.html |accessdate=6 July 2019 |work=The Telegraph |date=6 May 2011}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a British editor, journalist, television presenter, and author.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Rachel |title=Rachel Johnson: Boarding school made me |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/8494933/Rachel-Johnson-Boarding-school-made-me.html |access-date=6 July 2019 |work=The Telegraph |date=6 May 2011}}</ref>
* ] (Munich) is a German journalist and writer. * ] (Munich) is a German journalist and writer.
* ] (Munich) is a German neuroscientist. In 2004 he received the Marie Curie Excellence Award for outstanding research .<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae of Christian Keysers |url=https://herseninstituut.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KeysersCVAug2016.pdf |publisher=Nederlands Herseninstituut |accessdate=27 May 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420170434/https://herseninstituut.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KeysersCVAug2016.pdf |archivedate=27 May 2020 |date=August 2016}}</ref> * ] (Munich) is a German neuroscientist. In 2004 he received the Marie Curie Excellence Award for outstanding research .<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae of Christian Keysers |url=https://herseninstituut.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KeysersCVAug2016.pdf |publisher=Nederlands Herseninstituut |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420170434/https://herseninstituut.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KeysersCVAug2016.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2020 |date=August 2016}}</ref>
* ] (Varese) is an ice hockey defender. He played with the ]. * ] (Varese) is an ice hockey defender. He played with the ].
* ] (real name Sonia Dronier) (Mol) is a French singer, actress and writer. She worked in Belgium and France.<ref>http://www.cheriefm.fr/musique-104/biographie-d-artistes-35/artiste/fiche/2078-viktor-lazlo.html#bioElement_1</ref> * ] (real name Sonia Dronier) (Mol) is a French singer, actress and writer. She worked in Belgium and France.<ref>{{cite web | title=Artistes: actus, sorties albums, concerts de vos chanteurs préférés | website=Chérie FM.fr | url=https://www.cheriefm.fr/artistes | language=fr | access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>
* ] (Brussels I) is a British political scientist, author, and the co-founder and director of the ].<ref name="ShoreBaratieri2006">{{cite book|chapter=Crossing Boundaries through Education: European Schools|last1=Shore|first1=Cris|last2=Baratieri|first2=Daniela|editor1-last=Stacul|editor1-first=Jaro|editor2-last=Moutsou|editor2-first=Christina|editor3-last=Kopnina|editor3-first=Helen|title=Crossing European Boundaries: Beyond Conventional Geographical Categories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQHz-EEgcCMC&pg=PA37|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-150-9|pages=37–}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a British political scientist, author, and the co-founder and director of the ].<ref name="ShoreBaratieri2006">{{cite book|chapter=Crossing Boundaries through Education: European Schools|last1=Shore|first1=Cris|last2=Baratieri|first2=Daniela|editor1-last=Stacul|editor1-first=Jaro|editor2-last=Moutsou|editor2-first=Christina|editor3-last=Kopnina|editor3-first=Helen|title=Crossing European Boundaries: Beyond Conventional Geographical Categories|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQHz-EEgcCMC&pg=PA37|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-150-9|pages=37–}}</ref>
*] (Brussels II) is a ] model. *] (Brussels II) is a ] model.
*] (Luxembourg I) is a lawyer and athlete, who is the 2011 ] and 2009 ] silver medalist. She competed in the ] event at the ] and ] Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Triathlon Union {{!}} Elizabeth May |url=https://www.triathlon.org/athletes/results/5398/elizabeth_may |website=Triathlon.org |accessdate=17 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Liz |title=About |url=http://homepages.internet.lu/lizmay/index-1.html |website=homepages.internet.lu/lizmay |accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> *] (Luxembourg I) is a lawyer and athlete, who is the 2011 ] and 2009 ] silver medalist. She competed in the ] event at the ] and ] Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Triathlon Union {{!}} Elizabeth May |url=https://www.triathlon.org/athletes/results/5398/elizabeth_may |website=Triathlon.org |access-date=17 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Liz |title=About |url=http://homepages.internet.lu/lizmay/index-1.html |website=homepages.internet.lu/lizmay |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
* ] (Varese) is the niece of Ottavio Missoni and the daughter of Angela, founders of the ] fashion house. After having worked for some years as a model, including for ], she became the icon of the "Missoni acqua" perfume in 2006, thus becoming an active member of the Missoni family group.<ref>http://www.mffashion.com/it/archivio/2006/04/12/nei-profumi-vince-la-griffe</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fashionunited.it/News/Leads/Missoni_pensa_a_una_linea_low_cost_201211168203/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223141617/http://www.fashionunited.it/News/Leads/Missoni_pensa_a_una_linea_low_cost_201211168203/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ] (Varese) is the niece of Ottavio Missoni and the daughter of Angela, founders of the ] fashion house. After having worked for some years as a model, including for ], she became the icon of the "Missoni acqua" perfume in 2006, thus becoming an active member of the Missoni family group.<ref>{{cite web | title=news e aggiornamenti dal mondo della moda e del lusso | website=MF Fashion | date=2006-04-12 | url=http://www.mffashion.com/it/archivio/2006/04/12/nei-profumi-vince-la-griffe | language=it | access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fashionunited.it/News/Leads/Missoni_pensa_a_una_linea_low_cost_201211168203/ |title=Missoni pensa a una linea low cost - Moda Lavoro, notizie, Italia, Fashion, jobs, FashionUnited |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223141617/http://www.fashionunited.it/News/Leads/Missoni_pensa_a_una_linea_low_cost_201211168203/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ] (Luxembourg I) is a songwriter, guitarist and lead vocalist of the band ]. * ] (Luxembourg I) is a songwriter, guitarist and lead vocalist of the band ].
* ] (Brussels I) is a Danish politician for the Danish Social Liberal Party and ] (2014 - ). He previously served as a member of the ] (1998–2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Petersen, Morten Helveg |url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/~/media/cv/pdf/da_en/rvmohp_en-pdf.ashx |website=thedanishparliament.dk |accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Morten PETERSEN {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124872/MORTEN+HELVEG_PETERSEN/home |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |accessdate=17 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a Danish politician for the Danish Social Liberal Party and ] (2014–). He previously served as a member of the ] (1998–2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Petersen, Morten Helveg |url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/~/media/cv/pdf/da_en/rvmohp_en-pdf.ashx |website=thedanishparliament.dk |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Morten PETERSEN {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124872/MORTEN+HELVEG_PETERSEN/home |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |access-date=17 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* ] (Karlsruhe) is a scientist at the University of Cambridge, UK. * ] (Karlsruhe) is a scientist at the University of Cambridge, UK.
* ] (Brussels I) is German politician and ] (December 2019 - ).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |title=Ursula von der Leyen elected first female European commission president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/16/ursula-von-der-leyen-elected-first-female-european-commission-president |accessdate=17 July 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2019}}</ref> She was formerly a member of the ] (2009 - 2019), and member of the ] under ], holding the positions of ] (2013 - 2019), ] (2009 - 2013) and ] (2005 - 2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmvg.de/en/the-minister-of-defence/ursula-von-der-leyen|title=Ursula von der Leyen - CV of the Minister of Defence|last=|first=|date=|website=bmvg.de|language=en|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> * ] (Brussels I) is a German politician and ] (December 2019–).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |title=Ursula von der Leyen elected first female European commission president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/16/ursula-von-der-leyen-elected-first-female-european-commission-president |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2019}}</ref> She was formerly a member of the ] (2009–2019), and member of the ] under ], holding the positions of ] (2013–2019), ] (2009–2013) and ] (2005–2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmvg.de/en/the-minister-of-defence/ursula-von-der-leyen|title=Ursula von der Leyen - CV of the Minister of Defence|website=bmvg.de|language=en|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
* ] QC (Brussels I) is a ] ], ] and ]. * ] QC (Brussels I) is a British ], ] and ].
* ] (Brussels I) is a Dutch jazz pianist that studied at the ] of Boston. He received many awards such as the Grand Prix de l’Académie Charles Cros, the Prix Adami and the Prix du Musicien Européen de l’Académie du Jazz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madajazzcar.mg/jazz/biographie/index.php?shw=DIEDRICK_WISSELS |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613233324/http://www.madajazzcar.mg/jazz/biographie/index.php?shw=DIEDRICK_WISSELS |archivedate=13 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He played with great artists like ], ] and ]. * ] (Brussels I) is a Dutch jazz pianist who has received many awards such as the Grand Prix de l’Académie Charles Cros, the Prix Adami and the Prix du Musicien Européen de l’Académie du Jazz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madajazzcar.mg/jazz/biographie/index.php?shw=DIEDRICK_WISSELS |title=Madajazzcar |access-date=2014-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613233324/http://www.madajazzcar.mg/jazz/biographie/index.php?shw=DIEDRICK_WISSELS |archive-date=13 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ] (Luxembourg II) plays for ] team ] and the ].
* ] (Luxembourg I) Spanish-Luxembourgish football player, playing for ].
* ] (Luxembourg I and later on Luxembourg II) - Greek-Luxembourgish politician.

==See also==
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==See also==
*]
==External links== ==External links==
*{{Official website |1=https://www.eursc.eu}} *{{Official website |1=https://www.eursc.eu}}

{{European schools}} {{European schools}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 09:54, 8 December 2024

Type of international school Not to be confused with the European Schools, the intergovernmental organisation, which administers the educational establishments that are the topic of this article.

A European School (Latin: Schola Europaea) is a type of international school emphasising a multilingual and multicultural pedagogical approach to the teaching of nursery, primary and secondary students, leading to the European Baccalaureate as their secondary leaving qualification. Each European School is set up, financed, and operated by the international organisation, the "European Schools", controlled jointly by the member states of the European Union and the European Commission. The schools prioritise, for enrolment purposes, the children of EU staff.

The first European School, founded in Luxembourg, in 1953, had the objective of providing an education to the children of employees of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community — a forerunner of today's European Union. Originally, a private initiative of employees of the ECSC, the concept attracted the attention of EU founding father, Jean Monnet as capturing the spirit of the post-war effort to reconcile and integrate Europe.

As of September 2017, there are thirteen European Schools located in six EU member states in close proximity to European institutions.

Since 2005, upon a recommendation of the European Parliament, the title of an "Accredited European School" has been available for schools under national jurisdiction and financing, which have been approved, by the Board of Governors of the European Schools, to offer the European Schools' curriculum and the European Baccalaureate.

Legal status

The schools, despite their close connection to the EU, are neither EU bodies, nor under the full jurisdiction of the individual member states of the European Union. They are instead administered and financed through the international organisation "The European Schools", established by means of an intergovernmental treaty, the 1957 Statute of the European School, since repealed and replaced by the 1994 Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools. All EU member states, as well as the EU itself, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) are party to this agreement. As part of the UK's withdrawal from the EU, it will remain party to the convention until the end of the academic year ongoing at the end of the transition period. The Schools are legally recognised in all participating jurisdictions as public bodies.

Locations

There are thirteen European Schools, (sometimes designated as "Type 1" European Schools in official documents) found in eight municipalities, across six EU countries, in close proximity to EU institutions, or in the case of the European School, Munich, the European Patent Organisation. There are currently five European Schools in Belgium (four in Brussels and one in Mol) and discussions are currently being held about building a fifth school in Brussels, to open in 2027.

In 2017, with the relocation of European Union-seconded researchers and their families following the formation of the successor project to the Joint European Torus fusion energy research programme, the European School, Culham was closed. The school affirmed this move was not connected with Brexit.

On 9 July 2021 the decision was made to move the Netherlands-based school from Bergen, to Alkmaar.

School Country Founded/Opened in
European School, Luxembourg I (Kirchberg) Luxembourg 1953
European School, Brussels I (Uccle/Ukkel) Belgium 1958
European School, Mol Belgium 1960
European School, Varese Italy 1960
European School, Karlsruhe Germany 1962
European School, Bergen Netherlands 1963
European School, Brussels II (Woluwe; Evere) Belgium 1974
European School, Munich Germany 1977
European School, Brussels III (Ixelles/Elsene) Belgium 2000
European School, Frankfurt am Main Germany 2002
European School, Alicante Spain 2002
European School, Luxembourg II (Bertrange/Mamer) Luxembourg 2004
European School, Brussels IV (Laeken/Laken) Belgium 2006
European School, Culham United Kingdom 1978 (closed on 31 August 2017)

Curriculum

Age/Year equivalency table
Primary School
Age Name Abbreviation
6–7 First Year P1
7–8 Second Year P2
8–9 Third Year P3
9–10 Fourth Year P4
10–11 Fifth Year P5
Secondary School
Age Name Abbreviation
11–12 First Year S1
12–13 Second Year S2
13–14 Third Year S3
14–15 Fourth Year S4
15–16 Fifth Year S5
16–17 Sixth Year S6
17–18 Seventh Year S7

The curriculum is common to all thirteen schools and is centrally controlled by the Board of Inspectors and the Board of Governors.

Secondary level

Compulsory subjects for Years 1–7 of the secondary school:

  • First language (normally mother tongue)
  • Second language (Usually one of English, French or German, with some schools providing a local language such as Spanish, Italian, Danish or Dutch as alternate option)
  • Mathematics
  • History (instructed in second language from Year 3)
  • Geography (instructed in second language from Year 3)
  • Ethics/religion (instructed in second language from Year 3)
  • Physical education (instruction in second language is possible from Year 3)

Compulsory for Years 1–3 of the secondary school:

  • Art
  • Music

Compulsory subjects for Years 1–5 of the secondary school:

  • Third language (any EU official language, as long as a minimum number of students choose it in the same school)
  • Natural sciences: physics, chemistry and biology (usually combined for Years 1–3)

Compulsory subjects for Years 6–7 of the secondary school:

  • Philosophy
  • Physics and/or chemistry and/or biology (at least one science subject is obligatory)

Optional subjects:

  • ICT (instructed in second language) and Latin in Year 2—3 and 4—5 (you can stop between the first and second cycle of Latin)
  • Economics (instructed in second language), music, or a fourth and fifth language in Years 4–7

Foreign language education

All modern foreign languages offered are taught using the direct method where the lessons are taught in the language being learned, and the use of the student's native tongue is discouraged. These foreign languages lessons are shared with pupils from other language streams. The idea is to encourage the pupils to use the language they are learning as a means of crossing the communication barrier between themselves and pupils from other language streams. From Year 3 onwards of the secondary school, History and Geography as well as other secondary subjects such as Music are taught in each student's second language. Many of the pupils find themselves in a foreign country, so are surrounded by a foreign language. Some pick it up through language immersion, hence some lessons are taught in the national language of the host country.

European Baccalaureate

Main article: European Baccalaureate

The European Baccalaureate is the leaving certification of the European Schools, and should be distinguished from the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the baccalaureates of various national systems. It is a two-year course assessing the performance of students in the subjects taught in Years 6–7, and culminating in a final series exams taken at the end of Year 7. As per the multilingual ethos of the Schools, certain subjects are instructed and assessed in each student's respective second language. Details of the examinations are set out in the Annex of the Statute of the European School and in the regulations for the European Baccalaureate.

Those students undertaking the European Baccalaureate are required to study at least 8 and up to a maximum of 11 academic subjects, in addition to physical education and moral/religion, with different weightings according to the course choices made when commencing the Baccaluareate. The final mark is calculated as a percentage, where 50% is the minimum for a pass.

The European Baccalaureate is administered and directly supervised by an external examining board appointed annually by the Board of Governors. The examining board consists of up to three representatives of each member state, who must satisfy the conditions governing the appointment of equivalent examining boards in their respective countries. It is presided over by a senior university educator appointed by each member state in turn, assisted by a member of the Board of Inspectors of the Schools.

Article 5 (2) of the Statute provides that holders of the Baccalaureate shall:

  • enjoy, in the Member State of which they are nationals, all the benefits attaching to the possession of the diploma or certificate awarded at the end of secondary school education in that country; and
  • be entitled to seek admission to any university in the territory of any Member State on the same terms as nationals of that Member State with equivalent qualifications.

The first awards of the European Baccalaureate were made in 1959.

Common extracurricular activities and events

Sports teams of the European Schools compete in the biennial Eurosport event, with the schools alternating as hosts. In addition, students of the schools have the opportunity to take part in the annual European Schools Science Composium, the winners of which represent the European Schools in the European Union Contest for Young Scientists.

The European Schools also cooperate to take advantage of their unique relationship to EU institutions to provide students on an annual basis with the opportunity to take part in political simulations of EU meetings, held on the premises of the institutions themselves. Students get the opportunity to role-play as delegates of EU member state governments in a Model European Council, MEPs in a Model European Parliament, or international journalists covering the meetings.

The federation of student representatives of the schools, CoSup, organises a "Europarty", held in a different European city each academic year, and open to any student of the European Schools over 16 years of age to attend.

Notable alumni

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

See also

References

  1. "Locations of the European Schools". eursc.eu. Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  2. "About the Accredited European Schools". eursc.eu. Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  3. Gruber, Joachim (1 January 2011). "European schools: A subject of International Law Integrated into the European Union". International Organizations Law Review. 8 (1): 175–196. doi:10.1163/157237411x587388. ISSN 1572-3747. Despite their name, the "European Schools" are not a European Union institution, but an independent, autonomous subject of international law.
  4. "Temporary European school opens on Brussels' former NATO site". The Brussels Times. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  5. "We are now closed". European School Culham. Retrieved 23 September 2018. Today, an observer reporting superficially about the closure of our school in Culham could easily weave an imagined narrative around the result of a British referendum that took place a year ago. We all know this couldn't be further from the truth.
  6. "Preliminary decision relocation ESB". 9 July 2021.
  7. "Principles and objectives". eursc.eu. Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  8. ^ "The European Baccalaureate". eursc.eu. Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  9. "Eurosport Handbook : Approved By The Joint Teaching Committee On 9 And 10 October 2014 In Brussels" (PDF). Office of the Secretary General of the European Schools. September 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  10. "European School Science Symposium". euroschool.lu. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  11. Davies, Gareth A. (23 September 2002). "My Sport: Henry Brett". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  12. "Daldrup | Curriculum". www.daldrup.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  13. Elliott, Francis (23 July 2019). "Boris Johnson profile: Stage is set for the showman prime minister". The Times. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  14. Johnson, Rachel (6 May 2011). "Rachel Johnson: Boarding school made me". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  15. "Curriculum vitae of Christian Keysers" (PDF). Nederlands Herseninstituut. August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  16. "Artistes: actus, sorties albums, concerts de vos chanteurs préférés". Chérie FM.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  17. Shore, Cris; Baratieri, Daniela (2006). "Crossing Boundaries through Education: European Schools". In Stacul, Jaro; Moutsou, Christina; Kopnina, Helen (eds.). Crossing European Boundaries: Beyond Conventional Geographical Categories. Berghahn Books. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-84545-150-9.
  18. "International Triathlon Union | Elizabeth May". Triathlon.org. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  19. May, Liz. "About". homepages.internet.lu/lizmay. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  20. "news e aggiornamenti dal mondo della moda e del lusso". MF Fashion (in Italian). 12 April 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  21. "Missoni pensa a una linea low cost - Moda Lavoro, notizie, Italia, Fashion, jobs, FashionUnited". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  22. "Petersen, Morten Helveg". thedanishparliament.dk. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  23. "Home | Morten PETERSEN | MEPs | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  24. Boffey, Daniel (16 July 2019). "Ursula von der Leyen elected first female European commission president". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  25. "Ursula von der Leyen - CV of the Minister of Defence". bmvg.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  26. "Madajazzcar". Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.

External links

European Schools
European School locations
Belgium
Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Spain
United Kingdom
  • Culham (closed 31 August 2017)
Accredited European School locations
Belgium
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
  • European School of Helsinki
France
Germany
  • European School RheinMain
  • European School, Saarland
  • European School Templin
Greece
  • School of European Education of Heraklion
Italy
  • European School Brindisi
  • School for Europe of Parma
Ireland
  • Centre For European Schooling
Luxembourg
  • International School of Differdange and Esch-sur-Alzette
  • International School Edward Steichen
  • International School Junglinster
  • Mondorf-les-Bains International School
Netherlands
Poland
  • International European School Warsaw
Portugal
  • European School, Lisbon
Slovenia
United Kingdom
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