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	{{about|the controversy||Hockey stick graph}}		#Redirect]
	{{short description|Controversy over reconstructed surface temperatures over the past 1,000 years}}
	] showing the fig. 2.20 hockey stick graph at a climate conference in 2005]]
	]4 data from 1850 to 2013.]]
	The '''hockey stick controversy''' is the political reaction to vizualisation of the ]. Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the ] of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "]" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures. These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of ], and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions, they have been the topic of political dispute. The issue is part of the ] and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the ] (IPCC). Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry–funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=80–85}}, {{harvnb|Connor|2013}}</ref>
	The use of ] indicators to get quantitative estimates of the ] of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional. The {{harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}} reconstruction introduced the "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions,<ref name="Fingerprints (1990s-2000s)">{{harvnb|Weart|2011c|loc=}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Osborn|Lough|2009}}.</ref> and its findings were disputed by ] at the ].
	In 1998, ], ] and ] developed new statistical techniques to produce {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}} (MBH98), the first ]-based climate field reconstruction (CFR). This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature, and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400.<ref name="Wahl 2007">{{harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}}</ref> In {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}} (MBH99) the methodology was extended back to 1000.<ref name="Weart HS" /><ref name="TAR 2.3.2.2" /> The term ''hockey stick'' was coined by the climatologist ], to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ]'s "shaft", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the "blade".<ref name="Monastersky" /><ref name="bbc">{{Harvnb|BBC News|16 July 2004}}.</ref>
	A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 ] (TAR), along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion.<ref name="TAR 2.3.2.2" /> The graph was publicised, and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening ] that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional.<ref name="Part three guardian">{{Harvnb|Pearce|2010_pt3}} <!-- Pt. 3 -->.</ref>
	Those disputing the graph are predominantly individuals and ]s funded by or connected with the fossil fuel industry, notably the ], ] and ]. A paper by ] and ] claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the ] chief of staff ] to justify altering the first ] ''Report on the Environment''. The paper was quickly ].<ref name="revkin August 5, 2003" />
	], using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph, with variations in how flat the pre-20th century "shaft" appears.<ref name="Part four guardian">{{Harvnb|Pearce|2010_pt4}}<!-- Pt. 4 -->, .</ref><ref name="Frank 2010">{{harvnb|Frank|Esper|Zorita|Wilson|2010}}.</ref> The 2007 ] cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.<ref name="AR4 2k years" /> Over a dozen ], including ] and {{harvnb|PAGES 2k Consortium|2013}}, have supported these general conclusions.
	==Background==
	{{main|Hockey stick graph|History of climate change science|Description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in IPCC reports}}
	] (blue), and {{Harvnb|Moberg|Sonechkin|Holmgren|Datsenko|2005}} low frequency signal (black).]]
	] dates back to the 19th century, and the concept of examining ]s in lake beds and ] to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s.<ref name="Weart CO2">{{harvnb|Weart|2011f}}</ref> In the 1960s, ] generalised from ] and temperature records of central England to propose a ] from around 900 to 1300, followed by ]. This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the ] of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.<ref name="Fingerprints (1990s-2000s)"/> Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=274–275}}.<br>{{harvnb|Jacoby|D'Arrigo|1989}}.</ref>
	Publicity over the concerns of scientists about the implications of global warming led to increasing public and political interest, and the ], concerned in part about the political impact of scientific findings, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the ] to produce reports subject to detailed approval by government delegates.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=37–39 }}; {{harvnb|Weart|2011o|loc=}}</ref>
	The ] in 1990 noted evidence that ] around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the ] which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century. The report discussed the difficulties with proxy data, "mainly pollen remains, lake varves and ocean sediments, insect and animal remains, glacier termini" but considered tree ring data was "not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data to be used in this report". A "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years<ref name="FAR WG1">{{Harvnb|Folland et al.|1990|pp=199–202}}.</ref> has been traced to a graph based loosely on Lamb's 1965 paper, nominally representing central England, modified by Lamb in 1982.<ref name="Jones 09" /> ] describes this schematic diagram as "Lamb's sketch on the back of an envelope", a "rather dodgy bit of hand-waving".<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=45–46 }}.</ref>
	Archives of ] were developed: in 1993 ] and ] composited historical records, tree rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a ] reconstruction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Osborn|Lough|2009|p=36}}.</ref> Like later reconstructions including the MBH "hockey stick" studies, their reconstruction indicated a slow cooling trend followed by an exceptional temperature rise in the 20th century.<ref name="WA">{{Harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}}.</ref> This paper introduced the "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method which was subsequently used by most large-scale climate reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures.<ref name="Jones 09 21–22">{{Harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Osborn|Lough|2009|pp=21–22}}.</ref>
	This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the ] (SAR) of 1996. It stated that, in this record, warming since the late 19th century was unprecedented. The section proposed that "The data from the last 1000 years are the most useful for determining the scales of natural climate variability". Recent studies including the 1994 reconstruction by ] and ] questioned how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time, thus it was not possible "to conclude that global temperatures in the Medieval Warm Period were comparable to the warm decades of the late 20th century." The SAR concluded, "it appears that the 20th century has been at least as warm as any century since at least 1400 AD. In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".<ref name="SAR">{{Harvnb|Nicholls et al.|1996}}, pp. 173–176, fig 3.20; {{Harvnb|Hughes|Diaz|1994}}.</ref>
	Tim Barnett of the ] was working towards the next IPCC assessment with ], and in 1996 told journalist ]: "What we hope is that the current patterns of temperature change prove distinctive, quite different from the patterns of natural variability in the past".<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|p=44}}.</ref> ] ]'s February 1998 study reporting a ] affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Briffa|Schweingruber|Jones|Osborn|1998}}.</ref>
	===Kyoto Protocol===
	While the details of the science were being worked out, the international community had been steadily working towards a global framework for a cap on greenhouse-gas emissions. The ] was held in ] in 1992, and produced a treaty framework that called for voluntary capping of emissions at 1990 levels. Government representatives gathered in ] later during 1998 and turned this framework into a binding commitment known as the ].<ref name="Weart CO2"/> Due to the nature of the treaty, it essentially required commitment from the United States and other highly industrial nations for proper implementation. By 1998, the ] had signed the treaty, but vigorous lobbying meant ratification of the treaty was successfully opposed in the Senate by a bipartisan coalition of economic and energy interests. Lobbyists such as the ] funded scientists whose work might undermine the scientific basis of the treaty, and in 1998 it was revealed that the ] had hosted informal discussions between individuals from oil companies, trade associations and conservative policy research organizations who opposed the treaty, and who had tentatively proposed an extensive plan to recruit and train scientists in media relations. A media-relations budget of $600,000 was proposed to persuade science writers and editors and television correspondents to question and undermine climate science.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=79–85 }}; {{Harvnb|Cushman|1998}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Boykoff|Boykoff|2004}}</ref>
	===Controversy over Bradley and Jones 1993===
	At a hearing of the ] on 6 March 1996, Chairman ] questioned witnesses ] of the ] and ], head of the ], over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited.<ref name="Michaels 96">{{harvnb|Michaels|1996}}</ref>
	As reported by ] on his ] website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the ], and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as ]. Michaels showed a version of the graph based on {{harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}} with the ] curve removed, and argued on the basis of the "raw data" that the large rise in temperatures occurred in the 1920s, "before the greenhouse effect had changed very much", and "there’s actually been a decline since then". He said the Science Committee had been told of this, and of comments by one IPCC reviewer that this was misleading and the text should say "Composite indicators of summer temperature show that a rapid rise occurred around 1920, this rise was prior to the major greenhouse emissions. Since then, composite temperatures have dropped slightly on a decadal scale." Michaels said that the IPCC had not noted this in the agreed text, "instead leaving most readers with the impression that the trees of the Northern Hemisphere had changed their growth rates in response to man’s impact on the atmosphere." He questioned the consensus, as only one reviewer out of 2,500 scientists had noticed this problem.<ref name="Michaels 96" /><ref name="B&J 93">{{Harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}}.</ref>
	==Climate field reconstruction (CFR) methods; MBH 1998 and 1999==
	Variations on the "Composite Plus Scale" (CPS) method continued to be used to produce hemispheric or global mean temperature reconstructions. From 1998, this was complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) methods, which could show how climate patterns had developed over large spatial areas, making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models. The CFR method made more use of climate information embedded in remote proxies, but was more dependent than CPS on assumptions that relationships between proxy indicators and large-scale climate patterns remained stable over time.<ref name="mann08"/>
	Related rigorous statistical methods had already been developed for tree ring data to produce regional reconstructions of temperatures, and other aspects such as rainfall.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|Mann|2004}}</ref>
	As part of his doctoral research, ] worked with seismologist ] on the development of statistical techniques for finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in the ] of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; {{harvnb|Mann|Park|1993}} showed patterns relating to the ], and {{harvnb|Mann|Park|1994}} found what was later termed the ]. They then teamed up with ] to use these techniques on the dataset from his {{harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}} study with the aim of finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in global climate. The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as {{Harvnb|Mann|Park|Bradley|1995}}. They were able to detect that the multiple proxies were varying in a coherent oscillatory way, indicating both the multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic and a longer-term oscillation of roughly 250 years in the surrounding region. Their study did not calibrate these proxy patterns against a quantitative temperature scale, and a new statistical approach was needed to find how they related to surface temperatures to reconstruct past temperature patterns.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=28–34, 270}}</ref><ref name="MPB">{{Harvnb|Mann|Park|Bradley|1995}}.</ref>
	===Mann, Bradley and Hughes 1998===
	For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist ] to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=40–48}}</ref> Their global reconstruction was a major breakthrough in evaluation of past climate dynamics, and the first ]-based climate field reconstruction (CFR) incorporating multiple climate proxy data sets of different types and lengths into a high-resolution global reconstruction.<ref name="Wahl 2007"/> To relate this data to measured temperatures, they used ] (PCA) to find the leading patterns, or principal components, of ]s during the calibration period from 1902 to 1980. Their method was based on separate ]s between each proxy record (or summary) and all of the leading principal components of the instrumental record. The ] simultaneous solution of these multiple regressions used ] between the proxy records. The results were then used to reconstruct large-scale patterns over time in the spatial field of interest (defined as the ], or EOFs) using both local relationships of the proxies to climate and distant climate ]s.<ref name="Jones 09 21–22" /> Temperature records for almost 50 years prior to 1902 were analysed using PCA for the important step of ], which showed that the reconstructions were statistically meaningful, or ].<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=47–48}}</ref>
	A balance was required over the whole globe, but most of the proxy data came from tree rings in the Northern ], largely in dense proxy networks. Since using all of the large numbers of tree ring records would have overwhelmed the sparse proxies from the ]s and the ], they used principal component analysis (PCA) to produce PC summaries representing these large datasets, and then treated each summary as a proxy record in their CFR analysis. Networks represented in this way included the North American tree ring network (NOAMER) and Eurasia.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=43, 45}}</ref>
	The primary aim of CFR methods was to provide the spatially resolved reconstructions essential for coherent ] understanding of how parts of the climate system varied and responded to ], so hemispheric averages were a secondary product.<ref>{{harvnb|Ammann|Wahl|2007}}</ref> The CFR method could also be used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere ] temperatures, and the results closely resembled the earlier CPS reconstructions including {{harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}}.<ref name="Wahl 2007"/> Mann describes this as the least scientifically interesting thing they could do with the rich spatial patterns, but also the aspect that got the most attention. Their original draft ended in 1980 as most reconstructions only went that far, but an anonymous ]er of the paper suggested that the curve of instrumental temperature records should be shown up to the present to include the considerable warming that had taken place between 1980 and 1998.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=43, 48}}</ref>
	The {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}} (MBH98) multiproxy study on "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" was submitted to the journal '']'' on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998. The paper announced a new statistical approach to find patterns of climate change in both time and global distribution, building on previous multiproxy reconstructions. The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant ] during the 20th century.<ref name="MBH98">{{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}}</ref> In a review in the same issue, ] described their method as "quite original and promising", which could help to verify model estimates of natural climate fluctuations and was "an important step towards reconstructing space–time records of historical temperature patterns".<ref>{{harvnb|Hegerl|1998}}</ref>
	====Publicity on publication of MBH98====
	Release of the paper on 22 April 1998 was given exceptional media coverage, possibly due to the chance that this happened to be ] and it was the warmest year on record. There was an immediate media response to the press release, and the story featured in major newspapers including the '']'', '']'' and the '']''. Later reports appeared in '']'', '']'' and '']''. On one afternoon, Mann was interviewed by ], ] and ]. In the CBS interview, ] repeatedly asked him if the study proved that humans were responsible for global warming, to which he would go no further than that it was "highly suggestive" of that inference.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=48–50}}</ref>
	The ''New York Times'' highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors". Most proxy data are inherently imprecise, and Mann said: "We do have error bars. They are somewhat sizable as one gets farther back in time, and there is reasonable uncertainty in any given year. There is quite a bit of work to be done in reducing these uncertainties." Climatologist ] had high regard for the progress the study made, but doubted if proxy data could ever be wholly convincing in detecting the human contribution to changing climate.<ref name="Stevens 98">{{Harvnb|Stevens|1998}}.</ref>
	] of the UEA ] told the ''New York Times'' he was doubtful about adding the 150-year thermometer record to extend the proxy reconstruction, and compared this with putting together apples and oranges; Mann et al. said they used a comparison with the thermometer record to check that recent proxy data were valid. Jones thought the study would provide important comparisons with the findings of ]ing, which showed a "pretty reasonable" fit to proxy evidence.<ref name="Stevens 98" /> A commentary on MBH98 by Jones was published in '']'' on 24 April 1998. He noted that it used almost all the available long-term proxy climate series, "and if the new multivariate method of relating these series to the instrumental data is as good as the paper claims, it should be statistically reliable." He discussed some of the difficulties, and emphasised that "Each paleoclimatic discipline has to come to terms with its own limitations and must unreservedly admit to problems, warts and all."<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|1998}}.</ref>
	====Controversy over MBH 1998====
	On 11 May, contrarian ] objected to press headlines such as "Proof of Greenhouse Warming" and "1990s Warmest Since 1400" in a feature he titled "Science Pundits Miss Big Picture ''Again''" published on his ] funded ] website. He asserted that "almost all of the warming described in the article took place before 1935–long before major changes to the greenhouse effect–and the scientific methodology guarantees that the early 1990s should appear as the warmest years", citing the papers by Jones to support his view that all of the warming took place between 1920 and 1935: "In other words, if this is the human signal, it ended 63 years ago." He referred to his earlier pieces making the same complaint about the {{harvnb|Bradley|Jones|1993}} study featured in the Second Assessment Report, and about {{harvnb|Overpeck|Hughen|Hardy|Bradley|1997}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=106}}, {{harvnb|Michaels|1998}}</ref>
	The ] alleged in June 1998 that MBH98 was deceptive in only going back to 1400: "Go back just a few hundred years more to the period 1000–1200 AD and you find that the climate was considerably warmer than now. This era is known as the Medieval Warm Period." It said that "by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age. It is no surprise that temperatures in 1997 were warmer than they were in the Little Ice Age", and so if "1997 had been compared with the years around 1000&nbsp;AD, 1997 would have looked like a rather cool year" rather than being the warmest on record. It said that the ] predated industrial greenhouse gas emissions, and had a natural origin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Marshall Institute|1998}}.</ref>
	In August, criticisms by ] and ] were published by Michaels on his World Climate Report website. They took issue with tree ring reconstructions by {{harvnb|Briffa|Jones|Schweingruber|Osborn|1998}} and {{harvnb|Jones|1998}} as well as with MBH98, discussing the tree ring ] as well as arguing that warming had ended early in the 20th century before {{co2}} increases and so was natural. They reiterated the suggestion that MBH98 only went back to 1400 to avoid showing the Medieval Warm Period, and implied that it too suffered from the tree ring divergence problem which actually affected a different reconstruction and not MBH98. Michaels subsequently gave Mann the opportunity to post a reply on the website in September 1998.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=106}}, {{harvnb|Soon|Baliunas|1998}}, {{harvnb|Mann|1998}}.</ref>
	In October 1998, the borehole reconstruction published by Pollack, Huang and Shen gave independent support to the conclusion that 20th-century warmth was exceptional for the past 500 years.<ref name="Pollack1998">{{harvnb|Pollack|Huang|Shen|1998}}</ref>
	===Jones et al. 1998===
	Jones, ], ] and ] had independently produced a "Composite Plus Scale" (CPS) reconstruction extending back for a thousand years, comparing tree ring, coral layer, and glacial proxy records, but not specifically estimating uncertainties. {{harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Barnett|Tett|1998}} was submitted to '']'' on 16 October 1997; their revised manuscript was accepted on 3 February and published in May 1998. As Bradley recalls, Mann's initial view was that there was too little information and too much uncertainty to go back so far, but Bradley said "Why don't we try to use the same approach we used in Nature, and see if we could push it back a bit further?" Within a few weeks, Mann responded that to his surprise, "There is a certain amount of skill. We can actually say something, although there are large uncertainties."<ref name="Monastersky">{{Harvnb|Monastersky|2006|p=10}}.</ref><ref name="JBB..1998">{{harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Barnett|Tett|1998}}</ref>
	===Mann, Bradley and Hughes 1999===
	In considering the 1998 Jones et al. reconstruction which went back a thousand years, Mann, Bradley and Hughes reviewed their own research and reexamined 24 proxy records which extended back before 1400. Mann carried out a series of statistical ], removing each proxy in turn to see the effect its removal had on the result. He found that certain proxies were critical to the reliability of the reconstruction, particularly one tree ring dataset collected by Gordon Jacoby and Rosanne D'Arrigo in a part of North America that Bradley's earlier research had identified as a key region.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=50–51}}; {{Harvnb|Jacoby|D'Arrigo|1989}}; {{Harvnb|Bradley|1996}}.</ref>
	This dataset only extended back to 1400, and though another proxy dataset from the same region (in the ]) went further back and should have given reliable proxies for earlier periods, validation tests only supported their reconstruction after 1400. To find out why, Mann compared the two datasets and found that they tracked each other closely from 1400 to 1800, then diverged until around 1900 when they again tracked each other. He found a likely reason in the {{co2}} "]" affecting tree rings as identified by Graybill and Idso, with the effect ending once {{co2}} levels had increased to the point where warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude. Mann used comparisons with other tree ring data from the region to produce a corrected version of this dataset. Their reconstruction using this corrected dataset passed the validation tests for the extended period, but they were cautious about the increased uncertainties.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=51–53}}; {{Harvnb|Graybill|Idso|1993}}.</ref>
	The Mann, Bradley and Hughes reconstruction covering 1,000 years (MBH99) was submitted in October 1998 to '']'' which published it in March 1999 with the cautious title ''Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations'' to emphasise the increasing uncertainty involved in reconstructions of the period before 1400 when fewer proxies were available.<ref name="Monastersky" /><ref name="MBH99">{{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}}</ref> A ] news release dated 3 March 1999 announced publication in the 15 March issue of ''Geophysical Research Letters'', "strongly suggesting that the 1990s were the warmest decade of the millennium, with 1998 the warmest year so far." Bradley was quoted as saying "Temperatures in the latter half of the 20th century were unprecedented", while Mann said "As you go back farther in time, the data becomes sketchier. One can’t quite pin things down as well, but, our results do reveal that significant changes have occurred, and temperatures in the latter 20th century have been exceptionally warm compared to the preceding 900 years. Though substantial uncertainties exist in the estimates, these are nonetheless startling revelations." While the reconstruction supported theories of a relatively warm medieval period, Hughes said "even the warmer intervals in the reconstruction pale in comparison with mid-to-late 20th-century temperatures."<ref name="MBH99 News Release">{{Harvnb|UMass press release|3 March 1999}}.</ref> The '']'' report had a colored version of the graph, distinguishing the instrumental record from the proxy evidence and emphasising the increasing range of possible error in earlier times, which MBH said would "preclude, as yet, any definitive conclusions" about climate before 1400.<ref name="nyt99">{{Harvnb|Stevens|1999}}.</ref>
	The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of &minus;0.02&nbsp;°C per century, as expected from ], interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence". The ] ] Figure 2(a) showed their reconstruction from AD 1000 to 1980 as a thin line, wavering around a thicker dark 40-year smoothed line. This curve followed a downward trend (shown as a thin dot-dashed line) from a ] (about as warm as the 1950s) down to a cooler ] before rising sharply in the 20th century. Thermometer data shown with a dotted line overlapped the reconstruction for a calibration period from 1902 to 1980, then continued sharply up to 1998. A shaded area showed uncertainties to two standard error limits, in medieval times rising almost as high as recent temperatures.<ref name="Weart HS">{{harvnb|Weart|2011c|loc=}}</ref><ref name="MBH99"/><ref name="Weart b hockey">{{harvnb|Weart|2011c|loc=}}</ref> When Mann gave a talk about the study to the ]'s ], ] nicknamed the graph the "hockey stick",<ref name="Monastersky" /> with the slow cooling trend the "stick", and the anomalous 20th century warming the "blade".<ref name="WA" />
	====Critique and independent reconstructions====
	Briffa and ] critically examined MBH99 in a May 1999 detailed study of the uncertainties of various proxies. They raised questions later adopted by critics of Mann's work, including the point that ]s from the Western U.S. could have been affected by pollution such as rising {{co2}} levels as well as temperature. The temperature curve was supported by other studies, but most of these shared the limited well dated proxy evidence then available, and so few were truly independent. The uncertainties in earlier times rose as high as those in the reconstruction at 1980, but did not reach the temperatures of later thermometer data. They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=50–51 }}</ref><ref name="Briffa99">{{Harvnb|Briffa|Osborn|1999}}.</ref>
	With work progressing on the next IPCC report, ] told researchers on 22 September 1999 that a figure showing temperature changes over the millennium "is a clear favourite for the policy makers' summary". Two graphs competed: Jones et al. (1998) and MBH99. In November, Jones produced a simplified figure for the cover of the short annual ] report, which lacks the status of the more important IPCC reports. Two fifty-year smoothed curves going back to 1000 were shown, from MBH99 and Jones et al. (1998), with a third curve to 1400 from Briffa's new paper, combined with modern temperature data bringing the lines up to 1999: in 2010 the lack of a clarity about this change of data was ].<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|p=48 }}; Jones and Davies, quoted in {{Harvnb|UEA press release|24 Nov. 2009}}; {{Harvnb|ICCER|2010|pp=59–60}}: "The WMO report is a short document produced annually. It does not have the status or importance of the IPCC reports."</ref>
	Briffa's paper as published in the January 2000 issue of '']'' showed the unusual warmth of the last century, but cautioned that the impact of human activities on tree growth made it subtly difficult to isolate a clear climate message.<ref name="B2000">{{harvnb|Briffa|2000}}</ref> In February 2000 ] and ]'s reconstruction incorporated data not used previously. It reached the conclusion that peak Medieval warmth only occurred during two or three short periods of 20 to 30 years, with temperatures around 1950s levels, refuting claims that 20th century warming was not unusual.<ref name="Crowley & Lowery (2000)">{{harvnb|Crowley|Lowery|2000}}</ref>
	Reviewing twenty years of progress in palaeoclimatology, Jones noted the reconstructions by Jones et al. (1998), MBH99, Briffa (2000) and Crowley & Lowery (2000) showing good agreement using different methods, but cautioned that use of many of the same proxy series meant that they were not independent, and more work was needed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2000}}.</ref>
	====Controversy over draft of IPCC Third Assessment Report ====
	In May 2000, while drafts of the IPCC Third Assessment Report were in the review process, ]'s contrarian ] held a press event on Capitol Hill, ] and alleged that the ''Summary for Policymakers'' was a "political document put together by a few scientific bureaucrats". Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said "We don't accept this. We challenge this". ] said the IPCC report "relies extensively on an attempt to reconstruct the global climate during the last 1000 years". In what has become a recurring contrarian theme, he said "This reconstruction shows neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age. But extensive evidence shows that both these events occurred on a global scale and that climates fluctuated significantly." Mann notes that MBH99 shows both, but the ] is shown as reaching only mid-20th century levels of warmth and not more recent levels.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=107}}, {{harvnb|Sullivan|2000}}</ref>
	A hearing of the ], chaired by Senator ], was held on 18 July 2000 to discuss the U.S. ] (NACC) report on the ''Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change'' which had been released in June for a 60-day public comment period.<ref>{{harvnb|McCain|2000}}</ref> Witnesses included Fred Singer, whose statement cited the ] against the ] to claim that his skeptic views on human causes of climate change were not fringe. He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend." From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. The absence of such warming would do away with the widely touted 'hockey stick' graph (with its 'unusual' temperature rise in the past 100 years)".<ref>{{harvnb|Singer|2000}}</ref> The NACC report as published stated that "New studies indicate that temperatures in recent decades are higher than at any time in at least the past 1,000 years" and featured graphs showing "1000 Years of Global {{CO2}} and Temperature Change". Its list of sources said that the temperature data was from MBH99, but the graph did not show error bars or show which part was reconstruction and which was the instrumental record.<ref>{{harvnb|NACC|2000}}</ref>
	Contrarian ] commented on the TAR draft and the NACC report in a blog posting which alleged that the ] which reported "a discernible human influence on global climate" had also "presented this graph (Fig 1.) of temperature change since 900 AD", showing a graph which resembled the ] Figure ] schematic but with changed wording. He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation. He said that the MBH99 hockey stick graph swiftly "altered the whole landscape of how past climate history was to be interpreted by the greenhouse sciences" and "in one scientific coup overturned the whole of climate history", so that soon afterwards "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the `Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report." Around two years later he revised his post to refer to IPCC 1990 rather than the 1995 report.<ref name="Daly 01">{{harvnb|Daly|2001}}</ref>
	===IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001===
	The Working Group 1 (WG1) part of the ] (TAR) included a subsection on multi-proxy synthesis of recent temperature change. This noted five earlier large-scale palaeoclimate reconstructions, then discussed the {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}} reconstruction going back to 1400 AD and its extension back to 1000 AD in {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}} (MBH99), while emphasising the substantial uncertainties in the earlier period. The MBH99 conclusion that the 1990s were likely to have been the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, of the past millennium in the Northern Hemisphere, with "likely" defined as "66–90% chance", was supported by reconstructions by {{harvnb|Crowley|Lowery|2000}} and by {{harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Barnett|Tett|1998}} using different data and methods. The {{harvnb|Pollack|Huang|Shen|1998}} reconstruction covering the past 500 years gave independent support for this conclusion, which was compared against the independent (extra-tropical, warm-season) tree-ring density NH temperature reconstruction of {{harvnb|Briffa|2000}}.<ref name="TAR 2.3.2.2">{{Harvnb|Folland et al.|2001}}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072514/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2F069.htm |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>
	Its Figure 2.21 showed smoothed curves from the MBH99, Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions, together with modern thermometer data as a red line and the grey shaded 95% confidence range from MBH99. Above it, figure 2.20 was adapted from MBH99.<ref name="TAR 2.3.2.2" /> Figure 5 in WG1 Technical Summary B (as shown to the right) repeated this figure without the linear trend line declining from AD 1000 to 1850.<ref>{{Harvnb|Albritton et al.|2001}}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203320/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2F082.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930222750/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2Fwg1figts-5.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}.</ref>
	This iconic graph adapted from MBH99 was featured prominently in the WG1 Summary for Policymakers under a graph of the instrumental temperature record for the past 140 years. The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.<ref name="wg1graph">{{Harvnb|IPCC WG1 SPM|2001}}, .</ref> Versions of these graphs also featured less prominently in the short ''Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers'', which included a sentence stating that "The increase in surface temperature over the 20th century for the Northern Hemisphere is likely to have been greater than that for any other century in the last thousand years", and the ''Synthesis Report - Questions''.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC TAR SYR|2001}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404110403/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/index.htm |date=4 April 2013 }}: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604185105/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/019.htm |date=4 June 2011 }}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930222946/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2Ffigspm-10b.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404180526/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/067.htm |date=4 April 2013 }}; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930223144/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2F070.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930223158/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2Ffig2-3.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}.</ref>
	The Working Group 1 scientific basis report was agreed unanimously by all member government representatives in January 2001 at a meeting held in ], China. A large poster of the IPCC illustration based on the MBH99 graph formed the backdrop when Sir ], as Co-Chair of the working group, presented the report in an announcement shown on television, leading to wide publicity.<ref name="Monastersky" /><ref name="Kirby, 22 Jan. 2001">{{harvnb|Kirby|22 Jan. 2001}} (BBC News)</ref>
	The original MBH98 and MBH99 papers avoided undue representation of large numbers of tree ring proxies by using a ] step to summarise these proxy networks, but from 2001 Mann stopped using this method and introduced a ] Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) technique based on the ] ] (RegEM) method which did not require this PCA step. A paper he published jointly with ] examined the accuracy of this method, and discussed the issue that ] methods of reconstruction tended to underestimate the amplitude of variation.<ref name="MR 02">{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=104–105, 306}}; {{harvnb|Mann|Rutherford|2002}}</ref>
	==Controversy after IPCC Third Assessment Report==
	===IPCC graph enters political controversy===
	Rather than displaying all of the long-term temperature reconstructions, the opening figure of the Working Group 1 Summary for Policymakers in the ] (TAR) highlighted an IPCC illustration based only on the MBH99 paper,<ref name="wg1graph" /> and a poster of the hockey stick graph was the backdrop when the report was presented in January 2001,<ref name="Kirby, 22 Jan. 2001"/> in a televised announcement. The graph was seen by mass media and the public as central to the IPCC case for global warming, which had actually been based on other unrelated evidence. ], who had coined the "hockey stick" nickname, described this emphasis on the graph as "a colossal mistake, just as it was a mistake for the climate-science-writing press to amplify it". He added that it was "not the smoking gun. That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."<ref name="Monastersky" /> From an expert viewpoint the graph was, like all newly published science, preliminary and uncertain, but it was widely used to publicise the issue of global warming.<ref name="Weart HS" /> The 1999 study had been a pioneering work in progress, and had emphasised the uncertainties, but publicity often played this down. Mann later said "The label was always a caricature and it became a stick to beat us with".<ref name="Part four guardian" />
	Controversy over the graph extended outside the ], with accusations from political opponents of climate science.<ref name="Part four guardian" /> Science historian ] states that "The dedicated minority who denied that there was any global warming problem promptly attacked the calculations."<ref name="Weart HS" />
	The graph was targeted by those opposing ratification of the ] on global warming. As Mann said, "Advocates on both sides of the climate-change debate at various times have misrepresented the results for their own purposes". Environmental groups presented the graph flatteringly, and the caution about uncertainty in the original graph tended to be understated or removed: a "hockey stick" graph without error bars featured in the U.S. ] report. Similar graphs were used by those disputing the findings with the claim that the graph was inaccurate. When a later '']'' editorial used a graph without error bars in this way, ] described this as "very misleading, in fact downright dishonest". Funding was provided by the ] for research critical of the graph.<ref name="Monastersky" />
	A paper by ] published by the ] in June 2002 argued against the IPCC findings and the Kyoto Protocol, claiming that global warming posed no danger and {{co2}} was innocuous. A section disputing the "hockey stick" curve concluded it was merely a mathematical construct promoted by the IPCC to support the "notion" that recent temperatures were unprecedented.<ref name="CdF 02">{{Harvnb|de Freitas|2002|p=}}: "...&nbsp;global temperature has not risen appreciably in the last 20 years.&nbsp;... Rather than try to reduce innocuous carbon dioxide emissions, we would do better to focus on air pollution."</ref> Towards the end of 2002, the book ''] : the troubled science, policy, and politics of global warming'' by Christopher Essex and ], published with assistance from the ],<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser Institute|2002|p=5}} (Chairman's Message).</ref> included a chapter about the graph titled "T-Rex Plays Hockey".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Table of contents for Taken by storm|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0702/2003428518.html |oclc=50790140 }}, , archived 30 June 2004</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Essex|McKitrick|2002|pp=154–155}}: "On the basis of the hockey stick graph, many people refer to 1998 as "very likely" the warmest year of the millennium. Big Panel scientists believe it shows 1998 to be the warmest year for the whole world since AD1000."</ref>
	Iconic use of the IPCC graph came to symbolise conflict in which mainstream climate scientists were criticised, with some sceptics focussing on the hockey stick graph in the hope that they could damage the credence given to climate scientists.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|p=41}}.</ref>
	===Soon & Baliunas and Inhofe's hoax accusation===
	{{See also|Soon and Baliunas controversy}}
	An early attempt to refute the hockey stick graph appeared in a joint paper by ], who had already argued that climate change was primarily due to ], and ] who had contested whether ] was due to man-made chemicals.<ref name="Weart fn48">{{harvnb|Weart|2011c|loc=}}, (p. 19, n1 in pdf).</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=130–131}}.</ref> The Soon and Baliunas ] used data from previous papers to argue that the Medieval Warm Period had been warmer than the 20th century, and that recent warming was not unusual. They sent their paper to the editor ], an opponent of action to curb carbon dioxide emissions who has been characterized by ] as a "climate contrarian". Chris de Freitas approved the paper for publication in the relatively obscure journal '']'', where it appeared on 31 January 2003. In March Soon and Baliunas published an extended paper in '']'' along with others including ]. Two scientists cited in the papers later said that their work was misrepresented.<ref name="Monastersky Storm" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Soon|Baliunas|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=133, 136–137}} describes de Freitas as "a man with known sceptical views" and a "climate contrarian" who "was a driving force behind the creation of an early sceptic organisation in Canada, ]",<br>Also, see {{Harvnb|Mooney|2004|p=}}: "Soon and Baliunas had specifically sent their paper to one Chris de Freitas at ''Climate Research'', an editor known for opposing curbs on carbon dioxide."</ref>
	The ]'s ] chief of staff ], a lawyer who had formerly been a lobbyist for the ], edited the draft first ] ''Report on the Environment'' to remove all references to reconstructions showing world temperatures rising over the last 1,000 years, and inserted a reference to Soon & Baliunas. He wrote in a 21 April 2003 memo that "The recent paper of Soon-Baliunas contradicts a dogmatic view held by many in the climate science community".<ref>{{harvnb|Revkin|2005}}; {{harvnb|Waxman|2007}}</ref>
	The ''Climate Research'' paper was criticised by many other scientists, including several of the journal's editors.<ref name="revkin August 5, 2003" /> In a BBC interview, while Legates said their paper showed the MBH data and methods were invalid, ] said "This isn't a scientific paper, it's absolutely awful."<ref name="bbc"/> On 8 July '']'' featured a detailed rebuttal of both papers by 13 scientists including Mann and Jones, presenting strong evidence that Soon and Baliunas had used improper statistical methods. Responding to the controversy, the publisher of ''Climate Research'' upgraded ] from editor to editor in chief as of 1 August 2003. After seeing a preprint of the Eos rebuttal, von Storch decided that the Soon and Baliunas paper was seriously flawed and should not have been published as it was. He proposed a new editorial system, and an editorial saying that the review process had failed.<ref name="Monastersky Storm">{{Harvnb|Monastersky|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|Ammann|Bradley|Briffa|2003}}.</ref>
	When the ] proposing restrictions on greenhouse gases was being debated in the Senate on 28 July 2003, Senator ] made a two-hour speech opposing the bill. He cited the Soon and Baliunas paper to support his conclusion: "Wake up, America. With all the hysteria, all the fear, all the phony science, could it be that manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people? I believe it is."<ref name="revkin August 5, 2003">{{Harvnb|Revkin|5 August 2003}} (NYT).</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Inhofe|4 Jan. 2005}} (speech); quoted in {{Harvnb|Congressional Record|28 July 2003}}.</ref> Inhofe convened a hearing of the ] held on 29 July 2003, examining work by the small group of researchers saying there was no evidence of significant human-caused global warming.
	Three scientists were invited, Mann giving testimony supporting the consensus position, opposed by long-term skeptics Willie Soon and David Legates.<ref name="revkin August 5, 2003" /><ref name="senate july03" /> The Soon and Baliunas paper was discussed. Senator Jeffords read out an email in which von Storch stated his view "that the review of the Soon et al. paper failed to detect significant methodological flaws in the paper. The critique published in the Eos journal by Mann et al. is valid." In reply, Mann testified "I believe it is the mainstream view of just about every scientist in my field that I have talked to that there is little that is valid in that paper. They got just about everything wrong."<ref name="Monastersky Storm" /><ref name="senate july03">{{Harvnb|HCEPW|29 July 2003}} (hearing).</ref> He later recalled that he "left that meeting having demonstrated what the mainstream views on climate science are".<ref name="sciam behind hs">{{Harvnb|Appell|2005}}.</ref>
	The publisher of ''Climate Research'' agreed that the flawed Soon and Baliunas paper should not have been published uncorrected, but von Storch's proposals to improve the editorial process were rejected, and von Storch with three other board members resigned. News of his resignation was discussed at the senate committee hearing.<ref name="Monastersky Storm" /><ref name="senate july03" />
	===McIntyre and McKitrick 2003===
	Ratification of the ] became a major political issue in Canada, and the government issued pamphlets which said that the "20th century was the warmest globally in the past 1,000 years". Toronto businessman ] saw this as based on the hockey stick graph, and in 2003 he became interested in the IPCC process which had featured the graph prominently. With a background in mineral exploration, including the oil and gas exploration company CGX Energy, he felt that he had the mathematical expertise and experience to independently ] the graph.<ref name="Mann12 p122">{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=122–123}}</ref><ref name="McK Nov03">{{Citation | last = McKitrick | first = Ross |last2= McIntyre |first2= Stephen | title = Ross McKitrick | url = http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20031127041544/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html | date = November 2003 |archivedate= 27 November 2003 | accessdate = 10 September 2012 }}</ref> McIntyre downloaded datasets for MBH99 from a ], but could not locate the ftp site for MBH98 datasets and on 8 April wrote to Mann to request this information. Following email exchanges, Mann's assistant sent the information as text files around 23 April 2003.<ref>{{Harvnb|McIntyre|28 Oct. 2003}} (blog).</ref>
	McIntyre then made a series of comments about the data on the internet discussion group climateskeptics, and ] suggested that he should write and submit an article on the topic. She edited the little-known ] journal '']'' which avoided standard ] and had recently published the extended ]. McIntyre agreed, and made contact with ] economics professor ], a senior fellow of the ] which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of '']''.<ref name="McK Nov03" /><ref>{{harvnb|Thacker|2005b}}.<br>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=122–123}}.</ref>
	McIntyre drafted an article before they first met on 19 September 2003, and they then worked together intensively on an extensive re-write. McKitrick suggested submitting the paper to ''Nature'', but after drafting a short version to fit the word limit they submitted the full paper to ''Energy & Environment'' on 2 October. After review, resubmission on 14 October and further corrections, the paper was published on the web on 27 October 2003, only three and a half weeks after its first submission.<ref name="Quark Soup 1dec03">{{Citation | last = Appell | first = David | title = Quark Soup: Timing of M&M in E&E | url = http://www.davidappell.com/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031202005513/http://www.davidappell.com/ |year=2004 | archivedate = 2 December 2003 | accessdate = 10 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=122}}</ref> Boehmer-Christiansen later said that she had published the paper quickly "for policy impact reasons, eg publication well before COP9", the ] negotiations in December 2003.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|p=92}}.</ref>
	At the same time that the McIntyre and McKitrick (MM03) paper "Corrections to the Mann et al. (1998) Proxy Data Base and Northern Hemisphere Average Temperature Series" was published on the web, McIntyre set up climate2003 as a web site for the paper.<ref name="MM03">{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2003a}}.</ref><ref name="climate2003 29 Oct 2003">{{Harvnb|McIntyre|29 Oct. 2003}}.</ref>
	====Disputed data====
	McIntyre and McKitrick said that they had not been able to replicate the Mann, Bradley and Hughes results due to problems with the data: although the sparse data for the earlier periods was difficult to analyse, their criticism was comprehensively refuted by {{harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}}.<ref name="Weart fn48" />
	The {{harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2003}} paper (MM03) said that {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}} (MBH98) "hockey stick" shape was "primarily an artefact of poor data handling and use of obsolete proxy records". It listed data issues, and stated that when they applied the MBH98 method to corrected data, "The major finding is that the values in the early 15th century exceed any values in the 20th century." They disputed infilled data and had computed ] using standard algorithms, but said that these "algorithms fail in the presence of missing data". When they used this method on revised data they got different results, and concluded that the "hockey stick" shape "is primarily an artefact of poor data handling, obsolete data and incorrect calculation of principal components".<ref name="MM03" />
	A draft response by Mann, Bradley and Hughes was put on the ] website on 1 November 2003, and amended two days later. They said that MM03 appeared seriously flawed as it "used neither the data nor the procedures of MBH98", having deleted key proxy information. In particular, MM03 had misunderstood the stepwise reconstruction technique MBH98 applied. This made use of all the progressively richer and more widespread networks available for later periods by calculating separately principal components for each period of overlapping datasets, for example 1400–1980, 1450–1980, and so on. In treating these as one series with missing information, MM03 had eliminated whole datasets covering the 15th century. The data which MM03 reported difficulty in finding had been available since May 2000 on the public ] site for the MBH98 paper. Mann, Bradley and Hughes commented that "The standard protocol for scientific journals receiving critical comments on a published paper is to provide the authors being criticized with an opportunity to review the criticism prior to publication, and offer them the chance to respond. Mann and colleagues were given no such opportunity."<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|2003}}</ref> In 2007 the ] noted the MM03 claim that MBH98 could not be replicated, and reported that "Wahl and Ammann (2007) showed that this was a consequence of differences in the way McIntyre and McKitrick (2003) had implemented the method of Mann et al. (1998) and that the original reconstruction could be closely duplicated using the original proxy data."<ref name=ar4-ch6>{{Harvnb|Jansen et al.|2007}}, , .</ref>
	====Publicity and Washington briefing====
	On the day of publication, the ] funded lobbying website ] issued a press release headed "TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited – Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed" announcing that "Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record".<ref name="Mann12 p122" /><ref>{{Harvnb|TCS|27 Oct. 2003}}.</ref> In a Senate debate on 29 October, a day before the ] vote, Senator ] misrepresented the claims made in the MM03 paper and said that it demonstrated high ] temperatures in the 15th century (during the ]). In attacking the MBH papers, he erroneously described Mann as being in charge of the ]. In the same debate, Senator ] used the hockey stick graph to demonstrate the reality of climate change. On the morning of the vote, '']'' carried an ] by ] editor Nick Shulz saying that MM03 "upsets a key scientific claim about climate change", and that "Mann never made his data available online". The vote was 55–43 against the McCain-Lieberman bill. After Mann and associates showed the newspaper that the data was available online, as it had been for years,<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=123–124}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Schulz|28 Oct. 2003}} (op-ed, USA Today).</ref> ''USA Today'' issued a correction on 13 November.<ref>{{Harvnb|USA Today|13 Nov. 2003}}: correction×.</ref>
	McIntyre was flown to ] to brief business leaders and the staff of Senator Jim Inhofe.<ref>{{harvnb|Thacker|2005b}}</ref> On 18 November McIntyre and McKitrick traveled there to present a briefing, sponsored by the ] and the ],<ref name="McK Dec01">{{Citation | last = McKitrick | first = Ross |last2= McIntyre |first2= Stephen | title = Ross McKitrick | url = http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20031203043131/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html | date = 1 December 2003 |archivedate= 3 December 2003 | accessdate = 10 September 2012 }}</ref> to ] staffers and others.<ref name="Vergano 111803">{{Harvnb|Vergano|18 Nov. 2003}} (USA Today).</ref>
	At an event at the George C. Marshall Institute, co-hosted by ] of the ], McIntyre said that he had contacted Mann for the data set but found problems in replicating the curves of the graph because of missing or wrong data. He first met McKitrick, for "lunch at the exact hour that Hurricane Isabel hit Toronto" (]). They prepared their corrections in a proxy data set using 1999 data, and using publicly disclosed methods produced a reconstruction which differed from MBH98 in showing high peaks of temperature in the 15th century. They were not saying that these temperatures had occurred, but that Mann's results were incorrect. When they published their paper, it attracted attention, with David Appell being the first reporter to take an interest. They said that after Appell's article was published with comments from Mann, they had followed links to Mann's ] site and on 29 October copied data files which were subsequently deleted from the site.<ref>{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2003b}}.</ref>
	In an immediate response to these briefings, Mann, Bradley and Hughes said that the analysis by McIntyre and McKitrick was botched and showed numerous statistical errors including selective removal of records to invent 15th century warming. Climatologist ] of the ] described McIntyre and McKitrick's arguments as "seriously flawed" and "silly", noting that as well as the MBH99 paper around a dozen independent studies had suggested higher temperatures in the late 20th century. George Shambaugh of ] said he leant in favor of Mann on a statistical basis, geoscientist ] compared those arguing over the existence of human-caused global warming with tobacco industry scientists who tried to obscure the link with lung cancer. Against these points, William O'Keefe of the Marshall Institute (previously with the ]) said there was value in the skeptics keeping the debate going, "We have to encourage healthy debate".<ref name="Vergano 111803" />
	===von Storch and Zorita 2004===
	The statistical methods used in the MBH reconstruction were questioned in a 2004 paper by ] with a team including ],<ref>{{Harvnb|ICCER|2010}}<!-- XX questionable citation XX -->, {{Harvnb|von Storch|Zorita|Jones|Dimitriev|2004}}.</ref> which said that the methodology used to average the data and the wide uncertainties might have hidden abrupt climate changes, possibly as large as the 20th century spike in measured temperatures.<ref name="Weart b hockey" /> They used the ] method which Mann and Rutherford had developed in 2002, and like them found that ] methods of reconstruction tended to underestimate the amplitude of variation, a problem covered by the wide error bars in MBH99. It was a reasonable critique of nearly all the reconstructions at that time, but MBH were singled out.<ref name="MR 02" /> ] and ] responded, highlighting this conclusion of von Storch et al.<ref>{{Harvnb|Osborn|Briffa|2004}}.</ref>
	Zorita and von Storch later claimed their paper was a breakthrough in moving the question from "the reality of the blade of the hockey stick" to focus on "the real problems, namely the 'wobbliness' of the shaft of the hockey-stick, and the suppressing of valid scientific questions by gate keeping".<ref name="Climate Feedback">{{Harvnb|von Storch|Zorita|2007}}.</ref> In their initial press release, von Storch called the hockey stick "quatsch" ("nonsense" or "garbage") but other researchers subsequently found that the von Storch paper had an undisclosed additional step which had overstated the wobbliness. By detrending data before estimating statistical relationships it had removed the main pattern of variation.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=105, 295}}</ref> The von Storch et al. view that the graph was defective overall was refuted by ], ] and Ammann (2006),<ref name="Weart fn48" /> who pointed to this incorrect implementation of the reconstruction procedure.<ref name="WRA 2006">{{Harvnb|Wahl|Ritson|Ammann|2006}}.</ref> ] added that the paper had shown only results supporting its conclusions, but its supplementary online material included contradictory results which supported MBH.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Rahmstorf|2006}}</ref>
	===Reconstructions, Inhofe and ''State of Fear''===
	Borehole climate reconstructions in a paper by Pollack and Smerdon, published in June 2004, supported estimates of a surface warming of around {{convert|1|C-change}} over the period from 1500 to 2000.<ref name="PS2004">{{Harvnb|Pollack|Smerdon|2004}}.</ref>
	In a study published in November 2004 ], ] and ] re-examined their 2002 paper, and now supported MBH. They concluded that "annual temperatures up to AD 2000 over extra-tropical NH land areas have probably exceeded by about 0.3 °C the warmest previous interval over the past 1162 years".<ref name="Cook 2004">{{Harvnb|Cook|Esper|D'Arrigo|2004}}.</ref>
	In a Senate speech on 4 January 2005, ] repeated his assertion that "the threat of catastrophic global warming" was the "greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people". He singled out the hockey stick graph and Mann for criticism, accusing Mann of having "effectively erased the well-known phenomena of the Medieval Warming Period-when, by the way, it was warmer than it is today-and the Little Ice Age". He quoted von Storch as criticising the graph.<ref>{{Harvnb|Inhofe|4 Jan. 2005}} (speech). {{Harvnb|Mann|Rahmstorf|Schmidt|Steig|2005}}.</ref> In a ] opinion piece, ] said that Inhofe had extensively cited ]'s fictional thriller, '']'', mistakenly describing Crichton as a "scientist", and had misrepresented three scientists as disputing the "hockey stick" when they had been challenging a completely different paper which Mann had co-authored.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mooney|11 Jan. 2005}} (CBS News).</ref>
	===McIntyre and McKitrick 2005===
	In 2004 ] blogged on his website climate2003.com about his efforts with ] to get an extended analysis of the hockey stick into the journal '']''.<ref name="Pearce 2010 93–96">{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=93–96 }}</ref><ref name="climate2003 2sept04">{{Citation|last=McIntyre |first=Stephen |title=Welcome to Climate2003 |url=http://www.climate2003.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902191048/http://www.climate2003.com |year=2004 |archivedate=2 September 2004 |accessdate=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}, {{Citation|last=McIntyre |first=Stephen |last2=McKitrick |first2=Ross |title=M&M03 Page |url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912085554/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/trc.html |date=1 July 2004 |archivedate=12 September 2004 |accessdate=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> At this stage ''Nature'' contacted Mann, Bradley, and Hughes, about minor errors in the online supplement to MBH98. In a ] published on 1 July 2004 they acknowledged that McIntyre and McKitrick had pointed out errors in proxy data that had been included as supplementary information, and supplied a full corrected listing of the data. They included a documented archive of all the data used in MBH98, and expanded details of their methods. They stated, "None of these errors affect our previously published results."<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|2004}}, {{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=304–305}}.</ref>
	Following the review process, ''Nature'' rejected the comment from McIntyre and McKitrick, who then put the record of their submitted paper and the referees' reports up on their web site. This caught the attention of ], who had previously supported criticism of the hockey stick paper. On 15 October Muller published his view that the graph was "an artifact of poor mathematics", summarising the as yet unpublished comment including its claim that the principal components procedure produced hockey stick shapes from random data. He said that the "discovery hit me like a bombshell".<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=130, 140, 304}}; {{Harvnb|Muller|2004}}.</ref>
	On 14 October the McIntyre and McKitrick comment was submitted to '']'', a publication of the ],<ref name="MM05" /> and the AGU consented to it being shown at their 13–17 December conference. McIntyre attended the conference, and on 17 December presented a poster session showing his principal components argument about the MBH papers. He found that "People who were not mathematically inclined were intrigued by a graphic showing 8 hockeysticks - 7 simulated and 1 MBH (the same sort of graphic as the one put up here a while ago, but just showing 1 simulation.) Quantity seems to matter in the demonstration. No one could tell the difference without being told."<ref name="climate2003 5jan05" /> On 17 January 2005 the M&M comment was accepted by GRL for publication as a paper.<ref name="MM05" />
	====Climate blogs====
	McIntyre commented on climate2003.com on 26 October 2004, "Maybe I'll start blogging some odds and ends that I'm working on. I'm going to post up some more observations on some of the blog criticisms."<ref name="climate2003 5jan05"><!-- Date updated per source. -JJ --> {{Harvnb|McIntyre|26 Oct. 2004}}.</ref>
	On 10 December Mann and nine other scientists launched the ] website as "a resource where the public can go to see what actual scientists working in the field have to say about the latest issues".<ref name="sciam behind hs" />
	On 2 February 2005 McIntyre set up his ] blog, having found difficulties with posting comments on the climate2003.com layout.<ref>{{Harvnb|McIntyre|3 Feb. 2005}}.</ref>
	====Principal components analysis methodology====
	In their renewed criticism, {{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2005}} (MM05) found a minor technical statistical error in the {{Harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1998}} (MBH98) method, and said it would produce hockey stick shapes from random data. This claim was given widespread publicity and political spin, enabling the ] administration to assert that the 1997 ] was discredited. Scientists found that the issues raised by McIntyre and McKitrick were minor and did not affect the main conclusions of MBH98 or {{Harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}}.<ref name="Weart fn48" /><ref name="Pearce 2010 93–96"/> Reconstructions using different statistical methods had produced similar "hockey stick" graphs. Mann himself had already stopped using the criticised statistical method in 2001, when he changed over to the RegEM climate field reconstruction method.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=306–307}}</ref>
	The available climate proxy records were not spaced evenly over the northern hemisphere: some areas were covered by closely spaced networks with numerous tree-ring proxies, but in many areas only sparse proxy temperature records were available, such as lake sediments, ice cores or corals. To achieve balance, the MBH 1998 (and 1999) studies represented each dense network by using ] (PCA) to find the leading patterns of variation (PC1, PC2, PC3 etc.) ranked by the percentage of variation they explained. To establish how many significant principal components should be kept so that the patterns put together characterized the original dataset, they used an objective ] procedure which involved creating randomised surrogate datasets with the same characteristics and treating them with exactly the same conventions as the original data.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=131–136}}</ref>
	The temperature records were of various lengths, the shortest being the instrumental record from 1902 to 1980, and their convention centered data over this modern calibration period.<ref name="Huybers05">{{Harvnb|Huybers|2005}}</ref>
	The selection rule found two significant patterns for the North American tree ring network (NOAMER); PC1 emphasized high altitude tree ring data from the Western U.S. showing a cooler period followed by 20th century warming, PC2 emphasised lower elevation tree ring series showing less of a 20th-century trend. This is an acceptable convention, the more conventional method of centering data over the whole period of the study (from 1400 to 1980) produces a very similar outcome but changes the order of PCs and requires more PCs to produce a valid result. Mann did not use the PCA step after 2001, his subsequent reconstructions used the RegEM Climate Field Reconstruction technique incorporating all available individual proxy records instead of replacing groups of records with principal components;<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=136–137, 306–307}}</ref> tests have shown that the results are nearly identical.<ref name="RMO..2005" />
	The McIntyre and McKitrick analysis called the PCA centering over the 1902–1980 modern period "an unusual data transformation which strongly affects the resulting PCs". When they centered NOAMER data over the whole 1400–1980 period, this changed the order of principal components so that the warming pattern of high altitude tree ring data was demoted from PC1 to PC4.<ref name="MM05">{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2005}}.</ref> Instead of recalculating the objective selection rule which increased the number of significant PCs from two to five, they only kept PC1 and PC2. This removed the significant 20th century warming pattern of PC4, discarding data that produced the "hockey stick" shape.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=137, 306–307}}</ref><ref name="WA07">{{Harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}}</ref> They said that "In the controversial 15th century period, the MBH98 method effectively selects only one species (bristlecone pine) into the critical North American PC1",<ref name="MM05" /> but subsequent investigation showed that the "hockey stick" shape remained with the correct selection rule, even when bristlecone pine proxies were removed.<ref name="WA07" />
	Their MM05 paper said that the MBH98 (1902–1980 centering) "method, when tested on persistent red noise, nearly always produces a hockey stick shaped first principal component (PC1)", by picking out "series that randomly 'trend' up or down during the ending sub-segment of the series".<ref name="MM05" />
	Though modern centering produces a small bias in this way, the MM05 methods exaggerated the effect.<ref name="Huybers05" />
	Tests of the MBH98 methodology on pseudoproxies formed with noise varying from ] to ] found that this effect caused only very small differences which were within the uncertainty range and had no significance for the final reconstruction.<ref name="vonStorch Zorita Oct05" />
	Red noise for surrogate datasets should have the characteristics of natural variation, but the statistical method used by McIntyre and McKitrick produced "persistent red noise" based on 20th century warming trends which showed inflated long-term swings, and overstated the tendency of the MBH98 method to produce hockey stick shapes. Their use of this persistent red noise invalidated their claim that "the MBH98 15th century reconstruction lacks statistical significance", and there was also a data handling error in the MM05 method. Studies using appropriate red noise found that MBH98 passed the threshold for statistical skill, but the MM05 reconstructions failed verification tests.<ref name="Huybers05" /><ref name="WA07" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=139–140, 307–308}}</ref>
	To demonstrate that some simulations using their persistent red noise "bore a quite remarkable similarity to the actual MBH98 temperature reconstruction", McIntyre and McKitrick produced illustrations for comparison.<ref name="MM05" /> Figure 4.4 of the Wegman Report showed 12 of these pre-selected simulations. It called this "One of the most compelling illustrations that McIntyre and McKitrick have produced", and said that the "MBH98 algorithm found ‘hockey stick’ trend in each of the independent replications".<ref>{{Harvnb|Wegman|Said|Scott|2006|p=33}}</ref> McIntyre and McKitrick's code selected 100 simulations with the highest "hockey stick index" from the 10,000 simulations they had carried out, and their illustrations were taken from this pre-selected 1%.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=242–243, 362–363}}</ref>
	====Publicity====
	In a ] campaign two weeks before the McIntyre and McKitrick paper was published, the Canadian '']'' for 27 January carried a front-page article alleging that "A pivotal global warming study central to the Kyoto Protocol contains serious flaws caused by a computer programming glitch and other faulty methodology, according to new Canadian research." It reprinted in two parts a long article by Marcel Crok which had appeared in ''Natuurwetenschap & Techniek'' under the heading "Proof that mankind causes climate change is refuted, Kyoto protocol based on flawed statistics" and the assertion that the MBH99 finding of exceptional late 20th century warmth was "the central pillar of the Kyoto Protocol", despite the protocol having been adopted in December 1997, before either of the MBH papers had been published. The ] had already decided to disregard the ] which was to come into effect later that month, and this enabled them to say that the protocol was discredited.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2010|pp=95–96 }}, {{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=140–141}}, {{harvnb|Crok|2005a}}, {{harvnb|Crok|2005b}}</ref>
	{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2005}} (MM05) was published in '']'' on 12 February 2005. They also published an extended critique in '']'' responding to criticism of their 2003 paper and alleging that other reconstructions were not independent as there was "much overlapping" of authors.<ref>{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2005}}, {{Harvnb|McKitrick|McIntyre|2005}}</ref> Two days later, a lead article in the '']'' said that McIntyre's new paper was "circulating inside energy companies and government agencies. Canada's environment ministry has ordered a review", and though McIntyre did not take strong position on whether or not fossil-fuel use was causing global warming, "He just says he has found a flaw in a main leg supporting the global-warming consensus, the consensus that led to an international initiative taking effect this week: Kyoto."<ref name="urlIn Climate Debate, The Hockey Stick Leads to a Face-Off - WSJ.com">{{Harvnb|Regalado|14 Feb. 2005}} (WSJ).</ref>
	Technical issues were discussed in ] on 18 February in a blog entry by ] and Caspar Ammann,<ref name="RealClimate: Dummies">{{Harvnb|Schmidt|Ammann|2005}}.</ref> and in a ] interview Schmidt said that by using a different convention but not altering subsequent steps in the analysis accordingly, McIntyre and McKitrick had removed significant data which would have given the same result as the MBH papers.<ref name="BBC Row">{{Harvnb|Rincon|16 March 2005}} (BBC News).</ref>
	On 4 April 2005, McKitrick gave a presentation to the ] Study Centre outlining the arguments of MM05, alleging that the TAR had given undue prominence given to the hockey stick graph, and discussing publicity given to the TAR conclusions in Canada. He said, "In the 1995 Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, there was no hockey stick. Instead the millennial climate history contained a MWP and a subsequent Little Ice Age, as shown as in Figure 3." The figure, headed "World Climate History according to IPCC in 1995", resembled the schematic ] from IPCC 1990, and corrections to refer to IPCC 1990 were made on 22 July 2005.<ref name = "what-about">{{Harvnb|McKitrick|2005}}.</ref>
	At the end of April ''Science'' published a reconstruction by J. Oerlemans based on glacier length records from different parts of the world, and found consistent independent evidence for the period from 1600 to 1990 supporting other reconstructions regarding magnitude and timing of global warming.<ref name="O2005">{{Harvnb|Oerlemans|2005}}.</ref> In May the ] advised media about a detailed analysis by ] and Caspar Ammann, first presented at the ]’s December 2004 meeting in ], which used their own code to replicate the MBH results, and found the MBH method to be robust even with modifications. Their work contradicted the claims by McIntyre and McKitrick about high 15th century global temperatures and allegations of methodological bias towards a hockey stick outcomes, and they concluded that the criticisms of the hockey stick graph were groundless.<ref name="ucar New Analysis">{{Harvnb|UCAR news release|11 May 2005}}.</ref> <!-- Can add MMs response to Wahl & Amman in the context of reliable secondary sources-->
	==Congressional investigations==
	The increasing politicisation of the issue was demonstrated when,<ref name="CHE 505">{{Harvnb|Monastersky|2005}}.</ref> on 23 June 2005, Rep. ], chairman of the ] wrote joint letters with ], Chairman of the ], referring to issues raised by the 14 February 2005 article in the '']'' and demanding full records on climate research. The letters were sent to the ] Chairman ], ] Director ], and to the three scientists ], ] and ].<ref>{{Harvnb|HCEC|23 June|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Barton|Whitfield|2005}}.</ref>
	The letters told the scientists to provide not just data and methods, but also personal information about their finances and careers, information about grants provided to the institutions they had worked for, and the exact computer codes used to generate their results.<ref name="wapo Witches">{{Harvnb|Washington Post editorial|23 July 2005}}, .</ref>
	], chairman of the ], told his fellow Republican Joe Barton it was a "misguided and illegitimate investigation" into something that should properly be under the jurisdiction of the Science Committee, and wrote "My primary concern about your investigation is that its purpose seems to be to intimidate scientists rather than to learn from them, and to substitute congressional political review for scientific review." Barton's committee spokesman sent a sarcastic response to this, and to Democrat ]'s letter asking Barton to withdraw the letters and saying he had "failed to hold a single hearing on the subject of global warming" during eleven years as chairman, and had "vociferously opposed all legislative efforts in the Committee to address global warming&nbsp;... These letters do not appear to be a serious attempt to understand the science of global warming. Some might interpret them as a transparent effort to bully and harass climate change experts who have reached conclusions with which you disagree." The ] (NAS) president ] wrote to Barton that "A congressional investigation, based on the authority of the House Commerce Committee, is probably not the best way to resolve a scientific issue, and a focus on individual scientists can be intimidating", and proposed that the NAS should appoint an independent panel to investigate. Barton dismissed this offer.<ref name="Eilperin, 18 July 2005">{{Harvnb|Eilperin|18 July 2005}} (Washington Post).</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Waxman|1 July 2005}} (letter).</ref>
	Mann, Bradley and Hughes sent formal letters giving their detailed responses to Barton and Whitfield. On 15 July, Mann wrote emphasising that the full data and necessary methods information was already publicly available in full accordance with ] (NSF) requirements, so that other scientists had been able to reproduce their work. NSF policy was that computer codes "are considered the intellectual property of researchers and are not subject to disclosure", as the NSF had advised McIntyre and McKitrick in 2003, but notwithstanding these property rights, the program used to generate the original MBH98 temperature reconstructions had been made available at the Mann et al. public ftp site.<ref name="urlwww.realclimate.org">{{Harvnb|Mann|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Schmidt|Rahmstorf|2005}}.</ref>
	Many scientists protested against Barton's investigation, with 20 prominent climatologists questioning his approach.<ref>{{Harvnb|Eilperin|18 July 2005}}; {{Harvnb|Twenty scientists|2005}}.</ref> ] wrote to him on behalf of the ] expressing deep concern about the letters, which gave "the impression of a search for some basis on which to discredit these particular scientists and findings, rather than a search for understanding".<ref name="Leshner July 13, 2005">{{Harvnb|Leshner|2005}}. Leshner was CEO of the AAAS and Executive Publisher of the journal ].</ref> He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support". ] argued that the aim was intimidation of climate researchers in general, and Bradley thought the letters were intended to damage confidence in the ] during preparation of its next report.<ref name="beeb 18.7.05">{{Harvnb|Pease|18 July 2005}} (BBC News).</ref>
	A '']'' editorial on 23 July which described the investigation as harassment quoted Bradley as saying it was "intrusive, far-reaching and intimidating", and Alan I. Leshner of the AAAS describing it as unprecedented in the 22 years he had been a government scientist; he thought it could "have a chilling effect on the willingness of people to work in areas that are politically relevant".<ref name="wapo Witches" /> ] told the '']'' "There are people who believe that if they bring down Mike Mann, they can bring down the IPCC."<ref>{{harvnb|Pearce|2006}}</ref>
	Congressman Boehlert said the investigation was as "at best foolhardy" with the tone of the letters showing the committee's "inexperience" in relation to science. Barton was given support by global warming sceptic ] of the ], who said "We've always wanted to get the science on trial&nbsp;... we would like to figure out a way to get this into a court of law", and "this could work".<ref name="beeb 18.7.05" /> In his ''Junk Science'' column on '']'', ] said Barton's inquiry was reasonable.<ref name="Milloy FOXNews.com">{{Harvnb|Milloy|31 July 2005}} (Fox News).</ref>
	===Reconstruction methodology===
	The July 2005 issue of the '']'' published a paper it had accepted for publication the previous September, co-authored by ], Mann, Osborn, Briffa, Jones, Bradley and Hughes, which examined the sensitivity of proxy based reconstruction to method and found that a wide range of alternative statistical approaches gave nearly indistinguishable results. In particular, omitting ] made no significant difference.<ref name="RMO..2005">{{Harvnb|Rutherford|Mann|Osborn|Briffa|2005}}.</ref>
	In comments on MM05 made in October, ] showed that McIntyre and McKitrick had omitted a critical step in calculating significance levels, and MBH98 had shown it correctly.<ref name="Huybens">{{Harvnb|Huybers|2005}}.</ref> Though the disputed principal components analysis method would in theory have some effect, its influence on the ] of the final reconstruction was very small.<ref name="AR4 2k years" /> In their comment, ] and ] examined McIntyre and McKitrick's claim that normalising data prior to principal component analysis by centering in relation to the calibration period of 1902–1980, instead of the whole period, would nearly always produce hockey stick shaped leading principal components. They found that it caused only very minor deviations which would not have a significant impact on the result.<ref name="vonStorch Zorita Oct05">{{Harvnb|von Storch|Zorita|2005}}.</ref> McIntyre and McKitrick contributed replies to these comments.<ref name="AR4 2k years" />
	In November 2005, Science Committee chair Sherwood Boehlert requested the National Academy of Science to arrange a review of climate reconstructions including the hockey stick studies, and its ] set up a special committee to investigate ].<ref name="Revkin606">{{Harvnb|Revkin|22 June 2006}} (NYT).</ref>
	===''Inconvenient Truth''===
	]
	On 28 February 2006 {{harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}} was accepted for publication, and an "in press" copy was made available on the internet. Two more reconstructions were published, using different methodologies and supporting the main conclusions of MBH. Rosanne D'Arrigo, Rob Wilson and Gordon Jacoby suggested that medieval temperatures had been almost 0.7&nbsp;°C cooler than the late 20th century but less homogenous,<ref name="DWJ2006">{{Harvnb|D'Arrigo|Wilson|Jacoby|2006}}.</ref> Osborn and Briffa found the spatial extent of recent warmth more significant than that during the medieval warm period.<ref name="OB2006">{{Harvnb|Osborn|Briffa|2006}}.</ref><ref name="NRC 113">{{Harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp= 113–115}}.</ref> They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by ].<ref name="HCA..2006">{{Harvnb|Hegerl|Crowley|Hyde|Frame|2006}}.</ref>
	]'s film '']'', which premiered in May 2006, included a section on ]'s ] measurements showing a correlation between {{co2}} levels and temperature going back 650,000 years. Gore showed this "thermometer" graph going back a thousand years for a "couple of reasons", the first being that "so called skeptics" will sometimes say "Oh, this whole thing is cyclical phenomenon. There was a medieval warming period after all", but as shown on the graph, "compared to what is going on now, there is just no comparison".<ref name="AIT Transcript">{{Harvnb|Hoke|2006}}.</ref> The book issued at the same time includes a similar statement beside a graph like Figure 7 from Thompson's 2004 paper, and adds that the skeptics "launched a fierce attack against another measurement of the 1,000 year correlation between {{co2}} and temperature known as 'the hockey stick', a graphic image representing the research of Michael Mann and his colleagues. But in fact, scientists have confirmed the same basic conclusions in multiple ways–with Thompson's ice core record as one of the most definitive."<ref name="Thompson 03">{{Harvnb|Thompson|Mosley-Thompson|Davis|Lin|2003}}.</ref><ref name="Gore AIT">{{Harvnb|Gore|2006|pp= 63–65}}.</ref>
	== National Research Council Report ==
	{{main|North Report}}
	At the request of the U.S. Congress, initiated by Representative ] as chairman of the ], a special "Committee on Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Past 2,000 Years" was assembled by the ] to quickly prepare a concise report. The NRC Committee, chaired by ], consisted of 12 scientists and statisticians from different disciplines. Its task was "to summarize current scientific information on the temperature record for the past two millennia, describe the main areas of uncertainty and how significant they are, describe the principal methodologies used and any problems with these approaches, and explain how central is the debate over the paleoclimate temperature record to the state of scientific knowledge on global climate change".<ref>{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=, . }}</ref> The NRC report went through a rigorous review process involving 15 independent experts.<ref>{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=, }}</ref> The report provided a summary and an overview, followed by 11 technical chapters covering the instrumental and proxy records, statistical procedures, paleoclimate models, and the synthesis of large-scale temperature reconstructions with an assessment of the "strengths, limitations, and prospects for improvement" in techniques used.<ref>{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=, }}</ref>
	The ] concluded "with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries", justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies, but "Less confidence can be placed in large-scale surface temperature reconstructions for the period from 900 to 1600".<ref name="North rept 1-3">{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=}}</ref> It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies which had subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records, while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods.<ref>{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=}}</ref> The contested principal component analysis methodology had a small tendency to bias results so was not recommended, but it had little influence on the final reconstructions, and other methods produced similar results.<ref>{{harvnb|North|Biondi|Bloomfield|Christy|2006|pp=}}</ref><ref name="NAS press conference 06">{{Harvnb|NAS press conference|22 June 2006}}.</ref>
	== Committee on Energy and Commerce Report (Wegman Report) ==
	{{main|Wegman Report}}
	There had been an outcry in July 2005 when ] of the ] had issued letters demanding information from ], ] and ], for what was described as an illegitimate investigation.<ref name="WSJ 2006a" />
	Barton dismissed the offer of a joint investigation organised by the ] (NAS).<ref name="Eilperin, 18 July 2005"/> An initial contact was made on 1 September 2005 to ask statistician ] about possible testimony in Congress about a paleoclimate issue, and subsequently Barton's staffer met Wegman to ask for an opinion on the validity of criticisms of the {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}} reconstruction. Wegman formed a team with Yasmin H. Said (who had been his graduate student) and statistician David W. Scott, three statisticians with no expertise in ] or ]. They were provided by Barton's staffer with material to review over the next nine months.<ref>{{harvnb|Said|2007}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=160, 357}}, {{harvnb|Said|2005}}</ref> This existence of this team was first made public in a 10 February 2006 report by the '']'',<ref name="WSJ 2006a">{{Harvnb|Regalado|2006a}}</ref> and the Wegman report was announced on 14 July 2006 by an article in the '']'',<ref name="WSJ 1406">{{Harvnb|WSJ editorial|14 July 2006}}, .</ref> and a press release issued by Barton.<ref name="Wegrept press release">{{harvnb|HCEC "fact-sheet"|2006}} (press release).</ref><ref name="wegmanreport">{{harvnb|Wegman|Said|Scott|2006}}</ref>
	The Wegman Report lacked ], but was sent out to a number of referees shortly before it was released:<ref name="northinterview">North, interviewed by {{Harvnb|Monastersky|6 Sept. 2006}}.</ref> one of the referees, ], later said she received the report only 3 days in advance, and her criticisms were ignored.<ref name="North A&M" />
	The Wegman Report was discussed at hearings of the ] under its chairman ]. The first hearing was held on 19 July 2006, five days after the report was announced and released. Mann was unable to attend this hearing.<ref name="WSJ 1406" /><ref>{{Harvnb|HCEC Hearings|19 July 2006|p=1}}.</ref> A second hearing was arranged on 27 July 2006, which he attended.<ref name="Weghearings timetable">{{Harvnb|HCEC Hearings|19 July 2006|p=III}}.</ref>
	]
	The report asserted that the critiques of MBH98 and MBH99 by McIntyre and McKitrick (MM) were "valid and compelling",<ref name="wegmanreport p4">{{harvnb|Wegman|Said|Scott|2006|pp=1–5, 7}}</ref> but failed to examine if the suggested corrections made any significant difference to the outcome, though studies including {{harvnb|Wahl|Ammann|2007}} had found that the hockey stick shape remained after the corrections.<ref>{{Harvnb|HCEC Hearings|19 July 2006|pp=591, 697–698}}.</ref> The report reiterated the claim that the MBH method created a hockey-stick shape from random ], but Wegman failed to respond when the issue was shown to have been caused by an error in McIntyre and McKitrick's methodology, and despite repeated requests did not provide his code for comparison.<ref name="Ritson 06">{{harvnb|Ritson|2006}}</ref><ref name="HCEC Hearings, 19 July 2006 769">{{Harvnb|HCEC Hearings|19 July 2006|p=769}}.</ref>
	A new criticism introduced in the Wegman report presented a ] which implied problems with peer review not being independent,<ref name="Wegman 2006 1–5">{{harvnb|Wegman|Said|Scott|2006|pp=1–5}}</ref> alleging that the many co-authors Mann had worked with after the MBH studies had compromised the independence of scientists: this argument was dismissed by North, who said that report's claim "that there was too much reliance on peer review, which was not necessarily independent" misunderstood the peer review process in science. The peer review process of the Wegman report itself was questioned.<ref name="North A&M">{{harvnb|North|2006b|loc=22:10}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|HCEC Hearings, 19 July|2006|pp=63–64, 83, 98, 592, 835–836}}.</ref> In 2007, Wegman and Said published a paper based on this social network analysis.<ref name="Vergano 0515">{{Harvnb|Vergano|15 May 2011}}.</ref> In 2010 this paper was found to include plagiarism which also appeared to be in the Wegman Report: Wegman said that material in it had been "basically copied and pasted" by a student who was the "most knowledgeable" member of his team, as she had taken a one-week course on network analysis with ]. Carley described the paper as an opinion piece lacking data needed to support its argument,<ref name="Vergano 0515" /><ref name="Vergano expertpan">{{Harvnb|Vergano|16 May 2011}}.</ref> and ] gave his expert view that the Wegman report's analysis showed nothing more than a normal network of co-authorship.<ref name="Quiggin 2006">{{Harvnb|Quiggin|2006}}.</ref>
	Allegations were made in the Wegman Report that paleoclimatologists supposedly did not seem to interact with "the statistical community": Mann testified that many statisticians working in climatology had been offended by this claim, he himself had been on the ] Committee on Probability and Statistics along with other scientists and statisticians, the ] ] had provided such interaction for over a decade, and as a postdoctoral student Mann had participated in its inaugural workshop in 1994. In testimony, von Storch referred to "Statistical Analysis in Climate Research" which he had co-authored with the statistician Francis Zwiers.<ref>{{Harvnb|HCEC Hearings|19 July 2006|pp=765–766}}.</ref>
	The Wegman report also alleged inadequate sharing of methods, code and data:<ref name="Wegman 2006 1–5"/> Mann testified that these had been available since May 2000 in full accordance with ] requirements, and they had gone beyond these requirements to make their full proprietary computer codes public. Despite congressman Waxman pressing Wegman to release the code Ritson had requested, Wegman still declined to "disclose the details of our methods" and Mann said "It would appear that Dr. Wegman has completely failed to live up to the very standards he has publicly demanded of others."<ref name="HCEC Hearings, 19 July 2006 769"/><ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=174–175, 318–319}}</ref>
	== IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007 ==
	The ] (AR4) published in 2007 included a chapter on Paleoclimate, with a section on the last 2,000 years. This featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the ] (TAR); {{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|1999}} as before, {{harvnb|Jones|Briffa|Barnett|Tett|1998}} and {{harvnb|Briffa|2000}} had both been calibrated by newer studies. In addition, analysis of the ] cited reconstructions by {{harvnb|Crowley|Lowery|2000}} (as cited in the TAR) and {{harvnb|Osborn|Briffa|2006}}. Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer. Most reconstructions shared some data series, particularly tree ring data, but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area, using a variety of statistical methods. The section discussed the ] affecting certain tree ring data.<ref name="AR4 2k years">{{Harvnb|Jansen et al.|2007}}, .</ref>
	It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR. On the evidence of the previous and four new reconstructions that reach back more than 1 kyr, it is likely that the 20th century was the warmest in at least the past 1.3 kyr."<ref name="AR4 2k years"/> The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.<ref name="wg1graph" /> The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were ''very likely'' higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and ''likely'' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years. Some recent studies indicate greater variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures than suggested in the TAR, particularly finding that cooler periods existed in the 12th to 14th, 17th and 19th centuries. Warmer periods prior to the 20th century are within the uncertainty range given in the TAR."<ref>AR4 WG1 SPM {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514023045/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-a-palaeoclimatic.html |date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>
	===Hans von Storch review===
	In May 2007, ] reviewed the changes in thought caused by the hockey stick controversy writing:
	: ''In October 2004 we were lucky to publish in Science our critique of the 'hockey-stick' reconstruction of the temperature of the last 1000 years. Now, two and half years later, it may be worth reviewing what has happened since then.''
	: ''At the EGU General Assembly a few weeks ago there were no less than three papers from groups in Copenhagen and Bern assessing critically the merits of methods used to reconstruct historical climate variable from proxies; Bürger’s papers in 2005; Moberg’s paper in Nature in 2005; various papers on borehole temperature; The National Academy of Science Report from 2006&nbsp;– all of which have helped to clarify that the hockey-stick methodologies lead indeed to questionable historical reconstructions. The 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC now presents a whole range of historical reconstructions instead of favoring prematurely just one hypothesis as reliable.''<ref>{{Harvnb|Heffernan|2007a}}.</ref>
	McIntyre was critical of this ''Nature'' blog entry because von Storch did not acknowledge the role of McIntyre and McKitrick:
	: ''They then proceed to discuss various articles on the Hockey Stick mentioning Bürger, Moberg, borehole papers, the NAS report, but failing to mention McIntyre and McKitrick. Pretty annoying.''<ref>{{Harvnb|McIntyre|3 May 2007}}.</ref>
	However von Storch replied<ref>{{Harvnb|Heffernan|2007b}}.</ref> that:
	: ''This was on purpose, as we do not think that McIntyre has substantially contributed in the published peer-reviewed literature to the debate about the statistical merits of the MBH and related method. They have published one peer-reviewed article on a statistical aspect, and we have published a response&nbsp;– acknowledging that they would have a valid point in principle, but the critique would not matter in the case of the hockey-stick&nbsp;... we see in principle two scientific inputs of McIntyre into the general debate&nbsp;– one valid point, which is however probably not relevant in this context, and another which has not been properly documented''.
	==Further reconstructions==
	{{main|Hockey stick graph}}
	Further reconstructions were published, using additional proxies and different methodology. Mann identifies {{harvnb|Juckes|Allen|Briffa|Esper|2007}} and {{harvnb|Lee|Zwiers|Tsao|2008}} for examples.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=140, 308}}</ref> In July 2008 Huang, Pollack and Shen published a suite of borehole reconstructions covering 20,000 years. They showed warm episodes in the mid-Holocene and the Medieval period, a little ice age and 20th century warming reaching temperatures higher than Medieval Warm Period peak temperatures in any of the reconstructions: they described this finding as consistent with the IPCC AR4 conclusions.<ref>{{harvnb|Huang|Pollack|Shen|2008}}</ref>
	In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.<ref name=mann08>{{harvnb|Mann|Zhang|Hughes|Bradley|2008}}</ref> This reconstruction used a more diverse dataset that was significantly larger than the original tree-ring study, at more than 1,200 proxy records. They used two complementary methods, both of which showed a similar "hockey stick" graph with recent increases in northern hemisphere surface temperature are anomalous relative to at least the past 1300 years. Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion."<ref>{{Harvnb|Black|1 Sep. 2008}} (BBC News).</ref> In a PNAS response, McIntyre and McKitrick said that they perceived a number of problems, including that Mann ''et al'' used some data with the axes upside down.<ref name=PNASMM>
	{{Harvnb|McIntyre|McKitrick|2009}}.</ref> Mann et al. replied that McIntyre and McKitrick "raise no valid issues regarding our paper" and the "claim that 'upside down' data were used is bizarre", as the methods "are insensitive to the sign of predictors". They also said that excluding the contentious datasets has little effect on the result.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|2009}}.</ref>
	The hockey stick graph was given further support by {{harvnb|Kaufman|Schneider|McKay|Ammann|2009}} which reconstructed the ] over the last 2,000 years,<ref>{{harvnb|Kaufman|Schneider|McKay|Ammann|2009}}; {{Harvnb|UCAR news release|3 Sept. 2009}}; {{Harvnb|Bello|2009}}.</ref> and a new method of analysis using ] developed by Martin Tingley and ].<ref>{{Harvnb|Appell|2009}}; {{harvnb|Tingley|Huybers|2010a}}</ref>
	==Climatic Research Unit email controversy==
	{{Main|Climatic Research Unit email controversy|Climatic Research Unit documents}}
	In the ] (also known as "Climategate") which began in November 2009, extracts from a few of the ] ] from a server at the ] (CRU) at the ] (UEA) were taken out of context to support allegations against scientists working on the ] and on climate reconstructions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chameides|2010}}.</ref>
	The most quoted phrase took words from an e-mail of 16 November 1999 written by ] which referred to a graph he was preparing as a diagram for the cover of the ] (WMO) statement on the status of global climate in 1999.<ref name="UEA 23 Nov">{{Harvnb|UEA press release|23 Nov. 2009}}.</ref><ref name="Guardian 9 Feb part2">{{Harvnb|Pearce|2010_pt2}}<!-- Pt. 2 -->, .</ref> Jones wrote: "I've just completed Mike's ''Nature'' trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20&nbsp;years (ie, from 1981 onwards) and from 1961 for Keith's to hide the decline."<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov">{{Harvnb|Hickman|20 Nov. 2009}} (Guardian).</ref> In science, the term "trick" is slang for a clever (and legitimate) technique, in this case ]'s technique for comparing two different data sets,<ref name="Nature_2009-12-03">{{Harvnb|Nature editorial|3 December 2009}} .</ref> and "the decline" referred to the already published ] with tree ring density proxies affecting the post 1960 part of ]'s reconstruction graph. Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians ] and ].<ref name="Guardian 9 Feb part2" />
	Questions were raised about the ] and a 2003 email from Mann suggesting "we have to stop considering ''Climate Research'' as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues in the climate research community to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal."<ref name="wsjms">{{Harvnb|Johnson|Naik|24 Nov. 2009}} (WSJ).</ref> The allegation by ] of the ] that pressure from Jones and Mann was responsible for the resignations at ''Climate Research''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvnb|Michaels|18 Dec. 2009}} (WSJ).</ref> was rejected by ], who said that he had resigned "with no outside pressure, because of insufficient quality control on a bad paper – a skeptic's paper, at that".<ref>{{Harvnb|von Storch|22 Dec. 2009}} (WSJ).</ref> Michaels also alleged a bias against letting sceptics like himself publish in peer reviewed journals;<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Mann said that the only bias was a requirement for good quality papers, and other climate skeptics had succeeded in getting their work in mainstream journals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mann|31 Dec. 2009}} (WSJ).</ref>
	Eight independent investigations of the allegations and the emails all found that there was no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct by the scientists. One report, by the ] (EPA), considered detailed petitions raised by conservative activists and business groups with reference to the emails: the EPA examined every email and concluded that there was no merit to the claims in the petitions, which "routinely misunderstood the scientific issues", reached "faulty scientific conclusions", "resorted to hyperbole", and "often cherry-pick language that creates the suggestion or appearance of impropriety, without looking deeper into the issues".<ref name="8committees">The eight major investigations covered by secondary sources include: (UK); (UK); {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509041910/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/04/oxburgh-report-clears-controvers.html |date=9 May 2013 }} (UK); {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925191452/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/02/climate-scienti-1.html |date=25 September 2010 }} and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130074750/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/07/michael-mann-exonerated-as-penn.html |date=30 January 2012 }} (US); (US); (US); (US)</ref>
	==Continuing research==
	{{main|Hockey stick graph}}
	A 2010 opinion piece by David Frank, ], ] and Rob Wilson ({{harvnb|Frank|Esper|Zorita|Wilson|2010}}) noted that by then over two dozen large-scale climate reconstructions had been published, showing a broad consensus that there had been exceptional 20th century warming after earlier climatic phases, notably the Medieval Warm Period and ]. There were still issues of large-scale natural variability to be resolved, especially for the lowest frequency variations, and they called for further research to improve expert assessment of proxies and to develop reconstruction methods explicitly allowing for structural uncertainties in the process.<ref name="Frank 2010"/>
	New studies using different methods continued to extend the period covered by reconstructions. Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with {{harvnb|Mann|Zhang|Hughes|Bradley|2008}}, though it used different methods and covered a different area.<ref>{{harvnb|Ljungqvist|2010}}</ref> Studies by Christiansen and Ljungqvist investigated previous underestimation of low-frequency variability, and reaffirmed Mann et al.'s conclusions about the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period.<ref>{{harvnb|Christiansen|Ljungqvist|2012}}</ref> as did {{harvnb|Ljungqvist|Krusic|Brattström|Sundqvist|2012}} which used a larger network of proxies than previous studies. {{harvnb|Marcott|Shakun|Clark|Mix|2013}} used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.<ref>{{harvnb|Lemonick|2013}}.</ref>
	== See also ==
	{{portal|Global warming}}
	* ]
	* ]
	* '']''
	== Notes ==
	{{clear}}
	{{reflist|30em}}
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	|archivedate=7 June 2011
	|df=
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	* {{Citation
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	|title= The Discovery of Global Warming (website)
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	}}. Chapters are available as .
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	* {{Citation
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	|chapter= Modern Temperature Trend
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	* {{Citation
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	| pmid =
	| pmc =
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	}}. ()
	<!-- ##### -->'''2012'''
	* {{Citation
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	| pmid =
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	| doi-access = free
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	* {{citation
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	* {{Citation
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	* {{Citation
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	| pmid = 23471405
	| pmc =
	| bibcode = 2013Sci...339.1198M}}.
	*{{Citation
	| last1 = PAGES 2k Consortium
	| doi = 10.1038/ngeo1797
	| title = Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia
	| journal = Nature Geoscience
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	| pmid =
	| pmc =
	|bibcode = 2013NatGe...6..339P }} (78 researchers, corresponding author Darrell S. Kaufman).
	<!-- ##### -->'''2015'''
	<!-- ##### -->
	{{refend}}
	{{Global warming}}
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