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{{Short description|Kashmiri poet and chronicler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Kalhaṇa''' (sometimes spelled '''Kalhana''' or '''Kalhan''') (c. 12th century), a ], was the author of '']'' (''River of Kings''), an account of the ]. He wrote the work in ] between 1148 and 1149.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 15.</ref> All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is ]. Robin Donkin has argued that with the exception of Kalhaṇa, "there are no literary works with a developed sense of chronology, or indeed much sense of place, before the thirteenth century".<ref>Donkin, p. 152.</ref> '''Kalhana''' ({{langx|sa|कल्हण|translit=kalhaṇa}}) was the author of '']'' (''River of Kings''), an account of the ]. He wrote the work in ] between 1148 and 1149.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 15.</ref> All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is ].


==Life== ==Life==
Kalhaṇa was born to a Kashmiri minister, Campaka, who probably served king Harṣa of the ]. It is possible that his birthplace was ] and his birth would have been very early in the 12th century. It is extremely likely that he was of the Hindu ] ], suggested in particular by his knowledge of Sanskrit. The introductory verses to each of the eight books in his ''Rājataraṃgiṇī'' are prefaced with prayers to ], a Hindu deity. As was common among many Hindus in Kashmir at that time, he was also sympathetic to Buddhism, and Buddhists tended to reciprocate this feeling towards Hindus.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 6-9, 15.</ref> Even in relatively modern times, Buddha's birthday has been a notable event for Kashmiri Brahmins and well before Kalhaṇa's time Buddha had been accepted by Hindus as an ] of ].<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 9.</ref> Kalhana was born in a ] ] family to a Kashmiri minister, Chanpaka, who probably served king Harsha of the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kalhana | title=Kalhana &#124; Kashmir Brahman |work=Encyclopædia Britannica }}</ref> It is possible that his birthplace was ] and his birth would have been very early in the 12th century. The introductory verses to each of the eight Books in his ''Rajatarangini'' are prefaced with prayers to ], a Hindu deity. In common with many Hindus in Kashmir at that time, he was also sympathetic to Buddhism, and Buddhists tended to reciprocate this feeling towards Hindus.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 6-9, 15.</ref> Even in relatively modern times, Buddha's birthday has been a notable event for Kashmiri Brahmins and well before Kalhana's time Buddha had been accepted by Hindus as an ] of ].<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 9.</ref>


Kalhaṇa was familiar with earlier epics such as the ''Vikramāṅkadevacarita'' of ], the '']'' and the '']'', to all of which he alludes in his own writings.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 10-11.</ref> However, his writings did not employ what Stein has described as "the very redundant praise and flattery which by custom and literary tradition Indian authors feel obliged to bestow on their patrons". From this comes Stein's deduction that Kalhaṇa was not a part of the circle surrounding Jayasiṃha, the ruling monarch at the time when he was writing the ''Rājataraṃgiṇī''.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 17.</ref> Kalhana was familiar with earlier epics such as the ''Vikramankadevacharita'' of ], the '']'' and the '']'', to all of which he alludes in his own writings.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 10-11.</ref> However, his own writings did not employ what Stein has described as "the very redundant praise and flattery which by custom and literary tradition Indian authors feel obliged to bestow on their patrons". From this comes Stein's deduction that Kalhana was not a part of the circle surrounding Jayasimha, the ruling monarch at the time when he was writing the ''Rajatarangini''.<ref>Stein, Vol. 1, p. 17.</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |origyear=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |accessdate=2011-07-11 |ref=Stein1900V1}} *{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |access-date=2011-07-11 |ref=Stein1900V1}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |origyear=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |accessdate=2011-07-10 |ref=Stein1900V2}} *{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |access-date=2011-07-10 |ref=Stein1900V2}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |volume=224 |year=1998 |title=Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the age of discoveries |first1=Robin A. |last1=Donkin |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-224-5 |authorlink=Robin Donkin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C}} *{{cite journal |journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |volume=224 |year=1998 |title=Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the age of discoveries |first1=Robin A. |last1=Donkin |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-224-5 |author-link=Robin Donkin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C}}


==External links== ==External links==
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Latest revision as of 23:48, 6 November 2024

Kashmiri poet and chronicler

Kalhana (Sanskrit: कल्हण, romanized: kalhaṇa) was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is Mark Aurel Stein.

Life

Kalhana was born in a Hindu Brahmin family to a Kashmiri minister, Chanpaka, who probably served king Harsha of the Lohara dynasty. It is possible that his birthplace was Parihaspore and his birth would have been very early in the 12th century. The introductory verses to each of the eight Books in his Rajatarangini are prefaced with prayers to Shiva, a Hindu deity. In common with many Hindus in Kashmir at that time, he was also sympathetic to Buddhism, and Buddhists tended to reciprocate this feeling towards Hindus. Even in relatively modern times, Buddha's birthday has been a notable event for Kashmiri Brahmins and well before Kalhana's time Buddha had been accepted by Hindus as an avatar of Vishnu.

Kalhana was familiar with earlier epics such as the Vikramankadevacharita of Bilhana, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, to all of which he alludes in his own writings. However, his own writings did not employ what Stein has described as "the very redundant praise and flattery which by custom and literary tradition Indian authors feel obliged to bestow on their patrons". From this comes Stein's deduction that Kalhana was not a part of the circle surrounding Jayasimha, the ruling monarch at the time when he was writing the Rajatarangini.

See also

References

  1. Stein, Vol. 1, p. 15.
  2. "Kalhana | Kashmir Brahman". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 6-9, 15.
  4. Stein, Vol. 1, p. 9.
  5. Stein, Vol. 1, pp. 10-11.
  6. Stein, Vol. 1, p. 17.

Bibliography

External links

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