Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 14:24, 28 December 2024

2020 Beirut explosion

Aftermath of the explosion, with the destroyed grain silos to the left and the flooded blast crater to the right.
Date	4 August 2020 (2020-08-04)
Time	18:08:18 EEST (UTC+03:00)
Venue	Port of Beirut
Location	Beirut, Lebanon
Coordinates	33°54′05″N 35°31′09″E / 33.90139°N 35.51917°E / 33.90139; 35.51917
Type	Ammonium nitrate explosion
Cause	Fire
Deaths	218
Non-fatal injuries	7,000+
Property damage	US$15+ billion
Displaced	~300,000

On 4 August 2020, a large amount of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in the capital city of Lebanon exploded, causing at least 218 deaths, 7,000 injuries, and US$15 billion in property damage, as well as leaving an estimated 300,000 people homeless. A cargo of 2,750 tonnes of the substance (equivalent to around 1.1 kilotons of TNT) had been stored in a warehouse without proper safety measures for the previous six years after having been confiscated by Lebanese authorities from the abandoned ship MV Rhosus. A fire in the same warehouse preceded the explosion.

The blast was so powerful that it was felt throughout Lebanon. It was also felt in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Europe, and was heard in Cyprus, more than 240 km (150 mi) away. It was detected by the United States Geological Survey as a seismic event of magnitude 3.3 and is considered one of the most powerful non-nuclear explosions on record. It was powerful enough to affect Earth's ionosphere. The blast was also the largest single-fired ammonium nitrate explosion in history.

Following the explosion, there were suspicions regarding Hezbollah's involvement due to allegations that the explosion occurred at a site storing Hezbollah's weapons. Hezbollah denied these allegations but has been actively involved in demonstrations against the investigation into the explosion.

The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency in response to the disaster. In its aftermath, protests erupted across Lebanon against the government for their failure to prevent the catastrophe, joining a larger series of protests which had been taking place across the country since 2019. On 10 August 2020, Prime Minister Hassan Diab and the Lebanese cabinet resigned.

The adjacent grain silos were badly damaged. In July and August 2022, part of the silos collapsed following a weeks-long fire in the remaining grain.

Background

The economy of Lebanon was in a state of crisis before the explosion, with the government having defaulted on debt, the Lebanese pound plunging, and a poverty rate that had risen past 50%. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic had overwhelmed many of the country's hospitals, several of which were already short of medical supplies and unable to pay staff due to the financial crisis. The morning before the explosion, the head of the Rafik Hariri University Hospital, which served as the main COVID-19 medical facility in Lebanon, warned that it was approaching full capacity.

The government-owned Port of Beirut serves as the main maritime entry point into Lebanon and a vital piece of infrastructure for the importation of scarce goods. The Beirut Naval Base is a part of the port. The port included four basins, sixteen quays, twelve warehouses, a large container terminal, and a grain elevator with a total capacity of 120,000 tonnes that served as a strategic reserve of cereals for the country. The grain elevator was built in the 1960s as part of an expansion plan advanced by Palestinian banker Yousef Beidas.

MV Rhosus

On 27 September 2013, the Moldovan-flagged cargo ship MV Rhosus set sail from Batumi, Georgia, to Beira, Mozambique, carrying 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate. Rhosus was owned by a company based in Panama but was regarded by the captain as under the de facto ownership of Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin. The shipment had been ordered by an African explosives manufacturing company for mining in Mozambique. However, reporting by Der Spiegel has found that it was not Grechushkin who owned Rhosus, but rather Cypriot businessman Charalambos Manoli, who maintained a relationship with the bank used by Hezbollah in Lebanon.

On 21 November 2013, the ship made port in Beirut. Some sources said it was forced to port due to mechanical issues and possibly engine problems, while other sources claimed the owner did not have sufficient funds to pay tolls for the Suez Canal and attempted to take on a shipment of heavy machinery in Beirut. The heavy machinery was stacked on top of the doors to the cargo space containing the ammonium nitrate, causing the doors to buckle, which damaged the ship. After inspection by port state control, Rhosus was deemed unseaworthy, and was forbidden to set sail. Eight Ukrainians and one or two Russians were aboard, and with the help of the Ukrainian consul, five Ukrainians were repatriated, leaving four crew members to care for the ship.

Grechushkin reportedly went bankrupt, and after the charterers lost interest in the cargo he abandoned Rhosus. The ship soon ran out of provisions, and the remaining crew were unable to disembark due to immigration restrictions. According to Lloyd's List, port state control seized Rhosus on 4 February 2014 due to US$100,000 in unpaid bills. The ship had accrued port fees and been fined for refusing cargo. Lawyers argued for the crew's repatriation on compassionate grounds because of the danger posed by the cargo still aboard the ship, and an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut allowed them to return home. They had been forced to live aboard the ship for about a year.

By order of the judge, Rhosus's cargo was brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Warehouse 12 at the port, where it remained for the next six years. Rhosus sank in the harbor in February 2018.

Lebanese customs officials had sent letters to judges requesting a resolution to the issue of the confiscated cargo, proposing that the ammonium nitrate be either exported, given to the Lebanese Armed Forces or sold to the private Lebanese Explosives Company. Letters had been sent on 27 June and 5 December 2014, 6 May 2015, 20 May and 13 October 2016, and 27 October 2017. One of the letters sent in 2016 noted that judges had not replied to previous requests, and pleaded:

In view of the serious danger of keeping these goods in the hangar in unsuitable climatic conditions, we reaffirm our request to please request the marine agency to re-export these goods immediately to preserve the safety of the port and those working in it, or to look into agreeing to sell this amount ...

Each time, the requests were procedurally declined due to errors by the customs officials. However, the officials persisted in making the same requests instead of correcting the errors. Legal experts also said that the customs officials could have confiscated the material unilaterally.

Explosion

Fire and first explosion

Around 17:45 local time (14:45 UTC) on 4 August 2020, a fire broke out in Warehouse 12 at the Port of Beirut. Warehouse 12, which was waterside and adjacent to the grain elevator, stored the ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated from Rhosus alongside a stash of fireworks. Around 17:55 local time (14:55 UTC), a team of nine firefighters and one paramedic, known as Platoon 5, was dispatched to fight the fire. On arrival the fire crew reported over the radio that there was "something wrong" as the fire was immense and produced "a crazy sound."

The initial explosion, at about 18:07 local time (15:07 UTC), likely triggered by the stored fireworks, created a large plume of grey smoke and bright firework flashes, and heavily damaged Warehouse 12 with a force equivalent to around 1.5–2.5 tons of TNT.

Final explosion

External videos
4K footage of Lebanon explosion shows Beirut Port blast unfolding in slow motion, Al Arabiya

The second explosion, 33 to 35 seconds later, was far more substantial and felt in northern Israel and in Cyprus, 240 kilometers (150 miles) away. It rocked central Beirut and created a large red-orange cloud, briefly ringed by a white condensation cloud. The red-orange color of the smoke from the second explosion was caused by nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of ammonium nitrate decomposition.

By the next morning, the main fire that led to the explosion had been extinguished.

Yield

Despite inefficient transmission of the shock waves into the ground, the United States Geological Survey measured the event as a 3.3 local magnitude earthquake, while the Jordan Seismological Observatory reported that it was equivalent to a 4.5 M_L earthquake. A study of seismic signatures of the explosion by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Germany produced a yield estimate between 0.5 and 1.1 kt of TNT. Experts from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the University of Sheffield estimated that the explosion was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions ever recorded. Later, they were able to quantitatively support this rapid estimate as they compiled more distance versus time of arrival data as new videos of the explosion became available on social media platforms. Their study found that the best estimate and upper bound prediction of the yield of the explosion are 0.5 and 1.12 kt of TNT, respectively. This is equal to around 1 GWh of energy. Another study used several videos of the explosion to describe the evolution of the fireball size and estimated the Beirut explosion yield to be 0.6 ± 0.3 kt of TNT. The Beirut explosion was similar to explosions of large amounts of ammonium nitrate in Texas City, United States, in 1947; in Toulouse, France, in 2001; and Tianjin, China, in 2015.

An independent estimate by the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization based on infrasonic data obtained an explosive yield equivalent to 0.5–1.1 kt of TNT, making it the sixth-largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosion in human history.

Aouad et al. (2021) derived the kinematics of the fireball from publicly available videos. Considering a time of separation between the fireball and the shock wave at about 170 milliseconds, they concluded a TNT equivalent mass of 0.2 ± 0.08 kt of TNT or 520 ± 200 tons of ammonium nitrate at a distance of 130 meters from the explosion center. This result is consistent with Dewey 2021 that suggests that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance.

Temsah et al. 2021 estimated the magnitude of the explosion. The research was based on a structural engineering approach with numerical non-linear finite element modeling of the grain elevator facing Warehouse 12 where the explosion took place. The numerical study model was based on silos data (geometrical and material properties) and the use of the Conventional Weapons Effects Blast Loading (CONWEP), and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) methods to generate the blast load. The analysis results proved that an amount equivalent to 564 t of AN (or 220 t of TNT) was adequate to generate damages similar to those resulting from the explosion. This amount represents 20.5% of the original stored amount (2750 t). As for the state of the grain elevator, results showed it was structurally unstable and should be demolished or properly strengthened.

Kim and Pasyanos (2021) put the yield between 0.62–1.25 kt, with the best and most likely estimate at 0.9 kt of TNT, with a likely depth of 2 m.

It has been suggested that not all of the ammonium nitrate was still in the warehouse at the time of the explosion. Some experts estimated that there were only 700 to 1,000 tonnes remaining out of the original 2,750, with the rest having been removed or stolen since 2014. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated there were about 500 tonnes left, a number which was later cited by Prime Minister Hassan Diab. However, there were also two experts who concluded that most or all of the ammonium nitrate exploded.

Cause

Warehouses at the Port of Beirut were used to store explosives and chemicals including nitrates, which are common components of fertilizers and explosives. The General Director of General Security, Major General Abbas Ibrahim, said the ammonium nitrate confiscated from Rhosus had exploded. The 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate was the equivalent to around 1,155 tonnes of TNT (4,830 gigajoules). The failure to remove the materials from the warehouse and relocate them was attributed to mismanagement of the port, corruption of the government, and inaction of the flag registry's country and ship owner.

The Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI) reported that, according to attendees of a Higher Defence Council briefing, the fire was ignited by workers welding a door at a warehouse. A former port worker said that "here were 30 to 40 nylon bags of fireworks inside warehouse 12" that he had personally seen. An American diplomatic cable on 7 August said it "remains unclear ... whether fireworks, ammunition or something else stored next to the ammonium nitrate might have been involved" in worsening the warehouse fire and igniting the ammonium nitrate. A port worker said Warehouse 12 was "not in regular use", and that "those in charge only used to open the warehouse to stack inside it materials confiscated upon judicial orders or perilous products", though he had not seen this to include any armaments.

Casualties

A total of 218 people were confirmed dead from the explosion, with over 7,000 injured. Foreigners from at least 22 countries were among the casualties. Several United Nations naval peacekeepers who were members of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) were injured by the blast. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that 34 refugees were among the dead and missing, and an additional 124 refugees were injured. At least 150 people were left permanently disabled as a result of the explosion.

Notable casualties

All ten members of Platoon 5, a team of nine firefighters and a paramedic, died at the scene of the blast. Nazar Najarian, the secretary-general of the Kataeb Party, died after sustaining severe head injuries. French architect Jean-Marc Bonfils died after sustaining serious injuries at his apartment in the East Village building in Mar Mikhaël. He had been live-streaming the fire at the warehouse on Facebook at the time. Lady Cochrane Sursock, philanthropist and member of the Sursock family, died on 31 August from injuries sustained from the blast.

Damage

External image
Detailed 0.5 m satellite imagery of explosion aftermath captured by Pleiades-1B on 5 August 2020.

The explosion overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings of their cladding. Within the port area, the explosion destroyed a section of shoreline and left a blast crater roughly 124 m (407 ft) in diameter and 43 m (141 ft) in depth. Homes as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) away were damaged by the blast, and up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosion. The grain elevator was largely destroyed, exacerbating food shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis. About 15,000 tonnes (14,800 long tons; 16,500 short tons) of grain were lost, leaving the country with less than a month's worth of grain in reserve. However, part of the elevator's sturdy structure survived, shielding a large area of western Beirut from greater destruction.

The damage from the blast affected over half of Beirut, with the likely cost above US$15 billion and insured losses at around US$3 billion. Approximately ninety percent of the city's hotels were damaged and three hospitals completely destroyed, while two more suffered damage. Dozens of injured people brought to nearby hospitals could not be admitted because of the damage to the hospitals. Windows and other installations of glass across the city were shattered.

Saint George Hospital, one of the city's largest medical facilities, was less than 1 kilometer (5⁄8 mile) from the explosion, and was so badly damaged that staff were forced to treat patients in the street. Four nurses died from the initial blast, fifteen patients died after their ventilators stopped working, and several child cancer patients were injured by flying glass. Within hours, after discharging all its patients and sending some to other facilities, Saint George Hospital was forced to close. The hospital's director of intensive care, Dr. Joseph Haddad, was quoted as saying: "There is no Saint George Hospital anymore. It's fallen, it's on the floor ... It's all destroyed. All of it."

The Sursock Museum was severely damaged, as was much of its artwork, and some ceramics were completely destroyed. The atelier for the fashion house Sandra Mansour was heavily damaged by the explosion. Sursock Palace, a 160-year-old Beirut landmark that was listed as a cultural heritage site, also sustained heavy damage, as did its many works of art. Some glass artifacts in the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut were also destroyed, and the huge 118-year-old door which opened onto the main exhibition space was blown off its hinges. Bustros Palace, which hosts the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants, was severely damaged. The Armenian Catholicosate in Antelias sustained great damage. All the stained glass windows of the National Evangelical Church were blown out. The FIBA Asia headquarters was also heavily damaged. Embassies in and around Beirut reported varying degrees of damage to their buildings; the embassies of Argentina, Australia, Finland, Cyprus, and the Netherlands, which were close to the blast, sustained heavy damage, while minor damage was reported from the South Korean, Hungarian, Kazakh, Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Turkish embassies.

Shipping

The cruise ship Orient Queen, berthed near Warehouse 12, suffered extensive damage and capsized overnight. Two members of the crew were killed, and seven crew members were injured. On 7 August, the first lawsuit related to the explosions was filed by the ship's owners, Abou Merhi Cruises, whose offices were also destroyed. The Bangladesh Navy corvette BNS Bijoy, which participated in UNIFIL, was also damaged.

External image
Abou Karim I on its side next to Abou Karim III, near the blast crater The crater is the water-filled area in the left foreground.

The edible-oil tanker ship Amadeo II, being used as a bunker barge at the port, was nearest to the explosion, which deposited the mangled remains of the ship on a nearby quay. The ship's crew died in the explosion. Two large livestock carriers, Abou Karim I and Abou Karim III, laid up at the end of Berth 09, very close to Warehouse 12, were heavily damaged. Abou Karim I became unstable, keeled over onto the adjacent Abou Karim III and shortly afterwards capsized. The livestock carrier Jouri and the cargo ships Mero Star and Raouf H were also close to the blast and suffered serious damage; AIS from these ships stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.

Hapag-Lloyd's offices in Beirut were destroyed. CMA CGM's offices, located a few hundred meters away from the site of the explosion, were severely damaged. One employee died and two were severely injured.

Airport

Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, the city's main airport, about 10 km (6 mi) from the site of the blast, sustained moderate damage to the terminal buildings during the explosion. Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights continued.

Subsequent collapses

In July 2022, grains remaining in the silo caught fire due to a combination of fermentation and summer heat. On 31 July, the northern part of the silo collapsed. Two further collapses occurred in August. The government had ordered the demolition of the silos in April 2022, but families of blast victims objected, saying it should be preserved as a memorial site.

Investigation

The government formed an investigative committee led by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which announced it would submit its findings to the Council of Ministers of Lebanon by 11 August 2020. The committee includes the justice, interior and defence ministers, and the head of the top four security agencies: the Armed Forces, General Security, Internal Security Forces, and State Security. The investigation was to examine whether the explosion was an accident or due to negligence, and if it was caused by a bomb or another external interference. President Michel Aoun rejected calls for an international probe despite demands from world leaders.

On 5 August, the Council agreed to place sixteen Beirut port officials who had overseen storage and security since 2014 under house arrest, overseen by the army, pending the investigation into the explosions. In addition, the general manager of the port, Hassan Koraytem, and the former director general of Lebanon's customs authority, Shafiq Merhi, were arrested. Later, on 17 August, the incumbent director-general of Lebanon's customs authority, Badri Daher, was also arrested. Also, former ministers of both finance and public works were due to be interrogated by a judge appointed by the council. In the meantime, state prosecutor Ghassan Oueidat ordered a travel ban on seven individuals, including Koraytem. While Acting Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm unsuccessfully demanded an international investigation into the blast, she also noted that "...this case is a chance for the Lebanese judiciary to prove they can do their jobs and win back the confidence of the people". On 19 August, a Lebanon judge ordered the arrests of more suspects over the explosion, making the total number of accused 25.

The Lebanese judge Fadi Sawan, who has been responsible for the investigation, summoned former Minister of Transportation and Public Works Ghazi Aridi, Labor Ministers Ghazi Zaiter, Youssef Fenianos, and Michel Najjar, General Director of the Lebanese State Security Tony Saliba, Director General of Lebanon's Land and Maritime Transport division, Abdul-Hafeez Al-Qaisi, and General Director of General Security, Major General Abbas Ibrahim.

In September, Lebanon's state prosecution asked Interpol to detain two Russian citizens, the captain and the owner of Rhosus, as its cargo of ammonium nitrate was blamed for the explosion. In January 2021, Interpol issued Red Notices against the two Russians as well as a Portuguese man.

In December 2020, Lebanon's outgoing Prime Minister Diab and three former ministers were charged with negligence over the Beirut port explosion. The former ministers were former finance minister Ali Hassan Khalil, Ghazi Zeiter, and Youssef Fenianos, both former ministers of public works. Zeitar was transport and public works minister in 2014, followed by Fenianos in 2016, who held the job until the beginning of 2020. Khalil was finance minister in 2014, 2016, and until 2020.

On 28 January 2021, Syrian-Russian businessman George Haswani denied any links to the Beirut explosion. He told Reuters he did not know anything about a company linked to the process of buying a shipment of chemicals that exploded. In an interview with Reuters at his home in Damascus, Haswani said that he had resorted to the Cypriot company Interstatus to register his company, which is the same agent that registered the Savaro company, and that the agent company had moved the registration site of the two companies to the same address on the same day. However, Haswani said that he did not know anything about Savaro and that any links between it and his company are just a coincidence because the two companies have the same agent. As stated in previous reports, Reuters was unable to determine whether Haswani had anything to do with Savaro. Haswani said, "I don't know what other companies are registered by this Cypriot company, five or three or 70 or more... It is a fabricated media whirlwind. We don't know Savaro and we hadn't heard about them before this." Interstatus did not respond to a request for comment. Marina Psyllou, the director of the "Interstatus" company, was listed in the registration documents of the company (Savaro) as the only owner and director of the company, but she denied that she was the real manager of the company. She told Reuters in mid-January 2021 that the beneficial owner of the company was another person, whom she refused to identify. She added that Savaro was a dormant company that had never conducted business. Haswani said that he was not contacted by any investigators from Lebanon or any other country regarding the explosion and that he will soon work to file a legal case in Paris against media reports linking him to the explosion. He continued, "I am living my life normally and laughing because I am someone who knows well that I have nothing to do with this matter at all. Why would I worry?"

On 15 April 2021, six detained people were released, including two officers, although they were not allowed to travel out of Lebanon.

In September 2021, OCCRP published an investigation, that linked Savaro Limited to a Ukrainian company trading chemicals, directed by Ukrainian citizen Volodymyr Verbonol. The report also mentions that only 20% of the nitrate originally stored in the warehouse was actually left when it exploded, raising questions about what happened with the rest.

On 14 October 2021, six people were killed and at least 30 injured in a gunfire exchange in Beirut during protests by members of the Shia Amal and Hezbollah outside the Justice Palace, which demanded an end to the investigations led by Judge Tarek Bitar, for they deemed him as too much centered on their political allies.

On 21 November 2021, the BBC reported that legal groups representing victims of the blast had sent letters on three occasions to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres requesting more information from UNIFIL, but had received no acknowledgment from the UN. A day later, the Lebanese Foreign Minister Abdallah Bouhabib announced that Lebanon received satellite images from Russia of the port from the day of the blast in 2020. These were the first official images made available from any foreign government.

Throughout 2022, the investigation stalled. As of 8 June, parliamentary immunity, as well as outstanding complaints and other procedural roadblocks initiated by two members of Parliament and former ministers (namely, Ali Hassan Khalil and Ghazi Zaiter), continued to prevent significant progress in the case.

Relief operations

The Lebanese Red Cross said every available ambulance from North Lebanon, Bekaa, and South Lebanon was being dispatched to Beirut to help patients. According to the agency, a total of 75 ambulances and 375 medics were activated in response to the explosions. Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the government would make up to 100 billion pounds (US$66 million) in aid available to support recovery operations. The ride-sharing app Careem offered free rides to and from hospitals and blood donation centers to anyone willing to donate blood. Volunteers removed debris while local business owners offered to repair damaged buildings for free in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation. A temporary hospital was established in the city by the Iranian Red Crescent Society.

Health Minister Hamad Hasan requested that international aid be sent to Lebanon; a number of countries sent in food, medical supplies, field hospitals, medical workers, and rescue teams. On 9 August, a multinational summit hosted by France raised 253 million euros in aid. The money pledged was not to be given to the Lebanese government, but rather to the people of Lebanon through the United Nations, other international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. On 14 August, a $565 million appeal for Lebanon was launched by the United Nations, including initial recovery efforts, as well as immediate humanitarian aid.

In the first week after the explosion, civilians gathered in hundreds to volunteer to clean up the debris on the streets and inside homes and businesses in Gemmayze, Achrafieh, and Karantina neighbourhoods. Many civil society organizations offered equipment and food to the volunteers, while many residents and businesses opened their homes and hotels for free to those who lost their homes in the blast.

UNESCO played a leading role in the rescue and reconstruction of historic buildings, with Blue Shield International assessing the damage to houses, museums and libraries, and the International Council of Museums providing expertise. Blue Shield International, the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces put together a project to secure and protect cultural assets. According to Karl von Habsburg, founding president of Blue Shield International, the protection of cultural property in Beirut was not only about securing buildings, but also about preventing looting and water damage, taking dangerous chemical substances into account. The efforts also included the restoration of schools.

On 6 August 2020, the Lebanese Forces Party's executive chairman Samir Geagea was the first politician to visit Beirut and launched from there a relief committee, Ground-0, under the leadership of the former minister Dr. May Chidiac to support in rebuilding Beirut. In December 2020, the committee achieved repairing 709 houses, assisted 5300 individuals and 2300 families, distributed 14000 food rations, made 2540 medical consultations, and provided 2030 individuals with medicine. In addition, the committee distributed more than 150 scholarships for Beirut schools' students.

Reactions

Domestic

Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that 5 August, the day after the explosion, would be a national day of mourning. The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency. President Aoun said the government would provide support to displaced people, and the Ministry of Health would meet the expense of treatment for the wounded. Marwan Abboud, the governor of Beirut, said he arrived at the scene to search for firefighters who were on the site attempting to control the fire that was raging before the second explosion. He broke down in tears on television, calling the event "a national catastrophe". "It resembles to what happened in Japan, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That's what reminds me of. In my life, I haven't seen destruction on this scale," he said. Lebanese civilians from every region in Lebanon came to help by offering food, cleaning the streets, and helping NGOs.

Multiple members of the Lebanese parliament resigned in protest, including Marwan Hamadeh, Paula Yacoubian, all three Kataeb Party MPs, Neemat Frem, Michel Moawad, Dima Jamali, and Henri Helou. The Lebanese ambassador to Jordan, Tracy Chamoun, also resigned on live television. On the night of 6 August, the protests against the government that had been ongoing since the previous October resumed, with dozens of protestors near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. On 8 August, Diab called for early elections, saying it would be the only way for the country to exit the crisis.

On 9 August, the information minister of Lebanon, Manal Abdel Samad, and then the environment minister, Damianos Kattar, resigned, the first government resignations since the explosion. On 10 August, the justice minister, Marie-Claude Najm, also resigned, followed by the resignation of the entire Lebanese cabinet. Shortly after the resignation of the cabinet, Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab stepped down from office. President Michel Aoun accepted the resignation of the government and the Prime Minister, and asked the government to stay on in a caretaker capacity until a new cabinet is formed.

The Ground-0 Relief Committee, an initiative by the Lebanese Forces Party, launched a petition for an international investigation. The petition was signed by the relatives of the victims and the missing, by the injured as well as by those whose homes, businesses, or establishments have been damaged. The document was sent to the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, through his special coordinator for Lebanon, Ján Kubiš, in order to take the necessary steps to appoint an international commission of inquiry.

The Lebanese Forces Party MPs called for an international investigation into the causes of the double explosion at the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020. They asked the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, on 22 February 2021 for the creation of an international commission to be established under the United Nations, which would be responsible for carrying out the investigations. The Members of Parliament, Georges Okais, Imad Wakim, Eddy Abillammaa, and Fady Saad, presented a petition to this effect to the United Nations Special Coordinator in Lebanon, Najat Rochdi.

International

Representatives of multiple countries, as well as the United Nations (UN), offered condolences. In addition to those countries which provided aid, others offered to do so. Notably, Israel offered aid via UN channels, as Israel and Lebanon have no diplomatic ties and are technically at war; the offer was refused by the Lebanese government. Former Israeli Member of Knesset Moshe Feiglin hailed the tragedy as a gift from God, celebrating the incident and describing it as a "spectacular firework show." Despite years of conflict, including the 2006 Lebanon War, both Israel and senior Hezbollah officials ruled out Israeli involvement in the explosion, despite claims and allegations spread via social media.

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated on 5 August, thus providing for widespread usage of various corporate, national, and international satellite assets on a humanitarian basis. Several countries expressed solidarity by lighting up landmarks and monuments in the colors of the Lebanese flag, including the Tel Aviv City Hall, whereas the Eiffel Tower in Paris went dark at midnight, and the Arab League flew its flag at its headquarters in Cairo at half-mast. Some figures from the right-wing criticized the display of the flag of Lebanon, an "enemy state", in Tel Aviv. There was also backlash inside Lebanon against the Israeli gesture.

Following the explosion, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom sent search and rescue teams. Egypt sent several planes with tons of medical aid and food to Lebanon. The Egyptian embassy also established a field hospital. On 5 August 2020, Qatar started providing urgent medical aid. The Qatari Emiri Air Force delivered field hospitals, respirators, and generators to Beirut. In addition, Qatar's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani donated US$50 million to Lebanon. On 6 August 2020, Kuwait provided 36 tonnes of urgent humanitarian and medical aid to Lebanon including wheelchairs, blood bags, and 10 ambulances.

As a result of the explosion, concerns were raised about the storage of ammonium nitrate in other ports across the world. Large quantities of the chemical compound were removed from storage in Egypt, India, Romania, and Senegal.

On April 30, 2021, German firm Combi Lift which had loaded its ship with 59 containers of hazardous substances left Beirut port for disposal in Europe.

In August 2021, a memorial event marking the one-year-anniversary of the explosion was held in tribute to the victims at the Port of Beirut, joined by UN officials and International Labour Organization Regional Director Ruba Jaradat.

In December 2021, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations Environment Programme, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and International Maritime Organization held a seminar in follow-up to the explosion. National governments of Lebanon, Estonia, France, South Africa, and others shared lessons learned from the explosion. The seminar called for action to better manage the risks of chemicals in ports.

Conspiracy theories

Numerous conspiracy theories emerged on social media in the days following the explosion. The main themes were that there was a significant weapons cache belonging to Hezbollah stored at the Port of Beirut, and that Israel wished to destroy those weapons. The theories said that Israel launched an attack and the level of destruction took them by surprise. Israel, Lebanon, and Hezbollah all denied this theory, and blame the ammonium nitrate stored in the port.

See also

• List of 21st-century explosions
• Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
• List of industrial disasters
• Halifax Explosion
• Texas City disaster
• 2015 Tianjin explosions
• 2022 Sitakunda fire

Notes

1. The captain, Boris Prokoshev, wrote that Grechushkin had told him he had gone bankrupt, but noted that he did not believe Grechushkin.
2. Ammonium nitrate has a long history of industrial disasters globally, and thus has been gradually phased out over concerns for misuse and safety.
3. Because the explosion occurred on the earth's surface, the seismic waves generated by the blast are not as strong as they would have been had the equivalent amount of energy been released from underground sources.
4. As a point of comparison, the Halifax Explosion in 1917 (which was not caused by ammonium nitrate) was the world's largest non-nuclear explosion, releasing the equivalent energy of roughly 2.9 kilotons of TNT (12,000 GJ).
5. Other hazardous materials stored at the port included hydrofluoric acid oxidizer, benzoyl peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, picric acid, oils and several unknown chemicals. On 3 September 2020, the Lebanese Army announced that they found an additional 4.35 tonnes of ammonium nitrate in the customs' "Detention Port", outside the seaport near entrance number 9.
6. The five injured were connected to the Dutch embassy. The Dutch ambassador's wife, Hedwig Waltmans-Molier, was seriously injured and later died of her injuries.
7. The Kazakhstani consul was wounded in his office.
8. Among the dead were forty-three Syrian, thirteen Armenian, five Bangladeshi, four Filipino, three Egyptian, two Belgian, two Canadian, two Palestinian, one French, one Italian, one Ethiopian, one Greek, one Dutch, one Pakistani, one Australian, one German, and one American national. Among the injured were one hundred and eight Bangladeshi, forty-two Filipino, twenty-four French, fifteen Sri Lankan, ten Italian, nine Ethiopian, seven Jordanian, six Turkish, five Dutch, five Greek, five Indian, five Sudanese, four Belgian, four Pakistani, three Kenyan, two Algerian, one Chinese, one Indonesian, one Kazakhstani, one Moroccan, one Nigerian, one Portuguese and one Vietnamese national.
9. The palace had been restored over a twenty-year period following the civil war of 1975–1990.
10. A Red Notice seeks the location and arrest of wanted persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.
11. Countries that sent aid or offered to send aid include: Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States. Intergovernmental organizations which sent aid include the European Union, the United Nations, and the World Health Organization.
12. Sri Lanka donated 1,675 kilos of Ceylon tea to those affected by the Beirut blast; however, the gift was distributed to the families of the soldiers in the Presidential Guard Brigade. In addition, 12 tons of fish donated by Mauritania were not distributed to the public, as the army only mentioned that they "stored it according to public safety standards". Iraq has sent 13,000 tons of wheat/flour to Lebanon; however, 7,000 tons of them were poorly stockpiled in the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium.
13. In the meantime, Die Welt reported, according to the intelligence information, that Hezbollah received a total of 270 tons of ammonium nitrate on 16 July 2013, delivered from Iran to Lebanon. On 23 October of the same year, another 270 tons of ammonium nitrate were delivered, in addition to a third delivery, which made the three deliveries equal to a quantity of 630 to 670 tons of ammonium nitrate. The second delivery was transported by plane, probably by Mahan Air, while the other deliveries were made by sea or land, for example across the Syrian border. Mohammad Qasir who has been responsible for Hezbollah's logistics for 20 years was also responsible for paying for the ammonium nitrate deliveries. In September 2020, the U.S. state department's counterterrorism coordinator, Nathan Sales, mentioned in a video appearance at the American Jewish Committee that: "I can reveal that such caches have been moved through Belgium to France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. I can also reveal that significant ammonium nitrate caches have been discovered or destroyed in France, Greece, and Italy".
14. Others include the Belfast City Hall, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Great Pyramid near Giza, the King Road Tower in Jeddah, the Kuwait Towers in Kuwait City, the Los Angeles City Hall, the headquarters of the Palestine Broadcasting Corporation in Ramallah, the Sydney Opera House, the Azadi Tower in Tehran, and the National Assembly and Yerevan City Hall in Yerevan.
15. Meanwhile, Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi ordered the formation of a committee to remove hazardous inventories accumulated at the border ports. Subsequently, hazardous material was removed from storage inside Umm Qasr Port.

References

1. Kundu, Bhaskar; Senapati, Batakrushna; Matsushita, Ai; Heki, Kosuke (2 February 2021). "Atmospheric wave energy of the 2020 August 4 explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, from ionospheric disturbances". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 2793. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.2793K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82355-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7854621. PMID 33531554.
2. McRae, Mike (19 March 2021). "The Tragic Beirut Explosion Was So Violent, It Disturbed Earth's Ionosphere". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
3. Ozdemir, Derya (18 March 2021). "The Beirut Explosion's Atmospheric Wave Shook the Ionosphere". interestingengineering.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
4. ^ Kim, Keehoon; Pasyanos, Michael E. (16 December 2022). "Yield Estimation of the August 2020 Beirut Explosion by Using Physics-Based Propagation Simulations of Regional Infrasound". Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (23). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4901118K. doi:10.1029/2022GL101118. ISSN 0094-8276.
5. Gavlak, Dale (18 October 2021). "Hezbollah Rattled by Beirut Port Blast Probe". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
6. Qiblawi, Tamara (23 September 2021). "Hezbollah threatened top judge probing Beirut port blast, source says". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
7. Daou, Marc (19 October 2021). "Hezbollah's campaign against Beirut blast judge paralyses Lebanon's government". France 24. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
8. ^ Balkiz, Ghazi; Qiblawi, Tamara; Wedeman, Ben (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion shatters windows across Lebanese capital". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
9. Sarah El Deeb (5 July 2020). "Crisis hits Lebanon's hospitals, among the best in Mideast". ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
10. Qiblawi, Tamara (5 August 2020). "Beirut will never be the same again". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
11. Trew, Bel (5 August 2020). "'The worst thing I've ever seen': Doctors treat wounded in rubble of destroyed hospitals after Beirut explosions". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
12. ^ Azhari, Timour (4 August 2020). "Hundreds wounded as huge blast rips through Lebanon's Beirut". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
13. ^ Grzeszczak, Jocelyn (4 August 2020). "What is the Port of Beirut? Everything We Know About the Site Following Deadly Explosion". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
14. "Home". www.portdebeyrouth.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
15. ^ Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (10 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: Legendary Palestinian banker envisaged silos that shielded his adopted city from more destruction". The National. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
16. ^ Dagher, Charbel; Maksoud, Christine (October 2015). "m/v Rhosus – Arrest and Personal Freedom of the Crew" (PDF). The Arrest News (11). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
17. ^ Azhari, Timour (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
18. ^ "How ship's deadly cargo ended up at Beirut port". BBC News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
19. ^ Holroyd, Matthew (6 August 2020). "How did so much ammonium nitrate make it to Port of Beirut? | #TheCube". euronews. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
20. "Russian captain recalls journey that led to deadly cargo being impounded". BBC News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
21. Vasilyeva, Maria; Barrington, Lisa; Saul, Jonathan (11 August 2020). "Who owned the chemicals that blew up Beirut? No one will say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
22. Polglase, Katie (7 August 2020). "Ammonium nitrate that exploded in Beirut bought for mining, Mozambican firm says". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
23. Fritz Schaap; Christoph Reuter; Maximilian Popp (21 August 2020). "Shipowner Linked to Hezbollah's Bank: Questions Swirl around the Cargo that Destroyed Beirut". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
24. ^ *Voytenko, Mikhail (23 July 2014). "Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut". fleetmon. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    • "Rhosus". Fleetmon . Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
25. ^ Jørgensen, Lars Bach (5 August 2020). "Ekspert forklarer, hvad der sandsynligvis skete i Beirut" [Expert explains what probably happened in Beirut]. TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. The large amount of potentially dangerous fertilizer has been there since 2014, when the Moldavian ship Rhosus had to port due to engine problems.
26. "De waarschuwingen in Beiroet waren er, maar de gedoemde lading bleef liggen" [Warnings in Beirut were there, but the doomed shipment was left in storage]. NOS (in Dutch). 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
27. Daria Litvinova (6 August 2020). "Captain astonished that his ship delivered Beirut explosive". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
28. ^ Vasilyeva, Maria (6 August 2020). "Beirut's accidental cargo: how an unscheduled port visit led to disaster". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
29. "First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut". The Siberian Times. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
30. ^ Untila, Stela (5 August 2020). "Substanța care a provocat explozia din Beirut a fost adusă de nava unui rus sub pavilionul R. Moldova". NewsMaker (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
31. ^ "First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut". siberiantimes.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
32. "French defence minister visits Beirut to inspect military aid ship 'Thunder'". RFI. 14 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
33. "Beirut blast: The Inferno and the Mystery Ship". BBC News. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
34. "Captain Boris Prokoshev on Why Rhosus was in Beirut". BBC News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
35. ^ Ruhayem, Rami; Adams, Paul (5 August 2020). "Rescue workers search rubble after deadly Beirut blast". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
36. Nakhoul, Samia; Francis, Ellen (5 August 2020). "Toll expected to rise in blast that shook Beirut, killing 78 and injuring thousands". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
37. Koettl, Christoph (7 August 2020). "Ship Cited in Beirut Blast Hasn't Sailed in 7 Years. We Found It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
38. "Ammonium nitrate sold by ton as U.S. regulation is stymied". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
39. "العقيد جوزيف سكاف طالب بإبعاد الحمولة عن مرفأ بيروت نظراً لخطورتها". Lebanon Times (in Arabic). 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
40. ^ "They Killed Us from the Inside" An Investigation into the August 4 Beirut Blast (PDF) (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2021. p. 706. ISBN 978-1-62313-931-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
41. ^ El Deeb, Sarah; Mroue, Bassem (6 August 2020). "In a horrific instant, a burst of power that ravaged Beirut". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
42. ^ "Beirut explosion: What we know so far". BBC News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
43. "Fireworks were stored in same Beirut warehouse as ammonium nitrate – report". The Times of Israel. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
44. ^ Azhari, Timour (August 2020). "How Beirut firefighters were sent into disaster". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
45. ^ Kohnavard, Nafiseh (16 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: The story of Platoon Five". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
46. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Abi-Habib, Maria (5 August 2020). "Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
47. Livesay, Brandon (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: BBC journalist films live interview as Lebanon explosion rocks building she's inside of". 9News. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
48. Qiblawi, Tamara; Mankarious, Sarah-Grace; Thompson, Nick (6 August 2020). "From sea to mountain: How a massive explosion left a trail of destruction across Beirut and beyond". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. The first explosion at 6:07 p.m. is followed by a second massive blast 33 seconds later.
49. Hill, Evan; Cooper, Stella; Triebert, Christiaan; Koettl, Christoph; Jordan, Drew; Khavin, Dmitriy; Ismay, John (5 August 2020). "What Footage of the Beirut Explosion Tells Us About the Blast". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
50. Khoury, Jack; Landau, Noa (4 August 2020). "Massive Beirut Port Blast Kills Over 100, Leaves Thousands Wounded". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
51. ^ "M 3.3 Explosion – 1 km ENE of Beirut, Lebanon". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
52. Bressan, David. "Beirut Explosion Generates Seismic Waves Equivalent Of A Magnitude 3.3 Earthquake". Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
53. ^ Nasrallah, Hadi; Rose, Sunniva (4 August 2020). "Many injured as large blast rocks Beirut". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
54. "Beirut explosion updates: Massive blast rocks Lebanese capital". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
55. "Like an earthquake': Huge explosion rips through Beirut captured on video". Hindustan Times. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
56. "Here's what the videos of the Beirut blast tell us about the explosion". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
57. Pickrell, Ryan. "Shocking videos capture massive explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital of Beirut". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
58. "What is ammonium nitrate and what happens when it explodes?". 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
59. Brumfiel, Geoff (5 August 2020). "Satellite Images Show Aftermath Of Beirut Blast". NPR. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
60. "Beirut explosion rocks Lebanon's capital city". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
61. Qiblawi, Tamara. "Beirut's residents describe apocalyptic scenes after explosion rocks city". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
62. "Devastating: the terrible aftermath of the Beirut explosion". Arab News. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
63. "Beirut explosion causes strong shock waves – Infrasonic, hydroacoustic and seismic signals registered and investigated by BGR". 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
64. "Beirut explosion 'one of the largest non-nuclear blasts in history'". Evening Standard. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
65. "Port officials under house arrest after Beirut blast". BBC News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
66. Rigby, S. E.; Lodge, T. J.; Alotaibi, S.; Barr, A. D.; Clarke, S. D.; Langdon, G. S.; Tyas, A. (22 September 2020). "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media". Shock Waves. 30 (6): 671–675. Bibcode:2020ShWav..30..671R. doi:10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z. ISSN 1432-2153.
67. Amos, Jonathan; Rincon, Paul (5 October 2020). "Beirut blast was 'historically' powerful". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
68. Diaz, Jorge (2021). "Explosion analysis from images: Trinity and Beirut". European Journal of Physics. 42 (3): 035803. arXiv:2009.05674. Bibcode:2021EJPh...42c5803D. doi:10.1088/1361-6404/abe131. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 221655034.
69. "What we know about the massive chemical explosion in Beirut". Ars Technica. 5 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
70. "Expert reaction to Beirut explosion". 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
71. Ruffman, Alan; Howell, Colin D (1994). Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 Explosion in Halifax Harbour. Halifax, N.S.: Co-published by Nimbus Pub. and Gorsebrook Research Institute for Atlantic Canada Studies at Saint Mary's University. p. 276. ISBN 1-55109-095-3. OCLC 31518913. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
72. "BGR/Seismologie/Erdbeben Aktuell". www.seismologie.bgr.de. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
73. Aouad, C. J.; Chemissany, W.; Mazzali, P.; Temsah, Y.; Jahami, A. (4 October 2021). "Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds". Shock Waves. 31 (8): 813–827. arXiv:2010.13537. Bibcode:2021ShWav..31..813A. doi:10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9.
74. Dewey, J. M. (January 2021). "The TNT and ANFO equivalences of the Beirut explosion". Shock Waves. 31 (1): 95–99. Bibcode:2021ShWav..31...95D. doi:10.1007/s00193-021-00992-1. S2CID 232414589.
75. Temsah, Yehya; Jahami, Ali; Aouad, Charles (September 2021). "Silos structural response to blast loading" (PDF). Engineering Structures. 243: 112671. Bibcode:2021EngSt.24312671T. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112671. S2CID 236289453. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
76. "Massive blast in Beirut kills at least 10, sending shockwaves across city". Reuters. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
77. "Lebanon: Beirut Explosion. Hazardous materials found at port (Imagery post event)" (PDF). ReliefWeb. 13 August 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
78. "Lebanese Army Just Found Over 4 Tons Of Explosive Material Near Beirut Port". the961.com. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
79. Gadzo, Mersiha (4 August 2020). "Dozens killed, thousands wounded in Beirut blast: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
80. Ismay, John (5 August 2020). "What Is Ammonium Nitrate, Blamed in the Beirut Explosion?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
81. Cookman, Liz (5 August 2020). "What caused the Beirut explosion? Everything we know so far". The National. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
82. Rai, Arpan (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Warnings of 'extreme danger' ignored by Lebanon officials about stored ammonium nitrate". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
83. "Beirut explosion: former port worker says fireworks stored in hangar". The Guardian. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
84. Abi-Habib, Maria; Hubbard, Ben (11 August 2020). "U.S. Contractor Knew of Explosive Material in Beirut Since at Least 2016". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
85. Al Faour, Nadia (10 August 2020). "Hangar 12: fireworks were stored next to ammonium nitrate in Beirut warehouse, former workers say". The National. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
86. "At least 43 Syrians among people killed in Beirut blast: Al Mayadeen". Reuters. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
87. "Number of Armenians killed in Beirut explosion climbs to 13". news.am. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
88. "Missing Bangladeshi worker found dead in Beirut hospital". New Age (Bangladesh). 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
89. "Filipinos killed in Beirut blast rises to 4 while 31 injured". Yahoo! News. Coconuts Manila. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
90. "11 more Filipinos injured in Beirut blast". Manila Standard. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
91. "Three Egyptians killed in Beirut explosion: Ministry". Ahram Online. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
92. "Egypt repatriates bodies of three nationals killed in Beirut blast – Politics – Egypt". Ahram Online. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
93. Zoutberg, Amée (5 August 2020). "Second Belgian death confirmed in Beirut explosion". The Brussels Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
94. "2 Belgian embassy employees suffer injuries in Beirut explosion". ANI. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
95. Breen, Kerri (14 August 2020). "2 Canadians among those killed in Beirut explosion: Trudeau". Global News. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
96. "Two Palestinian refugees succumb to wounds sustained in Beirut explosion". WAFA Agency. Retrieved 14 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
97. Kar-Gupta, Sudip (6 August 2020). Liffey, Kevin (ed.). "One French Death, 24 Injured After Beirut Blast". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
98. "Esplosione Beirut, Farnesina: morta una cittadina italiana". la Repubblica. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
99. "Beirut, fonti Farnesina: morta italiana nell'esplosione". Rai News24 (in Italian). 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
100. "They were laid off and far from home. Now an explosion in Beirut has left them even more vulnerable". CNN. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
101. "Ethiopians among victims in the explosion in the Lebanese capital Beirut". borkena.com. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
102. "Εκρήξεις στη Βηρυτό: Μια Ελληνίδα πολίτης νεκρή και δύο τραυματίες". news247.gr (in Greek). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
103. "Greece sends aid to Beirut as injuries of Greek nationals come to light". NEOS KOSMOS. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
104. "Echtgenote van Nederlandse ambassadeur in Beiroet overleden als gevolg van explosie". Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
105. ^ "Wife of Dutch Ambassador Seriously Injured in Beirut Blast: Ministry". 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
106. "Dutch ambassador's wife seriously hurt in Beirut explosion; Dutch Royals send "heartfelt sympathy"". NL Times. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
107. "1 Pakistani child died 4 in critical condition in Beirut blast". Daily Times. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
108. Tillett, Andrew (5 August 2020). "One Australian killed, embassy damaged in Beirut blast". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
109. "German diplomat killed in Beirut blast". The Local Germany. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
110. "1 American among 135 dead in massive Beirut explosion, officials say". ABC News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
111. "Fifteen Sri Lankans injured in Beirut blast". Dailynews.lk. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
112. "Seven Jordanians Wounded in Beirut Blast – Foreign Ministry". Al Bawaba. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
113. "Beyrut'taki patlamada 6 Türk vatandaşı yaralandı". Sözcü (in Turkish). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
114. "Lebanon blast: Five Indians suffered minor injuries, says MEA". The New Indian Express. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
115. "Five Sudanese injured in Beirut blast". Radio Dabanga. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
116. "Beirut Explosion: Kenyans in Lebanon Recount Harrowing Experience". Mwakilishi.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
117. Sidhoum, Samira. "Beirut blast: Two Algerians slightly injured". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
118. "Lebanon's capital city rocked by explosion". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
119. Moch. Fiqih Prawira Adjie (5 August 2020). "Ministry says one Indonesian injured in Lebanon blasts". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
120. Aidana Yergaliyeva (5 August 2020). "Kazakh Citizens Stay Safe After Beirut Blast, Embassy to Be Restored, Says Kazakh FM". Astana Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
121. "Moroccan Woman Among Injured in Beirut Explosion". Morocco World News. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
122. "Beirut explosion: Missing Nigerian woman Ayobami found in hospital". P.M. News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
123. Nguyen, Hannah (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: One Vietnamese citizen injured". Vietnam Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
124. "'They have to pay for what they did': Families of Beirut blast victims fight for justice". France24. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
125. ^ "Beirut blast: 4 Bangladeshis killed, 21 Bangladesh Navy crew injured". Dhaka Tribune. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
126. ^ "Lebanon: UN 'actively assisting' in response to huge explosions at Beirut port". UN News. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
127. ^ "Horrific explosion rocks Beirut port". Offshore Energy. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
128. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Beirut blast death toll includes dozens of refugees, emergency response ramps up". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
129. "Scarred for life: Beirut blast victims and life-altering wounds". Al Jazeera. 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
130. "Live updates: Lebanese capital rocked by huge explosion". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
131. "L'architecte français Jean-Marc Bonfils est décédé lors des explosions à Beyrouth". L'Obs. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
132. "Jean-Marc Bonfils ... killed by the love of Beirut". 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
133. "Lady Cochrane, disparition d'une icône". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
134. "Libano: morta filantropa Yvonne Sursock Cochrane coinvolta in esplosione Beirut". Agenzia Nova (in Italian). 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
135. ^ "Industrial accident in Lebanon – Activations – International Disasters Charter". disasterscharter.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
136. "Satellite Image Shows Beirut Explosion Devastation". Forbes. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
137. "The Beirut explosion created a 405-foot-wide crater". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
138. "Beirut explosion leaves 43-meter deep crater: Security official". Al Arabiya English. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
139. Loris Guémart (7 September 2020). "Le cratère de Beyrouth ne fait pas 43 m de profondeur". Arrêt sur images (in French). Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
140. ^ "Lebanon eyes state of emergency after deadly Beirut blast: Live". Al Jazeera English. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
141. ^ Ted Regencia; Linah Alsaafin; Ramy Allahoum. "'Endemic corruption' caused Beirut blast, says Diab: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
142. "Lebanon's government 'to resign over blast'". BBC. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
143. Holmes, Oliver; Beaumont, Peter; Safi, Michael; Chulov, Martin (4 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: dead and wounded among 'hundreds of casualties', says Lebanon Red Cross – live updates". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
144. Molana-Allen, Leila (1 July 2020). "Food insecurity hits middle class amid Lebanon's economic crisis". France 24. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
145. Hussain, Noor Zainab; Cohn, Carolyn (7 August 2020). "Insured losses from Beirut blast seen around $3 billion: sources". reuters. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
146. "90% of Beirut hotels damaged, state media says". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
147. Singhvi, Anjali; Reinhard, Scott; McCann, Allison; Leatherby, Lauren; Migliozzi, Blacki (5 August 2020). "Mapping the Damage From the Beirut Explosion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
148. Chulov, Martin; Safi, Michael (4 August 2020). "Lebanon: at least 78 killed as huge explosion rocks Beirut". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
149. "Beirut after the blast: the crunch of glass, acrid smoke and stairs slick with blood". The Economist. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
150. Ramzy, Austin (5 August 2020). "What We Know and Don't Know About the Beirut Explosions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
151. Bishara, Hakim (5 August 2020). "Deadly Explosion in Beirut Decimates Thousands of Buildings, Including Galleries and Museums". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
152. "Lebanese Designer Sandra Mansour on the Beirut Explosion, One Week Later". 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
153. ^ "Blast destroyed landmark 19th century palace in Beirut". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
154. "AUB Archaeological Museum counts cost of Beirut blast". 22 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
155. "Armenian Catholicosate damaged in Beirut explosion". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
156. Chandler, Diana (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast prompts prayer from Messianic believers". The Baptist Messenger of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
157. Ramos, Gerry (6 August 2020). "SBP sends sympathy as FIBA Asia headquarters damaged in Lebanon blast". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
158. "La embajada argentina sufrió graves daños, pero sin heridos". Télam (in Spanish). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
159. Shelton, Tracey (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion leaves Australian embassy 'considerably' damaged, one Australian dead". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
160. "Report: Finnish Embassy in Beirut 'destroyed' by blast". News Now Finland. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
161. "No S. Koreans Reported Killed or Injured in Beirut Explosions". KBS World RADIO. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
162. "Hungary Embassy Damaged in Beirut Blast, No Hungarian Casualties Reported". Hungary Today. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
163. ^ "Мощный взрыв в Бейруте: масштабные разрушения, десятки погибших и тысячи пострадавших". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). BBC News. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
164. "Счупени са прозорци на посолството ни в Бейрут след взрив в района, няма данни за пострадали български граждани". Информационна Агенция "Фокус" (in Bulgarian). 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
165. "Beirut explosion: Romanian embassy HQ slightly damaged". Romania Insider. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
166. "Beyrut'taki patlamalarda 2 Türk vatandaşı yaralandı" (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
167. ^ Domballe, Jeremy (18 August 2020). "Update: The current situation in the port of Beirut, Lebanon". IHS Markit. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
168. ^ "Orient Queen Sinks in Beirut, Two Crew Reported Dead". Cruise Industry News. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
169. "Owner of cruise ship sunk by Lebanon blast sues 'those responsible'". euronews. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
170. Beirut explosion: cruise ship owner sues "those responsible", as more protests loom Archived 8 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
171. "European Navies Providing Disaster Relief To Beirut". Naval News. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
172. "حجم خسارت انفجار مهیب در بندر بیروت". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
173. Dadouch, Sarah (11 August 2020). "At Beirut's shattered port, a crater more than 15 yards deep and small signs of previous lives". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
174. "Beirut explosion 149 killed, more than 5000 injured". Report News Agency. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
175. "AMADEO II". Marine Traffic. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
176. "Lebanese army finds more explosive chemicals outside Beirut port after huge blast". Reuters. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
177. Voychenko, Mikhail (4 August 2020). "Beirut port explosion mystery solved? UPDATES: 3 ships disappeared. VIDEO". Fleetmon. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
178. Ovcina, Jasmina (6 August 2020). "Hapag-Lloyd's Beirut office completely destroyed, staff safe". Offshore Energy. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
179. "Beirut Explosions: The CMA CGM Group expresses deepest emotion and solidarity towards its on-site staff and all of the Lebanese people". CMA-CGM. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020.
180. "Shipping Group CMA CGM Says Missing Beirut Staff Member Died". 6 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
181. "Beirut airport damaged in the explosion, but flights continue". The National. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
182. "Further part of Beirut grain silos collapses". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
183. "Silos damaged in 2020 Beirut port explosion partly collapse after fire". The Guardian. 31 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
184. Azhari, Timour (6 August 2020). "Lebanese officials deflect blame as anger grows over Beirut blast". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
185. Georgy, Michael; Francis, Ellen (7 August 2020). "Lebanon sees possible 'external interference' in port blast". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
186. "Lebanon president rejects calls for international blast probe". Arab News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
187. "Lebanon to place Beirut port officials under house arrest: sources". Reuters. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
188. "Beirut port manager among 16 held in blast probe, judicial source says". Reuters. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
189. "Beirut Port Manager & 15 Others Were Just Arrested". the961.com. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
190. "Lebanese customs chief arrested over Beirut blast". CTV News. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
191. ^ Khraiche, Dana; Diab, Youssef (17 August 2020). "Beirut Blast Probe Opens With Arrest Order for Port Customs Head". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
192. "Beirut port manager among 16 held in blast probe, judicial source says". abc.net. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
193. "Beirut port blast: The tensions around the investigation". BBC News. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
194. "Lebanon judiciary can handle Beirut explosion probe: Minister". Al Jazeera. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
195. Khodr, Zeina. "Lebanon judge orders more arrests over Beirut explosion". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
196. "Little-known Lebanese judge Fadi Sawan leads probe into Beirut blast". The National. 23 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
197. "Beirut Blast: Investigations with former and current ministers". shafaaq.com. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
198. "Beirut emergency law sparks fears of army crackdown". Arab News. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
199. "Lebanon Asks Interpol to Arrest Russian Ship Captain, Owner Over Port Explosion". U.S.News. Reuters. 1 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
200. "About Notices". Lyon, France: Interpol. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
201. "Interpol issues notices over Lebanon's massive port blast". ABC News. Associated Press. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
202. "Lebanon's outgoing Prime Minister charged with negligence over Beirut port explosion". ABC News. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021 – via www.abc.net.au.
203. "Syrian businessman Haswani denies links to Beirut blast chemicals". Reuters. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
204. "Judge orders release of 6 detained over Lebanon port blast". Arab News. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
205. Aubrey Belford; Yanina Korniienko; Isobel Koshiw; Feras Hatoum; Stelios Orphanides. "Ownership of Chemicals that Exploded at Beirut Port Traces Back to Ukraine". OCCRP. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
206. Chulov, Martin (14 October 2021). "Six dead as Beirut gripped by worst street violence in 13 years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
207. "Beirut shooting: Six killed and 30 injured in protests against Lebanon blast judge". The National. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
208. "Beirut blast: UN ignored plea for port disaster evidence". BBC News. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
209. "Lebanon receives Beirut blast satellite images from Russia". AP NEWS. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
210. "Lebanon: Authorities should lift immunity and allow interrogation of MPs into the Beirut port explosion". amnesty international. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
211. "Lebanese officials busy themselves with border dispute discussions against backdrop of port blast anger". arab news. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
212. Osseiran, Nazih; Malsin, Jared (4 August 2020). "Beirut Explosion Caused by Fire Kills Dozens, Injures Thousands". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
213. Carbel Mallo (4 August 2020). "Hundreds reported missing by family members, Health Minister says". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
214. @careemleb (4 August 2020). "URGENT: All blood types needed in all hospitals and blood donation centers in Beirut. Use promocode DONATEBLOOD for a free ride to and from the hospital or the blood donations center" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020 – via Twitter.
215. "Beirut blast: Lebanese volunteers band together to clean up, help residents". The Straits Times. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
216. "Iran's Red Crescent Erects Field Hospital in Lebanon". Iran Front Page. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
217. "Armenia to send humanitarian aid to Lebanon – PM's spokesperson". Armenpress. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
218. Han, Esther (5 August 2020). "Australia sends $2 million in aid to Lebanon after Beirut blast". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
219. "Azərbaycan Livana maliyyə yardımı göstərəcək". Report Information Agency (in Azerbaijani). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
220. "Bangladesh Air Force plane reaches Beirut with food and medical relief". The Daily Star. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
221. ^ "The Latest: Lebanese government declares two-week emergency". AP News. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
222. "Trudeau government announces additional humanitarian aid to Lebanon". ctvnews.ca. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
223. "China offers emergency humanitarian assistance to Lebanon". Chinanews (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
224. "Czech Republic to send a search and rescue team to Beirut following Tuesday's explosion". Expats.cz. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
225. Christian, W (6 August 2020). "Denmark gives aid to Lebanon following explosion". CPH Post. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
226. "Elysee: France Sends Medical Team, Equipment to Assist Lebanon". Lebanese National News Agency. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
227. "Beirut explosion live updates: Half of city affected by damage". Deutsche Welle. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Germany has dispatched search and rescue specialists to Lebanon to assist seeking survivors trapped beneath rubble of the explosion.
228. Claus, Patricia (5 August 2020). "Greece Sends Rescue Team, Equipment to Beirut After Blast". Greek Reporter. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
229. "Iranian Embassy: We Stand by Lebanon, Aid Plane to Arrive Today". Lebanese National News Agency. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
230. "Esplosione a Beirut, l'Italia invia due aerei con aiuti umanitari" (in Italian). tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
231. ^ "'Stay strong, Lebanon': Global support over deadly Beirut blast". Al Jazeera English. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
232. "Aid Plane from Kuwait Lands in Beirut". Lebanese National News Agency. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
233. Guerraoui, Saad (7 August 2020). "Morocco sends tonnes of emergency aid to Lebanon | Saad Guerraoui". Middle East Online. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
234. "Dutch search and rescue team en route to Lebanon". Government.nl. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
235. "Nederland stuurt reddingsteam van 67 specialisten naar Beiroet" (in Dutch). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
236. "Beirut blast: Top Pakistani diplomat speaks with Lebanese counterpart". Anadolu Agency. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
237. "The two Romanian aircraft with donations arrived in Beirut". ACTMedia — Romanian Business News. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
238. "First Russian flight leaves for Beirut with rescuers, doctors and hospital aboard". TASS. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
239. "Russian teams search rubble from Beirut explosion". Euronews. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
240. "Beirut explosion: Saudi Arabia opens air bridge to Lebanon, first two aid planes sent". Al Arabiya. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
241. "Syria sends ambulances to rescue people injured in Beirut". JPnews-Sy. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
242. "UAE sends emergency medical aid to Lebanon". ARN News Agency. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
243. "US aid begins flowing to Lebanon in wake of deadly explosion". AP News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
244. Devi, Sharmila (August 2020). "Lebanon faces humanitarian emergency after blast". The Lancet. 396 (10249): 456. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31750-5. PMC 7426079. PMID 32798477.
245. Azhari, Timour. "Lebanon aid summit raises $300m to be given 'directly' to people". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
246. "FBI team arrives this weekend to take part in Beirut probe". CBS News. 15 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
247. Dadouch, Sarah. "They return to homes damaged in Beirut's blast to discover someone has already cleaned them". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
248. "Der "Beirut Blast" und "Blue Helmet – Blue Shield"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
249. "Unesco, Icom and Louvre rally to help Beirut as museums tackle extensive explosion damage". www.theartnewspaper.com. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
250. "UN peacekeepers in partnership with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Blue Shield International in Lebanon". Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
251. ""Beirut: Habsburg koordiniert Kulturgüterschutz" (German: Beirut – Habsburg coordinates the protection of cultural property)". 23 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
252. "UNIFIL concludes heritage protection mission in Beirut". 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
253. "UNESCO: Beirut blast damaged 160 schools; 85,000 students unable to attend classes". Middle East Monitor. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
254. "جعجع عن انفجار بيروت: طرف ما خزن تلك المواد القاتلة" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Al Arabiya, Lebanon, 6 August 2020
255. جبران خليل جبران. "Ground Zero Beirut". Ground Zero Beirut. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
256. "Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab declares national day of mourning Wednesday, after Beirut blast". The Daily Star. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
257. "Lebanon Declares 2-Week State of Emergency After Deadly Blast". VOA News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
258. Cheeseman, Abbie; Suliman, Adela; Mulligan, Matthew (4 August 2020). "Massive explosion rocks Beirut, causing injuries and widespread damage". NBC News. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
259. "Beirut explosion rocks Lebanon's capital". CNN. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
260. "Beirut blast: Lebanon's young helping the country's most desperate". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
261. "Beirut blasts: Lebanese MP Marwan Hamadeh resigns, says 'government ineffective'". Al Arabiya English. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
262. ^ "Police fire tear gas to break up Beirut protest: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
263. ^ Ted Regencia; Arwa Ibrahim; Farah Najjar. "Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
264. "Lebanese government on verge of collapse after 3 ministers, 8 MPs resign". Al Arabiya English. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
265. "Lebanon's ambassador to Jordan resigns on live TV, cites rampant corruption". Al Arabiya English. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
266. ^ Arwa Ibrahim; Ramy Allahoum. "LIVE: France's Macron says Lebanon aid won't go to the 'corrupt'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
267. "Anti-government protests break out in Beirut". BBC. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
268. Ted Regencia; Arwa Ibrahim; Farah Najjar. "Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
269. Hubbard, Ben; El-Naggar, Mona (8 August 2020). "Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon's Anger Boils Over". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
270. Ben Wedeman; Luna Safwan; Ghazi Balkiz; Tamara Qiblawi. "Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
271. "Lebanon information minister quits in first cabinet resignation". The Guardian. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
272. Regencia, Ted; Ibrahim, Arwa; Najja, Farah (9 August 2020). "Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
273. "Lebanese cabinet resigns amid political fallout from Beirut explosion". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
274. "Beirut blast: Lebanese government resigns over explosion". euronews. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
275. "Lebanese PM steps down in wake of Beirut explosion, protests". AP NEWS. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
276. "Lebanon's president accepts gov't resignation after Beirut blast". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
277. "May Chidiac lance une pétition pour une enquête internationale" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, L'Orient-Le Jour, Lebanon, 29 August 2020
278. "عريضة من "Ground-0" لكوبيش للمطالبة بتحقيق دولي في انفجار المرفأ" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Lebanese Forces Website Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Lebanon, 16 September 2020
279. "Les FL présentent une pétition pour la création d'une commission internationale d'établissement des faits" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, L'Orient-Le Jour, Lebanon, 23 February 2021
280. "UNIFIL statement on the explosion in Beirut". UNIFIL. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
281. "Storm in a teacup: Lebanon's president and 1,675 kilos of finest Ceylon brew". Arab News. 24 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
282. "Beirut explosion: Trouble brewing for Lebanon's president after Sri Lankan tea gift". Middle East Eye. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
283. "Iraq Is Sending More Than 13,000 Tons Of Wheat To Lebanon". The961. August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
284. "7,000 Tons Of Iraqi Donated Flour Were Just Found Poorly Stored & Damaged In Beirut Stadium". The961. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
285. "Israel not behind Beirut blast, sources on both sides say; at least 10 killed". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
286. "Prominent Israelis are angry at a solidarity gesture for Beirut victims". TRT World. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
287. "Why Israel Is Probably Not Responsible For The Beirut Explosion". Forbes. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
288. "Lübnan'ın başkenti Beyrut'ta patlama" (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
289. Boxerman, Aaron (4 August 2020). "Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
290. Böhmer, Daniel-Dylan (19 August 2020). "Die explosive Spur führt zur Hisbollah". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
291. "US accuses Hezbollah of stockpiling weapons and ammonium nitrate across Europe". The Guardian. 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
292. ^ Peleg, Bar (5 August 2020). "Tel Aviv Shows Solidarity With Lebanon, Drawing Right-wing Ire". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
293. McMullan, Ross (7 August 2020). "Having lived in Lebanon, I am shocked at this explosion tragedy in a nation I came to love". The News Letter. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
294. Chawla, Medha (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: Burj Khalifa and Giza Pyramids light up in solidarity with the victims". India Today. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
295. "تعبيراً عن تضامنها.. علم لبنان يضيء معالم السعودية والإمارات". Okaz (in Arabic). 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
296. Al Mulla, Yasmena (6 August 2020). "Kuwait sends 36 tonnes of medical aid to Beirut after horrific explosion". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
297. Bandler, Aaron (6 August 2020). "L.A. City Hall Lit Up With Lebanese Flag to Show Support Over Beirut Blast". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
298. "In a show of solidarity, Palestine Broadcasting Corporation building in Ramallah lit with the Lebanese flag". Palestinian News & Information Agency. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
299. "Sydney Opera House lights up with Lebanese cedar in solidarity with Beirut". SBS News. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
300. Aali, Fatemeh (5 August 2020). "Lebanon's flag projected on Azadi Tower as sign of solidarity". Mehr News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
301. "Parliament, City Hall Buildings in Yerevan Lit Up in Solidarity with Lebanon". Asbarez. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
302. Sedgwick, Justin (6 August 2020). "Eiffel Tower in Paris goes dark in show of solidarity with Beirut after massive explosion". FOX 5. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
303. "الجامعة العربية تنكس علمها حدادا على ضحايا انفجار بيروت". masrawy.com (in Arabic). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
304. "'We'll light up Tel Aviv ... with our rockets': Lebanese rebuff Israeli solidarity". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
305. ^ "Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
306. "Egypt's field hospital in Beirut receives wounded of Lebanon's blast". Ahram Online. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
307. "Countries offer help to Lebanon following massive Beirut explosion". www.al-monitor.com – Al Monitor. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
308. "Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
309. "Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon". France 24. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
310. Qarjouli, Asmahan (4 August 2022). "Qatar, Lebanon mull ports cooperation as Beirut marks blast anniversary". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
311. "Qatar Gives $50 Million to Lebanon, Plans to Help Rebuild Beirut". Bloomberg.com. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
312. "Kuwait sends 36 tonnes of medical aid to Beirut after horrific explosion". gulfnews.com. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
313. "Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
314. Giles, Christopher; Menon, Shruti; Ali, Zulfiqar (21 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: Where else is ammonium nitrate being stored?". BBC News (BBC Reality Check). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
315. "Senegal to Move 3,000 Tons of Explosive Chemical From Port". Bloomberg.com. 29 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
316. Taylor, Adam. "After Beirut, ports around the world searched for dangerous chemicals. Some didn't like what they found. ce". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
317. "Iraq clears ports of 'hazardous materials' following Beirut blast". Middle East Monitor. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
318. "To avoid Beirut's scenario, Iraq evacuates hazardous material from Umm Qasr port". shafaaq.com. 2 September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
319. "Beirut ship soon headed for Germany after port blast". DW. 30 April 2021.
320. "ILO honours the victims of the Beirut port explosion". www.ilo.org. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
321. "بعد انفجار مرفأ بيروت في 2020.. كيف يمكن الاستفادة من دروس تخزين ونقل المواد الخطرة؟". www.news.un.org (in Arabic). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
322. "In follow-up to the 2020 Beirut port explosion, UN/OECD seminar calls for action to better manage the risks of hazardous substances in port areas and beyond". www.unece.org. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
323. Spring, Marianna (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: How conspiracy theories spread on social media". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
324. Boxerman, Aaron (4 August 2020). "Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

Further reading

• Majzoub, Aya (3 August 2021). "'They Killed Us from the Inside': An Investigation into the August 4 Beirut Blast". Human Rights Watch.

External links

• Beirut Explosion – in Pictures by The Guardian
• In Pictures: Huge Explosion Rocks Beirut by CNN
• Photos: Explosion Leaves Beirut in Shatters by NPR
• The Lebanon Explosions in Photos by The New York Times
• Explosion in Beirut: Photos From a City Still Reeling From the Blast by Time
• Before and after satellite photos from CNN
• Map of the Port of Beirut with several warehouses numbered, including Warehouse 12 next to the silos
• Forensic Architecture overview
• Slow-motion footage of the blast
• The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.

• Lebanon

• 2020 Beirut explosion
• 2020 fires in Asia
• 2020 in Lebanon
• 2020s in Beirut
• Ammonium nitrate disasters
• August 2020 events in Lebanon
• Explosions in 2020
• Explosions in Beirut
• Fires in Lebanon
• Industrial fires and explosions
• Maritime incidents in 2020
• 2020 disasters in Lebanon
• Scandals in Lebanon