| Revision as of 15:59, 17 September 2020 editJingiby (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers62,421 edits Rv. not an improvement. Discuss the issue on talk. The cited source does not mention ethnic Macedonians. This article is about historical issue. Neither the Ottoman Empire, nor another state or entity did recognized such community at this time. In the early 20th century only a small circles of intellectuals promoted these ideas outside the region of Macedonia. But there were not Macedonian community, state, church, codified language etc.Thank you.← Previous edit |
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{{short description|Non-Muslim person}} |
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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of the Ottoman Empire)}} |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{lang-tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA-tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{lang-fa|گور}} ''gâvor'' an obsolete variant of modern گبر '']'', originally derived from {{lang-arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}; {{lang-ro|ghiaur}}; {{lang-al|kaur}}; {{lang-gr|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}, {{lang-mk|џаур}}) {{lang-bg|гяур}}) meaning "infidel", a slur, historically used in the ] for non-Muslims or more particularly ] in the Balkans.<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name=EHB1-44>{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour'''<!--Alternate spelling, from https://www.congress.gov/event/114th-congress/joint-event/LC31261/text--> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{langx|tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{langx|fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} '']'', originally derived from {{langx|arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{langx|ro|ghiaur}}; {{langx|sq|kaur}}; {{langx|el|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{langx|bg|гяур}}; ]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former ] for ] or, more particularly, ] in the ].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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==Terminology== |
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The terms ''kafir'', ''gawur'' or '']'' (the latter meaning "Greek") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan territory of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rum''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "]") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a Turkish adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of China, the term ''foreign devil'' has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a ] adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of ], the term ] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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During the ] (1839–1876) era, a ] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref> |
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During the ] (1839-1876), the use of the term by Muslims for non-Muslims was prohibited to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.<ref name="Gawrych16">{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George|authorlink=George Gawrych|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-287-5|page=15}}</ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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| year = 1868 |
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| title = The Eastern Question |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0BsaAQAAIAAJ |
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| journal = London Quarterly Review |
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| location = London |
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| publisher = E.C. Barton |
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| page = 407 |
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| quote = The application of the word ''giaour'', ''dog'', is forbidden by the Hatt-i-Humayoou . |
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| access-date = 20 November 2023 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.<ref name="Gawrych16">{{cite book|last= Gawrych|first= George|authorlink= George Gawrych|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC|year= 2006|publisher= I.B.Tauris|isbn= 978-1-84511-287-5|page= 15}} |
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</ref>{{qn|date=November 2023}} |
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==European cultural references== |
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==European cultural references== |
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] with the ] of the ]'', book illustration from 1839.]] |
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] with the ] of the ]'', book illustration from 1839.]] |
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*Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale '']'', written by ] in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling ''Giaour'' appears in the French as well as in the English translation.<ref name="Beckford2013">{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=William|authorlink=William Beckford (novelist)|title=Vathek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn2X3Zdc3GIC|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164578-5}}</ref> |
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*Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale '']'', written by ] in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling ''Giaour'' appears in the French as well as in the English translation.<ref name="Beckford2013">{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=William|authorlink=William Beckford (novelist)|title=Vathek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn2X3Zdc3GIC|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164578-5}}</ref> |
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*In 1813 ] published his poem '']'', whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the ]. |
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*In 1813 ] published his poem '']'', whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the ]. |
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* ''Le Giaour'', an 1832 painting by ], oil on canvas, "]", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris. |
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* ''Le Giaour'', an 1832 painting by ], oil on canvas, "]", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris. |
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* Sonnet XL of '']'' (1850) by ] contains these lines: |
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<blockquote>''Musselmans and Giaours<br>Throw kerchiefs at a smile, and have no ruth<br>For any weeping.''</blockquote> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to ], it is derived from Turkish ''gâvur''.<ref>''Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo'', , Volumen 33 de ], {{ISSN|0925-8620}}, ], ], Rodopi, 2009, {{ISBN|9042025476}}, {{ISBN|9789042025479}}. Quotes ''Estambul otomano'', page 62, ], 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.</ref> |
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* ] is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to ], it is derived from Turkish ''gâvur''.<ref>''Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo'', , Volumen 33 de ], {{ISSN|0925-8620}}, ], ], Rodopi, 2009, {{ISBN|9042025476}}, {{ISBN|9789042025479}}. Quotes ''Estambul otomano'', page 62, ], 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Giaour|volume=11|page=927}} |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Giaour|volume=11|page=927}} |
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Giaour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.