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{{Short description|Term used for the technique used to win a sumo match}}
{{Italic title}}
{{more references|date=November 2019}} {{more references|date=November 2019}}
{{Italic title|reason=]}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kimarite'''''|決まり手||"Deciding technique"}} are winning techniques in a ] bout. For each bout in a Grand Sumo tournament (or '']''), a sumo referee, or '']'', will decide and announce the type of ''kimarite'' used by the winner. It is possible (although rare) for the ] to modify this decision later. Records of the ''kimarite'' are kept and statistical information on the preferred techniques of different wrestlers can be deduced easily. For example, a ] of the ''kimarite'' used by each '']'' in the past year can be found on the ] webpage.


{{nihongo||決まり手|'''Kimarite'''|lead=yes}} is the technique used in ] by a {{transliteration|ja|]}} (wrestler) to win a match. It is officially decided or announced by the {{transliteration|ja|]}} (referee) at the end of the match, though ] can modify this decision. The records of {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} are then kept for statistical purposes.
Since 2001, the Japan Sumo Association recognizes 82 types of ''kimarite'' (and 5 winning non-techniques), but only about a dozen are used regularly.<ref name=87officialdate/> For example, '']'', '']'' and '']'' are frequent methods used to win bouts. In addition to ''kimarite'', a bout can end in a disqualification if either wrestler makes a {{nihongo|foul|禁手|]}}, such as striking with a closed fist.


The ] (JSA) have officially recognized 82 such techniques since 2001, with five also recognized as winning non-techniques. However, only about a dozen of these are frequently and regularly used by {{transliteration|ja|rikishi}}.<ref name=87officialdate/>
The following is a full list of ''kimarite''. Literal translations of the Japanese are also given.


A sumo match can still be won even without a {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}}, by the virtue of disqualification due to a {{transliteration|ja|]}} (foul), such as striking with closed fist.
==''Kihonwaza'' 基本技==
Basic techniques. These, with the exception of the rarely seen Abisetaoshi, are some of the most common ''kimarite'' in sumo.


== Basic techniques ==
===''Abisetaoshi'' 浴びせ倒し===
Forcing down the opponent on their back by leaning forward while in a grappling position (''backward force down'').


The {{nihongo|basic techniques|基本技|kihonwaza}} are some of the most common winning techniques in sumo, with the exception of {{transliteration|ja|abisetaoshi}}.
===''Oshidashi'' 押し出し===
Pushing the opponent out of the ring without holding their '']'' or belt, nor fully extending his arms. Hand contact must be maintained through the push (''front push out'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Abisetaoshi}} ===
===''Oshitaoshi'' 押し倒し===
Pushing the opponent down out of the ring (the opponent falls out of the ring instead of backing out) without holding their ''mawashi''. Hand contact is maintained throughout the push (''front push down'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|backward force down}}|浴びせ倒し|Abisetaoshi}}<ref name="nhkKimarite">{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/sumo/techniques/|title=The Techniques of Sumo|website=]|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> is a rarely used basic {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} that pushes down the opponent into the ground back-first by leaning forward while grappling.
===''Tsukidashi'' 突き出し===
Thrusting the opponent backwards out of the ring with one or a series of hand thrusts. The attacker does not have to maintain hand contact (''front thrust out'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Oshidashi}} ===
===''Tsukitaoshi'' 突き倒し===
]
Thrusting the opponent down out of the ring (the opponent falls over the edge) onto their back with a hard thrust or shove (''front thrust down'').


]
===''Yorikiri'' 寄り切り===
Maintaining close contact with the opponent's body, usually by a grip on the ''mawashi'', the opponent is forced backwards out of the ring (''frontal force out'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal push out}}|押し出し|'''Oshidashi'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite" /> is a basic {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} that requires pushing the opponent out of the ring using the arms, without holding their {{transliteration|ja|]}} (belt) or extending the arms.
===''Yoritaoshi'' 寄り倒し===
Maintaining close contact with the opponent's body, usually by a grip on the ''mawashi'', the opponent is forced backwards out of the ring and collapses on their back from the force of the attack (''front crush out'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Oshitaoshi}} ===
==''Nagete'' 投げ手==
Throwing techniques.


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal push down}}|押し倒し|'''Oshitaoshi'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite"/> is similar to an {{transliteration|ja|oshidashi}}, except that the opponent falls down (as opposed to standing).
===''Ipponzeoi'' 一本背負い===
While moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the ring by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands (''one-armed shoulder throw'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Tsukidashi}} ===
===''Kakenage'' 掛け投げ===
Lifting the opponent's thigh with one's leg, while grasping the opponent with both arms, and then throwing the off-balance opponent to the ground (''hooking inner thigh throw'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal thrust out}}|突き出し|'''Tsukidashi'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite"/> is a basic {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} that uses a single or multiple hand thrusts to force the opponent out of the ring without maintaining any contact with the opponent.
===''Koshinage'' 腰投げ===
Bending over and pulling the opponent over the attacker's hip, then throwing the opponent to the ground on their back (''hip throw'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Tsukitaoshi}} ===
===''Kotenage'' 小手投げ===
The attacker wraps their arm around the opponent's extended arm (差し手 - ''gripping arm''), then throws the opponent to the ground without touching their '']''. A common move (''armlock throw'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal thrust down}}|突き倒し|'''Tsukitaoshi'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite"/> is similar to a {{transliteration|ja|tsukidashi}}, except that the opponent falls down (as opposed to standing).
===''Kubinage'' 首投げ===
The attacker wraps the opponent's head (or neck) in his arms, throwing him down (''headlock throw'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Yorikiri}} ===
===''Nichonage'' 二丁投げ===
Extending the right (left) leg around the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee thereby sweeping both of his legs off the surface and throwing him down (''body drop throw'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal force out}}|寄り切り|'''Yorikiri'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite"/> is a basic {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} where the {{transliteration|ja|rikishi}} maintains a grip on their opponent's {{transliteration|ja|mawashi}} and forces them out of the ring. This is the most common {{transliteration|ja|kimarite}} in ] and is the result of 32.4% of all professional matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jp-infographics.jp/en/culture/top-20-sumo-wrestling-techniques.html/|title = JAPAGRA - Sumo Wrestling Techniques (statistics)}}</ref>
===''Shitatedashinage'' 下手出し投げ===
The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' while dragging the opponent forwards and/or to the side, throwing them to the ground (''pulling underarm throw'').


=== {{transliteration|ja|Yoritaoshi}} ===
===''Shitatenage'' 下手投げ===
The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' and turns sideways, pulling the opponent down and throwing them to the ground (''underarm throw'').


{{nihongo3|{{gloss|frontal crush out}}|寄り倒し|'''Yoritaoshi'''}}<ref name="nhkKimarite"/> is similar to a {{transliteration|ja|yorikiri}}, except that the opponent falls down out of the ring as a result (as opposed to standing), effectively crushing him out.
===''Sukuinage'' 掬い投げ===
The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's armpit and across their back while turning sideways, forcing the opponent forward and throwing him to the ground without touching the ''mawashi'' (''beltless arm throw'').


== Leg tripping ==
===''Tsukaminage'' つかみ投げ===
The attacker grabs the opponent's ''mawashi'' and lifts his body off the surface, pulling them into the air past the attacker and throwing them down (''lifting throw'').


Leg tripping techniques ({{langx|ja|掛け手|kakete}}) are ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wins the match by tripping or grabbing their opponent's leg out of the ring.
] defeats ] by ''uwatenage'']]


===''Uwatedashinage'' 上手出し投げ=== ===''Ashitori''===
The attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm/back to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' while pulling them forwards to the ground (''pulling overarm throw'').


{{nihongo|'''''Ashitori'''''|足取り||"leg pick"}} is a ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' grabs one of their opponent's leg, resulting in a loss of balance, enabling the ''rikishi'' to force them out of the ring.
===''Uwatenage'' 上手投げ===
The attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' and throws the opponent to the ground while turning sideways (''overarm throw'').


===''Yaguranage'' 櫓投げ=== === ''Chongake''===
With both wrestlers grasping each other's ''mawashi'', pushing one's leg up under the opponent's groin, lifting them off the surface and then throwing them down on their side (''inner thigh throw'').


{{nihongo|'''''Chongake'''''|ちょん掛け||"pulling heel hook"}} is a ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' trips their opponent through one of their heel by using their own heel, thereby resulting in a loss of balance and forcing their opponent to fall down back-first.
==''Kakete'' 掛け手==
Leg tripping techniques.


===''Ashitori'' 足取り=== ===''Kawazugake''===
{{nihongo|'''''Kawazugake'''''|河津掛け||"hooking backward counter throw"}} is a ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wraps their leg around the opponent's leg of the opposite side and trips him backwards while grasping onto his upper body.
Grabbing the opponent's leg and pulling upward with both hands, causing the opponent to fall over (''leg pick'').


===''Chongake'' ちょん掛け=== ===''Kekaeshi''===
'''''Kekaeshi''''' (蹴返し, "minor inner foot sweep") is a ''kimarite'' which involves kicking the inside of the opponent's foot. This is usually accompanied by a quick pull that causes the opponent to lose balance and fall.
Hooking a heel under the opponent's opposite heel and forcing them to fall over backwards by pushing or twisting their arm (''pulling heel hook'').


===''Kawazugake'' 河津掛け=== ===''Ketaguri''===
'''''Ketaguri''''' (蹴手繰り, "pulling inside ankle sweep") is a ''kimarite'' in which, directly after the '']'', the attacker kicks the opponent's legs to the outside and thrusts or twists him down to the '']''.
Wrapping one's leg around the opponent's leg of the opposite side, and tripping him backwards while grasping onto his upper body (''hooking backward counter throw'').


===''Kekaeshi'' 蹴返し=== ===''Kirikaeshi''===
'''''Kirikaeshi''''' (切り返し, "twisting backward knee trip") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker places his leg behind the knee of the opponent, and while twisting the opponent sideways and backwards, sweeps him over the attacker's leg and throws him down.
Kicking the inside of the opponent's foot. This is usually accompanied by a quick pull that causes the opponent to lose balance and fall (''minor inner foot sweep'').


===''Ketaguri'' 蹴手繰り=== ===''Komatasukui''===
'''''Komatasukui''''' (小股掬い, "over thigh scooping body drop") is a ''kimarite'' in which an opponent responds to being thrown and puts his leg out forward to balance himself, grabbing the underside of the thigh and lifting it up, throwing the opponent down.
Directly after '']'', kicking the opponent's legs to the outside and thrusting or twisting him down to the '']'' (''pulling inside ankle sweep'').


===''Kirikaeshi'' 切り返し=== ===''Kozumatori''===
'''''Kozumatori''''' (小褄取り, "ankle pick") is a ''kimarite'' in which an attacker lifts the opponent's ankle from the front, causing them to fall.
The attacker places his leg behind the knee of the opponent, and while twisting the opponent sideways and backwards, sweeps him over the attacker's leg and throws him down (''twisting backward knee trip'').


===''Komatasukui'' 小股掬い=== ===''Mitokorozeme''===
{{anchor|Mitokorozeme}}
When an opponent responds to being thrown and puts his leg out forward to balance himself, grabbing the underside of the thigh and lifting it up, throwing the opponent down (''over thigh scooping body drop'').
'''''Mitokorozeme''''' (三所攻め, "triple attack force out") is a triple attack. Wrapping one leg around the opponent's (''inside leg trip''), grabbing the other leg behind the thigh, and thrusting the head into the opponent's chest, the attacker pushes him up and off the surface, then throwing him down on his back.


This is a very rare technique, first used in the modern era by ], who used it two or three times in the early 1990s (officially twice, on a third occasion his win was judged by most observers to be a ''mitokorozeme,'' but was officially judged an '']'').
===''Kozumatori'' 小褄取り===
Lifting the opponent's ankle from the front, causing them to fall (''ankle pick'').


This technique was used in a victory by ] against ] on Day 8 (Sunday, November 17, 2019) of the ] Basho (] Tournament), for the first time in '']'' since Mainoumi in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/11/17/sumo/basho-reports/hakuho-easily-defeats-tamawashi-stay-top/#.XdP-TeSWymQ|title=Hakuho easily defeats Tamawashi to stay on top|date=17 November 2019|work=Japan Times|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118134241/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/11/17/sumo/basho-reports/hakuho-easily-defeats-tamawashi-stay-top/#.XdP-TeSWymQ|archive-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
===''Mitokorozeme'' 三所攻め===
{{anchor|Mitokorozeme}}


===''Nimaigeri''===
A triple attack. Wrapping one leg around the opponent's (''inside leg trip''), grabbing the other leg behind the thigh, and thrusting the head into the opponent's chest, the attacker pushes him up and off the surface, then throwing him down on his back (''triple attack force out'').
'''''Nimaigeri''''' (二枚蹴り, "ankle kicking twist down") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker kicks an off-balance opponent on the outside of their standing leg's foot, then throws him to the surface.


===''Ōmata''===
This is a very rare technique, first used in the modern era by ], who used it two or three times in the early 1990s (officially twice, on a third occasion his win was judged by most observers to be a ''mitokorozeme,'' but was officially judged an '']'').
'''''Ōmata''''' (大股, "thigh scooping body drop") is a ''kimarite'' in which, when the opponent escapes from a '']'' by extending the other foot, the attacker switches to lift the opponent's other off-balance foot and throws him down.


===''Sotogake''===
This technique was used in a victory by ] against ] on Day 8 (Sunday, November 17, 2019) of the ] Basho (] Tournament), for the first time in '']'' since Mainoumi in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/11/17/sumo/basho-reports/hakuho-easily-defeats-tamawashi-stay-top/#.XdP-TeSWymQ|title=Hakuho easily defeats Tamawashi to stay on top|date=17 November 2019|work=Japan Times|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
'''''Sotogake''''' (外掛, "outside leg trip") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker wraps his calf around the opponent's calf from the outside and drives him over backwards.


Former UFC light heavyweight champion ], with a sumo background, has successfully used this multiple times in the course of his mixed martial arts career.
===''Nimaigeri'' 二枚蹴り===
Kicking an off-balance opponent on the outside of their standing leg's foot, then throwing him to the surface (''ankle kicking twist down'').


===''Omata'' 大股=== ===''Sotokomata''===
'''''Sotokomata''''' (外小股, "over thigh scooping body drop") is a ''kimarite in which, d''irectly after a '']'' or '']'' is avoided by the opponent, the attacker grabs the opponent's thigh from the outside, lifting it, and throwing them down on their back.
When the opponent escapes from a '']'' by extending the other foot, the attacker switches to lift the opponent's other off-balance foot and throws him down (''thigh scooping body drop'').


===''Sotogake'' 外掛け=== ===''Susoharai''===
'''''Susoharai''''' (裾払い, rear foot sweep) is a ''kimarite'' in which, directly after a '']'' or '']'' is avoided by the opponent, an attacker drives the knee under the opponent's thigh and pulls them down to the surface.
Wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the outside and driving him over backwards (''outside leg trip''). The UFC light heavyweight champion ], with a sumo background, has successfully used this multiple times in the course of his mixed martial arts career.


===''Sotokomata'' 外小股=== ===''Susotori''===
Directly after a '']'' or '']'' is avoided by the opponent, grabbing the opponent's thigh from the outside, lifting it, and throwing them down on their back (''over thigh scooping body drop''). '''''Susotori''''' (裾取り, "toe pick") is a ''kimarite'' in which, directly after a '']'' is avoided by the opponent, an attacker grabs the ankle of the opponent and pulls them down to the surface.


===''Susoharai'' 裾払い=== ===''Tsumatori''===
'''''Tsumatori''''' (褄取り, "rear toe pick") is a ''kimarite'' in which, as the opponent is losing their balance to the front (or is moving forward), the attacker grabs the leg and pulls it back, thereby ensuring the opponent falls to the surface.
Directly after a '']'' or '']'' is avoided by the opponent, driving the knee under the opponent's thigh and pulling them down to the surface (''rear foot sweep'').


===''Susotori'' 裾取り=== ===''Uchigake''===
'''''Uchigake''''' (内掛け, "inside leg trip") is performed by wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the inside and forcing him down on his back.
Directly after a '']'' is avoided by the opponent, grabbing the ankle of the opponent and pulling them down to the surface (''ankle pick'').


===''Tsumatori'' 褄取り=== ===''Watashikomi''===
'''''Watashikomi''''' (渡し込み, "thigh grabbing push down") is performed by grabbing the underside of the opponent's thigh or knee with one hand and pushing with the other arm, thereby forcing the opponent out or down.
As the opponent is losing their balance to the front (or is moving forward), grabbing the leg and pulling it back, thereby ensuring the opponent falls to the surface (''rear toe pick'').


==Throwing==
===''Uchigake'' 内掛け===
Throwing techniques ({{langx|ja|投げ手|nagete}}) are ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wins the match by throwing their opponent to the ''dohyō'' or out of the ring.
Wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the inside and forcing him down on his back (''inside leg trip'').


===''Watashikomi'' 渡し込み=== ===''Ipponzeoi''===
'''''Ipponzeoi''''' (一本背負い, "one-armed shoulder throw") is a ''kimarite'' in which, while moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the ring by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands.
While against the ring of the surface, the attacker grabs the underside of the opponent's thigh or knee with one hand and pushes with the other arm, thereby forcing the opponent out or down (''thigh grabbing push down'').


==''Hinerite'' 捻り手== ===''Kakenage''===
'''''Kakenage''''' (掛け投げ, "hooking inner thigh throw") is performed by lifting the opponent's thigh with one's leg, while grasping the opponent with both arms, and then throwing the off-balance opponent to the ground.
Twist down techniques.


===''Amiuchi'' 網打ち=== ===''Koshinage''===
'''''Koshinage''''' (腰投げ, "hip throw") is performed by bending over and pulling the opponent over the attacker's hip, then throwing the opponent to the ground on their back.
A throw with both arms pulling on the opponent's arm, causing the opponent to fall over forward (''the fisherman's throw''). It is so named because it resembles the traditional Japanese technique for casting fishing nets.


===''Gasshohineri'' 合掌捻り=== ===''Kotenage''===
'''''Kotenage''''' (小手投げ, "armlock throw") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker wraps their arm around the opponent's extended arm (差し手 - ''gripping arm''), then throws the opponent to the ground without touching their '']''. A common technique.
With both hands clasped around the opponent's back, the opponent is twisted over sideways (''clasped hand twist down''). See ''Tokkurinage''.


===''Harimanage'' 波離間投げ=== ===''Kubinage''===
'''''Kubinage''''' (首投げ, "headlock throw") is performed by the attacker wrapping the opponent's head (or neck) in his arms, throwing him down.
Reaching over the opponent's back and grabbing hold of their '']'', the opponent is pulled over in front or beside the attacker (''backward belt throw'').


===''Kainahineri'' 腕捻り=== ===''Nichōnage''===
'''''Nichōnage''''' (二丁投げ, "body drop throw") is performed by extending the right (left) leg around the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee thereby sweeping both of his legs off the surface and throwing him down.
Wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him down to the '']'' by way of one's shoulder (''two-handed arm twist down''). (Similar to the ''tottari'', but the body is positioned differently)


===''Katasukashi'' 肩透かし=== ===''Shitatedashinage''===
'''''Shitatedashinage''''' (下手出し投げ, "pulling underarm throw") is performed when the attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' while dragging the opponent forwards and/or to the side, throwing them to the ground.
Wrapping two hands around the opponent's arm, both grasping the opponent's shoulder and forcing him down (''under-shoulder swing down'').


===''Kotehineri'' 小手捻り=== ===''Shitatenage''===
'''''Shitatenage''''' (下手投げ, "underarm throw") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' and turns sideways, pulling the opponent down and throwing them to the ground.
Twisting the opponent's arm down, causing a fall (''arm lock twist down'').


===''Kubihineri'' 首捻り=== ===''Sukuinage''===
'''''Sukuinage''''' (掬い投げ, "beltless arm throw") is performed by the attacker extending their arm under the opponent's armpit and across their back while turning sideways, forcing the opponent forward and throwing him to the ground without touching the ''mawashi'' (''beltless arm throw'').
Twisting the opponent's neck down, causing a fall (''head twisting throw'').


===''Makiotoshi'' 巻き落とし=== ===''Tsukaminage''===
'''''Tsukaminage''''' (つかみ投げ, "lifting throw") is a technique where the attacker grabs the opponent's ''mawashi'' and lifts his body off the surface, pulling them into the air past the attacker and throwing them down.
Reacting quickly to an opponent's actions, twisting the opponent's off-balance body down to the ''dohyō'' without grasping the '']'' (''twist down'').


] defeats ] by ''uwatenage'']]
===''Osakate'' 大逆手===

Taking the opponent's arm extended over one's arm and twisting the arm downward, while grabbing the opponent's body and throwing it in the same direction as the arm (''backward twisting overarm throw'').
===''Uwatedashinage''===
'''''Uwatedashinage''''' (上手出し投げ, "pulling overarm throw") is executed when the attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm/back to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' while pulling them forwards to the ground.

===''Uwatenage''===
'''''Uwatenage''''' (上手投げ, "overarm throw") is performed by the attacker extending their arm over the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's ''mawashi'' and throwing the opponent to the ground while turning sideways.

===''Yaguranage''===
'''''Yaguranage''''' (櫓投げ, "inner thigh throw") is a technique performed by, with both wrestlers grasping each other's ''mawashi'', pushing one's leg up under the opponent's groin, lifting them off the surface and then throwing them down on their side (''inner thigh throw'').



==Twist down==
Twist down techniques ({{langx|ja|捻り手|hinerite}}) are ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wins the match by throwing an opponent or causing them to fall through a twisting motion.

===''Amiuchi''===
'''''Amiuchi''''' (網打ち, "the fisherman's throw") is a throw with both arms pulling on the opponent's arm, causing the opponent to fall over forward. It is so named because it resembles the traditional Japanese technique for casting fishing nets.

===''Gasshōhineri''===
'''''Gasshōhineri''''' (合掌捻り, "clasped hand twist down") is performed with both hands clasped around the opponent's back, twisting the opponent over sideways. See ''Tokkurinage''.

===''Harimanage''===
'''''Harimanage''''' (波離間投げ, "backward belt throw") is achieved when, reaching over the opponent's back and grabbing hold of their '']'', the opponent is pulled over in front or beside the attacker.

===''Kainahineri''===
'''''Kainahineri''''' (腕捻り, "two-handed arm twist down") is performed by wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him down to the '']'' by way of one's shoulder. (Similar to the ''tottari'', but the body is positioned differently)

===''Katasukashi''===
'''''Katasukashi''''' (肩透かし, "under-shoulder swing down") is a technique where the attacker wraps his hands around the opponent's arm, both grasping the opponent's shoulder and forcing him down.

===''Kotehineri''===
'''''Kotehineri''''' (小手捻り, "arm lock twist down") is performed when twisting the opponent's arm down, causing a fall.

===''Kubihineri''===
'''''Kubihineri''''' (首捻り, "head twisting throw") is performed by twisting the opponent's head or neck down, causing a fall.

===''Makiotoshi''===
'''''Makiotoshi''''' (巻き落とし, "twist down") is achieved when, reacting quickly to an opponent's actions, twisting the opponent's off-balance body down to the ''dohyō'' without grasping the '']''.

===''Ōsakate''===
'''''Ōsakate''''' (大逆手, "backward twisting overarm throw") is a ''kimarite'' in which the attacker takes the opponent's arm extended over one's arm and twists the arm downward, while grabbing the opponent's body and throwing it in the same direction as the arm.


===''Sabaori'' 鯖折り=== ===''Sabaori''===
Grabbing the opponent's '']'' while pulling out and down, forcing the opponent's knees to the ''dohyō'' (''forward force down''). '''''Sabaori''''' (鯖折り, "forward force down") is performed by grabbing the opponent's '']'' while pulling out and down, forcing the opponent's knees to the ''dohyō''.


===''Sakatottari'' 逆とったり=== ===''Sakatottari''===
To wrap one arm around the opponent's extended arm while grasping onto the opponent's wrist with the other hand, twisting and forcing the opponent down (''arm bar throw counter'' or "anti-''tottari''"). '''''Sakatottari''''' (逆とったり, "arm bar throw counter") is to wrap one arm around the opponent's extended arm while grasping onto the opponent's wrist with the other hand, twisting and forcing the opponent down (could be considered an "anti-''tottari''").


===''Shitatehineri'' 下手捻り=== ===''Shitatehineri''===
Extending the arm under the opponent's arm to grasp the '']'', then pulling the ''mawashi'' down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the ''dohyō'' (''twisting underarm throw''). '''''Shitatehineri''''' (下手捻り, "twisting underarm throw") is a ''kimarite'' where a ''rikishi'' extends an arm under the opponent's arm to grasp the '']'', then pulling the ''mawashi'' down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the ''dohyō''.


===''Sotomuso'' 外無双=== ===''Sotomusō''===
Using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee and twisting the opponent over one's left (right) knee (''outer thigh propping twist down''). '''''Sotomusō''''' (外無双, "outer thigh propping twist down") is a technique using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee and twisting the opponent over one's left (right) knee.


===''Tokkurinage'' 徳利投げ=== ===''Tokkurinage''===
Grasping the opponent's neck or head with both hands and twisting him down to the ''dohyō'' (''two handed head twist down''). '''''Tokkurinage''''' (徳利投げ, "two handed head twist down") is executed by grasping the opponent's neck or head with both hands and twisting him down to the ''dohyō''.


===''Tottari'' とったり=== ===''Tottari''===
Wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him forward down to the ''dohyō'' (''arm bar throw''). '''''Tottari''''' (とったり, "arm bar throw") is performed by wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him forward down to the ''dohyō''.


===''Tsukiotoshi'' 突き落とし=== ===''Tsukiotoshi''===
] ]
Twisting the opponent down to the ''dohyō'' by forcing the arms on the opponent's upper torso, off of his center of gravity (''thrust down''). '''''Tsukiotoshi''''' (突き落とし, "thrust down") is achieved through twisting the opponent down to the ''dohyō'' by forcing the arms on the opponent's upper torso off of his center of gravity.


===''Uchimuso'' 内無双=== ===''Uchimusō''===
Using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's left (right) knee and twisting the opponent down (''inner thigh propping twist down''). '''''Uchimusō''''' (内無双, "inner thigh propping twist down") is a technique using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's left (right) knee and twisting the opponent down.


===''Uwatehineri'' 上手捻り=== ===''Uwatehineri''===
Extending the arm over the opponent's arm to grasp the ''mawashi'', then pulling the ''mawashi'' down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the ''dohyō'' (''twisting overarm throw''). '''''Uwatehineri''''' (上手捻り, "twisting overarm throw") is performed by extending the arm over the opponent's arm to grasp the ''mawashi'', then pulling the ''mawashi'' down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the ''dohyō''.


===''Zubuneri'' ずぶねり=== ===''Zubuneri''===
When the head is used to thrust an opponent down during a ''hineri'' (''head pivot throw''). '''''Zubuneri''''' (ずぶねり, "head pivot throw") is called when the head is used to thrust an opponent down during a ''hineri''.


==''Sorite'' 反り手== ==Backwards body drop==
Backwards body drop techniques ({{langx|ja|反り手|sorite}}) are ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wins the match by throwing an opponent or forcing them backwards.
Backwards body drop techniques.


===''Izori'' 居反り=== ===''Izori''===
Diving under the charge of the opponent, the attacker grabs behind one or both of the opponent's knees, or their '']'' and pulls them up and over backwards (''backwards body drop''). '''''Izori''''' (居反り, "backwards body drop") is a technique where, diving under the charge of the opponent, the attacker grabs behind one or both of the opponent's knees, or their '']'' and pulls them up and over backwards.


===''Kakezori'' 掛け反り=== ===''Kakezori''===
Putting one's head under the opponent's extended arm and body, and forcing the opponent backwards over one's legs (''hooking backwards body drop''). '''''Kakezori''''' (掛け反り, "hooking backwards body drop") is performed by putting one's head under the opponent's extended arm and body, and forcing the opponent backwards over one's legs.


===''Shumokuzori'' 撞木反り=== ===''Shumokuzori''===
In the same position as a '']'', but the wrestler throws himself backwards, thus ensuring that his opponent lands first under him (''bell hammer drop''). The name is derived from the similarity to the shape of Japanese bell hammers. '''''Shumokuzori''''' (撞木反り, "bell hammer drop") is a technique carried out in the same position as a '']'', but the wrestler throws himself backwards, thus ensuring that his opponent lands first under him. The name is derived from the similarity to the shape of Japanese bell hammers.


===''Sototasukizori'' 外たすき反り=== ===''Sototasukizori''===
] ]
With one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent and throwing him sideways and backwards (''outer reverse backwards body drop''). '''''Sototasukizori''''' (外たすき反り, "outer reverse backwards body drop") is a technique which, with one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, one lifts their opponent and throws him sideways and backwards.


===''Tasukizori'' たすき反り=== ===''Tasukizori''===
With one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent perpendicular across the shoulders and throwing him down (''kimono-string drop''). The name refers to '']'', the cords used to tie the sleeves of the traditional Japanese '']''. '''''Tasukizori''''' (たすき反り, "''kimono''-string drop") is performed with one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent perpendicular across the shoulders and throwing him down. The name refers to '']'', the cords used to tie the sleeves of the traditional Japanese '']''.


===''Tsutaezori'' 伝え反り=== ===''Tsutaezori''===
Shifting the extended opponent's arm around and twisting the opponent behind one's back and down to the '']'' (''underarm forward body drop''). '''''Tsutaezori''''' (伝え反り, "underarm forward body drop") is executed by shifting the extended opponent's arm around and twisting the opponent behind one's back and down to the '']''.


==Special techniques==
==''Tokushuwaza'' 特殊技==
Special techniques ({{langx|ja|特殊技|tokushūwaza}}) are ''kimarite'' where the ''rikishi'' wins the match by techniques outside the above categories.
Special techniques.


===''Hatakikomi'' 叩き込み=== ===''Hatakikomi''===
] ]
Slapping down the opponent's shoulder, back, or arm and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay (''slap down''). '''''Hatakikomi''''' (叩き込み, "slap down") is slapping down the opponent's shoulder, back, or arm and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay.


===''Hikiotoshi'' 引き落とし=== ===''Hikiotoshi''===
Pulling on the opponent's shoulder, arm, or '']'' and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay (''hand pull down''). '''''Hikiotoshi''''' (引き落とし, "hand pull down") is pulling on the opponent's shoulder, arm, or '']'' and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay.


===''Hikkake'' 引っ掛け=== ===''Hikkake''===
While moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the '']'' by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands (''arm grabbing force out''). '''''Hikkake''''' (引っ掛け, "arm grabbing force out") is a technique in which, while moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the '']'' by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands.


===''Kimedashi'' 極め出し=== ===''Kimedashi''===
Immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him out of the ''dohyō'' (''arm barring force out''). '''''Kimedashi''''' (極め出し, "arm barring force out") is performed by immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him out of the ''dohyō''.


===''Kimetaoshi'' 極め倒し=== ===''Kimetaoshi''===
Immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him down (''arm barring force down''). '''''Kimetaoshi''''' (極め倒し, "arm barring force down") is a technique executed by immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him down.


===''Okuridashi'' 送り出し=== ===''Okuridashi''===
To push an off-balance opponent out of the ''dohyō'' from behind (''rear push out''). '''''Okuridashi''''' (送り出し, "rear push out") is a ''kimarite'' in which one pushes an off-balance opponent out of the ''dohyō'' from behind.


===''Okurigake'' 送り掛け=== ===''Okurigake''===
To trip an opponent's ankle up from behind (''rear leg trip''). '''''Okurigake''''' (送り掛け, "rear leg trip") is to trip an opponent's ankle up from behind.


===''Okurihikiotoshi'' 送り引き落とし=== ===''Okurihikiotoshi''===
'''''Okurihikiotoshi''''' (送り引き落とし, "rear pull down") is a technique where a ''rikishi'' pulls an opponent down from behind.
To pull an opponent down from behind (''rear pull down'').


===''Okurinage'' 送り投げ=== ===''Okurinage''===
To throw an opponent from behind (''rear throw down''). '''''Okurinage''''' (送り投げ, "rear throw down") is to throw an opponent from behind.


===''Okuritaoshi'' 送り倒し=== ===''Okuritaoshi''===
To knock down an opponent from behind (''rear push down''). '''''Okuritaoshi''''' (送り倒し, "rear push down") is achieved by knocking down an opponent from behind.


===''Okuritsuridashi'' 送り吊り出し=== ===''Okuritsuridashi''===
To pick up the opponent by his '']'' from behind and throw him out of the ''dohyō'' (''rear lift out''). '''''Okuritsuridashi''''' (送り吊り出し, "rear lift out") occurs when one picks up the opponent by his '']'' from behind and throws him out of the ''dohyō''.


===''Okuritsuriotoshi'' 送り吊り落とし=== ===''Okuritsuriotoshi''===
To pick up the opponent by his ''mawashi'' from behind and throw him down on the ''dohyō'' (''rear lifting body slam''). '''''Okuritsuriotoshi''''' (送り吊り落とし, "rear lifting body slam") is performed when a ''rikishi'' picks up an opponent by his ''mawashi'' from behind and throw him down on the ''dohyō''.


===''Sokubiotoshi'' 素首落とし=== ===''Sokubiotoshi''===
Pushing the opponent's head down from the back of the neck (''head chop down''). '''''Sokubiotoshi''''' (素首落とし, "head chop down") is achieved by pushing the opponent's head down from the back of the neck.


===''Tsuridashi'' 吊り出し=== ===''Tsuridashi''===
] by ''tsuridashi'']] ] by ''tsuridashi'']]
While wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his ''mawashi'' and deliver him outside of the ''dohyō'' (''lift out''). '''''Tsuridashi''''' (吊り出し, "lift out") is a technique in which, while wrestlers face each other, one picks up their opponent by his ''mawashi'' and delivers him outside of the ''dohyō''.

===''Tsuriotoshi''===
'''''Tsuriotoshi''''' (吊り落とし, "lifting body slam") is, while wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his ''mawashi'' and slam him onto the ''dohyō''.


===''Tsuriotoshi'' 吊り落とし=== ===''Ushiromotare''===
While wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his ''mawashi'' and slam him onto the ''dohyō'' (''lifting body slam''). '''''Ushiromotare''''' (後ろもたれ, "backward lean out") is called when, while the opponent is behind the ''rikishi'', to back up and push him out of the ''dohyō''.


===''Ushiromotare'' 後ろもたれ=== ===''Utchari''===
'''''Utchari''''' (うっちゃり, "backward pivot throw") is a technique where, when near the edge of the ''dohyō'', a ''rikishi'' bends himself backwards and twists the opponent's body until he steps out of the ''dohyō''.
While the opponent is behind the wrestler, to back up and push him out of the ''dohyō'' (''backward lean out'').


===''Utchari'' うっちゃり=== ===''Waridashi''===
When near the edge of the ''dohyō'', to bend oneself backwards and twist the opponent's body until he steps out of the ''dohyō'' (''backward pivot throw''). '''''Waridashi''''' (割り出し, "upper-arm force out") is to push one foot of the opponent out of the ring from the side, extending the arm across the opponent's body and using the leg to force him off balance.


===''Waridashi'' 割り出し=== ===''Yobimodoshi''===
'''''Yobimodoshi''''' (呼び戻し, "pulling body slam") is achieved when, reacting to the opponent's reaction to an attacker's inside pull, the attacker pulls them off by grabbing around them around the waist, before throwing them down.
To push one foot of the opponent out of the ring from the side, extending the arm across the opponent's body and using the leg to force him off balance (''upper-arm force out'').


==Non-techniques==
===''Yobimodoshi'' 呼び戻し===
''Non-techniques ({{langx|ja|非技|higi}})'' are the five ways in which a wrestler can win without employing a technique.
Reacting to the opponent's reaction to the attacker's inside pull, the attacker pulls them off by grabbing around them around the waist, before throwing them down (''pulling body slam'').


==''Hiwaza'' 非技== ===''Fumidashi''===
'''''Fumidashi''''' (踏み出し, "rear step out") occurs when an opponent accidentally takes a backward step outside the ring with no attack initiated against him.
''Non-techniques''. There are five ways in which a wrestler can win without employing a technique.


===''Fumidashi'' 踏み出し=== ===''Isamiashi''===
'''''Isamiashi''''' (勇み足, "forward step out") occurs when, in the performance of a ''kimarite'', the opponent inadvertently steps too far forward and places a foot outside the ring.
The opponent accidentally takes a backward step outside the ring with no attack initiated against him (''rear step out'').


===''Isamiashi'' 勇み足=== ===''Koshikudake''===
'''''Koshikudake''''' (腰砕け, "inadvertent collapse") is called when the opponent falls over backwards without a technique being initiated against him. This usually happens because he has over-committed to an attack.
In the performance of a ''kimarite'', the opponent inadvertently steps too far forward and places a foot outside the ring. (''forward step out'').


===''Koshikudake'' 腰砕け=== ===''Tsukihiza''===
'''''Tsukihiza''''' (つきひざ, "knee touch down") is called when the opponent stumbles and lands on one or both knees without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler.
The opponent falls over backwards without a technique being initiated against him. This usually happens because he has over-committed to an attack. (''inadvertent collapse'').


===''Tsukihiza'' つきひざ=== ===''Tsukite''===
The opponent stumbles and lands on one or both knees without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler (''knee touch down''). '''''Tsukite''''' (つき手, "hand touch down") occurs when the opponent stumbles and lands on one or both hands without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler.


===''Tsukite'' つき手===
The opponent stumbles and lands on one or both hands without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler (''hand touch down'').


==Others==
Databases for sumo bouts, such as , may list other win conditions alongside the current 87 ''kimarite'' for statistical and historical purposes.<ref></ref>


===''Fusen'' 不戦=== ===''Fusen''===
The opponent is absent for the scheduled bout ('']''). There are also corresponding terms for {{nihongo|winning by default|不戦勝|fusenshō}} and {{nihongo|losing by default|不戦敗|fusenpai}}. Wins and losses by fusen are also visually recorded as black and white squares rather than the normal black and white circles. '''''Fusen''''' (不戦) is called when the opponent is absent for the scheduled bout ('']''). There are also corresponding terms for {{nihongo|winning by default|不戦勝|fusenshō}} and {{nihongo|losing by default|不戦敗|fusenpai}}. Wins and losses by fusen are also visually recorded as black and white squares rather than the normal black and white circles.


===''Hansoku'' 反則=== ===''Hansoku''===
The opponent is disqualified (''infraction''). This can be as a result of a wrestler committing a {{nihongo|]|禁じ手|]|"forbidden technique"}} or other violation, such as having their ] come undone.<ref name="exposed">{{cite web |first= Velisarios |last= Kattoulas |title= Exposed:Sumo Wrestler Who Lost It All| publisher= ]| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/20/sports/20iht-sumo.2.t_0.html|date=20 May 2000|access-date=2008-05-25}}</ref> '''''Hansoku''''' (反則, foul or infraction) is called when the opponent is disqualified. This can be as a result of a wrestler committing a {{nihongo|]|禁じ手|]|"forbidden technique"}} or other violation, such as having his ] come undone.<ref name="exposed">{{cite web |first= Velisarios |last= Kattoulas |title= Exposed:Sumo Wrestler Who Lost It All|website=New York Times| publisher= ]| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/20/sports/20iht-sumo.2.t_0.html|date=20 May 2000|access-date=23 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207202136/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/20/sports/IHT-exposedsumo-wrestler-who-lost-it-all.html|archive-date=7 December 2019}}</ref>


===Archaic ''kimarite'' and draws=== ===Archaic ''kimarite'' and draws===
The Japan Sumo Association did not attempt to start standardizing ''kimarite'' decisions until 1935 and has modified its official list several times since.<ref name=87officialdate></ref><ref></ref> As a result, databases containing sumo results from earlier periods may list ''kimarite'' that are no longer recognized. The Japan Sumo Association did not attempt to start standardizing ''kimarite'' decisions until 1935 and has modified its official list several times since.<ref name=87officialdate></ref><ref></ref> As a result, databases containing sumo results from earlier periods may list ''kimarite'' that are no longer recognized.


Additionally, the Japan Sumo Association has, over time, phased out the use of various ] states in favor of {{nihongo|rematches|取り直し|torinaoshi}} and forfeitures.<ref></ref><ref name="JT-draw">{{cite web|first=John|last=Gunning|publisher=]|title=Sumo 101: Tied bouts|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/07/07/sumo/sumo-101-tied-bouts/|date=July 7, 2019|access-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> Similar to ''fusen'', the various draw states were recorded visually in a different manner than normal victories and loses, employing white triangles for both wrestlers instead.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> Additionally, the Japan Sumo Association has, over time, phased out the use of various ] states in favor of {{nihongo|rematches|取り直し|torinaoshi}} and forfeitures.<ref></ref><ref name="JT-draw">{{cite web|first=John|last=Gunning|publisher=]|title=Sumo 101: Tied bouts|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/07/07/sumo/sumo-101-tied-bouts/|date=July 7, 2019|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708141913/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/07/07/sumo/sumo-101-tied-bouts/#.XSNQ6qDP1qY|archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Similar to ''fusen'', the various draw states were recorded visually in a different manner than normal victories and losses, employing white triangles for both wrestlers instead.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>


==See also== ==See also==

Latest revision as of 03:19, 24 December 2024

Term used for the technique used to win a sumo match

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Kimarite (Japanese: 決まり手) is the technique used in sumo by a rikishi (wrestler) to win a match. It is officially decided or announced by the gyōji (referee) at the end of the match, though judges can modify this decision. The records of kimarite are then kept for statistical purposes.

The Japan Sumo Association (JSA) have officially recognized 82 such techniques since 2001, with five also recognized as winning non-techniques. However, only about a dozen of these are frequently and regularly used by rikishi.

A sumo match can still be won even without a kimarite, by the virtue of disqualification due to a kinjite (foul), such as striking with closed fist.

Basic techniques

The basic techniques (基本技, kihonwaza) are some of the most common winning techniques in sumo, with the exception of abisetaoshi.

Abisetaoshi

Abisetaoshi (浴びせ倒し, 'backward force down') is a rarely used basic kimarite that pushes down the opponent into the ground back-first by leaning forward while grappling.

Oshidashi

Oshidashi used as the kimarite.

Oshidashi (押し出し, 'frontal push out') is a basic kimarite that requires pushing the opponent out of the ring using the arms, without holding their mawashi (belt) or extending the arms.

Oshitaoshi

Oshitaoshi (押し倒し, 'frontal push down') is similar to an oshidashi, except that the opponent falls down (as opposed to standing).

Tsukidashi

Tsukidashi (突き出し, 'frontal thrust out') is a basic kimarite that uses a single or multiple hand thrusts to force the opponent out of the ring without maintaining any contact with the opponent.

Tsukitaoshi

Tsukitaoshi (突き倒し, 'frontal thrust down') is similar to a tsukidashi, except that the opponent falls down (as opposed to standing).

Yorikiri

Yorikiri (寄り切り, 'frontal force out') is a basic kimarite where the rikishi maintains a grip on their opponent's mawashi and forces them out of the ring. This is the most common kimarite in Sumo and is the result of 32.4% of all professional matches.

Yoritaoshi

Yoritaoshi (寄り倒し, 'frontal crush out') is similar to a yorikiri, except that the opponent falls down out of the ring as a result (as opposed to standing), effectively crushing him out.

Leg tripping

Leg tripping techniques (Japanese: 掛け手, romanized: kakete) are kimarite where the rikishi wins the match by tripping or grabbing their opponent's leg out of the ring.

Ashitori

Ashitori (足取り, "leg pick") is a kimarite where the rikishi grabs one of their opponent's leg, resulting in a loss of balance, enabling the rikishi to force them out of the ring.

Chongake

Chongake (ちょん掛け, "pulling heel hook") is a kimarite where the rikishi trips their opponent through one of their heel by using their own heel, thereby resulting in a loss of balance and forcing their opponent to fall down back-first.

Kawazugake

Kawazugake (河津掛け, "hooking backward counter throw") is a kimarite where the rikishi wraps their leg around the opponent's leg of the opposite side and trips him backwards while grasping onto his upper body.

Kekaeshi

Kekaeshi (蹴返し, "minor inner foot sweep") is a kimarite which involves kicking the inside of the opponent's foot. This is usually accompanied by a quick pull that causes the opponent to lose balance and fall.

Ketaguri

Ketaguri (蹴手繰り, "pulling inside ankle sweep") is a kimarite in which, directly after the tachi-ai, the attacker kicks the opponent's legs to the outside and thrusts or twists him down to the dohyō.

Kirikaeshi

Kirikaeshi (切り返し, "twisting backward knee trip") is a kimarite in which the attacker places his leg behind the knee of the opponent, and while twisting the opponent sideways and backwards, sweeps him over the attacker's leg and throws him down.

Komatasukui

Komatasukui (小股掬い, "over thigh scooping body drop") is a kimarite in which an opponent responds to being thrown and puts his leg out forward to balance himself, grabbing the underside of the thigh and lifting it up, throwing the opponent down.

Kozumatori

Kozumatori (小褄取り, "ankle pick") is a kimarite in which an attacker lifts the opponent's ankle from the front, causing them to fall.

Mitokorozeme

Mitokorozeme (三所攻め, "triple attack force out") is a triple attack. Wrapping one leg around the opponent's (inside leg trip), grabbing the other leg behind the thigh, and thrusting the head into the opponent's chest, the attacker pushes him up and off the surface, then throwing him down on his back.

This is a very rare technique, first used in the modern era by Mainoumi Shūhei, who used it two or three times in the early 1990s (officially twice, on a third occasion his win was judged by most observers to be a mitokorozeme, but was officially judged an uchigake).

This technique was used in a victory by Ishiura against Nishikigi on Day 8 (Sunday, November 17, 2019) of the Fukuoka Basho (Sumo Tournament), for the first time in makuuchi since Mainoumi in 1993.

Nimaigeri

Nimaigeri (二枚蹴り, "ankle kicking twist down") is a kimarite in which the attacker kicks an off-balance opponent on the outside of their standing leg's foot, then throws him to the surface.

Ōmata

Ōmata (大股, "thigh scooping body drop") is a kimarite in which, when the opponent escapes from a komatsukui by extending the other foot, the attacker switches to lift the opponent's other off-balance foot and throws him down.

Sotogake

Sotogake (外掛, "outside leg trip") is a kimarite in which the attacker wraps his calf around the opponent's calf from the outside and drives him over backwards.

Former UFC light heavyweight champion Lyoto Machida, with a sumo background, has successfully used this multiple times in the course of his mixed martial arts career.

Sotokomata

Sotokomata (外小股, "over thigh scooping body drop") is a kimarite in which, directly after a nage or hikkake is avoided by the opponent, the attacker grabs the opponent's thigh from the outside, lifting it, and throwing them down on their back.

Susoharai

Susoharai (裾払い, rear foot sweep) is a kimarite in which, directly after a nage or hikkake is avoided by the opponent, an attacker drives the knee under the opponent's thigh and pulls them down to the surface.

Susotori

Susotori (裾取り, "toe pick") is a kimarite in which, directly after a nage is avoided by the opponent, an attacker grabs the ankle of the opponent and pulls them down to the surface.

Tsumatori

Tsumatori (褄取り, "rear toe pick") is a kimarite in which, as the opponent is losing their balance to the front (or is moving forward), the attacker grabs the leg and pulls it back, thereby ensuring the opponent falls to the surface.

Uchigake

Uchigake (内掛け, "inside leg trip") is performed by wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the inside and forcing him down on his back.

Watashikomi

Watashikomi (渡し込み, "thigh grabbing push down") is performed by grabbing the underside of the opponent's thigh or knee with one hand and pushing with the other arm, thereby forcing the opponent out or down.

Throwing

Throwing techniques (Japanese: 投げ手, romanized: nagete) are kimarite where the rikishi wins the match by throwing their opponent to the dohyō or out of the ring.

Ipponzeoi

Ipponzeoi (一本背負い, "one-armed shoulder throw") is a kimarite in which, while moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the ring by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands.

Kakenage

Kakenage (掛け投げ, "hooking inner thigh throw") is performed by lifting the opponent's thigh with one's leg, while grasping the opponent with both arms, and then throwing the off-balance opponent to the ground.

Koshinage

Koshinage (腰投げ, "hip throw") is performed by bending over and pulling the opponent over the attacker's hip, then throwing the opponent to the ground on their back.

Kotenage

Kotenage (小手投げ, "armlock throw") is a kimarite in which the attacker wraps their arm around the opponent's extended arm (差し手 - gripping arm), then throws the opponent to the ground without touching their mawashi. A common technique.

Kubinage

Kubinage (首投げ, "headlock throw") is performed by the attacker wrapping the opponent's head (or neck) in his arms, throwing him down.

Nichōnage

Nichōnage (二丁投げ, "body drop throw") is performed by extending the right (left) leg around the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee thereby sweeping both of his legs off the surface and throwing him down.

Shitatedashinage

Shitatedashinage (下手出し投げ, "pulling underarm throw") is performed when the attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi while dragging the opponent forwards and/or to the side, throwing them to the ground.

Shitatenage

Shitatenage (下手投げ, "underarm throw") is a kimarite in which the attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi and turns sideways, pulling the opponent down and throwing them to the ground.

Sukuinage

Sukuinage (掬い投げ, "beltless arm throw") is performed by the attacker extending their arm under the opponent's armpit and across their back while turning sideways, forcing the opponent forward and throwing him to the ground without touching the mawashi (beltless arm throw).

Tsukaminage

Tsukaminage (つかみ投げ, "lifting throw") is a technique where the attacker grabs the opponent's mawashi and lifts his body off the surface, pulling them into the air past the attacker and throwing them down.

Azumafuji defeats Tochinishiki by uwatenage

Uwatedashinage

Uwatedashinage (上手出し投げ, "pulling overarm throw") is executed when the attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm/back to grab the opponent's mawashi while pulling them forwards to the ground.

Uwatenage

Uwatenage (上手投げ, "overarm throw") is performed by the attacker extending their arm over the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi and throwing the opponent to the ground while turning sideways.

Yaguranage

Yaguranage (櫓投げ, "inner thigh throw") is a technique performed by, with both wrestlers grasping each other's mawashi, pushing one's leg up under the opponent's groin, lifting them off the surface and then throwing them down on their side (inner thigh throw).


Twist down

Twist down techniques (Japanese: 捻り手, romanized: hinerite) are kimarite where the rikishi wins the match by throwing an opponent or causing them to fall through a twisting motion.

Amiuchi

Amiuchi (網打ち, "the fisherman's throw") is a throw with both arms pulling on the opponent's arm, causing the opponent to fall over forward. It is so named because it resembles the traditional Japanese technique for casting fishing nets.

Gasshōhineri

Gasshōhineri (合掌捻り, "clasped hand twist down") is performed with both hands clasped around the opponent's back, twisting the opponent over sideways. See Tokkurinage.

Harimanage

Harimanage (波離間投げ, "backward belt throw") is achieved when, reaching over the opponent's back and grabbing hold of their mawashi, the opponent is pulled over in front or beside the attacker.

Kainahineri

Kainahineri (腕捻り, "two-handed arm twist down") is performed by wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him down to the dohyō by way of one's shoulder. (Similar to the tottari, but the body is positioned differently)

Katasukashi

Katasukashi (肩透かし, "under-shoulder swing down") is a technique where the attacker wraps his hands around the opponent's arm, both grasping the opponent's shoulder and forcing him down.

Kotehineri

Kotehineri (小手捻り, "arm lock twist down") is performed when twisting the opponent's arm down, causing a fall.

Kubihineri

Kubihineri (首捻り, "head twisting throw") is performed by twisting the opponent's head or neck down, causing a fall.

Makiotoshi

Makiotoshi (巻き落とし, "twist down") is achieved when, reacting quickly to an opponent's actions, twisting the opponent's off-balance body down to the dohyō without grasping the mawashi.

Ōsakate

Ōsakate (大逆手, "backward twisting overarm throw") is a kimarite in which the attacker takes the opponent's arm extended over one's arm and twists the arm downward, while grabbing the opponent's body and throwing it in the same direction as the arm.

Sabaori

Sabaori (鯖折り, "forward force down") is performed by grabbing the opponent's mawashi while pulling out and down, forcing the opponent's knees to the dohyō.

Sakatottari

Sakatottari (逆とったり, "arm bar throw counter") is to wrap one arm around the opponent's extended arm while grasping onto the opponent's wrist with the other hand, twisting and forcing the opponent down (could be considered an "anti-tottari").

Shitatehineri

Shitatehineri (下手捻り, "twisting underarm throw") is a kimarite where a rikishi extends an arm under the opponent's arm to grasp the mawashi, then pulling the mawashi down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the dohyō.

Sotomusō

Sotomusō (外無双, "outer thigh propping twist down") is a technique using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee and twisting the opponent over one's left (right) knee.

Tokkurinage

Tokkurinage (徳利投げ, "two handed head twist down") is executed by grasping the opponent's neck or head with both hands and twisting him down to the dohyō.

Tottari

Tottari (とったり, "arm bar throw") is performed by wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him forward down to the dohyō.

Tsukiotoshi

Tsukiotoshi

Tsukiotoshi (突き落とし, "thrust down") is achieved through twisting the opponent down to the dohyō by forcing the arms on the opponent's upper torso off of his center of gravity.

Uchimusō

Uchimusō (内無双, "inner thigh propping twist down") is a technique using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's left (right) knee and twisting the opponent down.

Uwatehineri

Uwatehineri (上手捻り, "twisting overarm throw") is performed by extending the arm over the opponent's arm to grasp the mawashi, then pulling the mawashi down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the dohyō.

Zubuneri

Zubuneri (ずぶねり, "head pivot throw") is called when the head is used to thrust an opponent down during a hineri.

Backwards body drop

Backwards body drop techniques (Japanese: 反り手, romanized: sorite) are kimarite where the rikishi wins the match by throwing an opponent or forcing them backwards.

Izori

Izori (居反り, "backwards body drop") is a technique where, diving under the charge of the opponent, the attacker grabs behind one or both of the opponent's knees, or their mawashi and pulls them up and over backwards.

Kakezori

Kakezori (掛け反り, "hooking backwards body drop") is performed by putting one's head under the opponent's extended arm and body, and forcing the opponent backwards over one's legs.

Shumokuzori

Shumokuzori (撞木反り, "bell hammer drop") is a technique carried out in the same position as a tasukizori, but the wrestler throws himself backwards, thus ensuring that his opponent lands first under him. The name is derived from the similarity to the shape of Japanese bell hammers.

Sototasukizori

Ura (pink) performing tasukizori against Amakaze (blue) in Jan 2017; the first in the Juryo division and first in 65 years in professional sumo

Sototasukizori (外たすき反り, "outer reverse backwards body drop") is a technique which, with one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, one lifts their opponent and throws him sideways and backwards.

Tasukizori

Tasukizori (たすき反り, "kimono-string drop") is performed with one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent perpendicular across the shoulders and throwing him down. The name refers to tasuki, the cords used to tie the sleeves of the traditional Japanese kimono.

Tsutaezori

Tsutaezori (伝え反り, "underarm forward body drop") is executed by shifting the extended opponent's arm around and twisting the opponent behind one's back and down to the dohyō.

Special techniques

Special techniques (Japanese: 特殊技, romanized: tokushūwaza) are kimarite where the rikishi wins the match by techniques outside the above categories.

Hatakikomi

Hatakikomi

Hatakikomi (叩き込み, "slap down") is slapping down the opponent's shoulder, back, or arm and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay.

Hikiotoshi

Hikiotoshi (引き落とし, "hand pull down") is pulling on the opponent's shoulder, arm, or mawashi and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay.

Hikkake

Hikkake (引っ掛け, "arm grabbing force out") is a technique in which, while moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the dohyō by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands.

Kimedashi

Kimedashi (極め出し, "arm barring force out") is performed by immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him out of the dohyō.

Kimetaoshi

Kimetaoshi (極め倒し, "arm barring force down") is a technique executed by immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him down.

Okuridashi

Okuridashi (送り出し, "rear push out") is a kimarite in which one pushes an off-balance opponent out of the dohyō from behind.

Okurigake

Okurigake (送り掛け, "rear leg trip") is to trip an opponent's ankle up from behind.

Okurihikiotoshi

Okurihikiotoshi (送り引き落とし, "rear pull down") is a technique where a rikishi pulls an opponent down from behind.

Okurinage

Okurinage (送り投げ, "rear throw down") is to throw an opponent from behind.

Okuritaoshi

Okuritaoshi (送り倒し, "rear push down") is achieved by knocking down an opponent from behind.

Okuritsuridashi

Okuritsuridashi (送り吊り出し, "rear lift out") occurs when one picks up the opponent by his mawashi from behind and throws him out of the dohyō.

Okuritsuriotoshi

Okuritsuriotoshi (送り吊り落とし, "rear lifting body slam") is performed when a rikishi picks up an opponent by his mawashi from behind and throw him down on the dohyō.

Sokubiotoshi

Sokubiotoshi (素首落とし, "head chop down") is achieved by pushing the opponent's head down from the back of the neck.

Tsuridashi

Tochinishiki defeats Wakanohana by tsuridashi

Tsuridashi (吊り出し, "lift out") is a technique in which, while wrestlers face each other, one picks up their opponent by his mawashi and delivers him outside of the dohyō.

Tsuriotoshi

Tsuriotoshi (吊り落とし, "lifting body slam") is, while wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his mawashi and slam him onto the dohyō.

Ushiromotare

Ushiromotare (後ろもたれ, "backward lean out") is called when, while the opponent is behind the rikishi, to back up and push him out of the dohyō.

Utchari

Utchari (うっちゃり, "backward pivot throw") is a technique where, when near the edge of the dohyō, a rikishi bends himself backwards and twists the opponent's body until he steps out of the dohyō.

Waridashi

Waridashi (割り出し, "upper-arm force out") is to push one foot of the opponent out of the ring from the side, extending the arm across the opponent's body and using the leg to force him off balance.

Yobimodoshi

Yobimodoshi (呼び戻し, "pulling body slam") is achieved when, reacting to the opponent's reaction to an attacker's inside pull, the attacker pulls them off by grabbing around them around the waist, before throwing them down.

Non-techniques

Non-techniques (Japanese: 非技, romanized: higi) are the five ways in which a wrestler can win without employing a technique.

Fumidashi

Fumidashi (踏み出し, "rear step out") occurs when an opponent accidentally takes a backward step outside the ring with no attack initiated against him.

Isamiashi

Isamiashi (勇み足, "forward step out") occurs when, in the performance of a kimarite, the opponent inadvertently steps too far forward and places a foot outside the ring.

Koshikudake

Koshikudake (腰砕け, "inadvertent collapse") is called when the opponent falls over backwards without a technique being initiated against him. This usually happens because he has over-committed to an attack.

Tsukihiza

Tsukihiza (つきひざ, "knee touch down") is called when the opponent stumbles and lands on one or both knees without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler.

Tsukite

Tsukite (つき手, "hand touch down") occurs when the opponent stumbles and lands on one or both hands without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler.


Fusen

Fusen (不戦) is called when the opponent is absent for the scheduled bout (by default). There are also corresponding terms for winning by default (不戦勝, fusenshō) and losing by default (不戦敗, fusenpai). Wins and losses by fusen are also visually recorded as black and white squares rather than the normal black and white circles.

Hansoku

Hansoku (反則, foul or infraction) is called when the opponent is disqualified. This can be as a result of a wrestler committing a foul (禁じ手, kinjite, "forbidden technique") or other violation, such as having his mawashi come undone.

Archaic kimarite and draws

The Japan Sumo Association did not attempt to start standardizing kimarite decisions until 1935 and has modified its official list several times since. As a result, databases containing sumo results from earlier periods may list kimarite that are no longer recognized.

Additionally, the Japan Sumo Association has, over time, phased out the use of various draw states in favor of rematches (取り直し, torinaoshi) and forfeitures. Similar to fusen, the various draw states were recorded visually in a different manner than normal victories and losses, employing white triangles for both wrestlers instead.

See also

References

  1. ^ 過去の展示 - 平成26年
  2. ^ "The Techniques of Sumo". NHK. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  3. "JAPAGRA - Sumo Wrestling Techniques (statistics)".
  4. "Hakuho easily defeats Tamawashi to stay on top". Japan Times. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  5. Kattoulas, Velisarios (20 May 2000). "Exposed:Sumo Wrestler Who Lost It All". New York Times. International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
  6. レファレンス事例詳細 (Detail of reference example)
  7. Sumoforum.net "Old Kimarite"
  8. Gunning, John (July 7, 2019). "Sumo 101: Tied bouts". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  9. Sumo Reference: Bout query result (itamiwake)
  10. Sumo Reference: Bout query result (yasumi)
  11. Sumo Reference: Bout query result (hikiwake)
  12. Sumo Reference: Bout query result (azukari)

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