| Revision as of 03:59, 30 December 2020 editВекочел (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers54,211 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 11:24, 7 November 2024 edit undoВекочел (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers54,211 edits Adding short description: "King of Denmark (1376–1387) and Norway (1380–1387)", overriding automatically generated descriptionTag: Shortdesc helper |
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{{Short description|King of Denmark (1376–1387) and Norway (1380–1387)}} |
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{{for|the anti-king of Denmark who called himself Olaf II|Olaf Haraldsen}} |
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{{for|the anti-king of Denmark who called himself Olaf II|Olaf Haraldsen}} |
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{{Infobox royalty|type=monarch |
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{{Infobox royalty |
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| type = monarch |
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| name = Olaf II and IV |
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| name = Olaf II and IV |
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| image = Kong Olav Magnusson PI XVIII 1.jpg |
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| image = Kong Olav Magnusson PI XVIII 1.jpg |
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| caption = Olaf as depicted on his royal seal, with the shield of Norway (left) and Denmark (right) |
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| caption = Olaf as depicted on his royal seal, with the shield of Norway (left) and Denmark (right) |
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| succession = ]]]<ref>"de goters konge | lex.dk". Den Store Danske (in Danish). 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2023-12-28.</ref> |
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| succession = ] |
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| reign = 3 May 1376 – 3 August 1387 |
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| reign = 3 May 1376 – 3 August 1387 |
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| predecessor = ] |
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| predecessor = ] |
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| successor = ] |
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| successor = ] |
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| succession1 = ] |
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| succession1 = ] |
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| reign1 = 29 July 1380 – 3 August 1387 |
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| reign1 = 29 July 1380 – 3 August 1387 |
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| predecessor1 = ] |
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| predecessor1 = ] |
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| successor1 = ] |
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| successor1 = ] |
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| full name = {{lang-da|Oluf Håkonsen}}<br />{{lang-no|Olav Håkonsson}} |
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| full name = {{langx|da|Oluf Håkonsen}}<br />{{langx|no|Olav Håkonsson}} |
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| house = ] |
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| house = ] |
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| father = ] |
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| father = ] |
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| mother = ] |
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| mother = ] |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1370|12||df=y}} |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1370|12||df=y}} |
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| birth_place = ], ] |
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| birth_place = ], Oslo |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1387|8|3|1370|12||df=y}} |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1387|8|3|1370|12||df=y}} |
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| death_place = ], ] |
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| death_place = ], ] |
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| place of burial= ], ], ] |
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| place of burial = ], ], Denmark| |
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}} |
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| religion = ] |
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|}} |
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] King Olaf at the site of his death.]] |
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] King Olaf at the site of his death.]] |
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'''Olaf II of Denmark''' (December 1370 – 3 August 1387)<ref>Etting, Vivian, Queen Margrete I, 1353-1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004, p. 54.</ref><ref>Brenner, S. Otto, Nachkommen Gorms des Alten (König von Dänemark -936-) I.-VVI. Generation, Stuttgart: Silberburg-Verlag, 1965, p. 122.</ref> was ] as ''Olaf II'' (though occasionally referred to as ''Olaf III''<ref>Nielsen, Kay: ''Danmarks konger og dronninger'', Copenhagen, 1980. (pp. 36-37)</ref><ref>Overskov, Carsten: ''Fra Gorm til Margrethe. De første tusind år på topposten'', Kolding, 2005. (pp. 8 & 58)</ref>) from 1376 and ] as '''Olaf IV''' from 1380 until his death. Olaf was the son of Queen ] and King ], and grandson of kings ] and ]. |
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'''Olaf II of Denmark''' (December 1370 – 3 August 1387)<ref>Etting, Vivian, Queen Margrete I, 1353–1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004, p. 54.</ref><ref>Brenner, S. Otto, Nachkommen Gorms des Alten (König von Dänemark -936-) I.-VVI. Generation, Stuttgart: Silberburg-Verlag, 1965, p. 122.</ref> was ] as '''Olaf II''' (though occasionally referred to as '''Olaf III'''<ref>Nielsen, Kay: ''Danmarks konger og dronninger'', Copenhagen, 1980. (pp. 36-37)</ref><ref>Overskov, Carsten: ''Fra Gorm til Margrethe. De første tusind år på topposten'', Kolding, 2005. (pp. 8 & 58)</ref>) from 1376 and ] as '''Olav IV''' from 1380 until his death. Olaf was the son of Queen ] and King ], and grandson of kings ] and ]. |
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==Reign== |
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==Reign== |
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When his grandfather ] died, Olaf was just five years old. He was proclaimed ] by a ] in ] the following year. His mother, Queen Margaret, was to serve as regent due to his young age. His proclamation included the title "true heir of Sweden" added at his mother's insistence since his paternal grandfather, Magnus IV, had been king of Sweden until forced to ]. Olaf was hailed as king in ], including the towns controlled by the ] since the ] in 1370. Queen Margaret signed a ] on behalf of Olaf, who was too young to rule until he came of age at fifteen. In the charter Olaf agreed to meet with the Danehof at least once a year and return properties his grandfather Valdemar IV had confiscated during his reign.<ref>Danmarks Historie IIwww.perbenny.dk</ref> |
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When his grandfather ] died, Olaf was just five years old. He was proclaimed ] by a ] in ] the following year. His mother, Queen Margaret, was to serve as regent due to his young age. His proclamation included the title "true heir of Sweden" added at his mother's insistence since both his father and his paternal grandfather, Magnus IV, had been kings of Sweden until they were forced to ]. Olaf was hailed as king in ], including the towns controlled by the ] since the ] in 1370. Queen Margaret signed a ] on behalf of Olaf, who was too young to rule until he came of age at fifteen. In the charter Olaf agreed to meet with the Danehof at least once a year and return properties his grandfather Valdemar IV had confiscated during his reign.<ref>Danmarks Historie IIwww.perbenny.dk</ref> |
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Olaf became ] on his father's death in 1380. Even when Olaf reached his majority in 1385, his mother ruled through him. With his ascent to the Norwegian throne, Denmark and Norway were thus united in a personal union ruled from Denmark. Denmark and Norway would have the same king, with the exception of short ]s, until Norway's independence from Denmark in 1814. |
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Olaf became ] on his father's death in 1380. Even when Olaf reached his majority in 1385, his mother ruled through him. With his ascent to the Norwegian throne, Denmark and Norway were thus united in a personal union ruled from Denmark. Denmark and Norway would have the same king, with the exception of short ], until Norway's independence from Denmark in 1814, as a result of the ]. |
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==Death and aftermath== |
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==Death and aftermath== |
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Olaf died unexpectedly at ]hus in August 1387 at age 16. He was buried at ] on the Danish island of Zealand where also his grandfather and, later, mother was buried. Rumors immediately arose that Olaf had been poisoned. Following her son's death, Margaret united all three Scandinavian kingdoms in a ].<ref>]. Danmarks riges Krønike</ref> After Olaf, no Norwegian king was to be born on Norwegian soil for more than 550 years, until ] in 1937. Olaf's death was also the end of the male line of the ] in ]. |
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Olaf died unexpectedly at ]hus in August 1387 at age 16. He was buried at ] on the Danish island of Zealand where his grandfather and, later, his mother, were also buried. Rumors immediately arose that Olaf had been poisoned. Following her son's death, Margaret united all three Scandinavian kingdoms in a ].<ref>]. Danmarks riges Krønike</ref> After Olaf, no Norwegian king was to be born on Norwegian soil for more than 550 years, until ], born in 1937, became king in 1991. Olaf's death was also the end of the male line of the ]. In 2015 Jørgen Lange Thomsen, a forensic scientist, proposed a theory Olaf II died from ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cphpost.dk/2015-10-16/general/mystery-of-danish-king-deaths-fosters-new-theory|title=Did a genetic heart condition cut short the lives of 14 Danish royals?|newspaper=]|last=Wenande|first=Christian|date=6 October 2015|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> |
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In 1402, he was impersonated by the ]. |
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Prussian historian ] reported that in 1402 a "poor sick man came to the country and stayed near the village of ]. A group of merchants from Denmark asked him if he was not well known in Denmark, since he looked very much like the late King Olaf. The merchants left to find another who had seen the king and returned with him. When the newcomer saw the one they took for Olaf, he cried out, "My lord king!" Many people especially in Norway did not believe that Olaf had died. They thought Queen Margaret had poisoned young Olaf to get him out of the way, so she could rule. According to the rumors, young Olaf hid himself and escaped. The news reached a merchant, Tyme von der Nelow, who took the man to ]. The high born of the town welcomed Olaf as the rightful King of Denmark and Norway and gave him fine clothes and presents. A seal was made for him, and he wrote to Queen Margaret informing her that he was her son and demanded the restoration of his lands and titles. Queen Margaret wrote back saying that if he could prove himself her son, she would gladly accept him. |
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The Grand Master of the ] escorted the pretender to Kalmar to be interviewed by the queen. As soon as the man arrived he was discovered to be an impostor. He could speak not a single word of Danish and on questioning admitted he was a ] who was the son of peasants: Adolph and Margaret from ]. The false Olaf was taken to ] in ]. There he admitted to his breach against the monarchy and was condemned to be burned at the stake. The letters he wrote to Queen Margaret were hung around his neck and a mock crown placed on his head before he was lowered into the flames. His possessions were given to a monastery, and the queen had the false Olaf's seal destroyed. The Danish National Council released a detailed explanation of the real Olaf's death in 1387 to contradict the story that had spread around the Baltic.<ref>Rosborn+ ''När hände vad i nordens historia'' 1996. p.69.{{ISBN|91-7643-350-1}}</ref><ref>Williams, Gareth.Sagas,Saints,and Settlements.</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{s-hou|]||1370|23 August|1387|name=Olav IV/Olaf II}} |
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{{s-hou|]||1370|23 August|1387|name=Olav IV/Olaf II}} |
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{{Monarchs of Denmark}} |
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{{Monarchs of Denmark}} |
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{{Monarchs of Norway}} |
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{{Monarchs of Norway}} |
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{{Monarchs of Iceland}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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Olaf as depicted on his royal seal, with the shield of Norway (left) and Denmark (right)
.svg)