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| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| | name |
| name = 'Anata | ||
| | translit_lang1 |
| translit_lang1 = Arabic | ||
| | translit_lang1_type |
| translit_lang1_type = ] | ||
| | translit_lang1_info |
| translit_lang1_info = عناتا | ||
| | translit_lang1_type1 |
| translit_lang1_type1 = ] | ||
| | translit_lang1_info1 |
| translit_lang1_info1 = Anata (official) | ||
| | type |
| type = ] | ||
| | image_skyline |
| image_skyline = Jerusalem, - 2008 (2465027524).jpg | ||
| | image_caption = 'Anata in 2008 | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| | pushpin_map |
| pushpin_map = Palestine | ||
| | pushpin_map_caption |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of 'Anata within ] | ||
| | image_map |
| image_map = | ||
| | map_caption |
| map_caption = | ||
| | coordinates |
| coordinates = {{coord|31|48|46|N|35|15|43|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} | ||
| | grid_name |
| grid_name = ] | ||
| | grid_position |
| grid_position = 174/135 | ||
| | subdivision_type |
| subdivision_type = State | ||
| | subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = {{flag|State of Palestine}} | ||
| | subdivision_type1 |
| subdivision_type1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name1 |
| subdivision_name1 = ] | ||
| | established_title |
| established_title = Founded | ||
| | established_date |
| established_date = | ||
| | government_footnotes |
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | ||
| | government_type |
| government_type = ] | ||
| | leader_title |
| leader_title = Head of Municipality | ||
| | leader_name |
| leader_name = Ahmad Kamil Alrifai | ||
| | unit_pref |
| unit_pref = dunam | ||
| | area_footnotes |
| area_footnotes = | ||
| | area_total_km2 |
| area_total_km2 = 30.6 | ||
| | area_total_dunam |
| area_total_dunam = 30603 | ||
| | elevation_footnotes |
| elevation_footnotes = | ||
| | elevation_m |
| elevation_m = | ||
| | elevation_min_m |
| elevation_min_m = | ||
| | elevation_max_m |
| elevation_max_m = | ||
| | population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=] (PCBS) |publisher=] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> | |||
| | population_footnotes = | |||
| | population_total |
| population_total = 16,919 | ||
| | population_as_of |
| population_as_of = 2017 | ||
| | population_note |
| population_note = | ||
| | population_density_km2 |
| population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| | blank_name_sec1 |
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning | ||
| | blank_info_sec1 |
| blank_info_sec1 = Anata, personal name<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref> | ||
| | website |
| website = | ||
| | footnotes |
| footnotes = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | '''{{'}}Anata''' ({{langx|ar|عناتا}}) is a ] town in the ] of the ], in the central ], located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's ]. According to the ], 'Anata had a population of 16,919 in 2017.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Its total land area is 30,603 ]s, of which over half now lies within the Israeli ''Jerusalem municipality'' and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area.<ref name="ARIJ"> Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 21 July 2004.</ref> Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with ], the village is almost surrounded by the ], cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank.<ref>Btselem (Nov 2014) </ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ''''Anata''' ({{ |
||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| 'Anata is |
'Anata is situated on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and ] dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient ].<ref name="Dauphin89922">Dauphin, 1998, p. 899</ref> | ||
| === |
=== Ancient times === | ||
| 'Anata is identified with the biblical town ] and is built on the ancient site.<ref name="Robinson222">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Finkelstein |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1081371337 |title=Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles |publisher=] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-88414-307-9 |pages=38–39 |oclc=1081371337}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Sharon |first=Moshe |title=‘Anātah |date=1997-08-01 |work=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume One: -A- |pages=87–88 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004470033/BP000009.xml |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004470033_009 |isbn=978-90-04-47003-3}}</ref> The ] may be linked to the ] goddess ].<ref name="Thrall22">], ] 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.'</ref> | |||
| ] identified 'Anata with Biblical ], birthplace of ], in his .<ref name=Robinson2>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref> | |||
| Ancient findings from 'Anata include pottery from the ] and the ].<ref name=":022" /> | |||
| ===Byzantine period=== | ===Byzantine period=== | ||
| The modern location of 'Anata matches the three-mile distance of Anatoth from Jerusalem, as described by ] in the 4th century, further affirming the identification of 'Anata with ancient Anatoth.<ref name="Sharon2"/> | |||
| ⚫ | There are ruins of a ]-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the ] by the ] in the 7th century.<ref name=" |
||
| ⚫ | There are ruins of a ]-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the ] by the ] in the 7th century.<ref name="Sharon2">Sharon, 1999, pp. -</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref> | ||
| ===Ayyubid period=== | ===Ayyubid period=== | ||
| Ahead of the 1187 ] ] against the ], ], the ] general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.<ref name="ARIJ"/> | Ahead of the 1187 ] ] against the ], ], the ] general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.<ref name="ARIJ" /> | ||
| ===Ottoman period=== | ===Ottoman period=== | ||
| The village was incorporated into the ] in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman ] as being in the '']'' of Quds of the '']'' of ]. It had a population of 10 ] households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 40 |
The village was incorporated into the ] in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman ] as being in the '']'' of Quds of the '']'' of ]. It had a population of 10 ] households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 40% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 ]. All of the revenue went to a ].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117</ref> | ||
| The village was destroyed by ] in ] following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against ].<ref name="ARIJ"/> In 1838 ''Anata'' was noted as a ] village, located north of Jerusalem.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. </ref><ref name= |
The village was destroyed by ] in ] following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against ].<ref name="ARIJ" /> In 1838 ''Anata'' was noted as a ] village, located north of Jerusalem.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. </ref><ref name="Robinson22">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref> | ||
| When ] visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a "small, half-ruined ], but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen."<ref>Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. </ref> |
When ] visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a "small, half-ruined ], but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen."<ref>Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. </ref> | ||
| ⚫ | </ref>]] | ||
| ⚫ | In 1863 ] visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. ff</ref> ] found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. noted 52 houses</ref> According to information received by | ||
| ⚫ | ] in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.<ref name="Sharon2"/><ref name="ARP276" /> | ||
| ⚫ | In 1883, the ]'s '']'' described it as a "village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ...There are a few ] round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east."<ref name="SWP7">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. -8</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | In 1863 ] visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. ff</ref> ] found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. noted 52 houses</ref> According to information received by | ||
| ⚫ | ] in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.<ref name=" |
||
| ⚫ | In 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref> | ||
| ⚫ | In 1883, the ]'s '']'' described it as a "village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ...There are a few ] round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east."<ref name=SWP7>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. -8</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | In 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref> | ||
| ===British Mandate period=== | ===British Mandate period=== | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| In the ] conducted by the ], 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. </ref> increasing in the ] to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.<ref>Mills,1932, p. </ref> | In the ] conducted by the ], 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. </ref> increasing in the ] to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.<ref>Mills,1932, p. </ref> | ||
| In the ] 'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims,<ref name=DoS1945>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> with 18,496 ]s of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 35 dunams were built-up land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> | In the ] 'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims,<ref name="DoS1945">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> with 18,496 ]s of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 35 dunams were built-up land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> | ||
| ===Jordanian period ( |
===Jordanian period (1948–1967)=== | ||
| In the wake of the ], 'Anata came under ]ian |
In the wake of the ], 'Anata came under ]. | ||
| The Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.<ref>Government of Jordan, 1964, p. </ref> | The Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.<ref>Government of Jordan, 1964, p. </ref> | ||
| ===Israeli and PA period ( |
===Israeli and PA period (1967–present)=== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ]]] | |||
| After the ] in 1967, 'Anata has been under ]i occupation.<ref name="GJ">{{cite web|title=Anata |publisher=Grassroots Jerusalem |url=http://www.grassrootsalquds.net/community/anata |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.<ref name=67census>{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=] |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> | |||
| After the ] in 1967, 'Anata has been under ]i occupation.<ref name="GJ">{{cite web |title=Anata |publisher=Grassroots Jerusalem |url=http://www.grassrootsalquds.net/community/anata |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020230/http://grassrootsalquds.net/community/anata |url-status=dead }}</ref> The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.<ref name="67census">{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=] |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the ]s near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the ], 4 ] and several illegal ].<ref name="Thrall2">], ] 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.'</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | After the ], about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being ], while the remaining 96.2% (or 23,108 dunams) is ].<ref>, ARIJ, p. 18</ref> Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel.<ref name="GJ" /> Of the 1877 ] which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the ] in 1994, 957 dunums became part of ], 220 dunums part of ], and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities.<ref name="GJ" /> The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been ] as part of the ].<ref name="GJ" /> The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon.<ref name="ARIJmap" /> Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation.<ref name="ARIJmap">{{Cite map |url= http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/landuse-landcover%20anata-final.jpg |title= Land Use/Land Cover Map of 'Anata Village Boundary |publisher= Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem |access-date= 2008-08-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051222004634/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/landuse-landcover%20anata-final.jpg |archive-date= 2005-12-22 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | According to ], Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 ]s: | ||
| ⚫ | * 328 dunams for ],<ref name="ARIJp19">, ARIJ, p. 19</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | * 717 dunams for ],<ref name="ARIJp19" /> | ||
| ⚫ | * 820 dunams for ],<ref name="ARIJp19" /> | ||
| ⚫ | * 783 dunams for ].<ref name="ARIJp19" /> | ||
| Ayn Fara, the Palestinian village's natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli ].<ref name="Thrall2"/> | |||
| ⚫ | After the |
||
| In 2007, ] was shot and killed by the ] in 'Anata.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=2011-09-26 |title=Israel to pay family compensation over killing of Palestinian girl |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/26/israel-pay-family-compensation-palestinian-girl |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to |
||
| ⚫ | * 328 dunams |
||
| ⚫ | * 717 dunams |
||
| ⚫ | * 820 dunams |
||
| ⚫ | * 783 dunams |
||
| ==Main families== | ==Main families== | ||
| The families are '''Shiha''' |
The families are '''Shiha''', Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the ].<ref name="ARIJ" /> | ||
| ==Sanctuaries== | ==Sanctuaries== | ||
| === Saleh and Rumia === | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| 'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to ] and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a ] dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical ]), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of ] to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a "Rumia" which according to ], "looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic." This signifies that it is very possible that "Rumia" is an ] form of "Jeremiah".<ref name=" |
'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to ] and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a ] dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical ]), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of ] to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a "Rumia" which according to ], "looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic." This signifies that it is very possible that "Rumia" is an ] form of "Jeremiah".<ref name="Sharon2"/><ref name="ARP276">Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. </ref> | ||
| === 'Abd es-Sallam === | |||
| Northeast of 'Anata lies a shrine dedicated to Seikh 'Abd es-Sallam a-Rifa'i, locally known as Abu 'Anata. He is believed to be the same as the saint named es-Sallam ibn a-Sid el-Amir Muhammad Qaraja e-Rifa'i, who served as the governor of ]. According to one tradition, he arrived in Palestine from ] and acquired lands in 'Anata, subsequently becoming the village's founding father, with all its residents considered his descendants. Another account suggests that 'Abd es-Sallam a-Rifa'i was a renowned Islamic scholar who studied at ]. Upon arriving at the governor's palace in Syria, he requested a piece of land in Jerusalem where he could live and eventually die. The governor granted him 'Anata and its surroundings, totaling 33 thousand acres. 'Abd es-Sallam engaged in religious studies there and at the ], and from that time onward, his descendants multiplied in this village.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tal |first=Uri |title=Muslim Shrines |publisher=Yad Ben-Zvi |year=2023 |isbn=978-965-217-452-9 |pages=238–9}}</ref> | |||
| Several legends have become linked to the tomb. In one tale, it is recounted that a descendant of the seikh engaged in a conflict with an individual from ] who, in a fit of anger, cursed both the man and the sheikh. Seeking resolution, the cursed man went to the sheikh's tomb and implored for intervention. Remarkably, the saint appeared that very night before the man from Hizma, rendering him paralyzed and ultimately leading to his death a few days later. Additionally, the site historically served as a venue for elaborate ] ceremonies. Reconstructed in the early 20th century, it continues to be a visited site by locals to this day.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| ==Local administration== | ==Local administration== | ||
| Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a '']''. Since then a ] was established to govern the town.<ref name="ARIJ"/> | Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a '']''. Since then a ] was established to govern the town.<ref name="ARIJ" /> | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 114: | Line 127: | ||
| *{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S. |author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler|volume=2|year=1896|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} | *{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S. |author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler|volume=2|year=1896|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} | ||
| *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}} | *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}} | ||
| *{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}} | *{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}} | ||
| *{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}} | *{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}} | ||
| *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} | *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} | ||
| Line 120: | Line 133: | ||
| *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre}} | *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre}} | ||
| *{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = –149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}} | *{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = –149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}} | ||
| *{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}} | ||
| *{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}} | *{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}} | ||
| *{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}} | *{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 20:54, 30 October 2024
Municipality type C in Jerusalem, State of Palestine| 'Anata | |
|---|---|
| Municipality type C (Town) | |
| Arabic transcription(s) | |
| • Arabic | عناتا |
| • Latin | Anata (official) |
.jpg) 'Anata in 2008 | |
  'AnataLocation of 'Anata within Palestine | |
| Coordinates: 31°48′46″N 35°15′43″E / 31.81278°N 35.26194°E / 31.81278; 35.26194 | |
| Palestine grid | 174/135 |
| State |  State of Palestine |
| Governorate | Jerusalem |
| Government | |
| • Type | Village council |
| • Head of Municipality | Ahmad Kamil Alrifai |
| Area | |
| • Total | 30,603 dunams (30.6 km or 11.8 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 16,919 |
| • Density | 550/km (1,400/sq mi) |
| Name meaning | Anata, personal name |
'Anata (Arabic: عناتا) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the central West Bank, located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's Old City. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 'Anata had a population of 16,919 in 2017. Its total land area is 30,603 dunams, of which over half now lies within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area. Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with Shu'afat refugee camp, the village is almost surrounded by the Israeli West Bank barrier, cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank.
History
'Anata is situated on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient agricultural terraces.
Ancient times
'Anata is identified with the biblical town Anathoth and is built on the ancient site. The toponym may be linked to the Canaanite goddess Anat.
Ancient findings from 'Anata include pottery from the Iron Age II and the Hellenistic period.
Byzantine period
The modern location of 'Anata matches the three-mile distance of Anatoth from Jerusalem, as described by Eusebius in the 4th century, further affirming the identification of 'Anata with ancient Anatoth.
There are ruins of a Byzantine-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the Muslim conquest of Palestine by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century.
Ayyubid period
Ahead of the 1187 Muslim siege of Jerusalem against the Crusaders, Saladin, the Ayyubid general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.
Ottoman period
The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 10 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 40% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 Akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.
The village was destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1834 following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against Egyptian rule. In 1838 Anata was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem.
When W. M. Thomson visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a "small, half-ruined hamlet, but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen."
,_p._549_in_Thomson,_1859.jpg)
In 1863 Victor Guérin visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only. According to information received by Clermont-Ganneau in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a "village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ...There are a few olives round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east."
In 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.
British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.
In the 1945 statistics 'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims, with 18,496 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals, while 35 dunams were built-up land.
Jordanian period (1948–1967)
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 'Anata came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.
Israeli and PA period (1967–present)
After the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Anata has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory. At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the wadis near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the Israeli military base at Anatot, 4 Israeli settlements and several illegal Israeli outposts.
After the 1995 accords, about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being Area B, while the remaining 96.2% (or 23,108 dunams) is Area C. Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel. Of the 1877 dunums which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, 957 dunums became part of Area B, 220 dunums part of Area C, and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities. The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been annexed by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon. Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation.
According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements:
- 328 dunams for Alon,
- 717 dunams for Nofei Prat,
- 820 dunams for Kfar Adumim,
- 783 dunams for Almon.
Ayn Fara, the Palestinian village's natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli Ein Prat Nature Reserve.
In 2007, Abir Aramin was shot and killed by the IDF in 'Anata.
Main families
The families are Shiha, Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Sanctuaries
Saleh and Rumia
'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to Saleh and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a mosque dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical Shelah), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of Nabi Salih to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a "Rumia" which according to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, "looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic." This signifies that it is very possible that "Rumia" is an Arabicized form of "Jeremiah".
'Abd es-Sallam
Northeast of 'Anata lies a shrine dedicated to Seikh 'Abd es-Sallam a-Rifa'i, locally known as Abu 'Anata. He is believed to be the same as the saint named es-Sallam ibn a-Sid el-Amir Muhammad Qaraja e-Rifa'i, who served as the governor of Syria. According to one tradition, he arrived in Palestine from Morocco and acquired lands in 'Anata, subsequently becoming the village's founding father, with all its residents considered his descendants. Another account suggests that 'Abd es-Sallam a-Rifa'i was a renowned Islamic scholar who studied at Al-Azhar. Upon arriving at the governor's palace in Syria, he requested a piece of land in Jerusalem where he could live and eventually die. The governor granted him 'Anata and its surroundings, totaling 33 thousand acres. 'Abd es-Sallam engaged in religious studies there and at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and from that time onward, his descendants multiplied in this village.
Several legends have become linked to the tomb. In one tale, it is recounted that a descendant of the seikh engaged in a conflict with an individual from Hizma who, in a fit of anger, cursed both the man and the sheikh. Seeking resolution, the cursed man went to the sheikh's tomb and implored for intervention. Remarkably, the saint appeared that very night before the man from Hizma, rendering him paralyzed and ultimately leading to his death a few days later. Additionally, the site historically served as a venue for elaborate circumcision ceremonies. Reconstructed in the early 20th century, it continues to be a visited site by locals to this day.
Local administration
Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a mukhtar. Since then a village council was established to govern the town.
References
- ^ Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- Palmer, 1881, p. 283
- ^ 'Anata Town Profile Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 21 July 2004.
- Btselem (Nov 2014) Map of the West Bank, Settlements and the Separation Barrier
- Dauphin, 1998, p. 899
- Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 109
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2018). Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. SBL Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-88414-307-9. OCLC 1081371337.
- Sharon, Moshe (1997-08-01), "'Anātah", Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume One: -A-, Brill, pp. 87–88, doi:10.1163/9789004470033_009, ISBN 978-90-04-47003-3, retrieved 2024-02-18
- Nathan Thrall, 'A Day in the Life of Abed Salama: One man’s quest to find his son lays bare the reality of Palestinian life under Israeli rule,' New York Review of Books 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.'
- ^ Sharon, 1999, pp. 87-88
- Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 82
- Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117
- Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 122
- Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 109
- Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 548
- Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 549
- Guérin, 1869, p. 76 ff
- Socin, 1879, p. 143
- Hartmann, 1883, p. 127 noted 52 houses
- ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 276-7
- Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 7-8
- Schick, 1896, p. 121
- Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
- Mills,1932, p. 37
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 56
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 101
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 151
- Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 23
- ^ "Anata". Grassroots Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ Nathan Thrall, 'A Day in the Life of Abed Salama: One man’s quest to find his son lays bare the reality of Palestinian life under Israeli rule,' New York Review of Books 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.'
- 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 18
- ^ Land Use/Land Cover Map of 'Anata Village Boundary (Map). Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 19
- Sherwood, Harriet (2011-09-26). "Israel to pay family compensation over killing of Palestinian girl". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ^ Tal, Uri (2023). Muslim Shrines. Yad Ben-Zvi. pp. 238–9. ISBN 978-965-217-452-9.
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.
- Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
- Hütteroth, W.-D.; Abdulfattah, K. (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
- Sharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A. BRILL. ISBN 9004108335.
- Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
- Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.
External links
- Welcome To 'Anata
- Anata
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- 'Anata Town (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
- 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ
- 'Anata aerial photo, ARIJ
- Locality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Anata, ARIJ
| Jerusalem Governorate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Subdistrict | Jerusalem J1 (Territories of East Jerusalem unilaterally annexed by Israel in its Jerusalem Municipality) |   |
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