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{{short description|Indian singer, poet and Sufi guide (1882–1927)}}
{{other people}} {{other people}}
{{Infobox religious biography {{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix = ] | honorific prefix = ]
| name = Inayat Khan
| name = Inayat Khan <br/> {{Lang|ur|{{nq|عنایت خان}}}}
| native_name = {{Lang|ur|{{nq|عنایت خان رحمت خان}}}}
| birth_name = Inayat Rehmat Khan Pathan
| birth_name = Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan
| birth_date = 5 July 1882
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|07|05}}
| birth_place = ], ], ]
| birth_place = ], ], ]
| death_date = 5 February 1927 (age 44)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1927|02|05|1882|07|05}}
| death_place = ], British India
| death_place = New Delhi, British India
| spouse = ] ]
| profession = ], ], ] | spouse = ] ]
| profession = Musician, ], ]
| religion = ]
| religion = ]
| denomination = ]
| creed = ] | denomination = ]
| jurisprudence = ] | creed = ]
| jurisprudence = ]
| children = ], ], ], Khair-un-Nissa Inayat Khan
| children = ]; ]; ]; Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan
| title = Pir of ]
| title = {{hlist|Pir-o-Murshid| Shaikh al-Mashaikh| Tansen Zamanihal| Yüzkhan| Bakhshi| Shah| Mir-Khayl<ref>{{cite book |title=A Pearl in Wine: Essays on the life, music and Sufism of Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=2001 |publisher=Omega Publications |location=New Lebanon, NY; USA |isbn=093087269X |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan}}</ref>}}
| successor = ]
| image = Hazrat Inayat Khan 1916.jpg | successor = ]
| image = Hazrat Inayat Khan 1916.jpg
}}
{{Infobox saint | module = {{Infobox saint
| child = yes
| name = Inayat Khan <br/> {{lang|ur|{{nq|خان عنایت}}}}
| titles = {{lang|sa|]}} and {{lang|fa|]}}
| venerated_in = ]
| venerated_in =]; ]
| major_shrine = Universal Sufi Temple, ]
| major_shrine = Dargah in Hazrat Nizamuddin, Delhi
| influences =Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani
| influenced = ]
| tradition =], and other major Sufi ]
| image = Soefietempel Katwijk.jpg | image = Soefietempel Katwijk.jpg
| caption = Tomb of Inayat Khan. | caption = Universel Murad Hassil, Netherlands
}}
}} }}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Universal Sufism}} {{Western Sufism}}
'''Hazrat Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan Pathan''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|حضرت عنایت رحمت خان پٹھان}}}}) (5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was a professor of musicology, singer, exponent of the ], poet, philosopher, and pioneer of the transmission of ] in the West. At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorization at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani of ], he established an order of Sufism (the Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had seen publication.<ref>Pir Zia Inayat-Khan, ed. Caravan of Souls, Suluk Press, 2013</ref> '''Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|عنایت خان رحمت خان}}}}; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was an Indian professor of ], singer, exponent of the ], poet, philosopher, and pioneer of the transmission of ] to the West.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Pearl in Wine: Essays on the life, music and Sufism of Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=2001 |publisher=Omega Publications |location=New Lebanon, NY; USA |isbn=093087269X |last1=Mehta |first1=R.C |chapter=Music in the Life of Hazrat Inayat Khan |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |pages=161–176}}</ref> At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorization at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani (d. 1907) of ], he established an order of Sufism (the Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had been published.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Donald A. |chapter=The Career of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan in the West |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |title=A Pearl in Wine |date=2001 |publisher=Omega |location=New Lebanon, NY; USA |isbn=093087269X |pages=127–160}}</ref>


==Early life==
Hazrat Inayat Khan’s teaching emphasized the oneness of God (tawhid) and the underlying harmony of the revelations communicated by the prophets of all the world’s great religions. His discourses treated such varied subjects as religion, art, music, ethics, philosophy, psychology, and health and healing. His primary concern was the mystical pursuit of God-realization, and to this end he established an Inner School comprising four stages of contemplative study based on the traditional Sufi disciplines of mujahada, muraqaba, mushahada, and mu’ayyana, which he rendered in English as concentration, contemplation, meditation, and realization.<ref>Pir Zia Inayat-Khan, ed. Caravan of Souls, Suluk Press, 2013</ref>
Inayat Khan was born in ] to a noble ] family. His paternal ancestors, comprising yüzkhans (Central Asian lords) and bakshys (shamans), were ] from the ] who settled in ], ] during the reign of Amir ]. Inayat Khan's maternal grandfather, Sangit Ratna Maulabakhsh Sholay Khan, was a Hindustani classical musician and educator known as “the Beethoven of India.” His maternal grandmother, Qasim Bibi, was from the royal house of ] of Mysore.<ref name="Shaikh al-M M">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shaikh al-Mashaik Mahmood |chapter=The Mawlabakhshi Rajkufu ’Alakhandan: The Mawlabakhsh Dynastic Lineage, 1833-1972 |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat |title=A Pearl in Wine |date=2001 |publisher=Omega |location=New Lebanon, NY |isbn=093087269X |pages=3–126}}</ref>


==Life== ==Sufism==
Inayat Khan's Sufi sources included both the traditions of his paternal ancestors (remembered as the Mahashaikhan) and the tutelage he received from Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani.<ref name="Shaikh al-M M"/>{{rp|3–64}} From the latter he inherited four transmissions, constituting succession in the ], ], ], and ] orders of ]. Of these, the Chishti lineage, traced through the Delhi-based legacy of ], was primary.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |chapter=The 'Silsila-i Sufian': From Khwaja Mu'in ad-Din Chishti to Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |title=A Pearl in Wine |date=2001 |publisher=Omega |location=New Lebanon, NY |isbn=093087269X |pages=267–322}}</ref>
"]" is an honorific title meaning, roughly, "honorable." Inayat Khan's full name was Inayat Rehmat Khan Pathan.<ref>Susheela Misra, ''Great masters of Hindustani music'', Hem Publishers (1981), p. 106</ref>
He was born in ] to a noble family. On his paternal side (made of mystics and poets) he descended from ] of ] initially settled in ], ],.<ref>], ''The Message in Our Time: The Life and Teaching of the Sufi Master, Pir-O-Murshid Inayat Khan'', Harper & Row (1978), p. 28</ref><ref>], ''A Hybrid Sufi Order at the Crossroads of Modernity: The Sufi Order and Sufi Movement of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan'', ] (2006), p. 80</ref>
His maternal grandfather,
] Maula Bakhsh Khan (1833–1896), called the '] of India',<ref>Elisabeth Keesing, ''Inayat Khan: A Biography'', East-West Publications Limited (1974), p.95</ref><ref>Carol Ann Sokoloff in Inayat Khan, ''The Mysticism of Sound'', Ekstasis Editions (2002), p. 11</ref> founded, thanks to the local ruler ] ], ''Gyanshala'', an academy of Indian music, and in fact the first of its kind in India,<ref>Carol Ann Sokoloff in Inayat Khan, ''The Mysticism of Sound'', Ekstasis Editions (2002), p. 9</ref> in ] (nowadays serving as the Faculty of Performing Arts, ]). Inayat Khan's maternal grandmother (wife of Maula Bakhsh Khan), Qasim Bibi, was a granddaughter of ], the famous eighteenth century ruler of ].<ref>Parvati Raghuram, ''Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations'', SAGE Publications India (2008), p. 241</ref>


==Travels==
Primarily he represented the ] of ], having received initiation into the Nizamiyya sub-branch of that order from Shaykh Muhammed Abu Hashim Madani, but was also initiated into the ], ] and ]. His spiritual lineage ('']''), as compiled by ],<ref></ref> follows a traditional lineage from ], through ] (d. 940), the founder of the Chishti order, to ] (d. 1356).
Inayat Khan toured the United States with his brother ] and cousin ] between the years 1910 and 1912. Further travels took him to England, France, and Russia. During the First World War, living in London, he oversaw the founding of an order of Sufism under his guidance. Following the war he traveled widely, and numerous Sufi centers sprang up in his wake in Europe and the U.S. He ultimately settled in ], ], at the house and ] (Sufi lodge) known as Fazal Manzil.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}


==Teaching==
With the Shaykh's encouragement, he left India in 1910 to come to the West, traveling first as a touring musician and then as a teacher of ], visiting three continents. Eventually he married Ora Ray Baker (]), a second-cousin of ] founder ]<ref>Edward E. Curtis, ''The Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States'', ] (2009), p. 47</ref><ref>Phillip Gowins, ''Practical Sufism: A Guide to the Spiritual Path Based on the Teachings of Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan'', Quest Books (2010), p.6</ref><ref>{{citation
Inayat Khan's teaching emphasized the oneness of God (]) and the underlying harmony of the revelations communicated by the ] of all the world's great ]. His discourses treated such varied subjects as religion, art, music, ethics, philosophy, psychology, and health and healing. The primary concern of Inayat Khan's teaching was the mystical pursuit of God-realization.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Elisabeth de Jong |title=Inayat Answers |date=1977 |publisher=Fine Books Oriental |location=London |isbn=978-0856920080}}</ref> To this end he established an Inner School comprising four stages of contemplative study based on the traditional Sufi disciplines of ''mujahada'', ''muraqaba'', ''mushahada'', and ''mu‘ayyana'', which he rendered in English as concentration, contemplation, meditation, and realization.<ref name="message">{{cite book |author1=Hazrat Inayat Khan |title=The Sufi message of Hazrat Inayat Khan |volume=4, Healing and the mind world. |date=2019 |publisher=Sulūk Press; Omega Publications |location=Richmond, VA; USA |isbn=978-1941810309 |edition=Centennial}}</ref>{{rp|218–227}}
| last1 = Melton
| first1 = J. Gordon
| author-link1 = J. Gordon Melton
| title = Religious leaders of America
| publisher = ]
| year = 1999
| location = ]
| edition = 2
| page = 299
| isbn = 0810388782
| oclc = 41000889}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Melton
| first1 = J. Gordon
| author-link1 = J. Gordon Melton
| last2 = Clark
| first2 = Jerome
| author-link2 = Jerome Clark
| last3 = Kelly
| first3 = Aidan A.
| author-link3 = Aidan A. Kelly
| title = New Age Encyclopedia
| publisher = ]
| year = 1990
| location = ]
| page =
| isbn = 0810371596
| oclc = 20022610
| url = https://archive.org/details/newageencycloped00jgor/page/442
}}</ref> and whose half-brother was the well-known American ] ],<ref>], ''A Hybrid Sufi Order at the Crossroads of Modernity: The Sufi Order and Sufi Movement of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan'', ] (2006), p. 79</ref><ref>], ''Les nouvelles voies spirituelles: enquête sur la religiosité parallèle en Suisse'', L'age D'homme (1993), p. 168</ref> from ], and they had had four children; ] (1914), ] (1916), ] (1917) and Khair-un-Nissa (1919). The family settled in ] near ].

In 1922, during a summer school, Inayat Khan had a spiritual experience in the South Dunes in ], The Netherlands. He immediately told his students to meditate and proclaimed the place holy. In 1969 the Universal Sufi Temple was built there. Khan returned to India at the end of 1926 and there chose the site of his tomb, the ] complex in Delhi where the founder of the Nizami Chishtiyya, Shaykh ] (died 1325), is buried. Khan died shortly after, on 5 February 1927.


===Foundational principles=== ===Foundational principles===
Ten principles, known as the Ten Sufi Thoughts, enunciate the universal spiritual values that are foundational to Inayat Khan's mystical philosophy.<ref name="message"/>{{rp|3–13}}
Inayat Khan set forth ten principles that formed the foundational principles of his Universal Sufism:<ref>In ''The Spiritual Message of Inayat Khan, Volume I – The Way of Illumination'', at wahiduddin.net</ref>
# There is one God (Allah); the Eternal, the Only Being; None exists save He.
# There is one master; the guiding spirit of all souls that constantly leads all followers toward the light.
# There is one holy book; the sacred manuscript of nature, the only Scripture that can enlighten the reader.
# There is one religion; unswerving progress in the right direction toward the Ideal, which fulfills every soul's life purpose.
# There is one law; the law of reciprocity, which can be observed by a selfless conscience, together with a sense of awakened justice.
# There is one brotherhood; the human brotherhood which unites the children of earth indiscriminately in the fatherhood of God. This was later adapted by followers to; "There is one Family, the Human Family, which unites the Children of Earth indiscriminately in the Parenthood of God."
# There is one moral; the love which springs forth from self-denial and blooms in deeds of beneficence. ... (later alternative; "which springs forth from a willing heart, surrendered in service to God and Humanity, and which blooms in deeds of beneficence").
# There is one object of praise; the beauty which uplifts the heart of its worshipper through all aspects from the seen to the unseen.
# There is one truth; true knowledge of our being, within and without, which is the essence of Wisdom.
# There is one path; annihilation of the false ego in the real (later alternative; "the effacement of the limited self in the Unlimited"), which raises the mortal to immortality, in which resides all perfection.


# There is One God, the Eternal, the Only Being; none exists save God.
Inayat Khan's emphasis on spiritual liberty led many contemporary Westerners to think that his brand of Sufism is not inherently intertwined with Islam, although his followers continue to perform ]. There is a precedent of masters of the Chishti and some other orders not requiring non-Muslim followers to convert to Islam. The number of non-Muslim Sufis before the twentieth century, however, was usually relatively few.<ref>Carl Ernst and Bruce Lawrence, ''Sufi Martyrs of Love'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p.142. {{ISBN|1-4039-6027-5}}.</ref>
# There is One Master, the Guiding Spirit of all Souls, Who constantly leads followers towards the light.
# There is One Holy Book, the sacred manuscript of nature, the only scripture which can enlighten the reader.
# There is One Religion, the unswerving progress in the right direction towards the ideal, which fulfills the life's purpose of every soul.
# There is One Law, the law of reciprocity, which can be observed by a selfless conscience together with a sense of awakened justice.
# There is One Brotherhood and Sisterhood, the human brotherhood and sisterhood, which unites the children of earth indiscriminately in the Parenthood of God.
# There is One Moral, the love which springs forth from self-denial, and blooms in deeds of beneficence.
# There is One Object of Praise, the beauty which uplifts the heart of its worshippers through all aspects from the seen to the unseen.
# There is One Truth, the true knowledge of our being, within and without, which is the essence of all wisdom.
# There is One Path, the annihilation of the false ego in the real, which raises the mortal to immortality, and in which resides all perfection.


==Family and personal life==
==Criticism==
In New York, he met the woman who would become his wife, Ora Ray ] née Baker. They had four children: ], ], ], and Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
] instructors investigating the family background of his daughter Noor had very negative things to say about Inayat Khan and saw his influence on his children as detrimental to them.<ref>Shrabani Basu in ''Spy Princess'' {{ISBN|978-0-930872-79-3}} p. 92</ref>

==Death and legacy==
{{expand section|date=January 2023}}
In 1926 Inayat Khan returned to India; he died in Delhi on 5 February 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Beek |first1=Wil |title=Hazrat Inayat Khan: Master of life, Modern Sufi Mystic |date=1983 |publisher=Vantage Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0533054534 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biography of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan |date=1979 |publisher=East-West Publications |location=London; The Hague |isbn=0856920134 |author1=Inayat Khan |editor1=Elise Guillaume-Schamhart |editor2=Munira van Voorst van Beest |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Elisabeth Emmy de Jong |title=Inayat Khan: A Biography |trans-title=''Translated from the original Dutch:'' {{lang|nl|Golven, waarom komt de wind}} |translator1=Hayat Bouman |translator2=Penelope Goldschmidt |date=1974 |location=The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications; Luzac |isbn=0718902432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sirkar van Stolk |author2=Daphne Dunlop |title=Memories of a Sufi Sage: Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=1967 |location=London; The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications |isbn=0856920134}}</ref> He is buried in the Inayat Khan ] in Nizamuddin, Delhi. The dargah is open to the public and hosts ] sessions. <ref>{{Cite web |last= Bergman |first=Justin |date=2016-11-24 |title=36 Hours in Delhi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/24/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-delhi-india.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
===Musicological works===
*Balasan Gitmala
*Sayaji Garbawali
*Inayat Git Ratnawali
*Inayat Harmonium Shikshak
*Inayat Fidal Shikshak
*Minqar-i Musiqar
===Sufi works===
*1914 ''A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty''
*1915 ''The Confessions of Inayat Khan''
*1918 ''A Sufi Prayer of Invocation''
*''Hindustani Lyrics''
*''Songs of India''
*''The Divan of Inayat Khan''
*''Akibat''
*1919 ''Love, Human and Divine''
*''The Phenomenon of the Soul''
*''Pearls from the Ocean Unseen''
*1921 ''In an Eastern Rosegarden''
*1922 ''The Way of Illumination''
*''The Message''
*1923 ''The Inner Life''
*''The Mysticism of Sound''
*''Notes from the Unstruck Music from the Gayan Manuscript''
*''The Alchemy of Happiness''
*1924 ''The Soul—Whence and Whither''
*1926 ''The Divine Symphony, or Vadan''
===Posthumous Sufi works===
*1927 ''Nirtan, or The Dance of the Soul''
*''The Purpose of Life''
*1928 ''The Unity of Religious Ideals''
*1931 ''Health''
*''Character Building; The Art of Personality''
*1934 ''Education''
*1935 ''The Mind World''
*''Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow''
*1936 ''The Bowl of Saki''
*''The Solution of the Problem of the Day''
*1937 ''Cosmic Language''
*''Moral Culture''
*1938 ''Rassa Shastra: The Science of Life's Creative Forces''
*1939 ''Three Plays''
*''Metaphysics: The Experience of the Soul in Different Planes of Existence''
*1980 ''Nature Meditations''
===Collected works===
*1960–1967 ''The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan'', 12 volumes
*1988– ''Complete Works of Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan'': Original Texts, 12 volumes (to date)
*2016– ''The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan'': Centennial Edition, 4 volumes (to date)


===Books=== ==See also==
* Inayat Khan, Hazrat (Prof. 'Ināyat-khān flahmat-khān Pathān). Inäyat gīt ratnāvalī. Baroda and Mumbai: The Auspices of the Government of Sayājīrāo Maharaja Gaekwar, 1903. (Gujarati)
* Inayat hārmoniyam siksak pustak pahalā. Baroda and Mumbai: The Auspices of the Government of SayājMo Mahāiäjā Gāekwār, 1903. (Gujarati. Scores and songs)
* Inayat phidd, siksak. Baroda and Mumbai: The Auspices of the Government of Sayājīrāo Maharaja Gāekwār, 1903. (Gujarati. Scores)
* Minqār-i mūslqār. Allahabad: Indian Press, 1912. (Urdu. Encyclopedia of Indian music and dance).
* A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty. London: The Theosophical Publishing Society, 1914.
* Songs of India. London: The Sufi Publishing Society, 1915.
* Hindustani Lyrics. London: The Sufi Publishing Society, 1919.
* "Pir-o-Murshid's Address." The Sufi Quarterly, January, 1920.
* The Unity of Religious Ideals. London: The Sufi Movement, 1921.
* The Way Of Illumination. London. 1924
* Nirtan or the Dance of the Soul. London: The Sufi Movement, 1928.
* The Divine Symphony or Vadan. London/Southampton: The Sufi Movement, 1931.
* Rasa Shastra: The Science of Life's Creative Forces. Deventer: Kluwef, 1938.


*]
=== Articles ===
* "Moula Bux." The Sufi Quarterly 1, no. 3,1915.
* "The Music of India." The Sufi Quarterly 2, April 1916.

==Music==
Once a classical musician, Inayat Khan let go of his greatest attachment – his musical career – to become a Sufi Master, as is the tradition in Sufism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khan Introduction|url=https://inch.com/~ari/hik3.html|website=inch.com}}</ref> Immersing himself in the Sufi ideology, he found a link between his former life as a musician and his new journey along the spiritual path. Khan saw harmony as the "music of the spheres" which linked all mankind and had the ability to transcend one's spiritual awareness. Khan's most influential, ''The Music of Life'', is a collection of Khan's teachings on sound, presenting his vision of the harmony which encompasses every aspect of our lives. He explores the science of breath, the law of rhythm, the creative process, and both the healing power and psychological influence of music and sound.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} From ''The Music of Life'':<blockquote>

"What makes us feel drawn to music is that our whole being is music; our mind and our body, the nature in which we live, the nature that has made us, all that is beneath and around us, it is all music. We are close to all this music, and live and move and have our being in music. The mystery of sound is mysticism; the harmony of life is religion. The knowledge of vibrations is metaphysics, the analysis of atoms is science, and their harmonious grouping is art. The rhythm of form is poetry, and the rhythm of sound is music. This shows that music is the art of arts and the science of all sciences; and it contains the fountain of all knowledge within itself."

"Music should be healing; music should uplift the soul; music should inspire. There is no better way of getting closer to God, of rising higher towards the spirit, of attaining spiritual perfection than music, if only it is rightly understood."</blockquote>

Some of Khan's music during his years as an Indian classical musician (not associated with Sufi music, the religious music associated with Sufism) is available online.<ref>{{YouTube|t6JPmGd9uUU|«Hindustani songs by prof. Inayat Khan» 16 melodies for piano (1915). Performed by Philip Sear}}</ref><ref></ref>

==See also==
*]
*] (son) *] (son)
*] *]
*] (grandson, current president of the ])


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=7559| name=Inayat Khan}}
* an invitation for humanity to become a ] of God.
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Inayat+Khan | name=Inayat Khan}}
* {{Librivox author |id=11234}} * {{Librivox author |id=11234}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Inayat Khan |sopt=t}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Inayat Khan |sopt=t}}
* .


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 23:07, 25 October 2024

Indian singer, poet and Sufi guide (1882–1927) For other people named Inayat Khan, see Inayat Khan (disambiguation).
HazratInayat Khan
عنایت خان رحمت خان
Title
  • Pir-o-Murshid
  • Shaikh al-Mashaikh
  • Tansen Zamanihal
  • Yüzkhan
  • Bakhshi
  • Shah
  • Mir-Khayl
Personal life
BornInayat Khan Rehmat Khan
(1882-07-05)July 5, 1882
Baroda, Bombay Presidency, British India
DiedFebruary 5, 1927(1927-02-05) (aged 44)
New Delhi, British India
SpousePirani Ameena Begum
ChildrenVilayat; Hidayat; Noor; Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi
CreedSufism
ProfessionMusician, Pir, Musicologist
Muslim leader
SuccessorVilayat

Part of a series on
Western Sufism
PersonsInayat Khan

Pirani Ameena Begum
Meher Baba
Maheboob Khan
Mohammed Ali Khan
Musharaff Khan
Samuel L. Lewis
Fazal Inayat-Khan
Vilayat Inayat Khan
Hidayat Inayat Khan
Zia Inayat Khan
Shabda Kahn
Johan Witteveen

David Less
GroupsSufi Order Ināyati

Sufism Reoriented

Sufi Ruhaniat International
BeliefsDances of Universal Peace
Places of worshipThe Abode of the Message

Universel Murad Hassil

Universel
Category:Western Sufism

Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan (Urdu: عنایت خان رحمت خان; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was an Indian professor of musicology, singer, exponent of the saraswati vina, poet, philosopher, and pioneer of the transmission of Sufism to the West. At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorization at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani (d. 1907) of Hyderabad, he established an order of Sufism (the Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had been published.

Early life

Inayat Khan was born in Baroda to a noble Mughal family. His paternal ancestors, comprising yüzkhans (Central Asian lords) and bakshys (shamans), were Turkmen from the Chagatai Khanate who settled in Sialkot, Punjab during the reign of Amir Timur. Inayat Khan's maternal grandfather, Sangit Ratna Maulabakhsh Sholay Khan, was a Hindustani classical musician and educator known as “the Beethoven of India.” His maternal grandmother, Qasim Bibi, was from the royal house of Tipu Sultan of Mysore.

Sufism

Inayat Khan's Sufi sources included both the traditions of his paternal ancestors (remembered as the Mahashaikhan) and the tutelage he received from Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani. From the latter he inherited four transmissions, constituting succession in the Chishti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, and Naqshbandi orders of Sufism. Of these, the Chishti lineage, traced through the Delhi-based legacy of Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi, was primary.

Travels

Inayat Khan toured the United States with his brother Maheboob Khan and cousin Mohammed Ali Khan between the years 1910 and 1912. Further travels took him to England, France, and Russia. During the First World War, living in London, he oversaw the founding of an order of Sufism under his guidance. Following the war he traveled widely, and numerous Sufi centers sprang up in his wake in Europe and the U.S. He ultimately settled in Suresnes, France, at the house and khanqah (Sufi lodge) known as Fazal Manzil.

Teaching

Inayat Khan's teaching emphasized the oneness of God (tawhid) and the underlying harmony of the revelations communicated by the prophets of all the world's great religions. His discourses treated such varied subjects as religion, art, music, ethics, philosophy, psychology, and health and healing. The primary concern of Inayat Khan's teaching was the mystical pursuit of God-realization. To this end he established an Inner School comprising four stages of contemplative study based on the traditional Sufi disciplines of mujahada, muraqaba, mushahada, and mu‘ayyana, which he rendered in English as concentration, contemplation, meditation, and realization.

Foundational principles

Ten principles, known as the Ten Sufi Thoughts, enunciate the universal spiritual values that are foundational to Inayat Khan's mystical philosophy.

  1. There is One God, the Eternal, the Only Being; none exists save God.
  2. There is One Master, the Guiding Spirit of all Souls, Who constantly leads followers towards the light.
  3. There is One Holy Book, the sacred manuscript of nature, the only scripture which can enlighten the reader.
  4. There is One Religion, the unswerving progress in the right direction towards the ideal, which fulfills the life's purpose of every soul.
  5. There is One Law, the law of reciprocity, which can be observed by a selfless conscience together with a sense of awakened justice.
  6. There is One Brotherhood and Sisterhood, the human brotherhood and sisterhood, which unites the children of earth indiscriminately in the Parenthood of God.
  7. There is One Moral, the love which springs forth from self-denial, and blooms in deeds of beneficence.
  8. There is One Object of Praise, the beauty which uplifts the heart of its worshippers through all aspects from the seen to the unseen.
  9. There is One Truth, the true knowledge of our being, within and without, which is the essence of all wisdom.
  10. There is One Path, the annihilation of the false ego in the real, which raises the mortal to immortality, and in which resides all perfection.

Family and personal life

In New York, he met the woman who would become his wife, Ora Ray Ameena Begum née Baker. They had four children: Vilayat Inayat Khan, Hidayat Inayat Khan, Noor Inayat Khan, and Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan.

Death and legacy

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In 1926 Inayat Khan returned to India; he died in Delhi on 5 February 1927. He is buried in the Inayat Khan dargah in Nizamuddin, Delhi. The dargah is open to the public and hosts qawwali sessions.

Bibliography

Musicological works

  • Balasan Gitmala
  • Sayaji Garbawali
  • Inayat Git Ratnawali
  • Inayat Harmonium Shikshak
  • Inayat Fidal Shikshak
  • Minqar-i Musiqar

Sufi works

  • 1914 A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty
  • 1915 The Confessions of Inayat Khan
  • 1918 A Sufi Prayer of Invocation
  • Hindustani Lyrics
  • Songs of India
  • The Divan of Inayat Khan
  • Akibat
  • 1919 Love, Human and Divine
  • The Phenomenon of the Soul
  • Pearls from the Ocean Unseen
  • 1921 In an Eastern Rosegarden
  • 1922 The Way of Illumination
  • The Message
  • 1923 The Inner Life
  • The Mysticism of Sound
  • Notes from the Unstruck Music from the Gayan Manuscript
  • The Alchemy of Happiness
  • 1924 The Soul—Whence and Whither
  • 1926 The Divine Symphony, or Vadan

Posthumous Sufi works

  • 1927 Nirtan, or The Dance of the Soul
  • The Purpose of Life
  • 1928 The Unity of Religious Ideals
  • 1931 Health
  • Character Building; The Art of Personality
  • 1934 Education
  • 1935 The Mind World
  • Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
  • 1936 The Bowl of Saki
  • The Solution of the Problem of the Day
  • 1937 Cosmic Language
  • Moral Culture
  • 1938 Rassa Shastra: The Science of Life's Creative Forces
  • 1939 Three Plays
  • Metaphysics: The Experience of the Soul in Different Planes of Existence
  • 1980 Nature Meditations

Collected works

  • 1960–1967 The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan, 12 volumes
  • 1988– Complete Works of Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan: Original Texts, 12 volumes (to date)
  • 2016– The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan: Centennial Edition, 4 volumes (to date)

See also

References

  1. Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan, ed. (2001). A Pearl in Wine: Essays on the life, music and Sufism of Hazrat Inayat Khan. New Lebanon, NY; USA: Omega Publications. ISBN 093087269X.
  2. Mehta, R.C (2001). "Music in the Life of Hazrat Inayat Khan". In Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan (ed.). A Pearl in Wine: Essays on the life, music and Sufism of Hazrat Inayat Khan. New Lebanon, NY; USA: Omega Publications. pp. 161–176. ISBN 093087269X.
  3. Graham, Donald A. (2001). "The Career of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan in the West". In Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan (ed.). A Pearl in Wine. New Lebanon, NY; USA: Omega. pp. 127–160. ISBN 093087269X.
  4. ^ Khan, Shaikh al-Mashaik Mahmood (2001). "The Mawlabakhshi Rajkufu 'Alakhandan: The Mawlabakhsh Dynastic Lineage, 1833-1972". In Pirzade Zia Inayat (ed.). A Pearl in Wine. New Lebanon, NY: Omega. pp. 3–126. ISBN 093087269X.
  5. Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan (2001). "The 'Silsila-i Sufian': From Khwaja Mu'in ad-Din Chishti to Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani". In Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan (ed.). A Pearl in Wine. New Lebanon, NY: Omega. pp. 267–322. ISBN 093087269X.
  6. Keesing, Elisabeth de Jong (1977). Inayat Answers. London: Fine Books Oriental. ISBN 978-0856920080.
  7. ^ Hazrat Inayat Khan (2019). The Sufi message of Hazrat Inayat Khan. Vol. 4, Healing and the mind world. (Centennial ed.). Richmond, VA; USA: Sulūk Press; Omega Publications. ISBN 978-1941810309.
  8. van Beek, Wil (1983). Hazrat Inayat Khan: Master of life, Modern Sufi Mystic (1st ed.). New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0533054534.
  9. Inayat Khan (1979). Elise Guillaume-Schamhart; Munira van Voorst van Beest (eds.). Biography of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan. London; The Hague: East-West Publications. ISBN 0856920134.
  10. Keesing, Elisabeth Emmy de Jong (1974). Inayat Khan: A Biography [Translated from the original Dutch: Golven, waarom komt de wind]. Translated by Hayat Bouman; Penelope Goldschmidt. The Hague: East-West Publications; Luzac. ISBN 0718902432.
  11. Sirkar van Stolk; Daphne Dunlop (1967). Memories of a Sufi Sage: Hazrat Inayat Khan. London; The Hague: East-West Publications. ISBN 0856920134.
  12. Bergman, Justin (24 November 2016). "36 Hours in Delhi". The New York Times.

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