| Revision as of 11:37, 7 March 2021 editBob not snob (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users805 edits Update using APLRS sources← Previous edit | Revision as of 11:37, 7 March 2021 edit undoBob not snob (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users805 editsNo edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| In 1995, the Warsaw District Military Court annuled the 1949 death sentence,{{sfn|Grabski|pp=453-454}} as his actions were seen by the court as under the circumstances of ''force majeure''.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} However, in the opinion of Belarusians this was the rehabilitation of a murderer.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In March 1997 relatives of Rajs' victims appealed to the Białystok court to overturn this verdict.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=78-79}} The initial inquiry that was launched that determined that the victims were not involved in the structure of the communist state and that therefore Rajs' crimes were classified as ].{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In 2002 this case was taken over by the newly formed ] (IPN), whose local prosecutor collected evidence that the motivation of the crimes was ethnic hatred.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=78-79}} However, the investigation into these crimes was closed in 2005 on the grounds that the perpetrators were deceased.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In closing the case in 2005, the IPN stated that "it must be stated categorically that the murder of wagon-drivers and the pacification of villages in January–February 1946 cannot be seen as part of the battle for an independent state, since they bear the marks of genocide". This recognition by the IPN of the crimes of a ] against national minorities was exceptional.{{sfn|Grabski|pp=454-455}} | In 1995, the Warsaw District Military Court annuled the 1949 death sentence,{{sfn|Grabski|pp=453-454}} as his actions were seen by the court as under the circumstances of ''force majeure''.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} However, in the opinion of Belarusians this was the rehabilitation of a murderer.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In March 1997 relatives of Rajs' victims appealed to the Białystok court to overturn this verdict.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=78-79}} The initial inquiry that was launched that determined that the victims were not involved in the structure of the communist state and that therefore Rajs' crimes were classified as ].{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In 2002 this case was taken over by the newly formed ] (IPN), whose local prosecutor collected evidence that the motivation of the crimes was ethnic hatred.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=78-79}} However, the investigation into these crimes was closed in 2005 on the grounds that the perpetrators were deceased.{{sfn|Budyta-Budzyńska|pp=102}} In closing the case in 2005, the IPN stated that "it must be stated categorically that the murder of wagon-drivers and the pacification of villages in January–February 1946 cannot be seen as part of the battle for an independent state, since they bear the marks of genocide". This recognition by the IPN of the crimes of a ] against national minorities was exceptional.{{sfn|Grabski|pp=454-455}} | ||
| Rajs remained relatively obscure until his memory was taken over by the ] (ONR), a nationalist group, which actively promotes him as a hero. Since 2015 posters of Rajs are displayed in Independence day marches by the group's supporters. Along the border with Belarus, glorification of Rajs has become a way to express anti-Belarussian sentiments. During late 2015, the ONR placed his name was placed on several public and private buildings in which Belarussians live in Hajnówka and elsewhere. Since 2016, a march to commerate Rajs is held by ONR in the town.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=79}} While Rajs is promoted by the nationalists as well as |
Rajs remained relatively obscure until his memory was taken over by the ] (ONR), a nationalist group, which actively promotes him as a hero. Since 2015 posters of Rajs are displayed in Independence day marches by the group's supporters. Along the border with Belarus, glorification of Rajs has become a way to express anti-Belarussian sentiments. During late 2015, the ONR placed his name was placed on several public and private buildings in which Belarussians live in Hajnówka and elsewhere. Since 2016, a march to commerate Rajs is held by ONR in the town.{{sfn|Kończal|pp=79}} While Rajs is promoted by the nationalists as well as museum institutions in Poland, he is repudiated by ] and Polish mass media.{{sfn|Kozik|pp=35}} | ||
| ==Citations== | ==Citations== | ||
Revision as of 11:37, 7 March 2021
| Romuald Rajs | |
|---|---|
 Captain Rajs in 1943 | |
| Nickname(s) | Bury |
| Born | (1913-11-30)November 30, 1913 Jabłonka, Podkarpackie Voivodeship |
| Died | December 30, 1949(1949-12-30) (aged 36) Białystok |
| Awards |  Order of Virtuti Militari (Golden Cross)  Order of Virtuti Militari (Silver Cross)  Cross of Valour  Cross of Merit with Swords (Gold)  Cross of Merit (Bronze) |
Romuald Rajs, nom de guerre "Bury" (30 November 1913 – 30 December 1949), was an Home Army (AK) and National Military Union (NZW) partisan. He he is best known for ordering the massacring of Belarusian villageers in the region of Białystok, and other crimes against ethnic Belarusians. Following a trial, he was executed in 1949.
Life
In 1913, Romuald Adam Rajs was born in the village of Jabłonka, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, which is near Sanok. In 1934 Rajs graduated from the School for Non-commissioned Officers in Konin and took the parachute course in Biedrusko near Poznań. With the rank of Corporal he was assigned to the 85 Infantry Regiment in Nowa Wilejka, Wilno Voivodeship.
World War II
In August 1939 his unit was incorporated in the "Prusy" army. During the September campaign his unit unit was dispersed in the Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and was destroyed by 15 September near Lublin. A few days later, a groups of soldiers led by Rajs was stopped by Belarussians near Kovel and sent to Bereza Kartuska to lay down their arms and horses.
Returning to Vilnius, he joined an Polish underground resistance movement, and in 1942 he submitted to Lieutenant Gracjan Fróg "Góral" of the National Radical Camp (ONR-Falanga). In September 1943 he joined the "Goral" partisan group, which from March 1944 was known as the 3rd Brigade of Vilinus Home Army. Commanding the first assault company, his unit had a reputation for successful combat operations. Rajs led by example, often serving as the lead attacker in his group. He is noted for his successful defense of the village of Mikuliszki during a German manhunt, in which heavy losses were inflicted on the Germans. In July 1944 Rajs took part in Operation Ostra Brama against the Germans. However, he was also known for unscrupulous actions, personally killing prisoners of war.
post-war
After the disarmament of the Vilinus brigade by the Soviets on 17 July 1944, he his in an estate near Vilinus. At the end of November he joined the Polish People's Army, and was assigned to Independent State Forest Protection Battalion, appointed commander of the 2nd Platoon of the 4th Company in Białystok. Two months later he was transferred to Hajnówka, to protect against illegal logging.
In May 1945 he deserted from the Polish People's Army, and joined Zygmunt Szendzielarz's Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade as a second lieutenant. This Brigade did not comply with the order to disband the Home Army. Commanding the 2nd squadron of the Brigade, he carried out several raids against the communist forces. In September 1945 Szendzielarz disbanded the brigade, but Rajs intended to continue to fight and made contact with Major Jan Szklarek of the National Military Union (NZW). He became head of PAS Special Forces (Pogotowie Akcji Specjalnej) within NZW Białystok.
NZW's goal was the liberation of a greater Poland with a national-Catholic charachter. Rajs pushed for action, and in particular ruthless action against the soldiers of the Polish People's Army and the local Belarussian population. However, following pacification of the district by the communists, he demobilized the unit in October and when to his wife near Warsaw. He returned to Białystok in January 1946, and took command of the 120 soldiers of the 3rd Vilnius Brigade of the NZW.
Crimes
In January and Feburary 1946, Rajs' unit "pacified" six Belarussian villages, cruelly murdering 79-87 civilians and wounding dozens. In Zaleszany, Hajnówka County his men locked civilians in a building and then burned them alive.
While the motivation of these actions is not entirely clear, it it known it is not accidental. During January 1946 Rajs' unit captured forty horse cart drivers near Łozice. Those drivers who decleared themselves Polish were released, while the remaining 29 were shot near Puchały Stare. The unit then went on a killing rampage in the villages of Zaleszany, Wólka Wygonowska, Zanie, Szpaki, Końcowizna, Popówka, Rajska, Sypnie, and Potoka, killing an additional 50 people. These killings were condemned by the NZW itself, which intended to court-martial Rajs, however this ultimately did not happen.
The activity of PAS-NSW, under the command of Rajs, against the ethnic Belarussians in the region of Białystok encouraged many Belarussians to view the communist government as less hostile to them than the Polish underground.
In April 1946 he ordered to shoot over a dozen captured Public Security and Milicja Obywatelska personnel.
Arrest and execution
From August 1946 Rajs' brigade was dispersed, and divided into small teams. In October 1946 Rajs disbanded the brigade, and went to his family in Elbląg. In November 1948 he was detained, and though he managed to escape, was captured again. Rajs attempted to collaborate with the communists, and provided information on the anti-partisan structure. However, the communists put him on trial, sentenced him to death, and executed him in late 1949.
Memory in post-communist era
In 1995, the Warsaw District Military Court annuled the 1949 death sentence, as his actions were seen by the court as under the circumstances of force majeure. However, in the opinion of Belarusians this was the rehabilitation of a murderer. In March 1997 relatives of Rajs' victims appealed to the Białystok court to overturn this verdict. The initial inquiry that was launched that determined that the victims were not involved in the structure of the communist state and that therefore Rajs' crimes were classified as Crimes against humanity. In 2002 this case was taken over by the newly formed Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), whose local prosecutor collected evidence that the motivation of the crimes was ethnic hatred. However, the investigation into these crimes was closed in 2005 on the grounds that the perpetrators were deceased. In closing the case in 2005, the IPN stated that "it must be stated categorically that the murder of wagon-drivers and the pacification of villages in January–February 1946 cannot be seen as part of the battle for an independent state, since they bear the marks of genocide". This recognition by the IPN of the crimes of a cursed soldier against national minorities was exceptional.
Rajs remained relatively obscure until his memory was taken over by the National Radical Camp (ONR), a nationalist group, which actively promotes him as a hero. Since 2015 posters of Rajs are displayed in Independence day marches by the group's supporters. Along the border with Belarus, glorification of Rajs has become a way to express anti-Belarussian sentiments. During late 2015, the ONR placed his name was placed on several public and private buildings in which Belarussians live in Hajnówka and elsewhere. Since 2016, a march to commerate Rajs is held by ONR in the town. While Rajs is promoted by the nationalists as well as museum institutions in Poland, he is repudiated by Belarusian minority in Poland and Polish mass media.
Citations
- ^ Grabski, pp. 453–454. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrabski (help)
- ^ Moroz 2010, pp. 66. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoroz2010 (help)
- Moroz 2010, pp. 66–67. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoroz2010 (help)
- Moroz 2010, pp. 67. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoroz2010 (help)
- ^ Moroz 2010, pp. 68. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoroz2010 (help)
- ^ Budyta-Budzyńska, pp. 101–102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudyta-Budzyńska (help)
- Fleming 2010, pp. 98.
- ^ Moroz 2010, pp. 70. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoroz2010 (help)
- ^ Kończal, pp. 78–79. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKończal (help)
- ^ Budyta-Budzyńska, pp. 102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudyta-Budzyńska (help)
- Grabski, pp. 454–455. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrabski (help)
- Kończal, pp. 79. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKończal (help)
- Kozik, pp. 35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKozik (help)
References
- Fleming, Michael (2010). Communism, Nationalism and Ethnicity in Poland, 1944-1950. Routledge.
- Kończal, Kornelia (2020). "The Invention of the "Cursed Soldiers" and Its Opponents: Post-war Partisan Struggle in Contemporary Poland". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures. 34 (1).
- Grabski, August (2018). The Jews and the “Disavowed Soldiers”, chapter in New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands (PDF). Academic Studies Press. pp. 452–471.
- Budyta-Budzyńska, Małgorzata (2018). "Legal Regulations and the National Identity of Members of the Belarusian Minority in Poland". Zoon Politikon (9): 91–111.
- Kozik, L. A. (2020). "THE PARTISAN UNIT UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN R. RAJS (BURY) ACTIVITY ON THE TERRITORY OF BIAŁYSTOK REGION IN 1944–1946 IN THE POLITICS OF MEMORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History. 2020;4:34–47 (4): 34–47.
- Moroz, Anna (2016). "Konflikt pamięci na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim na przykładzie działalności Romualda Rajsa ps. „Bury"" (PDF). Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej (5): 61–91.