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'''Moses''' ('''Moshe''') '''Hess''' (January or June 21, 1812 – April 6, 1875) was a German-Jewish philosopher, early ] and ] thinker.<ref>Raymond Guess and Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings '''Moses''' ('''Moshe''') '''Hess''' (January 21, 1812 – April 6, 1875) was a ] philosopher, early ] and ] thinker.<ref>Raymond Guess and Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings
⚫ Moses Hess, 2004, Cambridge University Press </ref> His socialist theories, led to disagreements with ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/Class%20Readings/Marx/The%20German%20Ideology.pdf|title=The German Ideology|last1=Marx|first1=Karl|last2=Engels|first2=Friedrich|website=marxists.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
Moses Hess, 2004, Cambridge University Press </ref>
⚫ His socialist theories, led to disagreements with ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/Class%20Readings/Marx/The%20German%20Ideology.pdf|title=The German Ideology|last1=Marx|first1=Karl|last2=Engels|first2=Friedrich|website=marxists.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>


A devoted ], Hess was profoundly influenced by ]'s life and philosophy.<ref>Hess, Moses: '']. Von einem Jünger Spinoza's''. (Stuttgart: Hallberger'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1837)</ref><ref>Hess, Moses: ''], die letzte Nationalitätsfrage. Briefe und Noten''. (Leipzig: Eduard Wengler, 1862)</ref> He is considered a founder of ]. A devoted ], Hess was profoundly influenced by ]'s life and philosophy.<ref>Hess, Moses: '']. Von einem Jünger Spinoza's''. (Stuttgart: Hallberger'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1837)</ref><ref>Hess, Moses: ''], die letzte Nationalitätsfrage. Briefe und Noten''. (Leipzig: Eduard Wengler, 1862)</ref> He is considered a founder of ].
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Marx, Engels and Hess took refuge in Brussels, Belgium, in 1845, and used to live in the same street. By the end of the decade, Marx and Engels had fallen out with Hess.<ref name="Hunt_2010"/> The work of Hess was also criticized in part of '']'' by Marx and Engels.<ref>'']'',Tome II Part V</ref> Marx, Engels and Hess took refuge in Brussels, Belgium, in 1845, and used to live in the same street. By the end of the decade, Marx and Engels had fallen out with Hess.<ref name="Hunt_2010"/> The work of Hess was also criticized in part of '']'' by Marx and Engels.<ref>'']'',Tome II Part V</ref>


Hess fled to ] temporarily following the suppression of the ]. He would also go abroad during the ] of 1870–71. Hess fled to ] temporarily following the suppression of the ]. He would also go abroad during the ] of 1870–71. During the 1850s Hess immersed himself into studying the natural sciences and gaining, in an autodidactic fashion, a scientific foundation for his thoughts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Daum|title=Wissenschaftspopularisierung|pages=407, 415–17, 454, 467, 492.}}</ref>


Hess died in Paris in 1875. As he requested, he was buried in the Jewish cemetery of ]. In 1961, he was re-interred in the ] Cemetery in Israel along with other ] such as ], ], and ]. Hess died in Paris in 1875. As he requested, he was buried in the Jewish cemetery of ]. In 1961, he was re-interred in the ] Cemetery in Israel along with other ] such as ], ], and ].
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Hess became reluctant to base all history on economic causes and ] (as Marx and Engels did), and he came to see the struggle of races, or nationalities, as the prime factor of history. Hess became reluctant to base all history on economic causes and ] (as Marx and Engels did), and he came to see the struggle of races, or nationalities, as the prime factor of history.


According to George Litcheim, Hess, who differed from Marx on a number of issues, still testified in a letter to ] that what he and Herzen were writing about "resembles a neat sketch drawn on paper, whereas Marx's judgment upon these events is as it were engraved with iron force in the rock of time" (Paraphrased by George Lichtheim, ''A Short History of Socialism'', 1971 p.&nbsp;80). According to George Litcheim, Hess, who differed from Marx on a number of issues, still testified in a letter to ] that what he and Herzen were writing about "resembles a neat sketch drawn on paper, whereas Marx's judgment upon these events is as it were engraved with iron force in the rock of time" (Paraphrased by George Lichtheim, ''A Short History of Socialism'', 1971 p. 80).


From 1861 to 1863, he lived in Germany, where he became acquainted with the rising tide of German ]. It was then that he reverted to his Jewish name Moses (after apparently going by Moritz Hess)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Hess|title=Moses Hess &#124; German author and Zionist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> in protest against ]. He published '']'' in 1862. Hess interprets history as a circle of ] and national struggles. He contemplated the rise of ] and the German reaction to it, and from this he arrived at the idea of Jewish national revival, and at his prescient understanding that the Germans would not be tolerant of the national aspirations of others and would be particularly intolerant of the Jews. His book calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in ], in line with the emerging national movements in Europe and as the only way to respond to antisemitism and assert Jewish identity in the modern world. From 1861 to 1863, he lived in Germany, where he became acquainted with the rising tide of German ]. It was then that he reverted to his Jewish name Moses (after apparently going by Moritz Hess)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Hess|title=Moses Hess &#124; German author and Zionist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> in protest against ]. He published '']'' in 1862. Hess interprets history as a circle of ] and national struggles. He contemplated the rise of ] and the German reaction to it, and from this he arrived at the idea of Jewish national revival, and at his prescient understanding that the Germans would not be tolerant of the national aspirations of others and would be particularly intolerant of the Jews. His book calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in ], in line with the emerging national movements in Europe and as the only way to respond to antisemitism and assert Jewish identity in the modern world.
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==Further reading== ==Further reading==
⚫ *], ''Moses Hess. Geschichte seines Lebens'' (Leiden 1966), (in German)
⚫ *], ''Emanzipation und Messianismus. Leben und Werk des Moses Heß'' (Frankfurt a.M./New York,1982) (in German)
*], ''Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism'' (New York, 1985). *], ''Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism'' (New York, 1985).
*], ''Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914'' (Munich, 1998), including a short biography
⚫ *], ''Jüdische Nationalität aus verweigerter Assimilation. Biographische Parallelen bei Moses Hess und Chajm Zhitlowsky und ihre ideologische Verarbeitung.'' In: Trumah, Journal of the Hochschule for Jewish Studies Heidelberg, Vol 17, 2007 p.&nbsp;91-116 (in German)
⚫ *], ''Emanzipation und Messianismus. Leben und Werk des Moses Heß'' (Frankfurt a.M./New York,1982) (in German)
⚫ *Kay Schweigmann-Greve, "Jüdische Nationalität aus verweigerter Assimilation. Biographische Parallelen bei Moses Hess und Chajm Zhitlowsky und ihre ideologische Verarbeitung". In: ''Trumah, Journal of the Hochschule for Jewish Studies Heidelberg'', Vol 17, 2007 p. 91–116 (in German)
⚫ *], ''Moses Hess. Geschichte seines Lebens'' (Leiden 1966), (in German)


== External links == == External links ==

Revision as of 15:44, 12 May 2021

Portrait of Moses Hess in 1846

Moses (Moshe) Hess (January 21, 1812 – April 6, 1875) was a German-Jewish philosopher, early communist and Zionist thinker. His socialist theories, led to disagreements with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

A devoted Spinozist, Hess was profoundly influenced by Spinoza's life and philosophy. He is considered a founder of Labor Zionism.

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Biography

Moses (Moshe) Hess was born in Bonn, which was under French rule at the time. In his French-language birth certificate, his name is given as "Moïse"; he was named after his maternal grandfather. His father was an ordained rabbi, but never practiced this profession. Hess received a Jewish religious education from his grandfather, and later studied philosophy at the University of Bonn, but never graduated.

He married a poor Catholic seamstress, Sibylle Pesch, "in order to redress the injustice perpetrated by society". Although they remained happily married until Hess' death, Sibylle may have had an affair with Friedrich Engels while he was smuggling her from Belgium to France to be reunited with her husband. The incident may have precipitated Hess' split from the Communist movement.

Hess was an early proponent of socialism, and a precursor to what would later be called Zionism. As correspondent for the Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper founded by liberal Rhenish businessmen, he lived in Paris. He was a friend and important collaborator of Karl Marx, who was the editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, following his advice, and befriended also with Friedrich Engels. Hess initially introduced Engels to communism, through his theoretical approach.

Marx, Engels and Hess took refuge in Brussels, Belgium, in 1845, and used to live in the same street. By the end of the decade, Marx and Engels had fallen out with Hess. The work of Hess was also criticized in part of The German Ideology by Marx and Engels.

Hess fled to Switzerland temporarily following the suppression of the 1848 commune. He would also go abroad during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. During the 1850s Hess immersed himself into studying the natural sciences and gaining, in an autodidactic fashion, a scientific foundation for his thoughts.

Hess died in Paris in 1875. As he requested, he was buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cologne. In 1961, he was re-interred in the Kinneret Cemetery in Israel along with other Socialist-Zionists such as Nachman Syrkin, Ber Borochov, and Berl Katznelson.

Moshav Kfar Hess was named in his honour.

Moses Hess

Views and opinions

Hess became reluctant to base all history on economic causes and class struggle (as Marx and Engels did), and he came to see the struggle of races, or nationalities, as the prime factor of history.

According to George Litcheim, Hess, who differed from Marx on a number of issues, still testified in a letter to Alexander Herzen that what he and Herzen were writing about "resembles a neat sketch drawn on paper, whereas Marx's judgment upon these events is as it were engraved with iron force in the rock of time" (Paraphrased by George Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, 1971 p. 80).

From 1861 to 1863, he lived in Germany, where he became acquainted with the rising tide of German antisemitism. It was then that he reverted to his Jewish name Moses (after apparently going by Moritz Hess) in protest against Jewish assimilation. He published Rome and Jerusalem in 1862. Hess interprets history as a circle of race and national struggles. He contemplated the rise of Italian nationalism and the German reaction to it, and from this he arrived at the idea of Jewish national revival, and at his prescient understanding that the Germans would not be tolerant of the national aspirations of others and would be particularly intolerant of the Jews. His book calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine, in line with the emerging national movements in Europe and as the only way to respond to antisemitism and assert Jewish identity in the modern world.

Hess's grave near Lake Kinneret, Israel

Scholarly work

Hess's Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question went unnoticed in his time, as most German Jews preferred cultural assimilation. His work did not stimulate political activity or discussion. When Theodor Herzl first read Rome and Jerusalem he wrote that "since Spinoza Jewry had no bigger thinker than this forgotten Moses Hess." He said he might not have written Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) if he had known Rome and Jerusalem beforehand. Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky honored Hess in The Jewish Legion in the World War as one of the people that made the Balfour declaration possible, along with Herzl, Walter Rothschild and Leon Pinsker.

Published works

Translations

References

  1. Raymond Guess and Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings Moses Hess, 2004, Cambridge University Press
  2. Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich. "The German Ideology" (PDF). marxists.org. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  3. Hess, Moses: Die heilige Geschichte der Menschheit. Von einem Jünger Spinoza's. (Stuttgart: Hallberger'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1837)
  4. Hess, Moses: Rom und Jerusalem, die letzte Nationalitätsfrage. Briefe und Noten. (Leipzig: Eduard Wengler, 1862)
  5. Shlomo Avineri, Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism, p. 7
  6. Shlomo Avineri: Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 1985, s. 7. ISBN 0814705847
  7. Isaiah Berlin (April 15, 2009), From Communism to Zionism: Moses Hess (1957), retrieved April 21, 2021
  8. https://www.marxists.org/subject/jewish/moses-hess.pdf
  9. Henderson, William Otto (1976). The Life of Friedrich Engels. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780714640020.
  10. ^ Hunt, Tristram (2010), Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, Macmillan, ISBN 9781429983556.
  11. The German Ideology,Tome II Part V
  12. Daum. Wissenschaftspopularisierung. pp. 407, 415–17, 454, 467, 492.
  13. "Moses Hess | German author and Zionist". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  14. Julius Kovesi, "Values and Evaluations", in American University Studies, series V, vol. 183, Peter Lang, New York, 1998. pp. 127-207
  15. Not to be confused with Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith (1847), authored mainly by Engels, with minor help of League of the Just/Communist League leaders Wilhelm Wolff and Karl Schapper; text and background notes available at MarxEngels.public-archive.net

Further reading

  • Shlomo Avineri, Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism (New York, 1985).
  • Andreas Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914 (Munich, 1998), including a short biography
  • Shlomo Na'aman, Emanzipation und Messianismus. Leben und Werk des Moses Heß (Frankfurt a.M./New York,1982) (in German)
  • Kay Schweigmann-Greve, "Jüdische Nationalität aus verweigerter Assimilation. Biographische Parallelen bei Moses Hess und Chajm Zhitlowsky und ihre ideologische Verarbeitung". In: Trumah, Journal of the Hochschule for Jewish Studies Heidelberg, Vol 17, 2007 p. 91–116 (in German)
  • Edmund Silberner, Moses Hess. Geschichte seines Lebens (Leiden 1966), (in German)

External links

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