| Revision as of 13:48, 17 June 2021 editLeRobert93 (talk | contribs)37 edits Totally false information, Fatimids was made by Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi way before the Fatimids conquest Algeria. Fatimids dynasty was established in 909, Kutama berbers joined fatimids only in 969, with people of costantines.Tag: Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 13:55, 17 June 2021 edit undoLeRobert93 (talk | contribs)37 edits Please review the expansion of Fattimids and all definitions of Fattimids. Fattimids were established by Arabs and especially by Ubayd ALLAH Al Mahdi, Kutama didn't join him only after he conquested berbers of Sanahaja.Tag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| {{short description|Ethnic group}} | {{short description|Ethnic group}} | ||
| ]n Mozabites and Siwis)]] | ]n Mozabites and Siwis)]] | ||
| The '''Sanhaja''' ({{lang-ber|'''Aẓnag'''}}, pl. '''Iẓnagen''', and also '''Aẓnaj''', pl. '''Iẓnajen'''; {{lang-ar|صنهاجة}}, ''Ṣanhaja'' or زناگة ''Znaga'') were once one of the largest ] tribal confederations, along with the ] and ] confederations.<ref name=locmorocco>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold D.|title=Morocco, a country study|year=1985|publisher=The American University|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=14|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001298165}}</ref> Many tribes in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its ] form. Other names for the population include ''Zenaga'', ''Znaga'', ''Sanhája'', ''Sanhâdja'' and ''Senhaja''. | The '''Sanhaja''' , from ] (Sanhaj, meaning people in submission), ({{lang-ber|'''Aẓnag'''}}, pl. '''Iẓnagen''', and also '''Aẓnaj''', pl. '''Iẓnajen'''; {{lang-ar|صنهاجة}}, ''Ṣanhaja'' or زناگة ''Znaga'') were once one of the largest ] tribal confederations, along with the ] and ] confederations.<ref name=locmorocco>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold D.|title=Morocco, a country study|year=1985|publisher=The American University|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=14|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001298165}}</ref> Many tribes in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its ] form. Other names for the population include ''Zenaga'', ''Znaga'', ''Sanhája'', ''Sanhâdja'' and ''Senhaja''. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
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| After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.<ref name="locmorocco" /> | After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.<ref name="locmorocco" /> | ||
| Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the ] and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (], Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Fatimids conquested the berbers of Sanhajas which leads to the conversion of berbers to the chiism doctrin.<ref></ref><ref></ref> The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled ] until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region. | Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the ] and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (], Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Fatimids conquested the berbers of Sanhajas which leads to the conversion of berbers to the ] doctrin, and force berber of Kutama to join the fattimid army. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43303562</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled ] until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 13:55, 17 June 2021
Ethnic group
The Sanhaja , from arabic (Sanhaj, meaning people in submission), (Template:Lang-ber, pl. Iẓnagen, and also Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen; Template:Lang-ar, Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations. Many tribes in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its Berber form. Other names for the population include Zenaga, Znaga, Sanhája, Sanhâdja and Senhaja.
History
After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.
Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (Kabylia, Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Fatimids conquested the berbers of Sanhajas which leads to the conversion of berbers to the chiism doctrin, and force berber of Kutama to join the fattimid army. The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled Ifriqiya until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region.
In the mid-11th century, a group of Sanhaja chieftains returning from the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) invited the theologian Ibn Yasin to preach among their tribes. Ibn Yasin united the tribes in the alliance of the Almoravids in the middle of the 11th century. This confederacy subsequently established Morocco, and conquered western Algeria and Al-Andalus (part of present-day Spain).
The Zenata or Sanhaja tribes would remain in roles as either exploited semi-sedentary agriculturalists and fishermen (Zenaga or Znaga tribes), or, higher up on the social ladder, as religious (Marabout or Zawiya) tribes. Though often Arabized in culture and language, they are believed to be descended from the Zenata or Sanhaja Berber population present in the area before the arrival of the Arab Maqil tribes in the 12th century, which was finally subjected to domination by Arab-descended warrior castes in the 17th century Char Bouba war.
According to Mercer, the words Zenaga or Znaga (from the Berber root ẓnag or ẓnaj, giving the noun Aẓnag or Aẓnaj with the additional masculine singular prefix a-, or Taẓnagt or Taẓnajt with the additional feminine singular circumfix ta--t, or Iẓnagen or Iẓnajen with the additional masculine plural circumfix i--en, or Tiẓnagen or Tiẓnajen with the additional feminine plural circumfix ti--en) are thought to be a romanized distortion of Zenata and Sanhaja from Arabic.
Present day
The descendants of the Sanhaja and their languages are still found today in the Middle Atlas mountains, eastern Morocco, Northern Morocco (Rif), Western Algeria, Kabylia and Kabyle territories.
The Zenaga, a group believed to be of Gudala (the southernmost Sanhaja tribe) origin, inhabit southwestern Mauritania and parts of northern Senegal. However, they are a small population.
See also
References
- ^ Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/43303562
- African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92
- An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11
- Nelson 15-16
- http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0052)
- "Sanhaja tribe", Library of Congress
Further reading
- John O. Hunwick (ed.), West Africa, Islam and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson Paperback
- John Mercer (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwin Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6)
- Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press
- Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)
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