| Revision as of 12:56, 24 June 2021 editHaldir Marchwarden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,466 edits Over concerns that the article sounds pro-Romanian, and the history of Ukrainians and other non-Romanian people is not accurately, nor extensively reported. This observation is unrelated to the fact that the article was extensively edited/supervised by Romanian editors. The article should be reviewed, as well as the history of its edits. Material that doesn't have sources should be marked with the templates, not deleted. Deleting is not an improvement.← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:42, 27 June 2021 edit undoHaldir Marchwarden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,466 edits Expanded this article of a historical region of Ukraine, wholly located in present-day Ukraine, providing some sources. Removed more-source template; as for NPOV, the article is readable now. Changed image of Stephan's decade-long rule made by a Romanian in the 21st century to century-long Polish rule map made by a Frenchman in the 17th century. Further, changed the other map, also made in modern times by a Romanian, to a 17th-century paintingNext edit → | ||
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| {{NPOV|date=June 2021|Over concerns that the article sounds pro-Romanian, and the history of Ukrainians and other non-Romanian people is not accurately, nor extensively reported. This observation is unrelated to the fact that the article was extensively edited/supervised by Romanian editors. The article should be reviewed, as well as the history of its edits. Material that doesn't have sources should be marked with the template ]. Deleting contributions of other editors is not an improvement.}} | |||
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| '''Pokuttia''', also known as '''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokutia''', ({{lang-uk|Покуття}}, {{lang-pl|Pokucie}}, {{lang-de|Pokutien}}, {{lang-ro|Pocuția}}) is an historical area of ], situated between the ] and ] rivers and ], in the southwestern part of modern ]. Part of the ] since the 4th century, it joined Kievan Rus' in the 10th century, and was eventually annexed by Poland in the 14th century. The region was involved in a series of wars between the Poles and the Moldavians, which ceased with the death of Petru Rareş, who failed to conquer the region on two occasions (1531, 1535). A last attempt to seize Pokutia was made by John the Terrible in 1572. At times, Polish rule caused discontent among Pokutians. Many of them were captured and resettled to Moldavia and Bukovina, where they reinforced the Ukrainian element. In the 1490's, a ] was started by ], only to be suppressed by 1492. The region remained under Polish rule until 1772.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Although the historic heart of the area was ], the name itself is derived from the town of ] that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner").{{cn}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Pokuttia''', also known as '''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokutia''', ({{lang-uk|Покуття}}, {{lang-ro|Pocuția}}, {{lang-pl|Pokucie}}) is an historical area of ], situated between the ] and ] rivers and ], in the southwestern part of modern ]. Historically it was a culturally distinct area inhabited by ] and ]. Although the historic heart of the area was ], the name itself is derived from the town of ] that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited mainly by ]. | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| The accounts of Greek and Roman historians describing the "widespread Slavic settlement"<ref name="encyclopedia"/> in Pokutia have been confirmed by archaeological findings.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Pokutia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPokutia.htm|publisher=]|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.ph/78eTD|archive-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| In the 4th century, the Slavic inhabitants of Pokutia became part of a tribal alliance known as the ]. By the 6th century they had become part of the ], and in the 8th and 9th centuries they were part of the ]. Finally, in the 10th century, they joined ]. Following the ], Pokutia became part of ].<ref name="encyclopedia"/> | |||
| ], needing financial support for his battles against the ], used the region as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from ], who himself gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager to gain influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, the ] of the ]. Pokuttia, thus, became the feudal property of the princes of ], but remained within the ]. As in other such famous 'deals' in medieval Europe (e.g. ], or the ]), when the local feudal lord had to swear an ] to the king ''for the specific territory'', even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt was never repaid in full by Poland. | |||
| The region was sparsely settled, but there were some town, such as ] (named after the ] Kostiantyn Stroslavic and first attested in 1158) and ], first attested in 1240 in the ] ({{lang-uk|Ипатьевская летопись}}), an ] chronicle that is the most important source of historical data for southern ].<ref name=dim>{{cite book |title=The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054–1146 |first=Martin |last=Dimnik |publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies |year= 1994 |isbn=0-88844-116-9 |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn2300wRcckC&pg=PR13&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a#PPR12,M1}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ⚫ | In 1485, Moldavian ] ], having lost his country's access to the ] the previous year to the ], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to ], King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''] oath''. |
||
| ⚫ | In the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the ] in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by ]. | ||
| ⚫ | In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, |
||
| ], needing financial support for his battles against the ],{{cn}} placed Pokutia "under the administration of P. Muşat," a Moldovian ''voivode'', for a loan of 3,000 coins of gold.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> | |||
| Moreover, Casimir's successor, ], used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to invade ] itself in 1497. Even after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of ], Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die (''see ]''). | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ⚫ | In 1485, Moldavian ] ], having lost his country's access to the ] the previous year to the ], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to ], King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''] oath''.{{cn}}{{efn|In local folklore it is held that Casimir ordered the tent where the oath was taking place to be suddenly uncovered, so as to show Stephen on his knees in front of his nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear shamed in front of his men.{{cn}}}} Casimir's successor, ], used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to invade ] itself in 1497. But, after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of ], Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die (''see ]'').{{cn}} | ||
| ⚫ | In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero ], joined by other Ukrainians, including Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians and Ukrainians coming from Bukovina. Known as ], this series of battles was supported by Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. These rebellions saw the capture of various cities of Pokuttia, and reached as far west as Lviv.<ref name="Mukha's Rebellionn"></ref> | ||
| In 1498, Stephen the Great, aided by the Turks and the Tatars,<ref name="brit1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica/Rumania|url=|publisher=]|year=1911|quote=Stephen, aided by a Turkish and Tatar contingent, laid waste the Polish territories to the upper waters of the Vistula, and succeeded in annexing for a time the Polish province of Pokutia, between the Carpathians and the Dniester.}}</ref> conduced his first campaign in Pokuttia. He conduced a second campaign in 1502, pushing the Poles beyond the ]. Stephan's success was in that he managed to occupy Pokutia for a period of time during his lifetime.<ref name="brit1"/> His son Bogdan III (1504–17), "the one-eyed"<ref name="brit1"/> disclaimed the region and occupied it but briefly between 1509 and 1510. The ] ] attempted to recapture Pokuttia, but both his attempts, in 1531 and 1535, failed.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> The last Moldovian attempt to seize Pokuttia occured in 1572, with ]. The invasions of the Moldovians and the ensuing wars between Poles and Moldavians brought great distress on the population, with many Pokutians captured and resettled in Moldavia and Bukovina, reinforcing the Ukrainian element therein.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> ] is said to have "suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars."<ref name="brit">{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica/Kolomea|url=|publisher=]|year=1911|quote=] ] was the principal town of the Polish province of Pokutia, and it suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars.}}</ref> | |||
| In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by ] until the ] in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's ] ], who defeated Stephen's son ]. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareş's death. | |||
| Throughout Middle Ages, ] was Pokuttia's main castle, while Kolomyia was the region's main market town and fair. | Throughout Middle Ages, ] was Pokuttia's main castle, while Kolomyia was the region's main market town and fair. | ||
| Pokutia remained under Polish rule until 1772, the year in which it became part of the Austrian empire. Ukrainian ] where active in the region from the 17th to the 19th century. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of ], the greater part of Pokutia became part of the ] (a part, east of Sniatyn, was seized by Romania), and disputed with Poland. Invaded by Poland in 1919–39, it then passed to the Soviet Union. The area was attached to the ], falling to Nazi control after the start of ] until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian '']'' of ], roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast. After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, the territory eventually returned to Ukraine.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> | |||
| Following the ] of 1772, Pokuttia fell under the ]. | |||
| == Language == | == Language == | ||
| The |
The local Ukrainians' language was influenced by Romanian, and the Pokuttia-Bukovyna dialect was formed. It is distinct from other Ukrainian dialects because all of them are influenced by other Slavic languages, while the Pokuttia-Bukovyna dialect received influence from a Romance language. The dialect preserved several archaic endings and soft declension, and certain lexical peculiarities, including Romanianisms.{{cn}} The expansion of ancient Pokuttian phonetic features in the 14th-16th centuries in western Podolia contributed to the formation of a broader group of Dniester dialects.{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
| == |
==Population== | ||
| Pokutia is one of the most densely populated parts of Ukraine. The region was historically populated by Slavic tribes, which, starting from the 4th century, organized in tribal alliances. The first entity to form in the region was the Antean tribal alliance, which emerged as a union of local tribes around the 4th century. Pokutia then joined the Dulibian and Tivertsian tribal alliances. Part of Kievan Rus' since the 10th century, it was annexed by Poland in the 14th century, and then involved in a series of conflicts between the Poles and the Moldavians, which ceased with the death of Petru Rareş, who failed to conquer the region on two occasions (1531, 1535). A last attempt was made by John the Terrible in 1572. The region remained under Polish rule, which caused discontent among Pokutians. During the wars between the Poles and the Moldovians, many of them were captured and resettled to Moldavia and Bukovina, where they reinforced the Ukrainian element. The region remained under Polish rule until 1772.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> | |||
| In the wake of the ] and the fall of ], it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived ], which had its seat of government in ] after it failed to hold ]. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces ] in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttia over to Poland.<ref>Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014</ref> After the ], it remained in Poland. | |||
| At the time when the early censuses were made in the 18th century, 90% of the population was ethnically Ukrainian. There were also some Jews and a few Poles and Armenians. In the 1920s and 1930s, more Poles settled in the region. The Ukrainian element slightly decreased in the following years, as in 1939 the population was made up of 74% Ukrainians, 9% Poles, 9% Jews, and 7% Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics. In the 21st century (2000s), there were 97% Ukrainians, 2% Russians, less than 1% Poles and 0.2% Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> | |||
| As a result of the ] by ] and the ], the area was initially attached to the ], falling to Nazi control after the start of ] until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian '']'' of ], roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast. | |||
| Pokuttia's population still contains today some |
Pokuttia's population still contains today some Poles, Jews,<ref name="encyclopedia"/> ], and it also contains some Romanians.{{cn}} At the 2001 census there were 600 Romanians and Moldovans recorded.{{cn}} | ||
| ==List of cities== | ==List of cities== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 52: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ==Sources== | |||
| * Korduba, M. ‘Moldavs’ko-pol’s’ka hranytsia na Pokutiu do smerty Stefana Velykoho,' Naukovyi zbirnyk prysviachenyi profesorovy Mykhailovy Hrushevs’komu (Lviv 1906) | |||
| * Czyżewski, J.; Koczwara, M.; Zglinicka, A. Pokucie (Lviv 1931) | |||
| * Kvitkovs’kyi, D.; Bryndzan, T.; Zhukovs’kyi, A. (eds). Bukovyna, ïï mynule i suchasne (Paris–Philadelphia–Detroit 1956) | |||
| * Koinov, M. Pryroda Stanyslavivs’koï oblasti (Lviv 1960) | |||
| * Istoriia mist i sil Ukraïns’koï RSR: Ivano-Frankivs’ka oblast’ (Kyiv 1971) | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Ukrainian historical regions}} | {{reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Ukrainian historical regions}} | ||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 15:42, 27 June 2021
Pokuttia, also known as Pokuttya or Pokutia, (Template:Lang-uk, Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-ro) is an historical area of East-Central Europe, situated between the Dniester and Cheremosh rivers and Carpathian Mountains, in the southwestern part of modern Ukraine. Part of the Antean tribal alliance since the 4th century, it joined Kievan Rus' in the 10th century, and was eventually annexed by Poland in the 14th century. The region was involved in a series of wars between the Poles and the Moldavians, which ceased with the death of Petru Rareş, who failed to conquer the region on two occasions (1531, 1535). A last attempt to seize Pokutia was made by John the Terrible in 1572. At times, Polish rule caused discontent among Pokutians. Many of them were captured and resettled to Moldavia and Bukovina, where they reinforced the Ukrainian element. In the 1490's, a rebellion was started by Petro Mukha, only to be suppressed by 1492. The region remained under Polish rule until 1772. Although the historic heart of the area was Kolomyia, the name itself is derived from the town of Kuty that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner").
History
The accounts of Greek and Roman historians describing the "widespread Slavic settlement" in Pokutia have been confirmed by archaeological findings.
In the 4th century, the Slavic inhabitants of Pokutia became part of a tribal alliance known as the Antean tribal alliance. By the 6th century they had become part of the Dulibian alliance, and in the 8th and 9th centuries they were part of the Tivertsian tribal alliance. Finally, in the 10th century, they joined Kievan Rus'. Following the Council of Liubech, Pokutia became part of Principality of Halych.
The region was sparsely settled, but there were some town, such as Sniatyn (named after the boyar Kostiantyn Stroslavic and first attested in 1158) and Kolomyia, first attested in 1240 in the Hypatian Codex (Template:Lang-uk), an Old East Slavic chronicle that is the most important source of historical data for southern Rus'.
In the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the Kingdom of Poland in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by Casimir III of Poland.
Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, placed Pokutia "under the administration of P. Muşat," a Moldovian voivode, for a loan of 3,000 coins of gold.
In 1485, Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, having lost his country's access to the Black Sea the previous year to the Ottomans, was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the Colomeea oath. Casimir's successor, John I Albert of Poland, used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to invade Moldavia itself in 1497. But, after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of Suceava, Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die (see Battle of the Cosmin Forest).
In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, including Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians and Ukrainians coming from Bukovina. Known as Mukha Rebellion, this series of battles was supported by Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. These rebellions saw the capture of various cities of Pokuttia, and reached as far west as Lviv.
In 1498, Stephen the Great, aided by the Turks and the Tatars, conduced his first campaign in Pokuttia. He conduced a second campaign in 1502, pushing the Poles beyond the Bystrytsia River. Stephan's success was in that he managed to occupy Pokutia for a period of time during his lifetime. His son Bogdan III (1504–17), "the one-eyed" disclaimed the region and occupied it but briefly between 1509 and 1510. The voivode Petru (Peter) Rareș (Raresh) attempted to recapture Pokuttia, but both his attempts, in 1531 and 1535, failed. The last Moldovian attempt to seize Pokuttia occured in 1572, with John the Terrible. The invasions of the Moldovians and the ensuing wars between Poles and Moldavians brought great distress on the population, with many Pokutians captured and resettled in Moldavia and Bukovina, reinforcing the Ukrainian element therein. Kolomyia is said to have "suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars."
Throughout Middle Ages, Obertyn was Pokuttia's main castle, while Kolomyia was the region's main market town and fair.
Pokutia remained under Polish rule until 1772, the year in which it became part of the Austrian empire. Ukrainian opryshoks where active in the region from the 17th to the 19th century. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of World War I, the greater part of Pokutia became part of the Western Ukrainian National Republic (a part, east of Sniatyn, was seized by Romania), and disputed with Poland. Invaded by Poland in 1919–39, it then passed to the Soviet Union. The area was attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, falling to Nazi control after the start of Operation Barbarossa until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian oblast of Ivano-Frankivsk, roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast. After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, the territory eventually returned to Ukraine.
Language
The local Ukrainians' language was influenced by Romanian, and the Pokuttia-Bukovyna dialect was formed. It is distinct from other Ukrainian dialects because all of them are influenced by other Slavic languages, while the Pokuttia-Bukovyna dialect received influence from a Romance language. The dialect preserved several archaic endings and soft declension, and certain lexical peculiarities, including Romanianisms. The expansion of ancient Pokuttian phonetic features in the 14th-16th centuries in western Podolia contributed to the formation of a broader group of Dniester dialects.
Population
Pokutia is one of the most densely populated parts of Ukraine. The region was historically populated by Slavic tribes, which, starting from the 4th century, organized in tribal alliances. The first entity to form in the region was the Antean tribal alliance, which emerged as a union of local tribes around the 4th century. Pokutia then joined the Dulibian and Tivertsian tribal alliances. Part of Kievan Rus' since the 10th century, it was annexed by Poland in the 14th century, and then involved in a series of conflicts between the Poles and the Moldavians, which ceased with the death of Petru Rareş, who failed to conquer the region on two occasions (1531, 1535). A last attempt was made by John the Terrible in 1572. The region remained under Polish rule, which caused discontent among Pokutians. During the wars between the Poles and the Moldovians, many of them were captured and resettled to Moldavia and Bukovina, where they reinforced the Ukrainian element. The region remained under Polish rule until 1772.
At the time when the early censuses were made in the 18th century, 90% of the population was ethnically Ukrainian. There were also some Jews and a few Poles and Armenians. In the 1920s and 1930s, more Poles settled in the region. The Ukrainian element slightly decreased in the following years, as in 1939 the population was made up of 74% Ukrainians, 9% Poles, 9% Jews, and 7% Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics. In the 21st century (2000s), there were 97% Ukrainians, 2% Russians, less than 1% Poles and 0.2% Jews.
Pokuttia's population still contains today some Poles, Jews, Ukrainian Hutsuls, and it also contains some Romanians. At the 2001 census there were 600 Romanians and Moldovans recorded.
List of cities
- Deliatyn (Delyatyn)
- Hody-Dobrovidka
- Kobaky
- Kolomyia (Template:Lang-pl, Romanian: Colomeea)
- Kosiv
- Kosmach
- Kuty, Stari Kuty (Romanian: Cuturi)
- Lanchyn
- Pechenizhyn
- Obertyn (Romanian: Obertin)
- Verkhovyna
- Vorokhta
- Yabluniv
- Yaremche
- Zabolotiv
- Carpathian National Nature Park
Sources
- Korduba, M. ‘Moldavs’ko-pol’s’ka hranytsia na Pokutiu do smerty Stefana Velykoho,' Naukovyi zbirnyk prysviachenyi profesorovy Mykhailovy Hrushevs’komu (Lviv 1906)
- Czyżewski, J.; Koczwara, M.; Zglinicka, A. Pokucie (Lviv 1931)
- Kvitkovs’kyi, D.; Bryndzan, T.; Zhukovs’kyi, A. (eds). Bukovyna, ïï mynule i suchasne (Paris–Philadelphia–Detroit 1956)
- Koinov, M. Pryroda Stanyslavivs’koï oblasti (Lviv 1960)
- Istoriia mist i sil Ukraïns’koï RSR: Ivano-Frankivs’ka oblast’ (Kyiv 1971)
References
- ^ "Pokutia". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- Dimnik, Martin (1994). The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054–1146. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. xii. ISBN 0-88844-116-9.
- Mukha's Rebellion
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica/Rumania. Britannica. 1911.
Stephen, aided by a Turkish and Tatar contingent, laid waste the Polish territories to the upper waters of the Vistula, and succeeded in annexing for a time the Polish province of Pokutia, between the Carpathians and the Dniester.
- Encyclopædia Britannica/Kolomea. Britannica. 1911.
was the principal town of the Polish province of Pokutia, and it suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars.
Notes
- In local folklore it is held that Casimir ordered the tent where the oath was taking place to be suddenly uncovered, so as to show Stephen on his knees in front of his nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear shamed in front of his men.