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Ongoing riots and protests in South Africa in response to the arrest of former president Jacob Zuma began in July 2021, triggering wider rioting and looting fueled by job layoffs and economic inequality worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The protests began in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal on the evening of 9 July, and spread to the province of Gauteng on the evening of 11 July.

Zuma was taken into custody after declining to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. The riots began as protests by his supporters in KwaZulu-Natal before escalating to widespread looting and violence throughout KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng. The Constitutional Court reserved judgement on Zuma's application to rescind his sentence on 12 July 2021. As of 15 July, 117 people have died in the unrest, and 2,203 have been arrested.

Background

Economy

More than half of South Africa's population lives in poverty, with an unemployment rate of 32%. The economic downturn brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has intensely worsened the crisis. The crisis may have been further exacerbated by the decision of the South African Social Security Agency not to renew a R350 ($24) grant previously in effect since early 2020.

Jacob Zuma's legal battle

Former South African president Jacob Zuma was charged with corruption in March 2018, mainly in connection with the South African Arms Deal, known as the "Strategic Defence Package" worth R30 billion (equal to US$2.5 billion or £2 billion). The legal battle has continued since then, with Zuma's legal team attempting to have the charges dismissed and appealing for more time to prepare. During the trial proceedings, Zuma has been repeatedly absent from the court citing medical reasons and lack of funds. The case has proceeded into the Constitutional Court.

Arrest of Jacob Zuma

On 29 June 2021, Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison for contempt of court, after he refused to appear at a commission his government appointed to investigate alleged corruption during his time in office. He was given until the end of 4 July to hand himself in, after which the South African Police Service would be obliged to arrest him. However on 3 July, the court agreed on to hear his application on 12 July. If Zuma refused to surrender by 4 July, the police were given till 7 July to arrest him. Supporters had gathered near his home with weapons to prevent his arrest, however, he handed himself over to the police on 7 July, and was jailed at the Estcourt Correctional Centre.

On 8 July 2021, the Minister of Justice and Correctional Services Ronald Lamola announced that Zuma would be eligible for parole upon serving a quarter of his 15-month sentence. Zuma challenged his detention on 9 July in the Pietermaritzburg High Court on the grounds of health, but this was rejected. His arrest led to violent protests by his supporters, who dubbed their campaign as "Free Jacob Zuma and shut down KZN," in the KwaZulu-Natal province.

Following Zuma's arrest, widespread protesting, looting and violence began nationwide, with his supporters calling for his release.

Civil disorder

Riots and looting

On 9 July 2021, the same day KwaZulu-Natal's high court upheld his conviction and prison sentence, the unrest began. Widespread reports of public violence, burglary, malicious damage to property was reported in parts of KwaZulu-Natal, with at least 28 people being arrested and a highway being blocked. The riots continued on the evening of Sunday, 11 July 2021, when multiple news sources indicated reports of gunshots and explosions heard at local malls and residential areas. The violence quickly escalated, and by the morning of Monday, 12 July 2021, multiple companies and malls were forced to close following widespread looting and violence. As of 15 July, 117 people have died due to the unrest, and 2,203 have been arrested. Initial estimates by The South African Property Owners Association, SAPOA, puts the losses in excess of R20 billion.

Racial tensions

In the Indian-majority town of Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal, some of the residents had armed themselves to fight off looters. This in turn stoked racial tensions between the black and Indian South African citizens, with several racially motivated attacks reported to have taken place. Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar raised the issue of the safety of Indian-origin people with the South African Minister of International Relations and Cooperation Naledi Pandor, who assured him that the government was trying its best to restore law and order.

Incitement

Jacob Zuma's daughter, Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla, is allegedly among those who have encouraged the looting and violence in order to secure the release of her father as an unverified Twitter account under her name encouraged people to protest. According to State Security Minister, Ayando Dlodlo, they are investigating information as to whether senior former agents in the intelligence agency and senior ANC members aligned to former president Jacob Zuma are responsible for igniting the recent violence in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng. Police Minister Bheki Cele added that the security cluster is looking at ten to twelve people who were fueling the riots through social media. Thulani Dlomo, the former head of the State Security Agency special operations unit and a loyal supporter of Zuma, is also reported to be under investigation for inciting unrest.

State response

Initially, the South African Police Service (SAPS) was deployed in the Nkandla district to control the number of protests in the area.

Over the weekend, as the South African Police Service (SAPS) battled to contain the large-scale looting and damage to infrastructure. Pressure mounted on government to deploy the army.

On the morning of Monday, 12 July 2021, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was deployed in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal, as part of Operation Prosper.

On 12 July 2021, president Cyril Ramaphosa addressed the riots, saying that the acts of public violence has been "rarely seen" in democratic South Africa. Ramaphosa referred to the riots as opportunistic acts of violence, citing the lack of grievance, nor any political cause, that can justify the destruction by the protestors. He highlighted the Constitution of South Africa, which guarantees the rights of everyone to express themselves, but stated that the victims of the violence unfolding are the workers, truck drivers, business owners, the parents of those who have lost their lives have all done nothing wrong. He went on to discuss the impact of the riots on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, stating that it has been drastically disrupted after prior setbacks. He also noted how the economy of the country would face further challenges due to food and medication insecurity resulting from the riots. The deployment of SANDF to assist with ending the unrest was also discussed by him.

On the same day, the South African Constitutional Court reserved its previous judgement and rejected Zuma's bid to rescind his prison sentence. As a result of the decision, Zuma is required to remain imprisoned.

On 14 July 2021, the Minister of Defence and Military Veterans Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula said that the SANDF had increased the deployed number of troops to 25,000.

Impact

Effects on logistical networks

Roads

Road closures on both the N3 and N2 have affected the transportation of goods from the east coast into provinces in the north. This affects the transportation of goods to landlocked countries in Africa Including Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Multiple logistics and fuel companies declared forced temporary closure of their operations in KZN, citing fears of continued looting, hijackings, truck burnings, and social unrest that could further impact business operations, adding to more costs sustained from the looting and damage to property.

Container ports

The container ports of Richardsbay and Durban have ceased operations. Containers in the port of Durban have been plundered. After several attacks on trucks, the N3 Highway, which links port Durban with Johannesburg, was closed on July 10.

Rail

State-owned logistics operator Transnet declared force majeure on July 14 on a rail line linking Johannesburg to the coast.

Supply chain disruptions

Food shortages

On 12 July, 2021, the Consumer Goods Council of South Africa warned that widespread looting, destruction and closures would lead to food shortages across the country. By 14 July, 2021, damage to transport infrastructure had caused food shortages, leading to queues outside of grocery stores, and prevented harvesting and distribution of fresh produce. On 15 July, 2021, the largest food manufacturer in South Africa Tiger Brands suspended bakery operations in affected areas due to damaged infrastructure and facilities while also noting that it had suffered a loss of stock in excess of R150 million. Some stores and petrol stations in Johannesburg noted that their shelves were getting emptied and supplies were dwindling due to panic buying. A Durbanite journalist noted that while bread had returned to their area, people were paying significantly more for it and were queueing for many hours at a time. Stores were also placing limits on how much customers could buy while community-run barricades reportedly turned people away if they could not prove they were from those communities.

Fuel shortages

The Sapref oil refinery, which is a joint venture between Shell and BP, is the largest oil refinery in Sub Saharan Africa. It supplies approximately one third of South Africa's fuel needs and its operations were suspended due to a declaration of force majeure. On 15 July, 2021, the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy placed prohibitions on the citizens' ability to buy fuel in portable containers and canisters, citing concerns that stockpiling would exacerbate the situation.

Financial

Economic

The South African rand weakened as much as 2% on 12 July, 2021, the most it has since February 25, 2021. Based on a preliminary analysis on 13 July, the SA Special Risks Insurance Association estimated that total losses due to damage and looting may run into "billions of rand".

Destruction of property

By Monday afternoon on 12 July, more than 200 shopping centres had been looted, with several of them in Soweto having been ransacked. On 14 July, the SA Pharmacy Council noted that 90 pharmacies were completely destroyed with the bulk of those in KwaZulu-Natal being hit the hardest. In Durban, during a 14 July media briefing, the mayor of eThekwini announced that up to 45,000 businesses were affected with 129,000 jobs at stake and over R16 billion (nearly $1 billion or £793 million) in damages to stock, property, and equipment. ICASA announced that 113 network towers had been vandalized, resulting in the disruption of cellular networks. The National Professional Teachers' Organisation of South Africa decried the looting and vandalism of 32 KwaZulu-Natal schools, one of which burned down, as contemptible. In Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, a crematorium was completely destroyed.

Suspension of services

Many of South Africa's banks had to shut down their ATMs, branches, and other facilities in response to the unrest. Over 300 Capitec Bank branches and ATMs were closed, Nedbank closed 226 branches as well as 59 Boxer outlets, ABSA Bank closed approximately 375 branches, and Standard Bank had to close 81 branches in KwaZulu-Natal and 116 in Gauteng after 33 of their branches and 220 ATMs were affected.

COVID-19

COVID-19 vaccine rollout crisis

Following the impact of the looting and destruction to property, multiple COVID-19 vaccine rollout sites were closed to prevent looting and property destruction. These precautions slowed the vaccination roll-out while the country was still battling its third wave of infection. The SA Pharmacy Council's Vincent Tlala said that COVID-19 vaccines were among the looted items from pharmacies that were affected. On 15 July, 2021, the World Health Organization's Africa director Matshidiso Moeti warned that South Africa would see an increase in cases due to the disruptions across KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng. She also noted that while the vaccination program was aiming for 300 000 vaccines a day before the unrest unfolded, they had only done under 154 000 on Wednesday 14 July.

Superspreader event

Epidemiology Professor Quarraisha Abdool Karim cautioned that the ongoing riots could be a superspreader due to large numbers of people gathering in small and confined places.

Reactions

Domestic

• Opposition party, the Democratic Alliance leader John Steenhuisen announced that the party would be laying criminal charges against Jacob Zuma's children, Duduzane Zuma and Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla, for allegedly inciting the violence and looting.
• ActionSA leader Herman Mashaba announced a separate, class action lawsuit to be laid against the government and the ANC, for failing to take swift action against the riots and looting. Mashaba stated that "we believe that there is more than sufficient jurisprudence that merits this a strong test case, and assists us in holding the government to account for its willful failure to ensure proper law enforcement and the protection of lives, livelihoods and property".
• On 15 July 2021, Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini, reigning king of the Zulu nation, issued a statement calling for calm and a return to order.

Governments

• The Indian foreign minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar spoke to Dr Naledi Pandor, Minister of International Relations and Cooperation to express his concern with regards to reports of Indian South Africans being targeted by looters.
• The Masotho Minister of Small Business Thesele Maseribane appealed to Ramaphosa to let regional leaders facilitate dialogues to ease tensions in South Africa and relieve the small business sector of Lesotho.
• Namibia's president Hage Geingob noted that his country would be badly affected by the protests as most of their products, including oxygen, come from South Africa. He also added that the actions of protestors were not a solution to the problem and conveyed his sympathies to Ramaphosa.
• Zimbabwe's president Emmerson Mnangagwa called for an end to the protests and looting in South Africa and was quoted as saying “In the case of South Africa, we wish the current challenges facing our brothers and sisters in that country be resolved soon.”

Supranational organizations

• On 13 July 2021, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission Moussa Faki released a press statement condemning the violence in South Africa. It also warned that internal disorder may threaten the stability of the region.
• On 13 July 2021, the United Nations in South Africa condemned the violence and expressed support for the government.

Aftermath

Clean-up operations

By 15 July 2021, volunteer groups in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal had begun repairing damaged property, donating food and providing transport to affected communities.

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• Current events from July 2021
• 2021 in South Africa
• 2021 protests
• 2021 riots
• Civil disobedience
• Jacob Zuma
• July 2021 crimes in Africa
• July 2021 events in South Africa
• Looting in Africa
• Ongoing protests
• Protests in South Africa
• Riots and civil disorder in South Africa